PT J
AU KIMURA, T
   TANIZAWA, O
   MORI, K
   BROWNSTEIN, MJ
   OKAYAMA, H
AF KIMURA, T
   TANIZAWA, O
   MORI, K
   BROWNSTEIN, MJ
   OKAYAMA, H
TI STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION OF A HUMAN OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular characterization; functional expression; bovine endometrium; cdna; oocytes; cloning; parturition; pregnancy; protein; gene
AB JUST before the onset of labour, uterine myometrium becomes extremely sensitive to oxytocin 1, for which it is a primary target tissue, because of a dramatic increase in the number of oxytocin receptors 2,3. We report here the structure and expression of the human oxytocin receptor complementary DNA isolated by expression cloning. The encoded receptor is a 388-amino-acid polypeptide with 7 transmembrane domains typical of G protein-coupled receptors. The oxytocin receptor, expressed in Xenopus oocytes, specifically responds to oxytocin and induces an inward membrane current. Messenger RNAs for the receptor are of two sizes, 3.6 kilobases in breast, and 4.4 kilobases in ovary, uterine endometrium and myometrium. The mRNA level in the myometrium is very high at term. We conclude that the increase in receptor number in the myometrium at labour is, at least in part, due to the increase in mRNA.
C1 OSAKA BIOSCI INST,DEPT NEUROSCI,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   NIMH,CELL BIOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   OSAKA UNIV,MICROBIAL DIS RES INST,DEPT MOLEC GENET,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); University of Osaka
RP KIMURA, T (corresponding author), OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,1-1-50 FUKUSHIMA,FUKUSHIMA KU,OSAKA 553,JAPAN.
NR 27
TC 599
Z9 672
U1 2
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 526
EP 529
DI 10.1038/356526a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100060
PM 1313946
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANDOVER, CL
   GRASSLE, JF
   FRY, B
   GARRITT, RH
   STARCZAK, VR
AF VANDOVER, CL
   GRASSLE, JF
   FRY, B
   GARRITT, RH
   STARCZAK, VR
TI STABLE ISOTOPE EVIDENCE FOR ENTRY OF SEWAGE-DERIVED ORGANIC MATERIAL INTO A DEEP-SEA FOOD WEB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID echinus-affinis; carbon; sediments; nitrogen; sludge; ocean; particles; sulfur; site
AB CHRONIC pollution of the open ocean has occurred since 1986 through disposal of municipal sewage sludge at a deep-water (approximately 2,500 m) dumpsite off the coast of New Jersey. Dispersal and dilution of sewage particulates in surface waters were presumed to be sufficient to prevent or minimize accumulation of detectable amounts of sewage-derived material on the sea floor. Using stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur as tracers of sewage-derived organic material, we show here that this material reaches the sea floor and enters the benthic food web, specifically through surface-deposit feeding activities of the urchin, Echinus affinus and the sea cucumber, Benthodytes sanguinolenta.
C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV, COOK COLL, INST MARINE & COASTAL SCI, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 08903 USA.
   MARINE BIOL LAB, CTR ECOSYST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, DEPT APPL OCEAN PHYS & ENGN, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP VANDOVER, CL (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, DEPT BIOL, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
NR 33
TC 168
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 153
EP 156
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOMBAERTS, P
   CLARKE, AR
   RUDNICKI, MA
   IACOMINI, J
   ITOHARA, S
   LAFAILLE, JJ
   WANG, LL
   ICHIKAWA, Y
   JAENISCH, R
   HOOPER, ML
   TONEGAWA, S
AF MOMBAERTS, P
   CLARKE, AR
   RUDNICKI, MA
   IACOMINI, J
   ITOHARA, S
   LAFAILLE, JJ
   WANG, LL
   ICHIKAWA, Y
   JAENISCH, R
   HOOPER, ML
   TONEGAWA, S
TI MUTATIONS IN T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR GENES ALPHA-BLOCK AND BETA-BLOCK THYMOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AT DIFFERENT STAGES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse pgk-1 gene; transgenic mice; expression; chain; organization; diversity; antibody; sequence; promoter; mutant
AB Analysis of mice carrying mutant T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) genes indicates that TCR-beta gene rearrangement or expression is critical for the differentiation of CD4-CD8- thymocytes to CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, as well as for the expansion of the pool of CD4+CD8+ cells. TCR-alpha is irrelevant in these developmental processes. The development of gammadelta T cells does not depend on either TCR-alpha or TCR-beta.
C1 MIT,CTR CANC RES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,AFRC,CTR GENOME RES,EDINBURGH EH8 9AG,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,DEPT PATHOL,CANC RES CAMPAIGN LABS,EDINBURGH EH8 9AG,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; University of Edinburgh; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Edinburgh
NR 29
TC 1023
Z9 1150
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 225
EP 231
DI 10.1038/360225a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000041
PM 1359428
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MITSUHASHI, M
   KELLER, C
   AKITAYA, T
AF MITSUHASHI, M
   KELLER, C
   AKITAYA, T
TI GENE MANIPULATION ON PLASTIC PLATES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hybridization
AB Oligonucleotide-immobilized plastic plates provide a rapid and easy-to-use tool for use in mRNA research, including the long-term storage, amplification and detection of the specific message, in vitro synthesis of both strands of sense and antisense mRNA, and ligation of cDNA to other DNA molecules.
RP MITSUHASHI, M (corresponding author), HITACHI CHEM RES CTR,DIV MED SCI,1003 HLTH SCI RD W,IRVINE,CA 92715, USA.
NR 6
TC 27
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 519
EP 520
DI 10.1038/357519a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200070
PM 1608454
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BARDEN, P
AF BARDEN, P
TI MAKING NETWORKS WORK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP BARDEN, P (corresponding author), BRITISH LIB,CTR DOCUMENT SUPPLY,BOSTON SPA,WETHERBY LS23 7BQ,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 435
EP 435
DI 10.1038/359435a0
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400064
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORROW, R
   CHURCH, J
   COLEMAN, R
   CHELTON, D
   WHITE, N
AF MORROW, R
   CHURCH, J
   COLEMAN, R
   CHELTON, D
   WHITE, N
TI EDDY MOMENTUM FLUX AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOUTHERN-OCEAN MOMENTUM BALANCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antarctic circumpolar current; surface circulation; kuroshio extension; kinetic-energy; satellite; altimetry; stress; front; cycle
AB A LARGE amount of momentum is transferred to the Southern Ocean by strong westerly winds. Analytical and numerical models have suggested that transient eddies may be important in transporting this momentum away from the region of wind forcing, either horizontally 1 or vertically downwards where it is balanced by bottom topographic drag 2-5. There are, however, few long-term in situ observations of horizontal eddy momentum flux 6-8, and no large-scale measurements of vertical eddy fluxes, to test these models. As a result, the momentum balance of the Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC) remains uncertain, and the role of eddies controversial. Here we use Geosat satellite altimeter data to resolve directional eddy kinetic energy and horizontal eddy momentum flux in the ACC on fine spatial and temporal scales. The complex spatial distribution of surface eddy momentum flux is strongly influenced by bottom topography. The horizontal eddy momentum flux tends generally to concentrate the mean flow, although some regions of divergence are observed. Our results show that the zonally averaged horizontal eddy momentum flux from transient eddies is an order of magnitude too small, and in the wrong direction to directly balance the eastward momentum input from wind 1.
C1 CSIRO, MARINE LABS, DIV OCEANOG, HOBART, TAS 7001, AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV SYDNEY, SCH CIVIL & MIN ENGN, SYDNEY, NSW 2006, AUSTRALIA.
   OREGON STATE UNIV, COLL OCEANOG, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA.
   UNIV TASMANIA, COOPERAT RES CTR ANTARCTIC & SO OCEAN ENVIRONM, HOBART, TAS 7001, AUSTRALIA.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); University of Sydney; Oregon State University; University of Tasmania
RP MORROW, R (corresponding author), UNIV SYDNEY, CTR MARINE STUDIES, SYDNEY, NSW 2006, AUSTRALIA.
NR 24
TC 69
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 482
EP 484
DI 10.1038/357482a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HALLENBERGER, S
   BOSCH, V
   ANGLIKER, H
   SHAW, E
   KLENK, HD
   GARTEN, W
AF HALLENBERGER, S
   BOSCH, V
   ANGLIKER, H
   SHAW, E
   KLENK, HD
   GARTEN, W
TI INHIBITION OF FURIN-MEDIATED CLEAVAGE ACTIVATION OF HIV-1 GLYCOPROTEIN-GP160
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; envelope glycoprotein; endoproteolytic cleavage; biosynthesis; precursor; transport; gp160; cells
AB THE envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) initiates infection1 by mediating fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane. Fusion activity requires proteolytic cleavage of the gp160 protein into gp120 and gp41 at a site containing several arginine and lysine residues2. Activation at basic cleavage sites is observed with many membrane proteins of cellular and viral origin. We have recently found that the enzyme activating the haemagglutinin of fowl plague virus (FPV), an avian influenza virus, is furin3. Furin, a subtilisin-like eukaryotic endoprotease4-6, has a substrate specificity for the consensus amino-acid sequence Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg at the cleavage site7. We show here that the glycoprotein of HIV-1, which has the same protease recognition motif as the FPV haemagglutinin, is also activated by furin.
C1 DEUTSCH KREBSFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM HEIDELBERG,INST ANGEW TUMORVIROL,W-6900 HEIDELBERG 1,GERMANY.
   FRIEDRICH MIESCHER INST BASEL,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
RP HALLENBERGER, S (corresponding author), UNIV MARBURG,INST VIROL,ROBERT KOCHSTR 17,W-3550 MARBURG,GERMANY.
NR 22
TC 513
Z9 683
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 358
EP 361
DI 10.1038/360358a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000056
PM 1360148
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LILLIE, SH
   BROWN, SS
AF LILLIE, SH
   BROWN, SS
TI SUPPRESSION OF A MYOSIN DEFECT BY A KINESIN-RELATED GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; chromosome segregation; heavy-chain; protein; drosophila; microtubules; cytoskeleton; sequence
AB MOTOR proteins in cells include myosin 1, which is actin-based, and kinesin, dynein and dynamin 2, which are microtubule based. Several proteins have recently been identified that have amino-acid sequences with similarity to the motor domains of either myosin 3 or kinesin 4-9, but are otherwise dissimilar. This has led to the suggestion that these may all be motor proteins, but that they are specialized for moving different cargos. Genetic analysis can address the question of the different functions of these new proteins. Studies of a temperature-sensitive mutation (myo2-66) in a gene of the myosin superfamily (MYO2) have implicated the Myo2 protein (Myo2p) in the process of polarized secretion in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 10. To understand more about the role of Myo2p, we have looked for 'multicopy suppressors' (heterologous genes that, when overexpressed, can correct the temperature sensitivity of the myo2-66 mutant). Here we report the identification of such a suppressor (SMY1) that (surprisingly) encodes a predicted polypeptide sharing sequence similarity with the motor portion of proteins in the kinesin superfamily.
RP LILLIE, SH (corresponding author), UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & CELL BIOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA.
NR 27
TC 180
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 358
EP 361
DI 10.1038/356358a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400071
PM 1549181
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VALET, JP
   TUCHOLKA, P
   COURTILLOT, V
   MEYNADIER, L
AF VALET, JP
   TUCHOLKA, P
   COURTILLOT, V
   MEYNADIER, L
TI PALEOMAGNETIC CONSTRAINTS ON THE GEOMETRY OF THE GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD DURING REVERSALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matuyama polarity transition; paleomagnetic records; volcanic islands; french-polynesia; sediments; sequence; models; core
AB Palaeomagnetic records of the path of the pole during reversals of the Earth's magnetic field provide a test of the hypothesis that dipolar or low-order axisymmetric components of the field dominate during reversals. Multiple records of reversals during the past 12 Myr show no simple or consistent geographical pattern. Although a more robust analysis of the transitional field awaits a greater number of well-distributed sampling sites, the present data are not inconsistent with the simplest models, in which a field reminiscent of the non-dipole component of the present-day field becomes dominant.
C1 UNIV PARIS 11,GEOPHYS LAB,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay
RP VALET, JP (corresponding author), INST PHYS GLOBE,4 PL JUSSIEU,TOUR 14-24,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
NR 46
TC 111
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 400
EP 407
DI 
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ARMITAGE, RJ
   FANSLOW, WC
   STROCKBINE, L
   SATO, TA
   CLIFFORD, KN
   MACDUFF, BM
   ANDERSON, DM
   GIMPEL, SD
   DAVISSMITH, T
   MALISZEWSKI, CR
   CLARK, EA
   SMITH, CA
   GRABSTEIN, KH
   COSMAN, D
   SPRIGGS, MK
AF ARMITAGE, RJ
   FANSLOW, WC
   STROCKBINE, L
   SATO, TA
   CLIFFORD, KN
   MACDUFF, BM
   ANDERSON, DM
   GIMPEL, SD
   DAVISSMITH, T
   MALISZEWSKI, CR
   CLARK, EA
   SMITH, CA
   GRABSTEIN, KH
   COSMAN, D
   SPRIGGS, MK
TI MOLECULAR AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A MURINE LIGAND FOR CD40
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; growth-factor receptor; human b-cells; monoclonal-antibody; carcinoma antigen; gene-transfer; activation; expression; cloning; differentiation
AB THE CD40 surface molecule is a 277-amino-acid glycoprotein expressed on B lymphocytes, epithelial cells and some carcinoma cell lines. Monoclonal antibodies against CD40 mediate a variety of effects on B lymphocytes, including induction of intercellular adhesion 1,2, short- and long-term proliferation 3-5, differentiation 6,7 and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins 8. In addition, germinal centre centrocytes are prevented from undergoing apoptosis by activation through CD40 and receptor for antigen 9. These data indicate that CD40 could be a receptor for an unknown ligand with important functions in B-cell development and activation. This hypothesis is strengthened by the homology of the extracellular region of the CD40 molecule 10 with a family of cell-surface glycoproteins 11,12 that includes the receptors for nerve growth factor 13,14 and tumour necrosis factor 11,15,16. Here we report the cloning of a ligand for CD40 that is expressed on the cell surface of activated T cells and mediates B-cell proliferation in the absence of co-stimulus, as well as IgE production in the presence of interleukin-4.
C1 IMMUNEX RES & DEV CORP,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,SEATTLE,WA 98101.
   IMMUNEX RES & DEV CORP,DEPT BIOCHEM,SEATTLE,WA 98101.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MICROBIOL SC42,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP ARMITAGE, RJ (corresponding author), IMMUNEX RES & DEV CORP,DEPT IMMUNOL,51 UNIV ST,SEATTLE,WA 98101, USA.
NR 25
TC 1072
Z9 1261
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 80
EP 82
DI 10.1038/357080a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900063
PM 1374165
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KORTAN, AR
   KOPYLOV, N
   GLARUM, S
   GYORGY, EM
   RAMIREZ, AP
   FLEMING, RM
   THIEL, FA
   HADDON, RC
AF KORTAN, AR
   KOPYLOV, N
   GLARUM, S
   GYORGY, EM
   RAMIREZ, AP
   FLEMING, RM
   THIEL, FA
   HADDON, RC
TI SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AT 8.4-K IN CALCIUM-DOPED C-60
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-60
AB IT has been demonstrated 1-6 that solid C60 can be readily intercalated with group IA alkali metals to give metallic or insulating compounds, depending on the dopant concentration. The metal atoms diffuse into tetrahedral and octahedral interstitial sites of the C60 lattice with little disturbance to the face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) packing 7.  The A3C60 f.c.c. phases (A is K, Rb, Cs and mixtures of these) exhibit superconductivity with a transition temperature that increases with lattice constant 8. At higher dopant concentration a body-centred tetragonal A4C60 phase 9 and an insulating, body-centred cubic A6C60 phase 10 are found. Here we report that the divalent group IIA intercalant calcium can be intercalated into the f.c.c. sites of C60 to form a solid solution, and that, near a Ca:C60 ratio of 5:1, a phase transformation occurs to a simple cubic phase. Measurements of microwave loss, magnetic susceptibility and Meissner effect show that the simple cubic phase becomes superconducting below 8.4 K.
RP KORTAN, AR (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 21
TC 277
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 529
EP 532
DI 10.1038/355529a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TSUKAMOTO, K
AF TSUKAMOTO, K
TI DISCOVERY OF THE SPAWNING AREA FOR JAPANESE EEL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anguilla-japonica leptocephali; western north pacific; early life-history; 1986 survey cruise; sargasso sea; american eel; september 1986; atlantic; rostrata; larvae
AB AT the beginning of this century, the Danish oceanographer Johannes Schmidt outlined the spawning area of Atlantic eels Anguilla spp. in the Sargasso Sea 1,2. But the spawning location of the Japanese eel A. japonica in the Pacific Ocean has eluded researchers for over 60 years. I report here the discovery of their spawning location. By measuring oceanographic conditions and collecting the transparent leaf-like eel larvae, termed leptocephali (see Fig. 1), we determined the Japanese eel spawning area to be in the North Equatorial Current west of the Mariana Islands, at a salinity front near 15-degrees-N, 140-degrees-E. This discovery shows that the key similarity between the spawning sites of Atlantic and Pacific eels is the placement of leptocephali into the major ocean currents that will return them to their juvenile rearing habitats.
RP TSUKAMOTO, K (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO,OCEAN RES INST,NAKANO KU,TOKYO 164,JAPAN.
NR 29
TC 376
Z9 431
U1 1
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 789
EP 791
DI 10.1038/356789a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLODNER, DC
   BOYLE, EA
   EDMOND, JM
   THOMSON, J
AF COLODNER, DC
   BOYLE, EA
   EDMOND, JM
   THOMSON, J
TI POSTDEPOSITIONAL MOBILITY OF PLATINUM, IRIDIUM AND RHENIUM IN MARINE-SEDIMENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cretaceous-tertiary boundary; permian triassic boundary; major meteorite impact; deep-sea sediments; eocene extinctions; northeast atlantic; brown clay; anomaly; elements; mississippian
AB THE discovery of high concentrations of iridium in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sediments engendered the hypothesis1 that a meteorite collided with the Earth 65 million years ago, coincident with the mass extinction that occurred at that time. Iridium spikes of various magnitudes have subsequently been reported at more than 10 other extinction horizons2-11. It has been suggested, on the other hand, that geochemical processes might create or modify many of these spikes5,11-14, but a critical evaluation of these suggestions has been hindered by incomplete understanding of low-temperature iridium geochemistry. Other platinum-group elements (Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Pt, Au) are often found to be associated with Ir spikes, and inter-element ratios have been used to assess the cosmic or terrestrial nature of the enrichments5,7,9,28,29; but the geochemical influences on these relative abundances are also poorly constrained. Here we describe analyses of recent abyssal marine sediments which allow us to characterize the behaviour of Pt, Re and Ir during early diagenesis. These elements are redistributed by changes in sedimentary redox conditions. Such changes can probably account for many of the small platinum-group-element spikes found in the geological record, and may render ambiguous attempts to interpret interelement ratios.
C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   INST OCEANOG SCI,DEACON LAB,GODALMING GU8 5UB,SURREY,ENGLAND.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); NERC National Oceanography Centre
NR 29
TC 141
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 402
EP 404
DI 10.1038/358402a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARDING, AK
   LEVENTHAL, M
AF HARDING, AK
   LEVENTHAL, M
TI CAN ACCRETION ONTO ISOLATED NEUTRON-STARS PRODUCE GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binary-systems; origin
AB THE isotropy and flat count spectrum of gamma-ray bursts revealed by the BATSE detector on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory 1 have led to suggestions that the burst sources are an extended galactic halo of high-velocity neutron stars 2,3. We show here that if slow accretion onto these neutron stars from the interstellar medium is to be the origin of gamma-ray bursts, the accretion physics is very different from what applies for local, low-velocity neutron stars 4,5. For halo neutron stars with high magnetic fields and velocities (upsilon > 190 km s-1), electromagnetic dipole radiation pressure prevents accretion unless the period is longer than tens of seconds; the centrifugal barrier will then prevent accretion until the period reaches several thousand seconds. For periods as long as this, accretion may proceed through Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause boundary. At interstellar densities and neutron-star magnetic fields of approximately 10(12) G, the accretion rate by this process can be much larger than the Bondi-Hoyle (hydrodynamic) accretion rate, but is still well below what is needed for slow-accretion burst models. We conclude that slow accretion onto high-velocity neutron stars in the halo cannot be the origin of gamma-ray bursts.
RP HARDING, AK (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYS LAB,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA.
NR 23
TC 23
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 388
EP 389
DI 10.1038/357388a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RUNCORN, SK
AF RUNCORN, SK
TI POLAR PATH IN GEOMAGNETIC REVERSALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secular variation; mantle; field; velocity; dynamo; core
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,DEPT PHYS,LONDON SW7 2BZ,ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London
RP RUNCORN, SK (corresponding author), UNIV ALASKA,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA.
NR 43
TC 38
Z9 39
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 654
EP 656
DI 10.1038/356654a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600026
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REINHOLDHUREK, B
   SHUB, DA
AF REINHOLDHUREK, B
   SHUB, DA
TI SELF-SPLICING INTRONS IN TRANSFER-RNA GENES OF WIDELY DIVERGENT BACTERIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID group-i introns; intervening sequence; tetrahymena; anticodon; evolution; excision; invitro
AB THE organization of eukaryotic genes into exons separated by introns has been considered as a primordial arrangement 1,2 but because it does not exist in eubacterial genomes it may be that introns are relatively recent acquisitions 3 . A self-splicing group I intron has been found in cyanobacteria at the same position of the same gene (that encoding leucyl transfer RNA, UAA anticodon) as a similar group I intron of chloroplasts 4,5, which indicates that this intron predates the invasion of eukaryotic cells by cyanobacterial endosymbionts. But it is not clear from this isolated example whether introns are more generally present in different genes or in more diverse branches of the eubacteria. Many mitochondria have intron-rich genomes and were probably derived from the alpha subgroup of the purple bacteria 6 (or Proteobacteria 7), so ancient introns might also have been retained in these bacteria. We describe here the discovery of two small (237 and 205 nucleotides) self-splicing group I introns in members of two proteobacterial subgroups, Agrobacterium tumefaciens (alpha) and Azoarcus sp. (beta). The introns are inserted in genes for tRNA(Arg) and tRNA(Ile), respectively, after the third anticodon nucleotide. Their occurrence in different genes of phylogenetically diverse bacteria indicates that group I introns have a widespread distribution among eubacteria.
C1 SUNY ALBANY, DEPT BIOL SCI, 1400 WASHINGTON AVE, ALBANY, NY 12222 USA.
   SUNY ALBANY, CTR MOLEC GENET, ALBANY, NY 12222 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
NR 25
TC 171
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 173
EP 176
DI 10.1038/357173a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200063
PM 1579169
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ERIKSSON, AE
   BAASE, WA
   WOZNIAK, JA
   MATTHEWS, BW
AF ERIKSSON, AE
   BAASE, WA
   WOZNIAK, JA
   MATTHEWS, BW
TI A CAVITY-CONTAINING MUTANT OF T4 LYSOZYME IS STABILIZED BY BURIED BENZENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pancreatic trypsin-inhibitor; proteins; dynamics; packing
AB THE hydrophobic cores of proteins are generally well packed, with few cavities 1,2.  Mutations in which a bulky buried residue such as leucine or phenylalanine is replaced with a small residue such as alanine can create cavities in the core of a protein (our unpublished results). The sizes and shapes of such cavities can vary substantially depending on factors such as local geometry, whether or not a cavity already exists at the site of substitution, and the degree to which the protein structure relaxes to occupy the space vacated by the substituted residue. We show by crystallographic and thermodynamic analysis that the cavity created by the replacement Leu 99 --> Ala in T4 lysozyme is large enough to bind benzene and that ligand binding increases the melting temperature of the protein by 6.0-degrees-C at Ph 3.0. Benzene does not, however, bind to the cavity created by the Phe 153 --> Ala replacement. The results show that cavities can be engineered in proteins and suggest that such cavities might be tailored to bind specific ligands. The binding of benzene at an internal site 7 angstrom from the molecular surface also illustrates the dynamic nature of proteins, even in crystals.
C1 UNIV OREGON,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,INST MOLEC BIOL,EUGENE,OR 97403.
   UNIV OREGON,DEPT PHYS,EUGENE,OR 97403.
C3 University of Oregon; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Oregon
NR 23
TC 256
Z9 285
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 371
EP 373
DI 10.1038/355371a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100075
PM 1731252
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ARSHAVSKY, VY
   BOWNDS, MD
AF ARSHAVSKY, VY
   BOWNDS, MD
TI REGULATION OF DEACTIVATION OF PHOTORECEPTOR G-PROTEIN BY ITS TARGET ENZYME AND CGMP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rod outer segments; cyclic-gmp phosphodiesterase; molecular mechanism; visual excitation; transducin gtpase; cascade; activation; membranes; turnover; subunit
AB THE photoreceptor G protein, transducin, is One of the class of heterotrimeric G proteins that mediates between membrane receptors and intracellular enzymes or ion channels. Light-activated rhodopsin catalyses the exchange of GDP for GTP on multiple transducin molecules. Activated transducin then stimulates cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase by releasing an inhibitory action of the phosphodiesterase gamma-subunits. This leads to a decrease in cGMP levels in the rod, and closure of plasma membrane cationic channels gated by cGMP 1-4. In this and other systems, turn-off of the response requires the GTP bound to G protein to be hydrolysed by an intrinsic GTPase activity 5-7. Here we report that the interaction of transducin with cGMP phosphodiesterase, specifically with its gamma-subunits, accelerates GTPase activity by several fold. Thus the gamma-subunits of the phosphodiesterase serve a function analogous to the GTPase-activating proteins that regulate the class of small GTP-binding proteins. The acceleration can be partially suppressed by cGMP, most probably through the non-catalytic cGMP-binding sites of phosphodiesterase alpha and beta-subunits. This cGMP regulation may function in light-adaptation of the photoresponse as a negative feedback that decreases the lifetime of activated cGMP phosphodiesterase as light causes decreases in cytoplasmic cGMP.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ZOOL,NEUROSCI TRAINING PROGRAM,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP ARSHAVSKY, VY (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ZOOL,MOLEC BIOL LAB,MADISON,WI 53706, USA.
NR 30
TC 241
Z9 267
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 416
EP 417
DI 10.1038/357416a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200067
PM 1317509
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROCKEN, M
   URBAN, JF
   SHEVACH, EM
AF ROCKEN, M
   URBAN, JF
   SHEVACH, EM
TI INFECTION BREAKS T-CELL TOLERANCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID staphylococcal enterotoxin-b; stimulatory factor-i; transgenic mice; clonal-deletion; monoclonal-antibody; self-tolerance; receptor; anergy; induction; reactivity
AB CLONAL deletion or clonal anergy establish tolerance in T cells that bear potentially autoreactive antigen receptors1-15. Here we report that concomitant infection with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis breaks an established T-cell tolerance induced by injection of mice with Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB)16,17. CD4+ T cells from SEB-tolerant mice did not produce either interleukin-2 or interleukin-4 when challenged in vitro with SEB. N. brasiliensis infection of SEB-primed animals resulted in a normal expansion of SEB-tolerant CD4+V-beta-8+ T cells in vivo as well as an equivalent increase of SEB-reactive, interleukin-4-producing CD4+V-beta-8+ T cells both in SEB-tolerant and in normal animals. Thus, infection with N. brasiliensis circumvented the tolerance established with SEB. Activation of anergic, potentially autoreactive CD4+ T cells by infectious agents seems to be a major pathway for the initiation of autoimmune diseases15. Our results suggest that infectious agents may break tolerance in potentially autoreactive CD4+ T cells by activation of alternative reaction pathways.
C1 USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI, HELMINTH DIS LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA.
C3 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
RP ROCKEN, M (corresponding author), NIAID, IMMUNOL LAB, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
NR 29
TC 150
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 79
EP 82
DI 10.1038/359079a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200059
PM 1355854
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAERENDEL, G
AF HAERENDEL, G
TI WEAKLY DAMPED ALFVEN WAVES AS DRIVERS OF SOLAR CHROMOSPHERIC SPICULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model
AB THE solar chromosphere, which separates the photosphere (temperature T almost-equal-to 6,400 K) from the hotter solar corona (T almost-equal-to 10(6) K), has a very inhomogeneous structure which is strongly influenced by the magnetic field. In the lowest 2,000 km of chromospheric altitude, the density falls by six orders of magnitude, and the temperature stays below 8,000 K. Above this altitude the transition to the corona is extremely irregular. It is dominated by spicules: thin (< 1,000 km) protrusions of cool chromospheric material which extend, with speeds of 25 km s-1 and for durations of 5-10 min, up to 10,000 km into the corona with little change in density. Their origin is not yet understood, and I suggest here that the force that propels them against gravity may be the transfer of momentum from upward-moving Alfven waves. In the upper chromosphere the ionized plasma component is collisionally coupled to the neutral gas, but the coupling is not perfect, so that the neutral material can acquire a net velocity with respect to the ionized component. This process is known to damp the Alfen waves12, but I show that it can also, as the chromosphere peters out, transfer enough momentum to local volumes to create and drive the spicules.
RP HAERENDEL, G (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERRESTR PHYS, W-8046 GARCHING, GERMANY.
NR 20
TC 74
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 241
EP 243
DI 10.1038/360241a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BHAT, PN
   FISHMAN, GJ
   MEEGAN, CA
   WILSON, RB
   BROCK, MN
   PACIESAS, WS
AF BHAT, PN
   FISHMAN, GJ
   MEEGAN, CA
   WILSON, RB
   BROCK, MN
   PACIESAS, WS
TI EVIDENCE FOR SUBMILLISECOND STRUCTURE IN A GAMMA-RAY BURST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB GAMMA-RAY bursts (GRBs) vary in duration from hundreds of seconds down to several milliseconds. Early studies1 suggested that bursts with durations of < 100 ms form a distinct class, accounting for a few per cent of the total number of detected bursts, and there is some evidence2 for a break in the distribution of GRB durations at approximately 600 ms, perhaps implying separate physical mechanisms for long and short bursts. Recently the estimated number of short GRBs has risen substantially. The shortest burst recorded so far is GRB820405, with duration approximately 12 ms (ref. 3), and the shortest spike within a burst, an unresolved feature with width <5 ms, was in GRB841215 (refs 4-7). GRB790305 had the shortest rise-time, 0.2 ms. We report here that GRB910711, with apparently the shortest duration (approximately 8 ms) yet seen by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), has a time profile that shows significant submillisecond structure. The responses to this burst in the different BATSE detectors, from both direct and Earth-scattered gamma-rays, show that the burst is both narrower and of higher energy than is indicated by a light-curve summed over all detectors. We detected a narrow spike of duration 200-mu-s in the light curve; variations on this timescale have not previously been observed in GRBs, and their explanation should be a stringent test of any GRB theory.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT PHYS,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35899.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville
RP BHAT, PN (corresponding author), NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,SPACE SCI LAB,ES-62,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812, USA.
NR 11
TC 103
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 217
EP 218
DI 10.1038/359217a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIU, XY
   BENNEMA, P
   VANDEREERDEN, JP
AF LIU, XY
   BENNEMA, P
   VANDEREERDEN, JP
TI ROUGH FLAT ROUGH TRANSITION OF CRYSTAL-SURFACES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID on-solid model; xy-model; hcp he-4; growth; interface
AB ABOVE a characteristic temperature, the free energy required to form a step on the surface of a growing crystal may fall to zero; the surface then undergoes a transition from smooth (faceted) to irregular (rough) growth. Here we describe studies of the growth of n-C21H44 crystals from n-hexane solutions close to the roughening transition. Beginning with equilibrium crystal growth at a temperature slightly above the roughening transition, we introduce progressively greater supersaturations by lowering the temperature. Observations of the growth morphology reveal a transition from rough to smooth growth, followed at greater supersaturations by a transition back to rough growth. To our knowledge, such a sequence of rough-smooth-rough crystal growth has not been reported before. Our measurements of the step free energy of the {110} faces indicate that it vanishes discontinuously at the equilibrium roughening transition temperature, in contrast to the continuous (critical) behaviour predicted by theoretical models 1-11.
RP LIU, XY (corresponding author), CATHOLIC UNIV NIJMEGEN, FAC SCI, RIM, SOLID STATE CHEM LAB, TOERNOOIVELD, 6525 ED NIJMEGEN, NETHERLANDS.
NR 34
TC 57
Z9 58
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 778
EP 780
DI 10.1038/356778a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WHITE, RE
   KEEL, WC
AF WHITE, RE
   KEEL, WC
TI DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE OPTICAL DEPTH IN A SPIRAL GALAXY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB FROM a statistical analysis of nearly 9,400 spiral galaxies1, Valentijn2 has claimed that the disks of spirals are largely opaque. His argument derives from a lack of inclination dependence in the average surface brightness of the spirals, which if they were transparent would be brighter when seen edge-on than face-on. This statistically derived result is however vulnerable to several selection effects3, and seems to contradict the fact that the survey was successfully performed (as we live in a transparent spiral galaxy) as well as anecdotal examples of galaxies visible through other galaxies. We have tried to measure directly optical extinction in a number of spiral disks, using pairs in which a foreground spiral is backlit by another galaxy. In our best example substantial extinction of starlight occurs, but the extinction is mostly associated with the spiral features in which much of the light arises in the first place. This correlation of extinction with emission may account for both the transparency and apparent opacity of spiral galaxies.
RP WHITE, RE (corresponding author), UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,BOX 870324,TUSCALOOSA,AL 35487, USA.
NR 6
TC 75
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 129
EP 131
DI 10.1038/359129a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TENNE, R
   MARGULIS, L
   GENUT, M
   HODES, G
AF TENNE, R
   MARGULIS, L
   GENUT, M
   HODES, G
TI POLYHEDRAL AND CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES OF TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB FOLLOWING the discovery of C60 (ref. 1) and the advent of fullerene chemistry, considerable attention has been directed towards the associated cylindrical2,3 and polyhedral4,5 forms of graphite. To date, however, observations of such closed structures have been limited to the carbon system. Here we report the formation of equivalent stable structures in the layered semiconductor tungsten disulphide. After the heating of thin tungsten films in an atmosphere of hydrogen sulphide, transmission electron microscopy reveals a variety of concentric polyhedral and cylindrical structures (ranging in size from < 10 to > 100 nm) growing from the amorphous tungsten matrix. The closed nature of the structures is verified by electron diffraction and lattice imaging. As with th, carbon system, complete closure of the tungsten disulphide layers requires the presence of structural defects (for example, edge dislocations), or the arrangement of atoms in polyhedra other than a planar hexagonal geometry.
RP TENNE, R (corresponding author), WEIZMANN INST SCI, DEPT MAT & INTERFACES, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL.
NR 16
TC 1933
Z9 2100
U1 5
U2 413
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 444
EP 446
DI 10.1038/360444a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROTHE, M
   PEHL, M
   TAUBERT, H
   JACKLE, H
AF ROTHE, M
   PEHL, M
   TAUBERT, H
   JACKLE, H
TI LOSS OF GENE-FUNCTION THROUGH RAPID MITOTIC-CYCLES IN THE DROSOPHILA EMBRYO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pattern; knirps; segmentation; superfamily
AB THE early developmental period in Drosophila is characterized by rapid mitotic divisions, when the body pattern becomes organized by a cascade of segmentation gene activity1,2. During this process localized expression of the gap gene knirps (kni) is required to establish abdomen segmentation3,4. The knirps-related gene (knrl) encodes a kni-homologous nuclear hormone receptor-like protein5,6 and shares the spatial patterns of kni expression. The two genes differ with respect to the size of their transcription units; kni contains 1 kilobase and knrl 19 kilobases of intron sequences. The consequence of this difference in intron size is that knrl cannot substitute for kni segmentation function, although it gains this ability when expressed from an intronless transgene. Here we show that the length of mitotic cycles provides a physiological barrier to transcript size, and is therefore a significant factor in controlling developmental gene activity during short 'phenocritical' periods. The required coordination of cycle length and gene size provides severe constraints towards the evolution of rapid development.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM,MOLEK ENTWICKLUNGSBIOL ABT,W-3400 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 20
TC 130
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/359156a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400056
PM 1522901
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAWN, RM
   WADE, DP
   HAMMER, RE
   CHIESA, G
   VERSTUYFT, JG
   RUBIN, EM
AF LAWN, RM
   WADE, DP
   HAMMER, RE
   CHIESA, G
   VERSTUYFT, JG
   RUBIN, EM
TI ATHEROGENESIS IN TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN(A)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-density-lipoprotein; atherosclerosis susceptibility; plasminogen activation; human aorta; quantification; lesions; fibrin; accumulation; macrophages; inhibition
AB ELEVATED plasma levels of the lipoprotein Lp(a) are associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis and its manifestations, myocardial infarction, stroke and restenosis (for reviews, see refs 1-3). Lp(a) differs from low-density lipoprotein by the addition of the glycoprotein apolipoprotein(a), a homologue of plasminogen that contains many tandemly repeated units which resemble the fourth kringle domain of plasminogen, and single homologues of its kringle-5 and protease domain4. As plasma Lp(a) concentration is strongly influenced by heritable factors and is refractory to most drug and dietary manipulation, the effects of modulating it are difficult to mimic experimentally. In addition, the absence of apolipoprotein(a) from virtually all species other than primates precludes the use of convenient animal models. Here we show that transgenic mice expressing human apolipoprotein(a) are more susceptible than control mice to the development of lipid-staining lesions in the aorta, and that apolipoprotein(a) co-localizes with lipid deposition in the artery walls.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED SCH,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV CELL & MOLEC BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED SCH,DEPT MOLEC GENET,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP LAWN, RM (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT CARDIOVASC MED,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 30
TC 270
Z9 287
U1 1
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 670
EP 672
DI 10.1038/360670a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200054
PM 1465128
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU UGARTE, D
AF UGARTE, D
TI CURLING AND CLOSURE OF GRAPHITIC NETWORKS UNDER ELECTRON-BEAM IRRADIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon; c-60; fullerenes
AB THE discovery1 of buckminsterfullerene (C60) and its production in macroscopic quantities2 has stimulated a great deal of research. More recently, attention has turned towards other curved graphitic networks, such as the giant fullerenes (C(n), n > 100)3,4  and carbon nanotubes5-8. A general mechanism has been proposed9 in which the graphitic sheets bend in an attempt to eliminate the highly energetic dangling bonds present at the edge of the growing structure. Here, I report the response of carbon soot particles and tubular graphitic structures to intense electron-beam irradiation in a high-resolution electron microscope; such conditions resemble a high-temperature regime, permitting a degree of structural fluidity. With increased irradiation, there is a gradual reorganization of the initial material into quasi-spherical particles composed of concentric graphitic shells. This lends weight to the nucleation scheme proposed9 for fullerenes, and moreover, suggests that planar graphite may not be the most stable allotrope of carbon in systems of limited size.
RP UGARTE, D (corresponding author), ECOLE POLYTECH FED LAUSANNE,INST PHYS EXPTL,CH-1015 LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND.
NR 19
TC 1821
Z9 1958
U1 2
U2 354
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 707
EP 709
DI 10.1038/359707a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000048
PM 11536508
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REEVE, HK
   NONACS, P
AF REEVE, HK
   NONACS, P
TI SOCIAL CONTRACTS IN WASP SOCIETIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polistes-fuscatus; nestmate discrimination; hymenoptera; vespidae; competition; dominance; metricus
AB THE stability of social groups requires that conflicts among group members somehow be resolved. Recent models predict that subordinates may be allowed limited reproduction by dominant colonymates as an inducement to stay and aid dominants1-3. For such 'social contracts' to be evolutionarily stable, attempted reproductive cheating by dominants must be punishable3. In the eusocial paper wasp, Polistes fuscatus, subordinate queens that co-found nests with dominant queens usually disappear after the first workers emerge, so subordinates lay most of their reproductive-destined eggs just before worker emergence. Thus subordinates should be very sensitive to reproductive cheating during the latter period but relatively insensitive when worker-destined eggs are laid. Here we find in a series of egg-removal experiments designed to mimic egg-eating that subordinates do not change their aggressiveness when worker-destined eggs are removed, but that they greatly increase their aggression when reproductive-destined eggs are removed, especially when the queens are of similar size.
RP REEVE, HK (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,MUSEUM COMPARAT ZOOL,26 OXFORD ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 17
TC 99
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 823
EP 825
DI 10.1038/359823a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SUN, T
   DIEBOLD, GJ
AF SUN, T
   DIEBOLD, GJ
TI GENERATION OF ULTRASONIC-WAVES FROM A LAYERED PHOTOACOUSTIC SOURCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiation
AB ACOUSTIC pulses are used extensively for imaging, materials characterization and non-destructive testing. Here we describe a method for producing trains of square-wave photoacoustic pulses. Our device comprises an alternating series of light-absorbing and transparent fluid layers. When this layered structure is irradiated with an amplitude-modulated laser, constructive and destructive interference of the resulting photoacoustic waves generates pressure waves at specific resonance frequencies, the bandwidths of which are determined by the number of layers and their acoustic impedances. When operated at the resonance condition, a device consisting of a large number of layers produces ultrasonic waves that are highly directional in space. A structure excited by a single short pulse from a Nd:YAG laser generates a train of acoustic square waves, the pulsewidth of each being determined by the transit of sound across the absorbing layer.
RP SUN, T (corresponding author), BROWN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912, USA.
NR 12
TC 40
Z9 50
U1 3
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 806
EP 808
DI 10.1038/355806a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GALLOWAY, DJ
   PROCTOR, MRE
AF GALLOWAY, DJ
   PROCTOR, MRE
TI NUMERICAL-CALCULATIONS OF FAST DYNAMOS IN SMOOTH VELOCITY-FIELDS WITH REALISTIC DIFFUSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flows
AB MANY astrophysical magnetic fields are thought to arise by dynamo action due to internal fluid motions, but the natural timescale for magnetic field growth is the diffusion timescale, which in realistic astrophysical applications is very large 1. A fast dynamo is one that operates on the much shorter turnover timescale of the generating fluid flow, and the analytical intractability of smooth flows with diffusion has prompted the use of many ingenious models 2-10, differing from the true problem in having a modified or time-dependent diffusion or singularities in the flow field. Here we adopt a straightforward approach and present numerical computations of linear kinematic dynamos associated with periodic smooth flows, with diffusion explicitly included. Examples of time-varying flows depending on two spatial coordinates give convincing evidence of fast dynamo action for diffusion times up to 10,000 times greater than the turnover time. A three-dimensional steady flow shows similar behaviour, although computations have not been carried out so far and the asymptotic behaviour is less clear. All these flows have large regions where particle paths are chaotic.
C1 UNIV SYDNEY,THEORET ASTROPHYS RES CTR,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV SYDNEY,SCH MATH & STAT,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Sydney; University of Sydney
RP GALLOWAY, DJ (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT APPL MATH & THEORET PHYS,SILVER ST,CAMBRIDGE CB3 9EW,ENGLAND.
NR 23
TC 166
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 691
EP 693
DI 10.1038/356691a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FUKAMI, K
   FURUHASHI, K
   INAGAKI, M
   ENDO, T
   HATANO, S
   TAKENAWA, T
AF FUKAMI, K
   FURUHASHI, K
   INAGAKI, M
   ENDO, T
   HATANO, S
   TAKENAWA, T
TI REQUIREMENT OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4,5-BISPHOSPHATE FOR ALPHA-ACTININ FUNCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capping protein; smooth-muscle; polyphosphoinositide; complexes; gelsolin
AB INOSITOL phospholipid turnover is enhanced during mitogenic stimulation of cells by growth factors1 and the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP2) may be important in triggering cell proliferation. PtdInsP2 also binds actin-binding proteins to regulate their activity2-7, but it is not yet understood how this control is achieved. The protein alpha-actinin from striated muscle contains large amounts of endogenous PtdInsP2, whereas that from smooth muscle has only a little but will bind exogenously added PtdInsP2. In vitro alpha-actinin binds to F-actin and will crosslink actin filaments, increasing the viscosity of F-actin solutions8,9. We report here that alpha-actinin from striated muscle is an endogenous PtdInsP2-bound protein and that the specific interaction between alpha-actinin and PtdInsP2 regulates the F-actin-gelating activity of alpha-actinin. Although the F-actin-gelating activity of alpha-actinin from smooth muscle is much reduced compared with that from striated muscle, exogenous PtdInsP2 can enhance the activity of smooth muscle alpha-actinin to the level seen in striated muscles. These results show that PtdInsP2 is present in striated muscle alpha-actinin and that it is necessary for alpha-actinin to realize its maximum gelating activity.
C1 TOKYO METROPOLITAN GERIATR HOSP & INST GERONTOL,DEPT BIOSIGNAL RES,SAKAE CHO,ITABASHI KU,TOKYO 173,JAPAN.
   CHIBA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,YAYOI,CHIBA 260,JAPAN.
   AICHI CANC CTR,RES INST,EXPTL RADIOL LAB,CHIKUSA KU,NAGOYA,AICHI 464,JAPAN.
   NAGOYA UNIV,SCH SCI,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,CHIKUSA KU,NAGOYA,AICHI 464,JAPAN.
C3 Chiba University; Aichi Cancer Center; Nagoya University
NR 23
TC 319
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 150
EP 152
DI 10.1038/359150a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400053
PM 1326084
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RESNICK, JL
   BIXLER, LS
   CHENG, LZ
   DONOVAN, PJ
AF RESNICK, JL
   BIXLER, LS
   CHENG, LZ
   DONOVAN, PJ
TI LONG-TERM PROLIFERATION OF MOUSE PRIMORDIAL GERM-CELLS IN CULTURE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differentiation inhibiting activity; embryos; growth
AB PRIMORDIAL germ cells(PGCs) are first identifiable as a population of about eight alkaline phosphatase-positive cells in the 7.0 days postcoitum mouse embryo1. During the next 6 days of development they proliferate to give rise to the 25,000 cells that will establish the meiotic population2. Steel factor is required for PGC survival both in vivo3 and in vitro4,5 and together with leukaemia inhibitory factor stimulates PGC proliferation in vitro6. In feeder-dependent culture, PGCs will proliferate for up to 7 days, but their numbers eventually decline and their proliferative capacity is only a fraction of that seen in vivo6,7. Here we report a further factor that stimulates PGC proliferation in vitro, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Furthermore, bFGF, in the presence of steel factor and leukaemia inhibitory factor, stimulates long-term proliferation of PGCs, leading to the derivation of large colonies of cells. These embryonic germ cells resemble embryonic stem cells, pluripotent cells derived from preimplantation embryos, or feeder-dependent embryonal carcinoma cells, pluripotent stem cells of PGC-derived tumours (teratomas and teratocarcinomas)8. To our knowledge, these results provide the first system for long-term culture of PGCs.
C1 NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,PRI DYNCORP,FREDERICK,MD 21702.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick
RP RESNICK, JL (corresponding author), NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,ABL BASIC RES PROGRAM,MAMMALIAN GENET LAB,POB B,FREDERICK,MD 21702, USA.
NR 16
TC 699
Z9 843
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 550
EP 551
DI 10.1038/359550a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900064
PM 1383830
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RIBERDY, JM
   NEWCOMB, JR
   SURMAN, MJ
   BARBOSA, JA
   CRESSWELL, P
AF RIBERDY, JM
   NEWCOMB, JR
   SURMAN, MJ
   BARBOSA, JA
   CRESSWELL, P
TI HLA-DR MOLECULES FROM AN ANTIGEN-PROCESSING MUTANT-CELL LINE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INVARIANT CHAIN PEPTIDES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-ii molecules; alloantigens; binding; proteolysis; transport
AB THE invariant chain, which associates with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum, serves two functions important in antigen processing. First, it prevents class II molecules from binding peptides in the early stages of intracellular transport1-3. Second, it contains a cytoplasmic signal that targets the class II-invariant chain complex to an acidic endosomal compartment4-6. Proteolytic cleavage and subsequent dissociation of the invariant chain then occurs7,8, allowing peptides derived from endocytosed proteins to bind to released class II molecules before their expression at the cell surface3. Certain human cell lines that are mutant in one or more MHC-linked genes are defective in class II-restricted antigen processing9-11. Here we show that in transfectants of one of these cell lines, T2, this deficiency results in the association of a large proportion of class II molecules with a nested set of invariant-chain-derived peptides (class II-associated invariant chain peptides, or CLIP). HLA-DR3 molecules isolated from T2 transfectants can be efficiently loaded with antigenic peptides by exposure to a low pH in vitro, perhaps reflecting the in vivo conditions in which peptides associate with class II molecules12-14. Addition of synthetic CLIP inhibits the loading process, indicating that CLIP may define the region of the invariant chain responsible for obstructing the class II binding site.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,310 CEDAR ST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   MILES RES CTR,INST INFLAMMAT & AUTOIMMUN,DEPT PRECLIN TECHNOL,W HAVEN,CT 06516.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 29
TC 358
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 474
EP 477
DI 10.1038/360474a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700063
PM 1448172
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MAURY, RC
   DEFANT, MJ
   JORON, JL
AF MAURY, RC
   DEFANT, MJ
   JORON, JL
TI METASOMATISM OF THE SUB-ARC MANTLE INFERRED FROM TRACE-ELEMENTS IN PHILIPPINE XENOLITHS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean ridge basalts; island-arc; subducted lithosphere; peridotite xenoliths; residual titanates; volcanic-rocks; igneous rocks; amak island; luzon arc; cold bay
AB ISLAND arc basalts are thought to derive from the melting of the wedge of mantle overlying the subducting slab1; hence, the composition of this mantle wedge, and the nature of any metasomatic fluids or magmas introduced from the slab, have been the subject of much speculation2-6. Most of the evidence bearing on these questions has been indirect, coming from the chemistry of island arc lavas, or from mantle xenoliths originating elsewhere than immediately below the arc7,8. Here we report trace element data for mantle xenoliths from the Luzon arc (Philippines)9, which come from the mantle wedge directly below the arc-front volcanoes. The trace element patterns reflect metasomatism of a relatively depleted mantle (more depleted than the source of mid-ocean-ridge basalts), and identify the metasomatizing agent as a hydrous fluid, rather than a melt. We suggest that the depletion of high-field-strength elements in arc magmas originates from a combination of low initial concentrations in the mantle before metasomatism, and the inability of hydrous fluids to transport these elements.
C1 UNIV BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE, URA 1278, F-29287 BREST, FRANCE.
   UNIV S FLORIDA, DEPT GEOL, TAMPA, FL 33620 USA.
   CENS, LAB PIERRE SUE, F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
C3 Universite de Bretagne Occidentale; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay
RP MAURY, RC (corresponding author), UNIV BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE, PETROL LAB, F-29287 BREST, FRANCE.
NR 41
TC 269
Z9 290
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 661
EP 663
DI 10.1038/360661a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIMON, MN
   PELEGRINI, O
   VERON, M
   KAY, RR
AF SIMON, MN
   PELEGRINI, O
   VERON, M
   KAY, RR
TI MUTATION OF PROTEIN KINASE-A CAUSES HETEROCHRONIC DEVELOPMENT OF DICTYOSTELIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid-sequence; regulatory subunit; cyclic-amp; caenorhabditis-elegans; cell-differentiation; signal transduction; discoideum; requirements; mutants; forms
AB IN heterochronic mutants the relative timing of developmental events is altered compared with the wild type. This generally results in a disordered embryo 1,2, though heterochronic mutations may also be an important source of evolutionary variation 3. In the rapidly developing (rde) mutants of Dictyostelium, stalk and spore cells differentiate before morphogenesis is complete. We have traced the lesion in one class of these mutants to the regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (pk-A). Inactivation of this protein results in the unrestrained activity of the catalytic subunit, so prematurely triggering terminal cell differentiation.
C1 MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP SIMON, MN (corresponding author), INST PASTEUR,UNITE BIOCHIM CELLULAIRE,CNRS,URA 1129,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
NR 27
TC 122
Z9 130
U1 1
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 171
EP 172
DI 10.1038/356171a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100066
PM 1312226
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GRENFELL, BT
   PRICE, OF
   ALBON, SD
   CLUTTONBROCK, TH
AF GRENFELL, BT
   PRICE, OF
   ALBON, SD
   CLUTTONBROCK, TH
TI OVERCOMPENSATION AND POPULATION-CYCLES IN AN UNGULATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ecological-systems; density dependence; models; chaos
AB ALTHOUGH theoretical studies show that overcompensatory density-dependent mechanisms can potentially generate regular or chaotic fluctuations in animal numbers, the majority of realistic single-species models of invertebrate populations are not overcompensatory enough to cause sustained population cycles 1-3. The possibility that overcompensation may generate cycles or chaos in vertebrate populations has seldom been considered. Here we show that highly overcompensating density-dependent mortality can generate recurrent population crashes consistent with those observed in a naturally limited population of Soay sheep. The observed interval of three or more years between crashes points to sharp 'focusing' of mortality over a narrow range of population density.
RP GRENFELL, BT (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT ZOOL, DOWNING ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ, ENGLAND.
NR 23
TC 116
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 823
EP 826
DI 10.1038/355823a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600055
PM 1538761
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SMITH, FW
   FEIGON, J
AF SMITH, FW
   FEIGON, J
TI QUADRUPLEX STRUCTURE OF OXYTRICHA TELOMERIC DNA OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proton resonances; h-1-nmr spectra; nmr; assignment; fragment; spectroscopy; phase
AB THE telomeres of most eukaryotes contain a repeating G-rich sequence with the consensus d(T/A)1-4G1-8, of which 12-16 bases form a 3' single-strand overhang beyond the telomeric duplex 1. It has been proposed that these G-rich oligonucleotides associate to form four-stranded structures from one 2-4, two 2,5 or four 6,7 individual strands and that these structures may be relevant in vivo. The proposed structures contain Hoogsteen base-paired G-quartets, precedent for which has been in the literature for many years 8. Here we use H-1 NMR spectroscopy to study the conformations of the DNA oligonucleotides d(G4T4G4) (Oxy-1.5) and d(G4T4G4T4G4T4G4) (Oxy-3.5) which contain the Oxytricha telomere repeat (T4G4). We find that these molecules fold to form a symmetrical bimolecular and an intramolecular quadruplex, respectively. Both structures have four G-quartets formed from nucleotides that are alternately syn and anti along each strand. This arrangement differs from earlier models in which the strands are alternately all syn or all anti 2,3,5 . The T4 loops in Oxy-1.5 are on opposite ends of the quadruplex and loop diagonally across the G-quartet, resulting in adjacent strands being alternately parallel and antiparallel.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST MOLEC BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
NR 27
TC 546
Z9 641
U1 0
U2 91
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 164
EP 168
DI 10.1038/356164a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100064
PM 1545871
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JAIN, J
   MCCAFFREY, PG
   VALGEARCHER, VE
   RAO, A
AF JAIN, J
   MCCAFFREY, PG
   VALGEARCHER, VE
   RAO, A
TI NUCLEAR FACTOR OF ACTIVATED T-CELLS CONTAINS FOS AND JUN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocyte-specific factors; interleukin-2 gene; dna-binding; protein; enhancer; element; ap-1
AB THE nuclear factor NF-AT (ref. 1) is induced in T cells stimulated through the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex, and is required for interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene induction. Although NF-AT has not been cloned or purified, there is evidence that it is a major target for immunosuppression by cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 (refs 2-7). NF-AT induction may require two activation-dependent events: the CsA-sensitive translocation of a pre-existing component and the CsA-resistant synthesis of a nuclear component 8. Here we report that the newly synthesized nuclear component of NF-AT is the transcription factor AP-1. We show that the inducible nuclear form of NF-AT contains Fos and Jun proteins. Furthermore, we identify a pre-existing NF-AT-binding factor that is present in hypotonic extracts of unstimulated T cells. On the basis of binding, reconstitution and cotransfection experiments, we propose that activation of NF-AT occurs in at least two stages: a CsA-sensitive stage involving modification and/or translocation of the pre-existing NF-AT complex, and a CsA-insensitive stage involving the addition of newly synthesized Fos or Fos/Jun proteins to the pre-existing complex.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV TUMOR VIROL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 26
TC 507
Z9 547
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 801
EP 804
DI 10.1038/356801a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600053
PM 1533441
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SULSTON, J
   DU, Z
   THOMAS, K
   WILSON, R
   HILLIER, L
   STADEN, R
   HALLORAN, N
   GREEN, P
   THIERRYMIEG, J
   QIU, L
   DEAR, S
   COULSON, A
   CRAXTON, M
   DURBIN, R
   BERKS, M
   METZSTEIN, M
   HAWKINS, T
   AINSCOUGH, R
   WATERSTON, R
AF SULSTON, J
   DU, Z
   THOMAS, K
   WILSON, R
   HILLIER, L
   STADEN, R
   HALLORAN, N
   GREEN, P
   THIERRYMIEG, J
   QIU, L
   DEAR, S
   COULSON, A
   CRAXTON, M
   DURBIN, R
   BERKS, M
   METZSTEIN, M
   HAWKINS, T
   AINSCOUGH, R
   WATERSTON, R
TI THE C-ELEGANS GENOME SEQUENCING PROJECT - A BEGINNING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase; embryonic cell lineages; simplex virus type-1; dna-sequence; escherichia-coli; nucleotide-sequence; molecular-cloning; messenger-rna; gene
AB The long-term goal of this project is the elucidation of the complete sequence of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome. During the first year methods have been developed and a strategy implemented that is amenable to large-scale sequencing. The three cosmids sequenced in this initial phase are surprisingly rich in genes, many of which have mammalian homologues.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   CTR RECH BIOCHIM MACROMOLEC & PHYS MATH,CNRS,F-34044 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP SULSTON, J (corresponding author), MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,HILLS RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
NR 70
TC 483
Z9 551
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 37
EP 41
DI 10.1038/356037a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200046
PM 1538779
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BLANPIED, ML
   LOCKNER, DA
   BYERLEE, JD
AF BLANPIED, ML
   LOCKNER, DA
   BYERLEE, JD
TI AN EARTHQUAKE MECHANISM BASED ON RAPID SEALING OF FAULTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-focus earthquakes; fluid pressure; quartz; temperature; transition; petroleum; friction; porosity; granite; stress
AB RECENT seismological, heat flow and stress measurements in active fault zones such as the San Andreas have led to the suggestion1,2 that such zones can be relatively weak. One explanation for this may be the presence of overpressured fluids along the fault3-5, which would reduce the shear stress required for sliding by partially 'floating' the rock. Although several mechanisms have been proposed for overpressurizing fault fluids3,4,6,7, we recall that 'pressure seals' are known to form in both sedimentary8 and igneous9 rocks by the redistribution of materials in solution, the formation of such a seal along the boundaries of a fault will prevent the communication of fluids between the porous, deforming fault zone and the surrounding country rock. Compaction of fault gouge, under hydrostatic loading and/or during shear, elevates pore pressure in the sealed fault and allows sliding at low shear stress. We report the results of laboratory sliding experiments on granite, which demonstrate that the sliding resistance of faults can be significantly decreased by sealing and compaction. The weakening that results from shear-induced compaction can be rapid, and may provide an instability mechanism for earthquakes.
RP BLANPIED, ML (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA.
NR 37
TC 220
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 574
EP 576
DI 10.1038/358574a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HESTRIN, S
AF HESTRIN, S
TI DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF NMDA RECEPTOR-MEDIATED SYNAPTIC CURRENTS AT A CENTRAL SYNAPSE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superior colliculus; hippocampal slices; visual-cortex; time course; neurons; rat
AB THE central nervous system has extraordinary plasticity in early life. This is thought to involve N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors 1 which, along with the non-NMDA receptors, mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission 2. Although NMDA receptors may be transiently enhanced early in life 3-6, it has not been possible to demonstrate directly a functional change in the NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic response because of the voltage-dependence of the NMDA conductance and the overlapping inhibitory synaptic conductances. Here I report that the duration of evoked NMDA-receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (e.p.s.cs) in the superior colliculus is several times longer at early developmental stages compared to that measured in older animals. In contrast, the amplitude of NMDA-receptor-mediated miniature e.p.s.cs does not change during development. The kinetic response of excised membrane patches to a brief activation of NMDA receptors is similar to that of the NMDA e.p.s.c, which suggests that the time course of the NMDA e.p.s.c. in the superior colliculus reflects slow NMDA channel properties as in the hippocampus 7-9. Therefore, these data indicate that the molecular properties of NMDA receptors are developmentally regulated and thus may be controlling the ability of synapses to change in early life.
RP HESTRIN, S (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, SCH MED, DEPT PHYSIOL, BOX 0444, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
NR 26
TC 462
Z9 497
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 686
EP 689
DI 10.1038/357686a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000070
PM 1377360
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KANE, DA
   WARGA, RM
   KIMMEL, CB
AF KANE, DA
   WARGA, RM
   KIMMEL, CB
TI MITOTIC DOMAINS IN THE EARLY EMBRYO OF THE ZEBRAFISH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell lineage; enveloping layer; fundulus; rearrangement; gastrulation; commitment
AB AT the midblastula transition in the zebrafish, three, and only three, spatially separate mitotic domains arise with distinctive cycle lengths and rhythms. As in Drosophila1 and at about the equivalent stage, the mitotic domains reflect the fate map, but they do so only very crudely: two are extraembryonic and the third forms the entire embryo. The domains appear not to subdivide during gastrulation, when the germ layers form and when cells probably commit to their eventual fates. The domains may signal specification of morphogenesis rather than cell fate, because, shortly after they appear, each assumes a different role during epiboly, the first morphogenetic movement of the embryo. During meroblastic cleavage, and continuing in the early blastula, zebrafish blastomeres divide rapidly and synchronously. At the time of the tenth cleavage, the beginning of the midblastula transition, the cell cycle lengthens, and, as in Xenopus2 and Drosophila3, cycle length comes under nucleocytoplasmic control (D.A.K. and C.B.K., manuscript in preparation). This nucleocytoplasmic control seems to be maintained during cycle lengthening in the next 2 or 3 cycles, comprising a midblastula transition period. We now show that functionally distinct subsets of cells that arise during this period have reproducibly different mitotic cycle lengths.
C1 UNIV OREGON,INST NEUROSCI,EUGENE,OR 97403.
C3 University of Oregon
RP KANE, DA (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST ENTWICKLINGSBIOL,SPEMANNSTR 35-II,W-7400 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
NR 22
TC 107
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 735
EP 737
DI 10.1038/360735a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200032
PM 1465143
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIFTON, RP
   DLUHY, RG
   POWERS, M
   RICH, GM
   COOK, S
   ULICK, S
   LALOUEL, JM
AF LIFTON, RP
   DLUHY, RG
   POWERS, M
   RICH, GM
   COOK, S
   ULICK, S
   LALOUEL, JM
TI A CHIMERIC 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE ALDOSTERONE SYNTHASE GENE CAUSES GLUCOCORTICOID-REMEDIABLE ALDOSTERONISM AND HUMAN HYPERTENSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase chain-reaction; dna; cloning; identification; 18-oxocortisol; polymorphisms; cdna; rna
AB GLUCOCORTICOID-REMEDIABLE aldosteronism (GRA), an autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by hypertension with variable hyperaldosteronism 1,2 and by high levels of the abnormal adrenal steroids 18-oxocortisol and 18-hydroxycortisol 3-5, which are all under control of adrenocorticotropic hormone and suppressible by glucocorticoids 6. These abnormalities could result from ectopic expression of aldosterone synthase, which is normally expressed only in adrenal glomerulosa, in the adrenal fasciculata. Genes encoding aldosterone synthase 7-9 and steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase 7 (expressed in both adrenal fasciculata and glomerulosa), which are 95% identical 7 and lie on chromosome 8q (refs 7, 10), are therefore candidate genes for GRA. Here we demonstrate complete linkage of GRA in a large kindred to a gene duplication arising from unequal crossing over, fusing the 5' regulatory region of 11-beta-hydroxylase to the coding sequences of aldosterone synthase (maximum lod score 5.23 for complete linkage, odds ratio of 170,000:1). This mutation can account for all the physiological abnormalities of GRA. Our result represents the demonstration of a mutation causing hypertension in otherwise phenotypically normal animals or humans.
C1 BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DIV ENDOCRINE HYPERTENS,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   VET AFFAIRS HOSP,BRONX,NY 10468.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP LIFTON, RP (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH,ECCLES INST HUMAN GENET,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SUITE 6200,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84132, USA.
NR 21
TC 975
Z9 1031
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 262
EP 265
DI 10.1038/355262a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400071
PM 1731223
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GUO, HC
   JARDETZKY, TS
   GARRETT, TPJ
   LANE, WS
   STROMINGER, JL
   WILEY, DC
AF GUO, HC
   JARDETZKY, TS
   GARRETT, TPJ
   LANE, WS
   STROMINGER, JL
   WILEY, DC
TI DIFFERENT LENGTH PEPTIDES BIND TO HLA-AW68 SIMILARLY AT THEIR ENDS BUT BULGE OUT IN THE MIDDLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-peptides; viral peptides; lymphocytes-t; antigens; crystallography; specificity; molecules; hla-b27; protein; chains
AB WE report here the determination and refinement to 1.9 angstrom resolution by X-ray cryo-crystallography the structure of HLA-Aw68. The averaged image from the collection of bound, endogenous peptides clearly shows the atomic structure at the first three and last two amino acids in the peptides but no connected electron density in between. This suggests that bound peptides, held at both ends, take alternative pathways and could be of different lengths by bulging out in the middle. Peptides eluted from HLA-Aw68 include peptides of 9, 10 and 11 amino acids, a direct indication of the length heterogeneity of tightly bound peptides. Peptide sequencing shows relatively conserved 'anchor' residues at position 2 and the carboxy-terminal residue. Conserved binding sites for the peptide N and C termini at the ends of the class I major histocompatibility complex binding groove are apparently dominant in producing the long half-lives of peptide binding and the peptide-dependent stabilization of the class I molecule's structure.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD MICROCHEM FACIL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP GUO, HC (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,7 DIVIN AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 31
TC 412
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 364
EP 366
DI 10.1038/360364a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000058
PM 1448153
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LANGER, T
   LU, C
   ECHOLS, H
   FLANAGAN, J
   HAYER, MK
   HARTL, FU
AF LANGER, T
   LU, C
   ECHOLS, H
   FLANAGAN, J
   HAYER, MK
   HARTL, FU
TI SUCCESSIVE ACTION OF DNAK, DNAJ AND GROEL ALONG THE PATHWAY OF CHAPERONE-MEDIATED PROTEIN FOLDING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heat-shock proteins; ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase; escherichia-coli; molecular chaperones; stress proteins; rna-polymerase; atp hydrolysis; gene; precursor; rhodanese
AB The main stress proteins of Escherichia coli function in an ordered protein-folding reaction. DnaK (heat-shock protein 70) recognizes the folding polypeptide as an extended chain and cooperates with DnaJ in stabilizing an intermediate conformational state lacking ordered tertiary structure. Dependent on GrpE and ATP hydrolysis, the protein is then transferred to GroEL (heat-shock protein 60) which acts catalytically in the production of the native state. This sequential mechanism of chaperone action may represent an important pathway for the folding of newly synthesized polypeptides.
C1 SLOAN KETTERING MEM CANC CTR,ROCKEFELLER RES LABS,PROGRAM CELLULAR BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Yale University
NR 68
TC 896
Z9 989
U1 2
U2 84
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 683
EP 689
DI 10.1038/356683a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600050
PM 1349157
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCCONNELL, JC
   HENDERSON, GS
   BARRIE, L
   BOTTENHEIM, J
   NIKI, H
   LANGFORD, CH
   TEMPLETON, EMJ
AF MCCONNELL, JC
   HENDERSON, GS
   BARRIE, L
   BOTTENHEIM, J
   NIKI, H
   LANGFORD, CH
   TEMPLETON, EMJ
TI PHOTOCHEMICAL BROMINE PRODUCTION IMPLICATED IN ARCTIC BOUNDARY-LAYER OZONE DEPLETION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polar sunrise; alert canada; april 1986; destruction; troposphere; atmosphere; aerosols
AB RECENT measurements 1-7 in the Arctic have revealed episodic destruction of boundary-layer ozone from 30-40 parts per 10(9) by volume (p.p.b.v.) to undetectable levels on a timescale of less than a day, during periods when the boundary layer is very stable. The ozone destruction begins at polar sunrise, continues for the months of March and April, and is strongly associated with levels of filterable bromine which are much greater than during the rest of the year. Here we suggest that sea-salt Br- reaches high concentrations in the snow pack during the long polar night, and is evolved into the atmosphere as Br2 at polar sunrise. Ordinarily, gas-phase photochemistry would convert Br2 to HBr or brominated organic compounds with consequently little destruction of boundary-layer ozone. In view of several laboratory experiments 8-11, and by analogy with the marine boundary layer 12, we propose that the HBr and brominated organic compounds will be scavenged by the ambient aerosols and ice crystals, and that these heterogeneous reactions release Br2 back to the atmosphere. We argue that this cycling of bromine between the aerosol and the gas phase should maintain sufficiently high levels of Br atoms and BrO radicals to destroy ozone, in agreement with observations 1-7.
C1 YORK UNIV,DEPT CHEM,N YORK M3J 1P3,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT GEOL,TORONTO M5S 3B1,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV,N YORK M3H 5T4,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   CONCORDIA UNIV,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,MONTREAL H3G 1M8,QUEBEC,CANADA.
C3 York University - Canada; University of Toronto; Environment & Climate Change Canada; Meteorological Service of Canada; Concordia University - Canada
RP MCCONNELL, JC (corresponding author), YORK UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ATMOSPHER,4700 KEELE ST,N YORK M3J 1P3,ONTARIO,CANADA.
NR 23
TC 282
Z9 314
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 150
EP 152
DI 10.1038/355150a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KTISTAKIS, NT
   LINDER, ME
   ROTH, MG
AF KTISTAKIS, NT
   LINDER, ME
   ROTH, MG
TI ACTION OF BREFELDIN-A BLOCKED BY ACTIVATION OF A PERTUSSIS-TOXIN-SENSITIVE G-PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intracellular-transport; endoplasmic-reticulum; secretory proteins; rat hepatocytes; cells; mastoparan
AB IN many mammalian cells brefeldin A interferes with mechanisms that keep the Golgi apparatus separate from the endoplasmic reticulum 1-8. The earliest effect of brefeldin A is release of the coat protein beta-COP from the Golgi 9-11. This release is blocked by pretreatment with GTP-gamma-S or AlF4- (ref. 12). The AlF4- ion activates heterotrimeric C proteins 13 but not proteins of the ras superfamily 14, suggesting that a heterotrimeric G protein might control membrane transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. We report here that mastoparan, a peptide that activates heterotrimeric G proteins 15,16, promotes binding of beta-COP to Golgi membranes in vitro and antagonizes the effect of brefeldin A on beta-COP in perforated cells and on isolated Golgi membranes. This inhibition is greatly diminished if cells are pretreated with pertussis toxin before perforation., Thus, a heterotrimeric G protein of the G(i)/G(o) subfamily regulates association of coat components with Golgi membranes.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT PHARMACOL, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP KTISTAKIS, NT (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT BIOCHEM, 5323 HARRY HINES BLVD, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
NR 23
TC 102
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 344
EP 346
DI 10.1038/356344a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400066
PM 1549178
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KLEUSS, C
   SCHERUBL, H
   HESCHELER, J
   SCHULTZ, G
   WITTIG, B
AF KLEUSS, C
   SCHERUBL, H
   HESCHELER, J
   SCHULTZ, G
   WITTIG, B
TI DIFFERENT BETA-SUBUNITS DETERMINE G-PROTEIN INTERACTION WITH TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtp-binding proteins; muscarinic k+-channel; gamma-subunits; adenylate-cyclase; inhibition; transducin; phospholipase-a2; diversity; rhodopsin; activate
AB REGULATORY GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) are membrane-attached heterotrimers (alpha, beta, gamma) that mediate cellular responses to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli1,2. They undergo a cycle of guanine-nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis, during which they dissociate into alpha-subunit and beta-gamma-complex1. The roles of G-protein alpha-subunits in these processes and for the specificity of signal transduction are largely established; the beta- and gamma-subunits are essential for receptor-induced G-protein activation and seem to be less diverse and less specific. Although the complementary DNAs for several beta-subunits have been cloned2,5-8, isolated subunits have only been studied as beta-gamma-complexes3,9-12. Functional differences have been ascribed to the gamma-subunit on the basis of extensive sequence similarity among beta-subunits and apparent heterogeneity in gamma-subunit sequences13,14. Beta-gamma-complexes can inter act directly or indirectly with different effectors10,11,15-20. They seem to be interchangeable in their interaction with pertussis toxin-sensitive alpha-subunits3, so we tested this by microinjecting antisense oligonucleotides into nuclei of a rat pituitary cell line to suppress the synthesis of individual beta-subunits selectively. Here we show that two out of four subtypes of beta-subunits tested (beta-1 and beta-3) are selectively involved in the signal transduction cascades from muscarinic M4 (ref. 4) and somatostatin receptors, respectively, to voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.
C1 FREE UNIV BERLIN,INST PHARMAKOL,W-1000 BERLIN 33,GERMANY.
C3 Free University of Berlin
RP KLEUSS, C (corresponding author), FREE UNIV BERLIN,INST MOLEK BIOL & BIOCHEM,ARNIMALLEE 22,W-1000 BERLIN 33,GERMANY.
NR 23
TC 377
Z9 395
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 424
EP 426
DI 10.1038/358424a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300059
PM 1322501
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MALHOTRA, R
   BLACK, D
   ECK, A
   JACKSON, A
AF MALHOTRA, R
   BLACK, D
   ECK, A
   JACKSON, A
TI RESONANT ORBITAL EVOLUTION IN THE PUTATIVE PLANETARY SYSTEM OF PSR1257+12
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB PERIODIC variations in the arrival times of pulses from the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12 are most straightforwardly interpreted as indicating the presence of two planet-like companions orbiting the pulsar 1. Rasio et al. 2 have proposed that the planetary explanation is amenable to a simple test: the deduced parameters put the planets near an orbital resonance, in which case secular evolution of the orbits should be observable in a matter of years. Detection of such orbital evolution would yield the masses and orbital inclinations of the planets. Here we point out that if the masses of the two planets are more than approximately 10 times greater than the minimum values (3.4 and 2.8 Earth masses) allowed by the observations, then their orbits will be in an exact 3:2 resonance. The character of the predicted orbital parameter perturbations is then markedly different from the periodic perturbations that result from only a near-resonance. The amplitude of the perturbations is much greater, and is very sensitive to the planet masses.
RP MALHOTRA, R (corresponding author), LUNAR & PLANETARY INST,HOUSTON,TX 77058, USA.
NR 10
TC 36
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 583
EP 585
DI 10.1038/356583a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KULKARNI, SR
   VOGEL, SN
   WANG, Z
   WOOD, DOS
AF KULKARNI, SR
   VOGEL, SN
   WANG, Z
   WOOD, DOS
TI IDENTIFICATION OF THE NEBULA G70.7+1.2 AS A BOW SHOCK POWERED BY A PULSAR/BE-STAR BINARY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radio-emission; supernova; regions; shell; nova
AB THE enigmatic radio and optical nebula G70.7 + 1.2(1,2) has been suggested to be a young supernova remnant3,4, a nova shell4, a cometary5 H II region6 and a protostellar outflow7. Claims4,7 of strong nonthermal radio emission cast severe doubts on all but the supernova remnant model, but for this the expansion velocity4 would be low. We present here new data that firmly establish the nonthermal nature of the radio emission, and from Halpha and [O I] Fabry-Perot observations we argue that the extended optical emission arises from a bow shock powered by a mass-losing luminous (Be) star moving supersonically through dense gas. The nonthermal emission is then explained as the shocked relativistic wind from a pulsar, which we propose is a companion to the Be star. The coincidence of the optical and radio emission requires the pulsar and stellar winds to be mixed together. The system has a large overall velocity, approximately 60 km s-1, which is inexplicable in all other models but which is typical of binary pulsars. Detection of pulsed emission and of the predicted proper motion would confirm our proposal.
C1 CALTECH,OWENS VALLEY RADIO OBSERV,PASADENA,CA 91125.
   UNIV MARYLAND,ASTRON PROGRAM,COLL PK,MD 20742.
   CALTECH,CTR INFRARED PROC & ANAL,PASADENA,CA 91125.
   NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,SOCORRO,NM 87801.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; California Institute of Technology; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP KULKARNI, SR (corresponding author), CALTECH,PALOMAR OBSERV,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 18
TC 14
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/360139a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HANN, BC
   STIRLING, CJ
   WALTER, P
AF HANN, BC
   STIRLING, CJ
   WALTER, P
TI SEC65 GENE-PRODUCT IS A SUBUNIT OF THE YEAST SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE REQUIRED FOR ITS INTEGRITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein
AB PROTEIN targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in mammalian cells is catalysed by the signal recognition particle (SRP), which consists of six protein subunits and an RNA subunit 1,2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae SRP is a 16S particle, of which only two subunits have been identified: a protein subunit, SRP54p, which is homologous to the mammalian SRP54 subunit, and an RNA subunit, scR1 (ref. 3). The sec65-1 mutant yeast cells 4 are temperature-sensitive for growth and defective in the translocation of several secreted and membrane-bound proteins. The DNA sequence of the SEC65 gene suggests that its product is related to mammalian SRP19 subunit and may have a similar functions 5. Here we show that SEC65p is a subunit of the S. cervisiae SRP and that it is required for the stable association of another subunit, SRP54p, with SRP. Overexpression of SRP54p suppresses both growth and protein translocation defects in sec65-1 mutant cells.
C1 UNIV MANCHESTER,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,MANCHESTER M13 9PT,LANCS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Manchester
RP HANN, BC (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 9
TC 59
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 532
EP 533
DI 10.1038/356532a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100062
PM 1313947
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUTHY, R
   BOWIE, JU
   EISENBERG, D
AF LUTHY, R
   BOWIE, JU
   EISENBERG, D
TI ASSESSMENT OF PROTEIN MODELS WITH 3-DIMENSIONAL PROFILES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; binding; recognition; resolution; rubisco; domains; energy; design
AB As methods for determining protein three-dimensional (3D) structure develop, a continuing problem is how to verify that the final protein model is correct. The revision of several protein models to correct errors 1-6 has prompted the development of new criteria for judging the validity of X-ray 7-9 and NMR 10,11 structures, as well as the formation of energetic 12-14 and empirical methods 15,16 to evaluate the correctness of protein models. The challenge is to distinguish between a mistraced or wrongly folded model, and one that is basically correct, but not adequately refined. We show that an effective test of the accuracy of a 3D protein model is a comparison of the model to its own amino-acid sequence, using a 3D profile 16, computed from the atomic coordinates of the structure 3D profiles of correct protein structures match their own sequences with high scores. In contrast, 3D profiles for protein models known to be wrong score poorly. An incorrectly modelled segment in an otherwise correct structure can be identified by examining the profile score in a moving-window scan. The accuracy of a protein model can be assessed by its 3D profile, regardless of whether the model has been derived by X-ray, NMR or computational procedures.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST MOLEC BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
NR 30
TC 2854
Z9 3106
U1 1
U2 115
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 83
EP 85
DI 10.1038/356083a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200063
PM 1538787
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RONDEAU, JM
   TETEFAVIER, F
   PODJARNY, A
   REYMANN, JM
   BARTH, P
   BIELLMANN, JF
   MORAS, D
AF RONDEAU, JM
   TETEFAVIER, F
   PODJARNY, A
   REYMANN, JM
   BARTH, P
   BIELLMANN, JF
   MORAS, D
TI NOVEL NADPH-BINDING DOMAIN REVEALED BY THE CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF ALDOSE REDUCTASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray; protein; evolution; muscle; cdnas; forms; gene
AB ALDOSE reductase is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway and catalyses the NADPH-dependent reduction Of D-glucose to D-sorbitol. Under normal physiological conditions aldose reductase participates in osmoregulation 1, but under hyperglycaemic conditions it contributes to the onset and development of severe complications in diabetes 2. Here we present the crystal structure of pig lens aldose reductase refined to an R-factor of 0.232 at 2.5-angstrom resolution. It exhibits a single domain folded in an eight-stranded parallel alpha/beta-barrel, similar to that in triose phosphate isomerase 3 and a score of other enzymes. Hence, aldose reductase does not possess the expected canonical dinucleotide-binding domain 4. Crystallographic analysis of the binding of 2'-monophosphoadenosine-5'-diphosphoribose, which competitively inhibits NADPH binding reveals that it binds into a cleft located at the C-terminal end of the strands of the alpha/beta-barrel. This represents a new type of binding for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzymes.
C1 CNRS,INST BIOL MOLEC & CELLULAIRE,CRISTALLOG BIOL LAB,15 RUE R DESCARTES,F-67084 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
   BIOSTRUCT SA,ALGORITHMES,F-67400 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENS,FRANCE.
   UNIV STRASBOURG 1,INST CHIM,CHIM ORGAN BIOL LAB,F-67008 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
NR 30
TC 199
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 469
EP 472
DI 10.1038/355469a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000077
PM 1734286
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEMPSEY, M
AF DEMPSEY, M
TI JOBS IN THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 815
EP 816
DI 10.1038/356815a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEINTRAUB, SJ
   PRATER, CA
   DEAN, DC
AF WEINTRAUB, SJ
   PRATER, CA
   DEAN, DC
TI RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN SWITCHES THE E2F SITE FROM POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE ELEMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenovirus e1a proteins; gene-product; transcription factor; cell-cycle; expression; promoter; binding
AB ORIGINALLY E2F sites were identified as elements in the promoters of adenovirus early genes that are necessary for activation of these genes by the early protein E1a (ref. 1). E2F promoter elements have been shown to be important for transcriptional activation of several genes critical for progression through the cell cycle2-4. During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the E2F protein forms a complex with the cell-cycle protein Rb (ref. 5) and it has been suggested that this binding of Rb to E2F inactivates E2F (ref. 5). Here we show that Rb-E2F is an active complex that, when bound to the E2F site, inhibits the activity of other promoter elements and thus silences transcription. We propose that the ability of this complex to inhibit transcription is integral to the function of Rb and provide evidence that E2F is a positive element in the absence of an active form of Rb. It has been shown that binding of Rb to E2F depends on the phosphorylation state of Rb (only the underphosphorylated form binds)5 and that the phosphorylation state of Rb changes during progression through the cell cycle6,7. We therefore suggest that the E2F site alternates between a positive and negative element with the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle of Rb. This cyclic activity may be responsible for activating and then inhibiting genes during the cell cycle.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,660 S EUCLID,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & PHYSIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 20
TC 656
Z9 710
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 259
EP 261
DI 10.1038/358259a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700061
PM 1321348
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ATTAYA, M
   JAMESON, S
   MARTINEZ, CK
   HERMEL, E
   ALDRICH, C
   FORMAN, J
   LINDAHL, KF
   BEVAN, MJ
   MONACO, JJ
AF ATTAYA, M
   JAMESON, S
   MARTINEZ, CK
   HERMEL, E
   ALDRICH, C
   FORMAN, J
   LINDAHL, KF
   BEVAN, MJ
   MONACO, JJ
TI HAM-2 CORRECTS THE CLASS-I ANTIGEN-PROCESSING DEFECT IN RMA-S CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; monoclonal-antibody; viral peptides; lymphocytes-t; mhc; molecules; region; gene; determinant; expression
AB THE murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) contains two genes (Ham-1 and Ham-2) that encode members of a super-family of ATP-dependent transport proteins 1,2. These genes are believed to mediate the transport of peptide antigen from the cytoplasm into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum for binding by MHC class I molecules. Evidence for such a function has come from the rescue of class I surface expression by a cloned copy of the human homologue of Ham-1, PSF-1, in a human cell line that is defective in antigen processing 3. A mutant murine cell line, RMA-S, has an identical antigen-processing-defective phenotype 4,5. Here we show that expression of a cloned copy of the Ham-2 gene in RMA-S cells results in recovery of the ability to process and present class I-restricted antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and in partial recovery of class I surface expression. Processing defects for classical (H-2 K and D) and non-classical (Qa1 and HMT) class I molecules are corrected by Ham-2. These data indicate that both MHC-linked transporter genes are probably required for class I antigen processing, and that the functional transporter in this pathway may consist of a Ham-1/Ham-2 heterodimer.
C1 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV,MED COLL VIRGINIA,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,RICHMOND,VA 23298.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT IMMUNOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,GRAD IMMUNOL PROGRAM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 Virginia Commonwealth University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
NR 31
TC 297
Z9 316
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 647
EP 649
DI 10.1038/355647a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700059
PM 1538753
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TORPEY, N
   WYLIE, CC
   HEASMAN, J
AF TORPEY, N
   WYLIE, CC
   HEASMAN, J
TI FUNCTION OF MATERNAL CYTOKERATIN IN XENOPUS DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human keratin-18; oocytes; embryos; cells; expression; laevis; organization; degradation; cloning; mouse
AB INTERMEDIATE filaments are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells, but their functions are poorly understood. The Xenopus oocyte contains both messenger RNA and protein products of cytokeratin and vimentin genes 1-5 in non-overlapping arrays. The cytokeratin filaments contain dimers of the type I (acidic) subunit XLK3a(19), and the type II (basic) subunit XCK1(8), polymerized to form a cortical network. These are homologues of the human simple epithelial keratins 19 and 8, respectively. After the first few cell cycles following fertilization these filaments become restricted to the superficial cells of the blastula. We have depleted the oocyte's store of the type II cytokeratin mRNA by injecting antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (oligos) and studied the effect on embryonic development. As zygotic transcription does not commence until the late blastula stage 6, there are at least 9 hours in which to see the effect of loss of function of this mRNA. We report here that the cytokeratin filaments become depleted in the cortical cells of the embryo. As a result, there is a loss of the 'compacted' epithelial surface of the blastula, an inability to close a wounded surface and defective gastrulation.
C1 WELLCOME CANC RES CAMPAIGN,INST CANC & DEV BIOL,TENNIS COURT RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
   DEPT ZOOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3ED,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 71
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 413
EP 415
DI 10.1038/357413a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200066
PM 1375708
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAMBECK, K
   NAKADA, M
AF LAMBECK, K
   NAKADA, M
TI CONSTRAINTS ON THE AGE AND DURATION OF THE LAST INTERGLACIAL PERIOD AND ON SEA-LEVEL VARIATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late pleistocene; antarctic ice; west-indy; u-series; barbados; islands; history; corals
AB The relation between height and age of shorelines formed during the last interglacial period, as revealed by coral reefs, cannot be related directly to changes in ocean volume because of the effect of isostatic uplift in response to changes in ice-sheet loading. Sea-level changes at sites near the melting ice sheet, such as Bermuda and the Caribbean islands, differ from those along the Australian margin. Modelling of these differences constrains the times of onset and termination of the last interglacial, which are at variance with those deduced from oxygen-isotope studies of deep-sea cores.
C1 KUMAMOTO UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT GEOL,KUMAMOTO 860,JAPAN.
C3 Kumamoto University
RP LAMBECK, K (corresponding author), AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,GPO BOX 4,CANBERRA,ACT 2601,AUSTRALIA.
NR 31
TC 111
Z9 115
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 125
EP 128
DI 10.1038/357125a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DHANARAJ, V
   DEALWIS, CG
   FRAZAO, C
   BADASSO, M
   SIBANDA, BL
   TICKLE, IJ
   COOPER, JB
   DRIESSEN, HPC
   NEWMAN, M
   AGUILAR, C
   WOOD, SP
   BLUNDELL, TL
   HOBART, PM
   GEOGHEGAN, KF
   AMMIRATI, MJ
   DANLEY, DE
   OCONNOR, BA
   HOOVER, DJ
AF DHANARAJ, V
   DEALWIS, CG
   FRAZAO, C
   BADASSO, M
   SIBANDA, BL
   TICKLE, IJ
   COOPER, JB
   DRIESSEN, HPC
   NEWMAN, M
   AGUILAR, C
   WOOD, SP
   BLUNDELL, TL
   HOBART, PM
   GEOGHEGAN, KF
   AMMIRATI, MJ
   DANLEY, DE
   OCONNOR, BA
   HOOVER, DJ
TI X-RAY ANALYSES OF PEPTIDE-INHIBITOR COMPLEXES DEFINE THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF SPECIFICITY FOR HUMAN AND MOUSE RENINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human renal renin; 3-dimensional structure; sequence-analysis; gland renin; resolution
AB X-ray analyses have defined the three-dimensional structures of crystals of mouse and human renins complexed with peptide inhibitors at resolutions of 1.9 and 2.8 angstrom, respectively. The exquisite specificity of renin arises partly from ordered loop regions at the periphery of the binding cleft. Although the pattern of main-chain hydrogen bonding in other aspartic proteinase inhibitor complexes is conserved in renins, differences in the positions of secondary structure elements (particularly helices) also lead to improved specificity in renins for angiotensinogen substrates.
C1 UNIV LONDON BIRKBECK COLL,MOLEC BIOL LAB,LONDON WC1E 7HX,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON BIRKBECK COLL,DEPT CRYSTALLOG,IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,STRUCT MOLEC BIOL UNIT,LONDON WC1E 7HX,ENGLAND.
   PFIZER INC,DEPT MOLEC GENET & PROT CHEM,GROTON,CT 06340.
   PFIZER INC,DEPT MED CHEM,DIV CENT RES,GROTON,CT 06340.
C3 University of London; Birkbeck University London; Cancer Research UK; University of London; Birkbeck University London; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Pfizer USA
NR 36
TC 132
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 466
EP 472
DI 10.1038/357466a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200052
PM 1608447
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARSHALL, H
   NONCHEV, S
   SHAM, MH
   MUCHAMORE, I
   LUMSDEN, A
   KRUMLAUF, R
AF MARSHALL, H
   NONCHEV, S
   SHAM, MH
   MUCHAMORE, I
   LUMSDEN, A
   KRUMLAUF, R
TI RETINOIC ACID ALTERS HINDBRAIN HOX CODE AND INDUCES TRANSFORMATION OF RHOMBOMERES 2-3 INTO A 4-5 IDENTITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox-containing genes; mouse hindbrain; expression; segmentation; disruption; vertebrae; defects; hox-1.1; embryos; hox-2.9
AB IT has been suggested that Hox genes play an important part in the patterning of limbs1-3, vertebrae4-6 and craniofacial structures5,7-9 by providing an ordered molecular system of positional values, termed the Hox code10,11. Little is known about the nature of the signals that govern the establishment and regulation of Hox genes, but retinoic acid can affect the expression of these genes in cell lines12-14 and in embryonic tissues2,11,15-17. On the basis of experimental and clinical evidence, the hindbrain and branchial region of the head are particularly sensitive to the effects of retinoic acid 15,18-21, but the phenotypes are complex and hard to interpret, and how and if they relate to Hox expression has not been clear. Here we follow the changes induced by retinoic acid to hindbrain segmentation and the branchial arches using transgenic mice which contain lacZ reporter genes that reveal the endogenous segment-restricted expression of the Hox-B1 (Hox-2.9), Hox-B2(Hox-2.8) and Krox-20 genes. Our results show that these genes rapidly respond to exposure to retinoic acid at preheadfold stages and undergo a progressive series of changes in segmental expression that are associated with specific phenotypes in hindbrain of first branchial arch. Together the molecular and anatomical alterations indicate that retinoic acid has induced changes in the hindbrain Hox code which result in the homeotic transformation of rhombomeres (r) 2/3 to an r4/5 identity. A main feature of this rhombomeric phenotype is that the trigeminal motor nerve is transformed to a facial identity. Furthermore, in support of this change in rhombomeric identity, neural crest cells derived from r2/3 also express posterior Hox markers suggesting that the retinoic acid-induced transformation extends to multiple components of the first branchial arch.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,MRC,EUKARYOT MOLEC GENET LAB,THE RIDGEWAY,MILL HILL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   UNITED MED & DENT SCH GUYS & ST THOMAS HOSP,GUYS HOSP,DIV ANAT & CELL BIOL,MRC,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; King's College London
RP KRUMLAUF, R (corresponding author), NATL INST MED RES,MRC,EUKARYOT MOLEC GENET LAB,THE RIDGEWAY,MILL HILL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 431
Z9 471
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 737
EP 741
DI 10.1038/360737a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200033
PM 1361214
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BELICH, MP
   MADRIGAL, JA
   HILDEBRAND, WH
   ZEMMOUR, J
   WILLIAMS, RC
   LUZ, R
   PETZLERLER, ML
   PARHAM, P
AF BELICH, MP
   MADRIGAL, JA
   HILDEBRAND, WH
   ZEMMOUR, J
   WILLIAMS, RC
   LUZ, R
   PETZLERLER, ML
   PARHAM, P
TI UNUSUAL HLA-B ALLELES IN 2 TRIBES OF BRAZILIAN INDIANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID selection
AB THE Kaingang and Guarani are culturally and linguistically distinct tribes of southern Brazil 1,2. Like all Amerindian groups 3,4 they show limited HLA polymorphism, which probably reflects the small founder populations that colonized America by overland migration from Asia 11,000-40,000 years ago, 5,6. We find the nucleotide sequences of HLA-B alleles from the Kaingang and Guarani to be distinct from those characterized in caucasian, oriental and other populations 7. By comparison, the HLA-A and C alleles are familiar. These results and those reported in the accompanying paper 8 on the Waorani of Ecuador reveal that a marked evolution of HLA-B has occurred since humans first entered South America. New alleles have been formed through recombination between pre-existing alleles, not by point mutation, giving rise to distinctive diversification of HLA-B in different South American Indian tribes.
C1 FED UNIV PARANA,DEPT GENET,BR-81531 CURITIBA,PARANA,BRAZIL.
   BLOOD SYST INC,HISTOCOMPATIBIL LAB,SCOTTSDALE,AZ 85257.
   STANFORD UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,DEPT IMMUNOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Universidade Federal do Parana; Vitalant; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP BELICH, MP (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT CELL BIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 24
TC 268
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 326
EP 329
DI 10.1038/357326a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200047
PM 1317015
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU POWIS, SJ
   DEVERSON, EV
   COADWELL, WJ
   CIRUELA, A
   HUSKISSON, NS
   SMITH, H
   BUTCHER, GW
   HOWARD, JC
AF POWIS, SJ
   DEVERSON, EV
   COADWELL, WJ
   CIRUELA, A
   HUSKISSON, NS
   SMITH, H
   BUTCHER, GW
   HOWARD, JC
TI EFFECT OF POLYMORPHISM OF AN MHC-LINKED TRANSPORTER ON THE PEPTIDES ASSEMBLED IN A CLASS-I MOLECULE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; influenza nucleoprotein; viral peptides; t-cells; antigen; region; gene; recognition; specificity; resistance
AB Short antigenic peptides bound in the groove of class I major histocompatibility complex molecules enable T cells to detect intracellular pathogens. It has been assumed that structural features of the class I molecule alone select which peptides are bound. It is now demonstrated that a complex polymorphism in one of the major histocompatibility complex-encoded putative peptide-transporter genes is associated with an altered spectrum of bound peptides.
C1 AFRC,INST ANIM PHYSIOL & GENET RES,MICROCHEM FACIL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 4AT,ENGLAND.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute
RP POWIS, SJ (corresponding author), AFRC,INST ANIM PHYSIOL & GENET RES,DEPT IMMUNOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 4AT,ENGLAND.
NR 45
TC 366
Z9 374
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 211
EP 215
DI 10.1038/357211a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500045
PM 1350326
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COOKE, BA
   BARSTOW, MA
   BREEVELD, ER
   CHARLES, PA
   GOODALL, CV
   GOURLAY, JA
   HASSALL, BJM
   HUCKLE, HE
   KENT, BJ
   PYE, JP
   RICHARDS, AG
   SIMS, MR
   SUMNER, TJ
   WATSON, MG
   WELLS, A
   WILLINGALE, R
   WRIGHT, JS
AF COOKE, BA
   BARSTOW, MA
   BREEVELD, ER
   CHARLES, PA
   GOODALL, CV
   GOURLAY, JA
   HASSALL, BJM
   HUCKLE, HE
   KENT, BJ
   PYE, JP
   RICHARDS, AG
   SIMS, MR
   SUMNER, TJ
   WATSON, MG
   WELLS, A
   WILLINGALE, R
   WRIGHT, JS
TI DETECTION OF A NEW WHITE-DWARF BINARY-SYSTEM IN THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET USING THE ROSAT WIDE FIELD CAMERA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID euv spectrum; feige 24; hot
AB DETAILED understanding of the evolution of main-sequence stars into white dwarfs depends on knowledge of the chemical composition of white-dwarf atmospheres, but the hottest white dwarfs emit much of their radiation in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV), a part of the spectrum that has been generally inaccessible to astronomers. We report here the discovery of a new white dwarf as a bright EUV source found during the first observations using the Wide Field Camera 1 on the Rosat satellite. Within the 1-arcmin error box of the EUV source is an unusually blue star, which we show to be a binary system consisting of a DA white dwarf and a cool companion in the classification range dM2-dM5. There are some similarities between this new object and the binary system Feige 24 (ref. 2), but spectral differences in the EUV emission can be attributed to significantly different atmospheric compositions for the two white dwarfs.
C1 UCL, MULLARD SPACE SCI LAB, DORKING RH5 6NT, SURREY, ENGLAND.
   ROYAL GREENWICH OBSERV, CAMBRIDGE CB3 OEZ, ENGLAND.
   UNIV BIRMINGHAM, SCH PHYS & SPACE RES, BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT, W MIDLANDS, ENGLAND.
   IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED, DEPT PHYS, LONDON SW7 2BZ, ENGLAND.
   RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB, DIDCOT OX11 0QX, OXON, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of Cambridge; University of Birmingham; Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP COOKE, BA (corresponding author), UNIV LEICESTER, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, LEICESTER LE1 7RH, ENGLAND.
NR 14
TC 27
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 61
EP 63
DI 10.1038/355061a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANTILBEURGH, H
   SARDA, L
   VERGER, R
   CAMBILLAU, C
AF VANTILBEURGH, H
   SARDA, L
   VERGER, R
   CAMBILLAU, C
TI STRUCTURE OF THE PANCREATIC LIPASE PROCOLIPASE COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID refinement; colipase
AB INTERFACIAL adsorption of pancreatic lipase is strongly dependent on the physical chemical properties of the lipid surface. These properties are affected by amphiphiles such as phospholipids and bile salts. In the presence of such amphiphiles, lipase binding to the interface requires a protein cofactor, colipase1-3. We obtained crystals of the pancreatic lipase-procolipase complex and solved the structure at 3.04 angstrom resolution. Here we describe the structure of procolipase, which essentially consists of three 'fingers' and is topologically comparable to snake toxins4,5. The tips of the fingers contain most of the hydrophobic amino acids and presumably form the interfacial binding site. Lipase binding occurs at the opposite side to this site and involves polar interactions. Determination of the three-dimensional structure of pancreatic lipase has revealed the presence of two domains: an amino-terminal domain, at residues 1-336 containing the active site and a carboxy-terminal domain at residues 337-449 (ref. 6). Procolipase binds exclusively to the C-terminal domain of lipase. No conformational change in the lipase molecule is induced by the binding of procolipase.
C1 FAC ST CHARLES,INST CHIM BIOL,F-13331 MARSEILLE 3,FRANCE.
   CNRS,CTR BIOCHIM & BIOL MOLEC,F-13402 MARSEILLE,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP VANTILBEURGH, H (corresponding author), FAC MED NORD,LCCMB,CNRS,F-13326 MARSEILLE 15,FRANCE.
NR 18
TC 319
Z9 343
U1 1
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/359159a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400057
PM 1522902
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUCKHOFF, A
   CLAPHAM, DE
AF LUCKHOFF, A
   CLAPHAM, DE
TI INOSITOL 1,3,4,5-TETRAKISPHOSPHATE ACTIVATES AN ENDOTHELIAL CA2+-PERMEABLE CHANNEL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium influx; adenine-nucleotides; cytosolic calcium; ionic currents; mast-cells; 1,4,5-trisphosphate; stimulation; release; ca-2+; entry
AB RECEPTOR-MEDIATED increases in the cytosolic free calcium ion concentration in most mammalian cells result from mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores as well as transmembrane Ca2+ influx. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) releases calcium from intracellular stores 1 by opening a Ca2+-permeable channel in the endoplasmic reticulum 2-4. But the mechanism and regulation of Ca2+ entry into nonexcitable cells has remained elusive because the entry pathway has not been defined. Here we characterize a novel inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP4) and Ca2+-sensitive Ca2+-permeable channel in endothelial cells. We find that InsP4, which induces Ca2+ influx into acinar cells 5,6, enhances the activity of the Ca2+-permeable channel when exposed to the intracellular surface of endothelial cell inside-out patches. Our results suggest a molecular mechanism which is likely to be important for receptor-mediated Ca2+ entry.
RP LUCKHOFF, A (corresponding author), MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN, DEPT PHARMACOL, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA.
NR 29
TC 418
Z9 437
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 356
EP 358
DI 10.1038/355356a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100070
PM 1309941
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHACKLOCK, PS
   READ, ND
   TREWAVAS, AJ
AF SHACKLOCK, PS
   READ, ND
   TREWAVAS, AJ
TI CYTOSOLIC FREE CALCIUM MEDIATES RED LIGHT-INDUCED PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cells; phytochrome; protoplasts
AB LIGHT is a primary environmental signal regulating plant growth and form1. The receptor phytochrome responds to red light and induces changes in membrane properties and gene expression2,3 through an unknown transduction pathway which is the subject of intense study. Etiolated wheat leaf protoplasts swell in response to red light4, by a mechanism believed to be similar to that involved in phytochrome-regulated leaf growth and unrolling5-7. Here we report that this physiological response is preceded by a transient increase in free calcium in the cytosol, followed by a decrease to below resting level. The timing of this response varied between protoplasts. Cytosolic calcium transients induced by photolytic release of calcium or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate from chemically caged forms8-13 inside these protoplasts resulted in red light-induced increases in protoplast volume being mimicked. Our results support the hypothesis that phytochrome-mediated signals are transduced through calcium and help to resolve a long-standing issue in plant physiology.
RP SHACKLOCK, PS (corresponding author), UNIV EDINBURGH, INST CELL & MOLEC BIOL, MOLEC SIGNALLING GRP, RUTHERFORD BLDG, EDINBURGH EH9 3JH, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
NR 19
TC 212
Z9 237
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 753
EP 755
DI 10.1038/358753a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WOLFF, JO
AF WOLFF, JO
TI PARENTS SUPPRESS REPRODUCTION AND STIMULATE DISPERSAL IN OPPOSITE-SEX JUVENILE WHITE-FOOTED MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inbreeding avoidance; peromyscus-maniculatus; natal dispersal; mammals; leucopus; birds; competition; relatedness; hypothesis; success
AB JUVENILE dispersal is sex-biased in many mammals and birds: one sex often disperses more often or farther than the other. Two hypotheses are generally presented for sex-biased dispersal. The first holds that juvenile dispersal reduces reproductive and/or resource competition between parents and same-sexed offspring1-5. If so, presence of a parent on the natal home range should both promote dispersal of same-sex offspring and suppress reproduction of those that remain. The second is that juvenile dispersal reduces matings between parents and offspring6-10, thus decreasing the likelihood of inbreeding depression11-13. If so, presence of a parent should favour dispersal and reproductive suppression of offspring of the opposite sex. Here I present evidence that juvenile dispersal in white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, is due to inbreeding avoidance. When population density was high, experimental removal of one parent delayed dispersal of opposite-sexed offspring and only the presence of the parents of opposite sex suppressed juvenile reproduction.
C1 US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333.
C3 United States Environmental Protection Agency
RP WOLFF, JO (corresponding author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,NASH HALL 104,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA.
NR 27
TC 130
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 409
EP 410
DI 10.1038/359409a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400053
PM 1406952
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PALENIK, B
   HASELKORN, R
AF PALENIK, B
   HASELKORN, R
TI MULTIPLE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF PROCHLOROPHYTES, THE CHLOROPHYLL B-CONTAINING PROKARYOTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase; nucleotide-sequence; green chloroplasts; cyanobacteria; gene
AB PROCHLOROPHYTES are prokaryotes that Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis using chlorophylls a and b, but lack phycobiliproteins as light-harvesting pigments 1. These characteristics distinguish them from cyanobacteria, which contain phycobiliproteins, but no chlorophyll b. Three prochlorophyte genera have been described: Prochloron 1-3, Prochlorothrix 4 and Prochlorococcus 5,6. The prochlorophytes share their pigment characteristics with green plant and euglenoid chloroplasts, which has led to a debate on whether these chloroplasts may have arisen from an endosymbiotic prochlorophyte rather than a cyanobacterium 2,7. Molecular sequence data, including those presented here based on a fragment of the rpoC1 gene encoding a subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, indicate that the known prochlorophyte lineages do not include the direct ancestor of chloroplasts 8-11. We also show that the prochlorophytes are a highly diverged polyphyletic group. Thus the use of chlorophyll b as a light-harvesting pigment has developed independently several times in evolution. Similar conclusions have been reached in parallel studies using 16S ribosomal RNA sequences 12.
RP PALENIK, B (corresponding author), UNIV CHICAGO,920 E 58TH ST,CHICAGO,IL 60637, USA.
NR 28
TC 201
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 265
EP 267
DI 10.1038/355265a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400072
PM 1731224
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TANG, DC
   DEVIT, M
   JOHNSTON, SA
AF TANG, DC
   DEVIT, M
   JOHNSTON, SA
TI GENETIC IMMUNIZATION IS A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ELICITING AN IMMUNE-RESPONSE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB To produce an immune reaction against a foreign protein usually requires purification of that protein, which is then injected into an animal. The isolation of enough pure protein is time-consuming and sometimes difficult. Here we report that such a response can also be elicited by introducing the gene encoding a protein directly into the skin of mice. This is achieved using a hand-held form of the biolistic system 1-4 which can propel DNA-coated gold microprojectiles directly into cells in the living animal 3,5,6. Genetic immunization may be time- and labour-saving in producing antibodies and may offer a unique method for vaccination.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MED,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 8
TC 1265
Z9 1757
U1 1
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 152
EP 154
DI 10.1038/356152a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100059
PM 1545867
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STURGES, WT
   COTA, GF
   BUCKLEY, PT
AF STURGES, WT
   COTA, GF
   BUCKLEY, PT
TI BROMOFORM EMISSION FROM ARCTIC ICE ALGAE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ozone destruction; atmosphere; bromine
AB DESTRUCTION of surface ozone in the Arctic environment during the spring is thought to be caused by photochemical reactions involving bromine compounds1. Berg et al.2 reported a pulse of bromine particles and gases in the Arctic lower atmosphere in spring, which may be responsible for this surface ozone destruction and for which biogenic sources have been hypothesized1-3. Here we report laboratory and in situ measurements which indicate that Arctic ice microalgae emit significant quantities of bromoform (CHBr3), which may be converted photochemically into active forms of bromine. Our estimates of total annual bromoform release indicate that polar ice algae might contribute globally significant amounts of organic bromine compounds, comparable with anthropogenic and macrophyte sources.
C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,GRAD PROGRAM ECOL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
RP STURGES, WT (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 11
TC 122
Z9 136
U1 2
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 660
EP 662
DI 10.1038/358660a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAUGHN, L
   GRATTON, S
   CARON, L
   SEKALY, RP
   VEILLETTE, A
   JULIUS, M
AF HAUGHN, L
   GRATTON, S
   CARON, L
   SEKALY, RP
   VEILLETTE, A
   JULIUS, M
TI ASSOCIATION OF TYROSINE KINASE P56(LCK) WITH CD4 INHIBITS THE INDUCTION OF GROWTH THROUGH THE ALPHA-BETA T-CELL RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen receptor; lymphocytes-t; signal transduction; monoclonal-antibody; cross-linking; l3t4 molecule; activation; p56lck; expression; complex
AB THE membrane glycoprotein CD4 enhances antigen-mediated activation of T cells restricted by class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)1-3. This positive function has been attributed to the protein tyrosine kinase p56lck (ref. 4), which is noncovalently associated with the cytoplasmic portion of CD45,6, and is activated on CD4 aggregation7. Antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules coaggregates CD4 and the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR-alpha-beta-CD3)8. Thus, the mutual specificity of CD4 and TCR-alpha-beta for the MHC-antigen complex results in the juxtaposition of p56lck and TCRalpha-beta-CD39-13. In contrast, antibodies can abrogate antigen-induced14-17, as well as anti induced18-20 T-cell activation, indicating that CD4 might also transduce negative signals. The molecular basis for this opposing function remains unclear. Here we show that the CD4-p56lck complex prohibits the induction of activation signals through the TCR-CD3 complex when not specifically included in the signalling process. This negative effect does not require anti-CD4 treatment, indicating that the induction of distinct negative signals is probably not involved. Rather, the results demonstrate that the CD4-p56lck complex provides prerequisite signals for antigen-receptor-induced T-cell growth and thus characterize a molecular mechanism for functional constraints imposed on T-cell activation by the MHC.
C1 MCGILL UNIV, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, 3775 UNIV ST, MONTREAL H3A 2B4, QUEBEC, CANADA.
   MCGILL UNIV, DEPT MED, MONTREAL H3G 1Y6, QUEBEC, CANADA.
   MCGILL UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM, MONTREAL H3G 1Y6, QUEBEC, CANADA.
   INST RECH CLIN MONTREAL, IMMUNOL LAB, MONTREAL H2W 1R7, QUEBEC, CANADA.
   MCGILL UNIV, DEPT ONCOL, MONTREAL H3G 1Y6, QUEBEC, CANADA.
C3 McGill University; McGill University; McGill University; Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montreal (IRCM); Universite de Montreal; McGill University
NR 45
TC 147
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 328
EP 331
DI 10.1038/358328a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400063
PM 1322497
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI REWARDS OF WORKING FOR THE GOVERNMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 363
EP 364
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400073
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PHILLIPS, GJ
   SILHAVY, TJ
AF PHILLIPS, GJ
   SILHAVY, TJ
TI THE ESCHERICHIA-COLI FFH-GENE IS NECESSARY FOR VIABILITY AND EFFICIENT PROTEIN EXPORT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-recognition particle; escherichia-coli; 4.5s rna; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; ribonucleoprotein; sequence; subunit
AB HOMOLOGUES of the gene encoding the 54K (M(r) 54,000) subunit of the mammalian signal recognition particle have been identified in different organisms1-5. The Escherichia coli homologue, termed ffh (for fifty-four homologue), specifies a protein (Ffh) that shares many properties with its eukaryotic counterpart, including association with mammalian 7S RNA6 and the ability to bind signal sequences specifically7,8. Ffh also associates with E. coli 4.5S RNA, showing that it can form a ribonucleoprotein complex in prokaryotes6,9,10. These results are intriguing because extensive genetic and biochemical characterization of E. coli failed to identify a signal recognition particle-like mechanism for protein export11 Here we address this issue directly by construction of a strain in which ffh expression is arabinose-dependent. Results of depletion experiments indicate that Ffh is important in protein translocation.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Princeton University
RP PHILLIPS, GJ (corresponding author), COLL WILLIAM & MARY,DEPT BIOL,WILLIAMSBURG,VA 23185, USA.
NR 23
TC 244
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 744
EP 746
DI 10.1038/359744a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000061
PM 1331806
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZOUROS, E
   FREEMAN, KR
   BALL, AO
   POGSON, GH
AF ZOUROS, E
   FREEMAN, KR
   BALL, AO
   POGSON, GH
TI DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR EXTENSIVE PATERNAL MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA INHERITANCE IN THE MARINE MUSSEL MYTILUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maternal inheritance; heteroplasmy; populations; drosophila; mice
AB INHERITANCE of Mitochondrial DNA in animals was thought to be strictly maternal1,2. Recently, evidence for incidental paternal mtDNA leakage was obtained in hybrid crosses of Drosophila3,4 and mice5. In mice, the frequency of paternal mtDNA contributions was estimated at 10(-4), Compared with maternal contributions. The common occurrence in the marine mussel Mytilus of heteroplasmic individuals with two or more types of highly diverged mtDNA molecules was interpreted as strong evidence for biparental mtDNA inheritance by some6, but not by others7. We report here results from pair-matings involving two species of mussels, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus. Extensive contribution of paternal mtDNA, amounting to several orders of magnitude higher than that inferred for Drosophila or mice, was observed in both intra- and interspecific crosses.
C1 DALHOUSIE UNIV, MARINE GENE PROBE LAB, HALIFAX B3H 4J1, NS, CANADA.
   UNIV CRETE, DEPT BIOL, IRAKLION, GREECE.
   INST MARINE BIOL CRETE, IRAKLION, GREECE.
   FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA, HALIFAX FISHERIES RES LAB, HALIFAX B3J 2S7, NS, CANADA.
C3 Dalhousie University; University of Crete; Fisheries & Oceans Canada
RP ZOUROS, E (corresponding author), DALHOUSIE UNIV, DEPT BIOL, HALIFAX B3H 4J1, NS, CANADA.
NR 22
TC 173
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 412
EP 414
DI 10.1038/359412a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400055
PM 1357555
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VERMEULEN, LA
   THOMPSON, ME
AF VERMEULEN, LA
   THOMPSON, ME
TI STABLE PHOTOINDUCED CHARGE SEPARATION IN LAYERED VIOLOGEN COMPOUNDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthetic reaction center; electron-transfer; rhodopseudomonas-viridis; zirconium-phosphate; aqueous-solutions; resonance raman; cation-radicals; 3a resolution; visible-light; methylviologen
AB SOLAR energy can be used and stored by the efficient production of long-lived photoinduced charge separation1-3-a state achieved in photosynthetic systems by the formation of a long-lived radical pair4-7. A number of artificial systems have been reported that efficiently undergo photochemical charge transfer8-10; unfortunately, the thermal back electron transfer often proceeds at an appreciable rate, limiting the utility of these systems. Here we report the photochromic behaviour of novel layered zirconium phosphonate/viologen compounds which show very efficient photoinduced charge transfer, and form a charge-separated state which is long-lived and stable in air. Spectroscopic studies indicate that the photoproduct is the dialkyl viologen radical cation, produced in the interlamellar region of the zirconium phosphonate. We suggest that the remarkable stability of the charge-separated state arises from structural features which allow for stabilization of the radicals by delocalization and shielding from molecular oxygen.
RP VERMEULEN, LA (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT CHEM,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 51
TC 306
Z9 323
U1 0
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 656
EP 658
DI 10.1038/358656a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHINOHARA, H
   SATO, H
   OHKOHCHI, M
   ANDO, Y
   KODAMA, T
   SHIDA, T
   KATO, T
   SAITO, Y
AF SHINOHARA, H
   SATO, H
   OHKOHCHI, M
   ANDO, Y
   KODAMA, T
   SHIDA, T
   KATO, T
   SAITO, Y
TI ENCAPSULATION OF A SCANDIUM TRIMER IN C82
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB FULLERENES with metals encapsulated within the carbon cage have been prepared recently 1-6. Laser vaporization of a lanthanum-impregnated graphite rod yielded an air-stable, solvent-extractable species comprising a single La atom inside a C82 cage 1, denoted La @ C82; a cluster containing two La atoms ([La2 @ C82) WaS later reported 3. Similar techniques applied to graphite/yttrium rods have produced Y @ C82 and Y2 @ C82 (refs 5, 6).  Here we describe the preparation of scandium-containing C82 species, including an encapsulated scandium trimer, Sc3 @ C82. Mass spectrometry and ESR spectroscopy provide evidence that the Sc, trimer is indeed trapped within the cage.
C1 MEIJO UNIV,DEPT PHYS,NAGOYA,AICHI 468,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT CHEM,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
   MIE UNIV,DEPT ELECT & ELECTR ENGN,TSU,MIE 514,JAPAN.
C3 Meijo University; Kyoto University; Mie University
RP SHINOHARA, H (corresponding author), MIE UNIV,DEPT CHEM MAT,TSU,MIE 514,JAPAN.
NR 14
TC 334
Z9 348
U1 1
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 52
EP 54
DI 10.1038/357052a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ANSARI, AZ
   CHAEL, ML
   OHALLORAN, TV
AF ANSARI, AZ
   CHAEL, ML
   OHALLORAN, TV
TI ALLOSTERIC UNDERWINDING OF DNA IS A CRITICAL STEP IN POSITIVE CONTROL OF TRANSCRIPTION BY HG-MERR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coli rna-polymerase; escherichia-coli; unwinding angle; mercuric ion; protein; promoter; complex; sequence; binding; tn501
AB POSITIVE control of transcription often involves stimulatory protein-protein interactions between regulatory factors and RNA polymerase 1. Critical steps in the activation process itself are seldom ascribed to protein-DNA distortions. Activator-induced DNA bending is typically assigned a role in binding-site recognition 2, alterations in DNA loop structures 3 or optimal positioning of the activator for interaction with polymerase 4. Here we present a transcriptional activation mechanism that does not require a signal-induced DNA bend but rather a receptor-induced untwisting of duplex DNA. The allosterically modulated transcription factor MerR is a repressor and an Hg(II)-responsive activator of bacterial mercury-resistance genes 5-7. Escherichia coli RNA polymerase binds to the MerR-promoter complex but cannot proceed to a transcriptionally active open complex until Hg(II) binds to MerR (ref. 6). Chemical nuclease studies show that the activator form, but not the repressor, induces a unique alteration of the helical structure localized at the centre of the DNA-binding site 6. Data presented here indicate that this Hg-MerR-induced DNA distortion corresponds to a local underwinding of the spacer region of the promoter by about 33-degrees relative to the MerR-operator complex. The magnitude and the direction of the Hg-MerR-induced change in twist angle are consistent with a positive control mechanism involving reorientation of conserved, but suboptimally phased, promoter elements and are consistent with a role for torsional stress in formation of an open complex.
C1 NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM MOLEC BIOL & CELL BIOL,2145 SHERIDAN RD,EVANSTON,IL 60208.
   NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,EVANSTON,IL 60208.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM038784] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 162
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 87
EP 89
DI 10.1038/355087a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800058
PM 1731201
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEHTO, HJ
   JOHNSON, DRH
AF LEHTO, HJ
   JOHNSON, DRH
TI 3-DIMENSIONAL MOTION IN THE RADIO JET OF THE BINARY-SYSTEM R-AQUARII
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sio maser; vla observations; emission; stars; continuum; nebula; alpha; ghz
AB R AQUARII is a symbiotic binary system surrounded by a complex extended optical nebulosity 1.  At radio and optical wavelengths a jet is seen to emerge from the central binary system 2,3.  We have observed R Aqr using the Very Large Array. Comparison with earlier radio observations shows that five out of six bright components in the radio jet have moved. One radio component has the same proper motion as the optical Mira, the primary star of the binary. At a distance of 200 pc (refs 1, 4), the proper motions of the other components correspond to a tangential velocity of 44 to 160 km s-1 with respect to the Mira. By combining these measurements with radial velocity determinations, we obtain a true three-dimensional velocity map of the radio jet, provided only that the observed proper motions indeed correspond to physical motions of emitting material. Our results rule out the possibility that the radio components in the jet were formed in a single explosive event, and suggest instead that they are 'bullets' ejected at approximately 20-yr intervals into a narrow cone. Alternatively, if the components move along the jet and are accelerated during the whole of their passage through the inner 7 arcsec (1,400 AU) of the system, ejection at approximately 40-yr intervals would lead to the disposition observed at present.
C1 UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,DEPT PHYS,SOUTHAMPTON SO9 5NH,HANTS,ENGLAND.
   UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,CARDIFF CF1 3NS,S GLAM,WALES.
C3 University of Southampton; Cardiff University
NR 27
TC 16
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 705
EP 707
DI 10.1038/355705a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HILL, RJ
   STERNBERG, PW
AF HILL, RJ
   STERNBERG, PW
TI THE GENE LIN-3 ENCODES AN INDUCTIVE SIGNAL FOR VULVAR DEVELOPMENT IN C-ELEGANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epidermal growth-factor; nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; specifies cell fates; factor-alpha; tyrosine kinase; myxoma virus; sequence; egf; expression; lineages
AB The lin-3 gene is necessary for induction of the Caenorhabditis elegans vulva by the anchor cell. It encodes a molecule similar to epidermal growth factor and to transforming growth factor-alpha and acts through the epidermal growth factor receptor homologue let-23. Expression of lin-3 in the anchor cell stimulates vulval induction; lin-3 may encode the vulval inducing signal.
C1 CALTECH,DIV BIOL,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP HILL, RJ (corresponding author), CALTECH,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 58
TC 329
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 470
EP 476
DI 10.1038/358470a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900039
PM 1641037
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CALDEIRA, K
AF CALDEIRA, K
TI ENHANCED CENOZOIC CHEMICAL-WEATHERING AND THE SUBDUCTION OF PELAGIC CARBONATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geochemical cycles; phanerozoic time; ocean; seawater; fluxes; budget; ratio
AB THE observed trend of increasing oceanic Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios during the late Cenozoic led Raymo et al. 1 to propose that chemical weathering rates increased at this time as a result of enhanced weatherability of silicate rocks. They suggested that this was due in turn to continential uplift, primarily in the Himalayas and the Andes. Because weathering involves the reaction of silicates with atmospheric carbon dioxide, considerations of changes in weathering rates must take into account the need to balance the global carbon cycle. To maintain this balance on timescales greater than 10(6) yr, enhanced weathering requires an increased flux of CO2 into the atmosphere 2. Without such an increased flux, weathering rates could not increase, and one is then forced to search for other explanations for the observed Sr-87/Sr-86 trend, such as a changing riverine strontium isotope composition 3-6. Here I assume that the strontium isotope record does indeed reflect enhanced weathering in the late Cenozoic, but propose that its cause may have been an increased CO2 flux arising from the recycling of pelagic sedimentary carbon at subduction zones. Since the Jurassic, sedimentary carbonate accumulation has shifted from primarily cratonic to primarily pelagic environments 7-11; because sea-floor spreading transports pelagic carbonate to, and recycles it through, metamorphic environments in subduction zones, this shift to pelagic carbonate accumulation would provide the increased CO2 flux needed to increase weathering rates 12,13.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIV PK,PA 16802.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP CALDEIRA, K (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV,CTR EARTH SYST SCI,248 DEIKE BLDG,UNIV PK,PA 16802, USA.
NR 32
TC 58
Z9 61
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 578
EP 581
DI 10.1038/357578a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RASIO, FA
   NICHOLSON, PD
   SHAPIRO, SL
   TEUKOLSKY, SA
AF RASIO, FA
   NICHOLSON, PD
   SHAPIRO, SL
   TEUKOLSKY, SA
TI AN OBSERVATIONAL TEST FOR THE EXISTENCE OF A PLANETARY SYSTEM ORBITING PSR1257+12
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID satellites
AB FOLLOWING the first report 1 of an object of planetary mass orbiting a pulsar, Wolszczan and Frail 2 have now reported the even more surprising discovery of two planet-size companions in orbit around the nearby millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12. The orbital periods of the two planets are about 98 days and 67 days, very close to a 3:2 ratio. Here we point out that, because of this near commensurability, the mutual gravitational perturbations of the two planets should produce not only small secular changes, but also larger periodic changes in their orbital elements. In particular, we find that changes in the eccentricities and orbital periods should become measurable within a few years. Such a measurement would help determine the three masses in the system and the inclinations of the orbits. More importantly, a detection of these changes, if they accord with the theoretical predictions presented here, would provide irrefutable confirmation that the periodic residuals observed by Wolszczan and Frail are indeed caused by orbiting planets, rather than some other effect. For the single planet-size object previously reported' around the pulsar PSR1829 - 10, there is no dynamical test analogous to the one proposed here to confirm the planetary interpretation.
RP RASIO, FA (corresponding author), CORNELL UNIV,CTR RADIOPHYS & SPACE RES,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA.
NR 9
TC 61
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 325
EP 326
DI 10.1038/355325a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MALNATI, MS
   MARTI, M
   LAVAUTE, T
   JARAQUEMADA, D
   BIDDISON, W
   DEMARS, R
   LONG, EO
AF MALNATI, MS
   MARTI, M
   LAVAUTE, T
   JARAQUEMADA, D
   BIDDISON, W
   DEMARS, R
   LONG, EO
TI PROCESSING PATHWAYS FOR PRESENTATION OF CYTOSOLIC ANTIGEN TO MHC CLASS-II-RESTRICTED T-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxic lymphocytes-t; lymphoblastoid-cells; expression; region; hemagglutinin; transporters; recognition; sequences
AB ANTIGENS presented to CD4+ T cells derive primarily from exogenous proteins that are processed into peptides capable of binding to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in an endocytic compartment 1-4. In contrast, antigens presented to CD8+ T cells derive mostly from proteins processed in the cytosol, and peptide loading onto class I MHC molecules in an early exocytic compartment is dependent on a transporter for antigen presentation encoded in the class II MHC region 5-11. Endogenous cytosolic antigen can also be presented by class II molecules 12,13. Here we show that, unlike class I-restricted recognition of antigen, HLA-DR1-restricted recognition of cytosolic antigen occurs in mutant cells without a transporter for antigen presentation. In contrast, DR1-restricted recognition of a short cytosolic peptide is dependent on such a transporter. Thus helper T-cell epitopes can be generated from cytosolic antigens by several mechanisms, one of which is distinct from the classical class I pathway.
C1 NIAID,IMMUNOGENET LAB,12441 PARKLAWN DR,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852.
   HOSP GERMANS TRIAS & PUJOL,IMMUNOL UNIT,E-08916 BADALONA,SPAIN.
   NINCDS,NEUROIMMUNOL BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,GENET LAB,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
NR 28
TC 183
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 702
EP 704
DI 10.1038/357702a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000076
PM 1614517
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEWIS, VA
   HYNES, GM
   DONG, Z
   SAIBIL, H
   WILLISON, K
AF LEWIS, VA
   HYNES, GM
   DONG, Z
   SAIBIL, H
   WILLISON, K
TI T-COMPLEX POLYPEPTIDE-1 IS A SUBUNIT OF A HETEROMERIC PARTICLE IN THE EUKARYOTIC CYTOSOL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; proteins; tcp-1; plant
AB THE murine t-complex encodes t-complex polypeptide-1 (TCP1)1, which is constitutively expressed in almost all cells, and upregulated during spermatogenesis2,3. Mammalian sequences have >96% identity with each other, and >60% identity with Drosophila melanogaster and yeast orthologues4-9. TCP1 is essential in yeast9, and is postulated to be the cytosolic mammalian equivalent of groEL10,11. We report here that, in the native state, murine and human TCP1 is distributed throughout the cytosol as an 800K-950K hetero-oligomeric particle in association with four to six unidentified proteins and two Hsp70 heat-shock proteins. Negative-stain electron microscopy indicates that the structure is two stacked rings, 12-16 nm in diameter. Therefore, despite similarities with the chaperonin 60 proteins, these data indicate that TCP1 is biochemically and structurally unique. We suggest that TCP1 may represent one of a family of molecules in the eukaryotic cytosol involved in protein folding and regulated in part by their heteromeric associations.
C1 UNIV LONDON BIRKBECK COLL,DEPT CRYSTALLOG,LONDON WC1E 7HX,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; Birkbeck University London
RP LEWIS, VA (corresponding author), INST CANC RES,CHESTER BEATTY LABS,FULHAM RD,LONDON SW3 6JB,ENGLAND.
NR 27
TC 292
Z9 308
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 249
EP 252
DI 10.1038/358249a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700058
PM 1630492
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FUHRMAN, JA
   MCCALLUM, K
   DAVIS, AA
AF FUHRMAN, JA
   MCCALLUM, K
   DAVIS, AA
TI NOVEL MAJOR ARCHAEBACTERIAL GROUP FROM MARINE PLANKTON
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal-rna sequences; phylogenetic analysis; sargasso sea; bacterioplankton; bacteria; microorganisms; filtration
AB MARINE bacteria often dominate the plankton biomass 1,2 and are responsible for much of the cycling of organic matter 3, but bacterial diversity is poorly understood because conventional identification methods (requiring culturing) miss about 99% of the organisms 4,5. Recent advances permit characterization of microbial communities by analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences directly from biomass without the need to culture the organisms 6; such studies from surface ocean samples have found only eubacteria 7-10, not archaebacteria (or Archaea 11), which are profoundly different 12. Here we report 16S rRNA sequences obtained from Pacific Ocean bacterioplankton samples collected from depths of 100 m and 500 m. Among these we found sequences only distantly related to those of any organisms previously characterized by 16S rRNA sequences, with similarities to the nearest such relatives (extreme thermophiles) approximately the same as those between animals and plants. We suggest that these sequences are from a previously undescribed archaebacterial group that may have diverged from the ancestors of characterized organisms very early in evolution.
RP FUHRMAN, JA (corresponding author), UNIV SO CALIF, DEPT BIOL SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA.
NR 26
TC 679
Z9 771
U1 2
U2 102
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 148
EP 149
DI 10.1038/356148a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100057
PM 1545865
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PEPIN, MC
   POTHIER, F
   BARDEN, N
AF PEPIN, MC
   POTHIER, F
   BARDEN, N
TI IMPAIRED TYPE-II GLUCOCORTICOID-RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN MICE BEARING ANTISENSE RNA TRANSGENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID obese zucker rat; messenger-rna; protein; cells; brain; binding; adrenocorticotropin; adrenalectomy; inhibition; expression
AB GLUCOCORTICOIDS, in conjunction with their cognate receptors, exert negative-feedback effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, suppressing adrenal steroid secretions. Two types of corticosteroid receptor, distinguishable by their ability to bind corticosterone, have been identified as classical mineralocorticoid (type I) 1 and glucocorticoid (type II) 2  receptors by cloning their complementary DNAs. The type I receptor controls the basal circadian rhythm of corticosteroid secretion. Both receptor types are involved in negative feedback 3, but the type II receptor may be more important for terminating the stress response as it is the only one to be increased in animals rendered more sensitive to corticosteroid negative-feedback effects 4 . Here we create a transgenic mouse with impaired corticosteroid-receptor function by partially knocking out gene expression with type II glucocorticoid receptor antisense RNA. We use this animal to study the glucocorticoid feedback effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.
C1 CHU LAVAL,RES CTR,DEPT PHYSIOL,QUEBEC CITY G1V 4G2,QUEBEC,CANADA.
   CHU LAVAL,DEPT ZOOTECHNIE,QUEBEC CITY G1V 4G2,QUEBEC,CANADA.
   UNIV LAVAL,QUEBEC CITY G1K 7P4,QUEBEC,CANADA.
C3 Laval University; Laval University Hospital; Laval University; Laval University Hospital; Laval University
RP PEPIN, MC (corresponding author), CHU LAVAL,RES CTR,MOLEC PSYCHOGENET LAB,2705 BLVD LAURIER,QUEBEC CITY G1V 4G2,QUEBEC,CANADA.
NR 30
TC 287
Z9 303
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 725
EP 728
DI 10.1038/355725a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400063
PM 1741058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHENG, XM
   WANG, Y
   PALLEN, CJ
AF ZHENG, XM
   WANG, Y
   PALLEN, CJ
TI CELL-TRANSFORMATION AND ACTIVATION OF PP60(C-SRC) BY OVEREXPRESSION OF A PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitotic activation; pp60c-src; kinase; phosphorylation; mitosis; gene; dephosphorylation; expression; p60c-src; cloning
AB THE kinase activity of pp60c-src is specifically and transiently increased during mitosis and repressed during interphase1. Loss of cell-cycle control of pp60c-src occurs on mutation of Tyr 527 to Phe or when pp60c-src is associated with polyoma middle-T-antigen, and these conditions result in cell transformation or tumorigenesis2,3. In both cases, pp60c-src has elevated kinase activity which is maintained throughout the cell cycle and accompanied by dephosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal negative regulatory4-7 Tyr 527 site, or mimicry of Tyr 527 dephosphorylation in the case of the mutant. Here we report that overexpression of the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP-alpha-8-10 results in persistent activation of pp60c-src kinase, with concomitant cell transformation and tumorigenesis. In PTP-alpha-overexpressing cells the pp60c-src kinase activation is accompanied by dephosphorylation at Tyr 527, and direct dephosphorylation of this site by purified PTP-alpha occurs in vitro. Our results suggest that PTP-alpha is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, exerting at least some of its effects through pp60c-src kinase, and has oncogenic capability when overexpressed.
C1 NATL UNIV SINGAPORE,INST MOLEC & CELL BIOL,CELL REGULAT LAB,10 KENT RIDGE CRESCENT,SINGAPORE 0511,SINGAPORE.
C3 Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); A*STAR - Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology (IMCB); National University of Singapore
NR 30
TC 441
Z9 517
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 336
EP 339
DI 10.1038/359336a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300062
PM 1383828
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LLOYD, HM
   OBRIEN, TJ
   BODE, MF
   PREDEHL, P
   SCHMITT, JHMM
   TRUMPER, J
   WATSON, MG
   POUNDS, KA
AF LLOYD, HM
   OBRIEN, TJ
   BODE, MF
   PREDEHL, P
   SCHMITT, JHMM
   TRUMPER, J
   WATSON, MG
   POUNDS, KA
TI X-RAY-DETECTION OF NOVA HERCULIS 1991 5 DAYS AFTER OPTICAL OUTBURST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID emission
AB CLASSICAL nova outbursts are thought to occur in binary systems in which a white dwarf accretes material from a main-sequence dwarf. The outburst is due to thermonuclear runaway in the accreted material, and results in the ejection of about 10(-5)-10(-4) solar masses of material at velocities of up to several thousand kilometres per second (ref. 1). Previous X-ray observations of classical novae in the early stages of outburst have resulted only in upper limits to the X-ray flux 2-4.  Here we report a positive detection by the Rosat satellite of X-ray emission from Nova Herculis 1991 five days after its optical discovery. Standard nova models predict X-ray emission to arise directly from nuclear burning on the surface of the white dwarf, and suggest that X-rays should not be seen until later in the outburst 5.  We argue that the emission from Nova Her 1991 comes from hot, shocked circumstellar material, which may be the ejected material itself or pre-existing circumstellar matter. In either case, however, the required density of material is higher than models of nova binary systems would suggest.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERRESTR PHYS,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   UNIV LEICESTER,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,LEICESTER LE1 7RH,ENGLAND.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Leicester
RP LLOYD, HM (corresponding author), LANCASHIRE POLYTECH,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,PRESTON PR1 2TQ,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 61
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 222
EP 224
DI 10.1038/356222a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BECKER, S
   HINTON, GE
AF BECKER, S
   HINTON, GE
TI SELF-ORGANIZING NEURAL NETWORK THAT DISCOVERS SURFACES IN RANDOM-DOT STEREOGRAMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE standard form of back-propagation learning 1 is implausible as a model of perceptual learning because it requires an external teacher to specify the desired output of the network. We show how the external teacher can be replaced by internally derived teaching signals. These signals are generated by using the assumption that different parts of the perceptual input have common causes in the external world. Small modules that look at separate but related parts of the perceptual input discover these common causes by striving to produce outputs that agree with each other (Fig. 1a). The modules may look at different modalities (such as vision and touch), or the same modality at different times (for example, the consecutive two-dimensional views of a rotating three-dimensional object), or even spatially adjacent parts of the same image. Our simulations show that when our learning procedure is applied to adjacent patches of two-dimensional images, it allows a neural network that has no prior knowledge of the third dimension to discover depth in random dot stereograms of curved surfaces.
RP BECKER, S (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO, DEPT COMP SCI, 10 KINGS COLL RD, TORONTO M5S 1A4, ONTARIO, CANADA.
NR 4
TC 312
Z9 351
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 161
EP 163
DI 10.1038/355161a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900058
PM 1729650
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRANZUSOFF, A
   LAUZE, E
   HOWELL, KE
AF FRANZUSOFF, A
   LAUZE, E
   HOWELL, KE
TI IMMUNOISOLATION OF SEC7P-COATED TRANSPORT VESICLES FROM THE YEAST SECRETORY PATHWAY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-transport; vesicular intermediate; endoplasmic-reticulum; golgi-apparatus; membrane; reconstitution; complex; events; stack
AB THE transport of proteins destined for post-endoplasmic reticulum locations in the secretory pathway is Mediated by small vesicuLar carriers 1-3. Transport vesicles have been generated in cell-free assays from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and mammalian systems 4-14. Yeast genes encoding cytosolic components that participate in vesicular traffic were first identified from the collection of conditional-lethal sec (secretory) mutants 15-17. Mutations in the yeast SEC7 gene disrupt protein transport in the secretory pathway at the nonpermissive temperature 18. The SEC7 gene product is a phosphoprotein of relative molecular mass 230,000 that functions from the cytoplasmic aspect of intracellular membranes 19,20. We report that in a yeast cell-free transport assay, the introduction of antibodies to Sec7 protein (Sec7p) results in the accumulation of transport vesicles. These vesicles are retrieved with Sec7p-specific antibodies by immuno-isolation for biochemical and electron microscopic characterization. Sec7p on the surface of the accumulated transport vesicles, in combination with previous genetic and biochemical studies 18,20, implicate Sec7p as part of a (non-clathrin) vesicle coat. This Sec7p-containing coat structure is proposed to be essential for vesicle budding at multiple stages in the yeast secretory pathway.
RP FRANZUSOFF, A (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO, SCH MED, DEPT CELLULAR & STRUCT BIOL, BOX B-111, 4200 E 9TH AVE, DENVER, CO 80262 USA.
NR 27
TC 54
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 173
EP 175
DI 10.1038/355173a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900062
PM 1729652
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HJERTEN, S
   LI, YM
   LIAO, JL
   MOHAMMAD, J
   NAKAZATO, K
   PETTERSSON, G
AF HJERTEN, S
   LI, YM
   LIAO, JL
   MOHAMMAD, J
   NAKAZATO, K
   PETTERSSON, G
TI CONTINUOUS BEDS - HIGH-RESOLVING, COST-EFFECTIVE CHROMATOGRAPHIC MATRICES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID performance liquid-chromatography; porous agarose beads; hydrophobic-interaction chromatography; stoichiometrically bound phosphate; insoluble metal-compounds; adsorption chromatography; exchange chromatography; affinity-chromatography; proteins; columns
RP HJERTEN, S (corresponding author), UNIV UPPSALA, CTR BIOMED, DEPT BIOCHEM, BOX 576, S-75123 UPPSALA, SWEDEN.
NR 18
TC 155
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 810
EP 811
DI 10.1038/356810a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIN, CJ
   LIN, SC
   CHANG, CP
   ROSENFELD, MG
AF LIN, CJ
   LIN, SC
   CHANG, CP
   ROSENFELD, MG
TI PIT-1-DEPENDENT EXPRESSION OF THE RECEPTOR FOR GROWTH-HORMONE RELEASING-FACTOR MEDIATES PITUITARY CELL-GROWTH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pancreatic-islet tumor; somatostatin gene; messenger-rna; transcription; mice; creb; phosphorylation; hyperplasia; mutations; dwarfism
AB IN Snell (dw) and Jackson (dw(J)) dwarf mice, mutations in the gene encoding Pit-1, a tissue-specific POU-domain transcription factor, lead to the absence of somatotroph, lactotroph and thyrotroph cells1-6. Pre-somatotroph proliferation is stimulated by increased intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, normally induced by growth hormone releasing factor (GRF; refs 7-17). Here we report the cloning of mouse and rat complementary DNAs encoding a new member of the seven-transmembrane-helix, G-protein-coupled receptor family restricted to the pituitary gland, which mediates increases in intracellular cAMP and cAMP-dependent gene transcription in response to GRF. The receptor is expressed in a spatial and temporal pattern corresponding precisely to growth hormone gene expression, and neither is expressed in dw/dw mice. The pituitary hypoplasia in these mice thus appears to be due, at least in part, to the absence of GRF receptor, which is in turn due to the absence of functional Pit-1.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCH & DEPT MED,EUKARYOT REGULATORY BIOL PROGRAM,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP LIN, CJ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCH & DEPT MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,9500 GILMAN DR,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 35
TC 294
Z9 315
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 765
EP 768
DI 10.1038/360765a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200042
PM 1334535
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SATO, H
   FUJII, T
   NAKADA, S
AF SATO, H
   FUJII, T
   NAKADA, S
TI CRUMBLING OF DACITE DOME LAVA AND GENERATION OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS AT UNZEN VOLCANO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanisms
AB RECENT modelling of volcanic eruptions has shown that the efficiency of subsurface degassing of magmas determines whether magma erupts explosively or effuses quietly1,2. Slow uprise of magma is often accompanied by effective degassing, leading to the extrusion of lava flows and domes. Although lava dome extrusion is one of the less explosive modes of eruption, it is often accompanied by explosive pyroclastic activities3-5. The 1991 eruption of Unzen volcano provided an opportunity to observe at close range several types of small-scale pyroclastic flow (glowing avalanches) originating from lava domes. Most of the pyroclastic flows are of Merapi type, caused by blocks falling from a collapsing dome; others are of Pelean type originating in an explosion from the side of a dome. The lavas apparently show variable degrees of self-explosivity. We suggest that variable degrees of degassing of the magma produced a wide range of excess pore pressures in the extruded lava domes, resulting in both Merapi-type and Pelean-type pyroclastic flows from the domes.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,EARTHQUAKE RES INST,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   KYUSHU UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,FUKUOKA 812,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo; Kyushu University
RP SATO, H (corresponding author), HIROSHIMA UNIV,FAC INTEGRATED ARTS & SCI,DEPT NAT ENVIRONM SCI,HIROSHIMA 730,JAPAN.
NR 22
TC 151
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 664
EP 666
DI 10.1038/360664a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SANCETTA, C
AF SANCETTA, C
TI PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN THE GLACIAL NORTH-ATLANTIC AND NORTH PACIFIC OCEANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late-pleistocene; waters; iron
AB THE conditions controlling primary production are very different in the modern North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans1, a difference that is reflected in the composition of diatom fossils in surface sediments. By contrast, I report here evidence that during the last glacial interval the diatom assemblage, and by extrapolation the primary production, was very similar in the two regions. The modern analogues of these assemblages occur in sediments of Baffin Bay and the Sea of Okhotsk, both highly productive seas where ice is present. I infer that during the last glacial interval plankton biomass was at least as high as it is today in the North Atlantic, and was as much as an order of magnitude higher in the North Pacific. The glacial assemblage occurs in lithologies dominated by ice-rafted detritus, which is generally believed to indicate the presence of icebergs2-6. I hypothesize that the presence of numerous icebergs, possibly associated with sea ice, supported high production by physical mechanisms (such as turbulent mixing and enhanced density stratification) and/or biogeochemical ones (such as supply of major or trace nutrients).
RP SANCETTA, C (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV, LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV, PALISADES, NY 10964 USA.
NR 34
TC 76
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 249
EP 251
DI 10.1038/360249a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLSON, RO
AF COLSON, RO
TI SOLUBILITY OF NEUTRAL NICKEL IN SILICATE MELTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EARTHS SIDEROPHILE ELEMENT BUDGET
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID partition-coefficients; metal; core; ni
AB EXPERIMENTAL studies have so far suggested that an insignificant amount of neutral nickel (Ni0) is soluble in silicate melts 1-4. This has led to difficulties in explaining the high concentrations of nickel in the modern Earth's mantle, because virtually all nickel (along with other siderophile elements such as cobalt and the noble metals) would have been removed from the mantle when the Earth's metallic core separated from it at low oxygen fugacity 1,2,5.  Several models have been proposed to explain the Earth's siderophile element budget 1,6-8, each based on the belief that the solubility of neutral metal species in silicate melts is negligible. Here, however, I present experimental evidence indicating that the solubility of at least one neutral siderophile element, nickel, is not negligible. Because the presence of Ni0 will affect the partitioning of nickel between silicate melt and metal, and between silicate melt and crystalline silicate phases, these results have implications for our understanding of petrogenetic processes that take place in conditions of low oxygen fugacity, where Ni0 is an important part of total nickel. In particular, the Ni0 solubilities found in the present study are large enough to explain the anomalously high concentrations of nickel in the Earth's mantle if the temperature of the early mantle was sufficiently high (greater than or similar to 1,800-degrees-C).
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,MCDONNELL CTR SPACE SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP COLSON, RO (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130, USA.
NR 31
TC 32
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/357065a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOUTCHMY, S
   MOLODENSKY, MM
AF KOUTCHMY, S
   MOLODENSKY, MM
TI 3-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE OF THE SOLAR CORONA FROM WHITE-LIGHT OBSERVATIONS OF THE 1991 ECLIPSE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE structure of the solar corona is believed to be governed by the solar magnetic field induced by currents at the surface of the Sun and perhaps within the corona itself'. Inhomogeneities in the corona are well known from radially compensated eclipse images2 in white light or coronal emission lines3. We have used two white-light images taken about three hours apart by the Multi-station International Coronal Experiment4 during the July 1991 total eclipse in an attempt to deduce directly the three-dimensional structure of the corona. We observed prominent coronal structures, including broad threads, rays and streamers, and used them to calibrate a model based on solid-body rotation and bulk coronal outflow. The errors in the reconstruction method are small enough to give us confidence that quasi-rigid rotation is a reasonable approximation over these timescales. We illustrate the deduced coronal structure by means of a stereo ram.
C1 UNIV PARIS 11,PIERRE & MARIE CURIE UNIV,INST ASTROPHYS SPATIALE,CNRS,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE.
   IZMIRAN,TROICK 142092,USSR.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite
RP KOUTCHMY, S (corresponding author), PARIS INST ASTROPHYS,CNRS,98 BIS BD ARAGO,F-75014 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 13
TC 15
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 717
EP 719
DI 10.1038/360717a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200025
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WILDON, DC
   THAIN, JF
   MINCHIN, PEH
   GUBB, IR
   REILLY, AJ
   SKIPPER, YD
   DOHERTY, HM
   ODONNELL, PJ
   BOWLES, DJ
AF WILDON, DC
   THAIN, JF
   MINCHIN, PEH
   GUBB, IR
   REILLY, AJ
   SKIPPER, YD
   DOHERTY, HM
   ODONNELL, PJ
   BOWLES, DJ
TI ELECTRICAL SIGNALING AND SYSTEMIC PROTEINASE-INHIBITOR INDUCTION IN THE WOUNDED PLANT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tomato plants; action-potentials; expression; responses; heat
AB THE wound response of several plant species involves the activation of proteinase inhibitor (pin) genes and the accumulation of pin proteins at the local site of injury and systemically throughout the unwounded aerial regions of the plant1,2. It has been suggested that a mobile chemical signal is the causal agent linking the local wound stimulus to the distant systemic response, and candidates such as oligosaccharides3, abscisic acid4 and a polypeptide5,6 have been put forward. But the speed of transmission is high for the transport of a chemical signal in the phloem. The wound response of tomato plants can be inhibited by salicylic acid7 and agents like fusicoccin that affect ion transport8, and wounding by heat9 or physical injury produces electrical activity that has similarities to the epithelial conduction system10 used to transmit a stimulus in the defence responses of some lower animals11. Here we design experiments to distinguish between a phloem-transmissible chemical signal and a physically propagated signal based on electrical activity. We show that translocation in the phloem of tomato seedlings can be completely inhibited without effect on the systemic accumulation of pin transcripts and pin activity, and without hindrance to propagated electrical signals.
C1 HORT & FOOD RES INST NEW ZEALAND LTD,LOWER HUTT,NEW ZEALAND.
   UNIV LEEDS,CTR PLANT BIOCHEM & BIOTECHNOL,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
C3 New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd; University of Leeds
RP WILDON, DC (corresponding author), UNIV E ANGLIA,SCH BIOL SCI,NORWICH NR4 7TJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 385
Z9 422
U1 1
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/360062a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVIES, K
AF DAVIES, K
TI DIABETES DEFECT DEFINED
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Mcllraith would be pleased - one hundred years after his documentation of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the Pursuit of the molecular pathology behind this condition has finally succeeded.
NR 9
TC 8
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 434
EP 434
DI 10.1038/359434a0
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400063
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PUTNIS, A
   FERNANDEZDIAZ, L
   PRIETO, M
AF PUTNIS, A
   FERNANDEZDIAZ, L
   PRIETO, M
TI EXPERIMENTALLY PRODUCED OSCILLATORY ZONING IN THE (BA, SR)SO4 SOLID-SOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supersaturation evolution; crystal-growth
AB WHEN crystals grow from a multicomponent fluid phase under conditions where ionic diffusion in the solid is negligible compared to that in the liquid, any compositional gradients in the crystal record the evolution of the solid/liquid interface composition during growth. For the particular case of oscillatory zoning1-3, a relatively common feature of natural crystal growth4, there has been considerable theoretical interest4-6, but the specific question of whether high or low supersaturations are required to explain the development of the zoning remains unanswered. Experimentally produced compositional oscillations have been observed7,8, but the role of supersaturation had to be inferred, rather than measured directly. Here we describe major-element oscillatory zoning in (Ba, Sr)SO4 solid solutions grown by the counter-diffusion of (Ba2+, Sr2+) and SO42- ions through a porous silica-gel transport medium. We demonstrate how the different solubilities of the two pure phases determine the threshold supersaturation for nucleation, and show how coupling between the compositional gradients in the solid and the liquid results in the observed oscillatory behaviour.
C1 UNIV COMPLUTENSE MADRID,DEPT CRISTALOG & MINERAL,E-28040 MADRID,SPAIN.
   UNIV OVIEDO,DEPT GEOL,E-33005 OVIEDO,SPAIN.
C3 Complutense University of Madrid; University of Oviedo
RP PUTNIS, A (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ,ENGLAND.
NR 15
TC 134
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 743
EP 745
DI 10.1038/358743a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AGUE, JJ
   BRANDON, MT
AF AGUE, JJ
   BRANDON, MT
TI TILT AND NORTHWARD OFFSET OF CORDILLERAN BATHOLITHS RESOLVED USING IGNEOUS BAROMETRY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coast plutonic complex; southern-california; british-columbia; baja-california; paleomagnetism; translation; washington; hornblende; rocks; geochronometry
AB CONSIDERABLE controversy surrounds the suggestion, based on palaeomagnetic evidence, that large segments of the North American Cordillera travelled long distances parallel to the coast during the latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary periods, well after the amalgamation of exotic terranes. Discordant palaeomagnetic data from mid-Cretaceous plutonic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges batholith of coastal southern California and Baja and the Mount Stuart batholith of the Cascade Range in Washington play a pivotal role in the controversy. The discordant data were originally interpreted to reflect northward transport of greater-than-or-equal-to 1,000 km relative to cratonal North America, after the batholiths cooled through their magnetic blocking temperatures1-5. More recently it has been argued that the discordances arise from local tilting of batholiths, rather than northward offset6,7. Here we present and implement new methods based on hornblende barometry8 for determining the palaeohorizontal in granitic batholiths and correcting palaeomagnetic data for tilting. Our results indicate that the Peninsular Ranges and Mount Stuart batholiths have undergone northward offsets of approximately 1,000 +/-450 and approximately 2,900 +/- 700 km, respectively, and also significant tilting.
RP AGUE, JJ (corresponding author), YALE UNIV, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, POB 6666, NEW HAVEN, CT 06511 USA.
NR 30
TC 78
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 146
EP 149
DI 10.1038/360146a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FALKOWSKI, PG
   WILSON, C
AF FALKOWSKI, PG
   WILSON, C
TI PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY IN THE NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN SINCE 1900 AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ABSORPTION OF ANTHROPOGENIC CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical-property; natural-waters; carbon; transparency; chlorophyll; pigments; nitrogen; export; color
AB THE world's carbon budget has not been in steady state since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution1. At present, carbon dioxide released by anthropogenic activities adds about 7 +/- 1.2 gigatonnes (Gt) C yr-1 to the atmosphere, of which about 2 Gt C yr-1 is thought to be sequestered in the oceans2. In the steady state, phytoplankton fix about 35-50 Gt C yr-1, representing a significant component of the natural carbon cycle1. If ocean productivity were changing, these biological processes could have a significant influence on anthropogenic CO2 levels by drawing down the CO2 concentration in surface waters and increasing the concentration gradient across the air-sea interface1,3,4. The question of productivity changes is unresolved, however2,5,6. Venrick et al.7 reported that phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations had roughly doubled in the central North Pacific gyre between 1965 and 1985. Here we use historical records of Secchi depth data to investigate whether such dramatic changes in phytoplankton biomass have occurred throughout the North Pacific ocean during this century. We find that, although very minor changes may have occurred in this basin over the past 70 years, they are too small to have a significant effect on the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
C1 UNIV PARIS 06, CNRS, PHYS & CHIM MARINES LAB, F-06230 VILLEFRANCHE SUR MER, FRANCE.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP FALKOWSKI, PG (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DIV OCEANOG & ATMOSPHER SCI, UPTON, NY 11973 USA.
NR 33
TC 114
Z9 123
U1 2
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 741
EP 743
DI 10.1038/358741a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIKORA, M
   BEGELMAN, MC
AF SIKORA, M
   BEGELMAN, MC
TI DOES AN ORBITING STAR CAUSE PERIODIC MODULATION OF X-RAYS FROM NGC6814
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID black-holes
AB USING data from the Ginga satellite, Done et al. 1 have confirmed an Exosat observation 2 of high-amplitude periodic modulation in the X-ray emission from the Seyfert galaxy NGC6814. To within observational errors of approximately 1%, the period seems to have remained constant at approximately 12,100 seconds between 1985 and 1989. An obvious candidate for the phenomenon underlying the periodicity is the orbital motion of a star or low-mass compact object around the central black hole 3.  As we show here, the presence of an orbiting star could be verified easily by looking for the effects of Lense-Thirring precession of the orbital plane, caused by the dragging of inertial frames around a rotating black hole. Precession-induced variations in the waveform and in the phase of the observed periodicity should have a period of between a month and a year. Such variations could account for the different waveforms present in the Ginga and Exosat data sets 4, and may be detectable in existing Ginga and future Rosat, OSSE/GRO, and Astro-D data.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT ASTROPHYS PLANETARY & ATMOSPHER SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP SIKORA, M (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,JOINT INST LAB ASTROPHYS,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 13
TC 12
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 224
EP 225
DI 10.1038/356224a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REGUEIRO, MN
   MONCEAU, P
   HODEAU, JL
AF REGUEIRO, MN
   MONCEAU, P
   HODEAU, JL
TI CRUSHING C60 TO DIAMOND AT ROOM-TEMPERATURE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB C60 MOLECULES are extremely stable, withstanding hydrostatic pressures of up to at least 20 GPa (ref. 1). It has been proposed that at high pressures they could form a solid harder than diamond 2.  On the other hand, electrical resistivity measurements 3 have revealed the formation of an insulating phase above 20 GPa, which was attributed to the low-symmetry state found in X-ray diffraction studies under nonhydrostatic compression 1.  Here we report that rapid, nonhydrostatic compression of C60 to pressures of 20 +/- 5 GPa transforms it instantaneously into bulk polycrystalline diamond at room temperature. Our measurements place a limit on the stability of the C60 molecular phase under nonhydrostatic pressure. The high efficiency and fast kinetics at room temperature suggest the possibility of using this transformation for fabrication of industrial diamonds.
C1 CNRS,CRISTALLOG LAB,F-38042 GRENOBLE 9,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP REGUEIRO, MN (corresponding author), CNRS,CTR RECH TRES BASSES TEMP,BP 166X,F-38042 GRENOBLE 9,FRANCE.
NR 10
TC 178
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 237
EP 239
DI 10.1038/355237a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BORN, RT
   TOOTELL, RBH
AF BORN, RT
   TOOTELL, RBH
TI SEGREGATION OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL MOTION PROCESSING IN PRIMATE MIDDLE TEMPORAL VISUAL AREA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macaque monkey; cortex; neurons; direction; anatomy; field; mt
AB THE early stages Of primate visual processing appear to be divided up into several component parts so that, for example, colour, form and motion are analysed by anatomically distinct streams 1-3. We have found that further subspecialization occurs within the motion processing stream. Neurons representing two different kinds of information about visual motion are segregated in columnar fashion within the middle temporal area of the owl monkey. These columns can be distinguished by labelling with 2-deoxyglucose in response to large-field random-dot patterns. Neurons in lightly labelled interbands have receptive fields with antagonistic surrounds: the response to a centrally placed moving stimulus is suppressed by motion in the surround. Neurons in more densely labelled bands have surrounds that reinforce the centre response so that they integrate motion cues over large areas of the visual field. Interband cells carry information about local motion contrast that may be used to detect motion boundaries or to indicate retinal slip during visual tracking. Band cells encode information about global motion that might be useful for orienting the animal in its environment.
RP BORN, RT (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,220 LONGWOOD AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 22
TC 299
Z9 327
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 497
EP 499
DI 10.1038/357497a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200063
PM 1608448
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ALSARRAF, N
   STUCKLESS, JT
   KING, DA
AF ALSARRAF, N
   STUCKLESS, JT
   KING, DA
TI DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF POTASSIUM-PROMOTED CHANGE IN HEAT OF ADSORPTION OF CO ON NI(100)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface
AB THE action of alkali metals and their oxides as promoters for many catalytic reactions has been known for nearly a century1. Alkali promotion of carbon monoxide reactivity, for example, forms part of the industrially important synthesis of hydrocarbons, and is thought to follow from a weakening of the internal C-O bond resulting from an enhanced binding interaction between the CO molecule and the catalyst2. Several spectroscopic techniques have been used to examine this effect for CO adsorption on single-crystal metal surfaces2-6, but bond energy changes can only be inferred indirectly from these techniques. Here we report direct measurements, using a recently designed single-crystal adsorption microcalorimeter7,8, of the change in CO adsorption heat on a Ni{100} surface for a range of potassium precoverages. We find that the effect of promotion is unexpectedly large, with the adsorption heat increasing from a clean-surface value of 124 kJ mol-1 to approximately 310 kJ mol-1 at high potassium precoverages. We attribute this effect to a combination of stronger CO binding to the surface and increased ionization of the potassium adatoms.
RP ALSARRAF, N (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT CHEM,LENSFIELD RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1EW,ENGLAND.
NR 18
TC 90
Z9 95
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 243
EP 245
DI 10.1038/360243a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHLESINGER, ME
   RAMANKUTTY, N
AF SCHLESINGER, ME
   RAMANKUTTY, N
TI IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL WARMING OF INTERCYCLE SOLAR IRRADIANCE VARIATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate change; co2; temperatures; variability; atmosphere; northern; cycle
AB FOLLOWING earlier studies1-6, attention has recently been directed again to the possibility that long-term solar irradiance variations, rather than increased greenhouse gas concentrations, have been the dominant cause of the observed rise in global-mean surface temperature from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Friis-Christensen and Lassen7 report a high correlation (0.95; ref. 8) between the variable period of the '11-year' sunspot cycle and the mean Northern Hemisphere land surface temperature from 1865 to 1985. The Marshall Institute report9 concludes that '...the sun has been the controlling influence on climate in the last 100 years, with the greenhouse effect playing a smaller role." Here we explore the implication that such putative solar irradiance variations would have for global warming. Our results provide strong circumstantial evidence that there have been intercycle variations in solar irradiance which have contributed to the observed temperature changes since 1856. However, we find that since the nineteenth century, greenhouse gases, not solar irradiance variations, have been the dominant contributor to the observed temperature changes.
RP SCHLESINGER, ME (corresponding author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,105 S GREGORY AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA.
NR 32
TC 77
Z9 81
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 330
EP 333
DI 10.1038/360330a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANVOORHIES, WA
AF VANVOORHIES, WA
TI PRODUCTION OF SPERM REDUCES NEMATODE LIFE-SPAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; defective mutants; reproduction; fertilization; genetics; costs
AB SEX and death are two fundamental but poorly understood aspects of life1-3. They are often thought to be linked because reproduction requires the diversion of limited resources from somatic growth and maintenance4-9. This diversion of resources in mated animals, often called a cost of reproduction, is usually expressed as a reduction of lifespan in mated animals, although some debate exists on the best way to measure this cost4-6,9,10. I report here that in the soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, sex significantly decreases male lifespan without reducing hermaphrodite lifespan. The reduction of mated male lifespan seems to be caused by additional sperm production and not by the physical activity of mating. This conclusion is supported by observations that a mutation reducing sperm production increased mean lifespan by about 65% in both mated males and hermaphrodites. This suggests that spermatogenesis, rather than oogenesis or the physical act of mating, is a major factor reducing lifespan in C. elegans. This contradicts the traditional biological assumption that large oocytes are much costlier to produce than small sperm11-14.
RP VANVOORHIES, WA (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT BIOL, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 31
TC 240
Z9 267
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 456
EP 458
DI 10.1038/360456a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700057
PM 1448167
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JONES, DT
   TAYLOR, WR
   THORNTON, JM
AF JONES, DT
   TAYLOR, WR
   THORNTON, JM
TI A NEW APPROACH TO PROTEIN FOLD RECOGNITION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secondary structure; mean force; prediction; potentials; features; models; energy
AB THE prediction of protein tertiary structure from sequence using molecular energy calculations has not yet been successful; an alternative strategy of recognizing known motifs 1 or folds 2-4 in sequences looks more promising. We present here a new approach to fold recognition, whereby sequences are fitted directly onto the backbone coordinates of known protein structures. Our method for protein fold recognition involves automatic modelling of protein structures using a given sequence, and is based on the frameworks of known protein folds. The plausibility of each model, and hence the degree of compatibility between the sequence and the proposed structure, is evaluated by means of a set of empirical potentials derived from proteins of known structure. The novel aspect of our approach is that the matching of sequences to backbone coordinates is performed in full three-dimensional space, incorporating specific pair interactions explicitly.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,MATH BIOL LAB,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP JONES, DT (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,BIOMOLEC STRUCT & MODELLING UNIT,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
NR 19
TC 999
Z9 1126
U1 1
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/358086a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100061
PM 1614539
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CASARES, J
   CHARLES, PA
   NAYLOR, T
AF CASARES, J
   CHARLES, PA
   NAYLOR, T
TI A 6.5-DAY PERIODICITY IN THE RECURRENT NOVA V404 CYGNI IMPLYING THE PRESENCE OF A BLACK-HOLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray binary; neutron-stars; spectroscopy
AB THE X-ray transient source GS2023 + 338 was discovered in outburst by the Ginga satellite in 1989 (ref. 1) and has since been identified with the previously known recurrent nova V404 Cygni 2. This system is recognized to be a low-mass X-ray binary 3, with X-ray behaviour similar to black hole systems 4, but attempts to deduce an orbital period from photometry 5-9 and spectroscopy 10,11 have yielded modulations with periods from 10 minutes to 6 hours. Two years after the outburst, we have used the William Herschel Telescope to find absorption features in V404 Cyg characteristic of a late G or early K star with a radial velocity curve of amplitude 211 +/- 4 km s-1 and period 6.473 +/- 0.001 days.  The deduced mass function of 6.26 +/- 0.31 M. is a firm lower limit to the mass of the compact object, which for reasonable assumptions of orbital inclination and companion star mass must be a black hole with probable mass in the range 8-15.5 M..  We consider this the most persuasive case yet for the existence of a black hole.
C1 ROYAL GREENWICH OBSERV,E-38780 SANTA CRUZ PALMA,SPAIN.
   DEPT ASTROPHYS,OXFORD OX1 3RH,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST ASTRON,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP CASARES, J (corresponding author), INST ASTROFIS CANARIAS,E-38200 LA LAGUNA,SPAIN.
NR 31
TC 223
Z9 234
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 614
EP 617
DI 10.1038/355614a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SOMERS, WS
   PHILLIPS, SEV
AF SOMERS, WS
   PHILLIPS, SEV
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE MET REPRESSOR-OPERATOR COMPLEX AT 2.8 A-ANGSTROM RESOLUTION REVEALS DNA RECOGNITION BY BETA-STRANDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; methionine biosynthesis; arc repressor; protein; binding; corepressor; phage-434; program; region; family
AB The crystal structure of the met repressor-operator complex shows two dimeric repressor molecules bound to adjacent sites 8 base pairs apart on an 18-base-pair DNA fragment. Sequence specificity is achieved by insertion of double-stranded antiparallel protein beta-ribbons into the major groove of B-form DNA, with direct hydrogen-bonding between amino-acid side chains and the base pairs. The repressor also recognizes sequence-dependent distortion or flexibility of the operator phosphate backbone, conferring specificity even for inaccessible base pairs.
C1 UNIV LEEDS,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Leeds
NR 46
TC 291
Z9 319
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 387
EP 393
DI 10.1038/359387a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400046
PM 1406951
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIEVERING, H
   BOATMAN, J
   GORMAN, E
   KIM, Y
   ANDERSON, L
   ENNIS, G
   LURIA, M
   PANDIS, S
AF SIEVERING, H
   BOATMAN, J
   GORMAN, E
   KIM, Y
   ANDERSON, L
   ENNIS, G
   LURIA, M
   PANDIS, S
TI REMOVAL OF SULFUR FROM THE MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER BY OZONE OXIDATION IN SEA-SALT AEROSOLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atlantic-ocean; atmosphere; sulfate; sulfur
AB THE oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphate in the marine boundary layer (MBL) is an important pathway in the global sulphur cycle. Oxidation by ozone in the aqueous phase is an important process in cloud droplets1 but has not generally been thought to be significant in the clear air of the MBL. Yet the lower part of the MBL contains abundant sea-salt aerosol particles, which are largely water of sufficiently high pH (ref. 2) to support ozone oxidation of SO2 to sulphate. We have argued previously3 that 5-25% of the total non-sea-salt sulphate (n.s.s. SO42-) observed in the MBL may be formed by this mechanism; here we assess its contribution to the cycling of sulphur in (and particularly its removal from) the MBL. We show that, owing to the effects of mass transfer, the n.s.s. SO42- so generated will be predominantly associated with particles of 2-9 mum diameter, and will accordingly dry-deposit at a rapid rate. Because part of the dimethyl sulphide (DMS) emitted by marine organisms is converted to SO2 in the MBL, this additional removal pathway for sulphur may markedly reduce the proposed feedback4 between greenhouse warming, oceanic DMS emissions and sulphate haze albedo.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT PHYS,DENVER,CO 80217.
   NOAA,AEROSOL RES SECT,BOULDER,CO 80303.
   HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
   CALTECH,DEPT CHEM ENGN,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; California Institute of Technology
RP SIEVERING, H (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,CTR ENVIRONM SCI,POB 173364,DENVER,CO 80217, USA.
NR 29
TC 142
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 571
EP 573
DI 10.1038/360571a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900079
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MISSIAEN, L
   DESMEDT, H
   DROOGMANS, G
   CASTEELS, R
AF MISSIAEN, L
   DESMEDT, H
   DROOGMANS, G
   CASTEELS, R
TI CA2+ RELEASE INDUCED BY INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE IS A STEADY-STATE PHENOMENON CONTROLLED BY LUMINAL CA2+ IN PERMEABILIZED CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smooth-muscle cells; calcium release; ca-2+ release; rat; stores; trisphosphate; phosphates; kinetics; entry
AB Low concentrations of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) evoke a very rapid mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores in many cell types, which can be followed by a further, much slower efflux 1-8. Two explanations have been suggested for this biphasic release. The first proposes that the Ca2+ stores vary in their sensitivity to InsP3, and each store releases either its entire contents or nothing 2,5,7 (all-or-none release); the second proposes instead that the stores are uniformly sensitive to the effects of InsP3, but that they can release only a fraction of their Ca2+ before their sensitivity is somehow attenuated 6,8-11 (steady-state release). Experiments using purified InsP3 receptor molecules reconstituted into lipid vesicles have shown heterogeneity of the receptors in their response to InsP3 under conditions in which the total Ca2+ level at both sides of the receptor is held constant 7. We now report that in permeabilized A7r5 smooth-muscle cells incubated in Ca2+-free medium, the amount of Ca-45(2+) remaining in the stores after the rapid transient phase of release is independent of their initial Ca2+ levels, indicating that partially depleted stores are less sensitive to InsP3. Moreover, if the stores are reloaded with Ca-40(2+) after the first stimulus, reapplication of the same low concentration of InsP3 will release further Ca-45(2+). This recovery of InsP3 sensitivity is almost complete. Under these conditions, Ca2+ release must thus occur by a steady-state mechanism, in which the decreasing Ca2+ content of the stores slows down further release.
RP MISSIAEN, L (corresponding author), CATHOLIC UNIV LEUVEN, FYSIOL LAB, CAMPUS GASTHUISBERG, HERESTR 49, B-3000 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
NR 32
TC 254
Z9 264
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 599
EP 602
DI 10.1038/357599a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200057
PM 1608471
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROSENTHAL, W
   SEIBOLD, A
   ANTARAMIAN, A
   LONERGAN, M
   ARTHUS, MF
   HENDY, GN
   BIRNBAUMER, M
   BICHET, DG
AF ROSENTHAL, W
   SEIBOLD, A
   ANTARAMIAN, A
   LONERGAN, M
   ARTHUS, MF
   HENDY, GN
   BIRNBAUMER, M
   BICHET, DG
TI MOLECULAR-IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENE RESPONSIBLE FOR CONGENITAL NEPHROGENIC DIABETES-INSIPIDUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna; vasopressin; polymerase; receptors; locus
AB ANTIDIURETIC hormone (arginine vasopressin) binds to and activates V2 receptors in renal collecting tubule cells. Subsequent stimulation of the G(s)/adenylyl cyclase system promotes insertion of water pores into the luminal membrane and thereby reabsorption of fluid. In congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (CNDI)1, an X-linked recessive disorder, the kidney fails to respond to arginine vasopressin. Here we report that an affected male of a family with CNDI2,3 has a deletion in the open reading frame of the V2 receptor gene, causing a frame shift and premature termination of translation in the third intracellular loop of the receptor protein. A normal receptor gene was found in the patient's brother. Both the normal and the mutant allele were detected in his mother. A different mutation, causing a codon change in the third transmembrane domain of the V2 receptor, was found in the open reading frame of an affected male but not in the unaffected brother belonging to another family suffering from CNDI.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   HOP SACRE COEUR,CTR RECH,SERV NEPHROL,MONTREAL H4J 1C5,QUEBEC,CANADA.
   UNIV MONTREAL,DEPT MED,MONTREAL H3C 3J7,QUEBEC,CANADA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal
NR 22
TC 268
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 233
EP 235
DI 10.1038/359233a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400060
PM 1356229
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROSENBERG, RL
   EAST, JE
AF ROSENBERG, RL
   EAST, JE
TI CELL-FREE EXPRESSION OF FUNCTIONAL SHAKER POTASSIUM CHANNELS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein translocation; xenopus oocytes; k+ channels; receptors; glycosylation; inactivation; drosophila; region; locus; gene
AB THE functional activity of ion channels and other membrane proteins requires that the proteins be correctly assembled in a transmembrane configuration. Thus, the functional expression of ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors and complex membrane-limited signalling mechanisms from complementary DNA has required the injection of messenger RNA or transfection of DNA into Xenopus oocytes or other target cells that are capable of processing newly translated protein into the surface membrane1-4. These approaches, combined with voltage-clamp analysis of ion channel currents, have been especially powerful in the identification of structure-function relationships in ion channels5-7. But oocytes express endogenous ion channels8,9, neurotransmitter receptors10 and receptor-channel subunits11, complicating the interpretation of results in mRNA-injected eggs. Furthermore, it is difficult to control experimentally the membrane lipids and post-translational modifications that underlie the regulation and modulation of ion channels in intact cells. A cell-free system for ion channel expression is ideal for good experimental control of protein expression and modulatory processes. Here we combine cell-free protein translation, microsomal membrane processing12-14 of nascent channel proteins, and reconstitution of newly synthesized ion channels into planar lipid bilayers15 to synthesize, glycosylate, process into membranes, and record in vitro the activity of functional Shaker potassium channels.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT PHYSIOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP ROSENBERG, RL (corresponding author), UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT PHARMACOL, CB 7365, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA.
NR 30
TC 53
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 166
EP 169
DI 10.1038/360166a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200062
PM 1436093
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KLIEWER, SA
   UMESONO, K
   MANGELSDORF, DJ
   EVANS, RM
AF KLIEWER, SA
   UMESONO, K
   MANGELSDORF, DJ
   EVANS, RM
TI RETINOID X-RECEPTOR INTERACTS WITH NUCLEAR RECEPTORS IN RETINOIC ACID, THYROID-HORMONE AND VITAMIN-D3 SIGNALING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID response element; beta-gene; identification; binding; complexes; sequence; protein
AB CELLULAR responsiveness to retinoic acid and its metabolites is conferred through two structurally and pharmacologically distinct 1 families of receptors: the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) 2,3 and the retinoid X receptors (RXR) 1. Here we report that the transcriptional activity of RAR and RXR can be reciprocally modulated by direct interactions between the two proteins. RAR and RXR have a high degree of cooperativity in binding to target DNA, consistent with previous reports indicating that the binding of either RAR or RXR to their cognate response elements is enhanced by factors present in nuclear extracts 4,5. RXR also interacts directly with and enhances the binding of nuclear receptors conferring responsiveness to vitamin D3 and thyroid hormone T3; the DNA-binding activities of these receptors are also stimulated by the presence of nuclear extracts 6-9. Together these data indicate that RXR has a central role in multiple hormonal signalling pathways.
C1 HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP KLIEWER, SA (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 1379
Z9 1501
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 446
EP 449
DI 10.1038/355446a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000069
PM 1310351
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOMAN, AL
   TAYLOR, TC
   MELANCON, P
   WILSON, KL
AF BOMAN, AL
   TAYLOR, TC
   MELANCON, P
   WILSON, KL
TI A ROLE FOR ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR IN NUCLEAR VESICLE DYNAMICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtp-binding proteins; brefeldin-a; membrane-vesicles; formation invitro; golgi-apparatus; envelope; components; transport; targets; eggs
AB Two distinct steps in nuclear envelope assembly can be assayed in vitro1-3: the protein-mediated binding4 of nuclear-specific vesicles to chromatin, and the subsequent fusion5 of these vesicles to enclose the chromatin within a double nuclear membrane. Nuclear vesicle fusion, like fusion in the secretory pathway6,7, requires ATP8,9 and cytosol1,3,5 and is inhibited by nonhydrolysable GTP analogues1,2. The sensitivity of nuclear vesicle fusion to GTP-gamma-S requires a GTP-dependent soluble factor, the properties of which are strikingly similar to a GTP-dependent Golgi binding factor (GCBF) that inhibits Golgi vesicle fusion in the presence of GTP-gamma-S and belongs to the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of small GTPases10,11. In the presence of GTP-gamma-S, ARF proteins and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-COP ('coatomer') subunits are associated with Golgi transport vesicles 6,12,13, but the exact roles of ARF proteins in secretion are not vet understood. We report here that purified ARF1 and GGBF have GTP-dependent soluble factor activity in the nuclear vesicle fusion assay. Our results show that the function of ARF is not limited to the Golgi apparatus, and indicate that there may be a link between the formation of nuclear vesicles during mitosis and proteins involved in secretion.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,725 N WOLFE ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
NR 30
TC 106
Z9 110
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 512
EP 514
DI 10.1038/358512a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900053
PM 1641041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ELZANOWSKI, A
   WELLNHOFER, P
AF ELZANOWSKI, A
   WELLNHOFER, P
TI A NEW LINK BETWEEN THEROPODS AND BIRDS FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF MONGOLIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE origin of birds from theropod dinosaurs1 is now broadly accepted, but there is little agreement as to which group of theropods is closest to avian ancestry2. Here we report the discovery of a fragmentary skull in a collection of Late Cretaceous vertebrates from Mongolia. The skull presents a novel combination of theropod and primitive avian characters, which suggests that it belongs to the closest of the known non-avian relatives of Archaeopteryx and other birds. The new fossil shows consistent similarities to the troodontid theropods, for whom close avian relationships have been proposed3, and to Baryonyx4 and Spinosaurus5, two unusual theropods from the Lower Cretaceous of England and the lowermost Upper Cretaceous of Africa, respectively.
C1 POLISH ACAD SCI,INST PALEOBIOL,PL-02089 WARSAW,POLAND.
   BAYER STAATSSAMMLUNG PALAONTOL & HIST GEOL,W-8000 MUNICH 2,GERMANY.
C3 Polish Academy of Sciences; Institute of Paleobiology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
NR 20
TC 18
Z9 18
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 821
EP 823
DI 10.1038/359821a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HERBERS, K
   CONRADSSTRAUCH, J
   BONAS, U
AF HERBERS, K
   CONRADSSTRAUCH, J
   BONAS, U
TI RACE-SPECIFICITY OF PLANT-RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL SPOT DISEASE DETERMINED BY REPETITIVE MOTIFS IN A BACTERIAL AVIRULENCE PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID campestris pv vesicatoria; hypersensitive resistance; pepper; genes
AB ELUCIDATION of the genetic and molecular basis of plant disease resistance is a major objective in the investigation of plant-microbial interactions. Xanthomonas campestris pathovar vesicatoria (Xcv), the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato, has been developed as a model host-pathogen system to study the genetic interactions that specify the expression of plant disease resistance 1-6. Several plant resistance genes (Bs1, Bs2, Bs3) have been genetically characterized from pepper (Capsicum annuum) that determine resistance to particular races of the pathogen carrying specific avirulence genes 7-9. For example, pepper plants carrying the resistance locus Bs3 are resistant to Xcv strains expressing the avirulence gene avrBs3. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the avrBs3 gene revealed that the internal portion of the predicted protein product consists of a nearly identical 34 amino acid repeat unit, present in 17.5 copies 4.  We report here that the repetitive region of the avrBs3 gene determines race-specificity and that deletions of repeat units generate new avirulence specificities and unmask undiscovered resistance genes in pepper and tomato.
RP HERBERS, K (corresponding author), INST GENBIOL FORSCH BERLIN GMBH,IHNESTR 63,W-1000 BERLIN 33,GERMANY.
NR 17
TC 135
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 172
EP 174
DI 10.1038/356172a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100067
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AFEYAN, NB
   GORDON, NF
   REGNIER, FE
AF AFEYAN, NB
   GORDON, NF
   REGNIER, FE
TI AUTOMATED REAL-TIME IMMUNOASSAY OF BIOMOLECULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perfusion chromatography; affinity-chromatography; immunoglobulin-g; separation
C1 PURDUE UNIV,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP AFEYAN, NB (corresponding author), MIT,PERSEPT BIOSYST INC,UNIV PK,38 SIDNEY ST,SUITE 100,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 7
TC 29
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 603
EP 604
DI 10.1038/358603a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900066
PM 1501716
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SILVER, ML
   GUO, HC
   STROMINGER, JL
   WILEY, DC
AF SILVER, ML
   GUO, HC
   STROMINGER, JL
   WILEY, DC
TI ATOMIC-STRUCTURE OF A HUMAN MHC MOLECULE PRESENTING AN INFLUENZA-VIRUS PEPTIDE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histocompatibility antigens; crystallography; recognition; specificity; hla-a2
AB INFECTION by influenza virus results in the stimulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for killing virally infected cells1. Specificity is provided by clonally distributed, hypervariable T-cell receptors on cytotoxic T lymphocytes which react with peptide fragments that are derived from viral proteins expressed in the cytoplasm and 'presented' on the surface of infected cells, bound to class I histocompatibility glycoproteins2. Here we describe the structure of the complex between the human class I histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-Aw68 and the influenza virus nucleoprotein peptide Np 91-99 as determined by X-ray cryocrystallography. Residues at both ends of the peptide are substantially buried in the peptide binding-site, whereas those in the middle of the peptide, P4 to P8, are predominantly exposed and could be recognized directly by T-cell receptors. The extended conformation of the bound viral peptide is remarkably similar to that of a collection of endogenous peptides with a different sequence motif bound to  another human allele, HLA-B27 3-5. The structure defines in atomic detail the antigenic surface constructed of major histocompatibility complex and viral peptide atoms that is recognized by T-cell receptors.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP SILVER, ML (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,7 DIVIN AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 24
TC 263
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 367
EP 369
DI 10.1038/360367a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000059
PM 1448154
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NIKOLOV, DB
   HU, SH
   LIN, J
   GASCH, A
   HOFFMANN, A
   HORIKOSHI, M
   CHUA, NH
   ROEDER, RG
   BURLEY, SK
AF NIKOLOV, DB
   HU, SH
   LIN, J
   GASCH, A
   HOFFMANN, A
   HORIKOSHI, M
   CHUA, NH
   ROEDER, RG
   BURLEY, SK
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF TFIID TATA-BOX BINDING-PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna polymerase-ii; transcription factor; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; functional domains; conserved domain; yeast; gene; initiation; cloning
AB The structure of a central component of the eukaryotic transcriptional apparatus, a TATA-box binding protein (TBP or TFIIDtau) from Arabidopsis thaliana, has been determined by X-ray crystallography at 2.6 angstrom resolution. This highly symmetric alpha/beta structure contains a new DNA-binding fold, resembling a molecular 'saddle' that sits astride the DNA. The DNA-binding surface is a curved, antiparallel beta-sheet. When bound to DNA, the convex surface of the saddle would be presented for interaction with other transcription initiation factors and regulatory proteins.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV, MOLEC BIOPHYS LABS, 1230 YORK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV, PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV, BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL LAB, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
NR 67
TC 362
Z9 392
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 40
EP 46
DI 10.1038/360040a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700046
PM 1436073
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EGAN, M
   FLOTTE, T
   AFIONE, S
   SOLOW, R
   ZEITLIN, PL
   CARTER, BJ
   GUGGINO, WB
AF EGAN, M
   FLOTTE, T
   AFIONE, S
   SOLOW, R
   ZEITLIN, PL
   CARTER, BJ
   GUGGINO, WB
TI DEFECTIVE REGULATION OF OUTWARDLY RECTIFYING CL- CHANNELS BY PROTEIN KINASE-A CORRECTED BY INSERTION OF CFTR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cystic-fibrosis gene; chloride channels; epithelial-cells; expression; conductance; activation; disease
AB CYSTIC fibrosis (CF) is a lethal genetic disease resulting in a reduced Cl- permeability1, increased mucous sulphation2, increased Na+ absorption3 and defective acidification of lysosomal vesicles4. The CF gene encodes a protein (the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR5) that can function as a low-conductance Cl- channel with a linear current-voltage relationship whose regulation is defective in CF patients6-8. Larger conductance, outwardly rectifying Cl- channels are also defective in CF and fail to activate when exposed either to cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A or to protein kinase C9-13. The role of the outwardly rectifying Cl- channel in CF has been questioned14. We report here that expression of recombinant CF genes using adeno-associated virus vectors in CF bronchial epithelial cells corrects defective Cl- secretion, that it induces the appearance of small, linear conductance Cl- channels, and restores protein kinase A activation of outwardly rectifying Cl- channels. These results re-establish an involvement of outwardly rectifying Cl- channels in CF and suggest that CFTR regulates more than one conductance pathway in airway tissues.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   NIDDKD,MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
NR 25
TC 407
Z9 426
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 581
EP 584
DI 10.1038/358581a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900059
PM 1380129
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SEKIGUCHI, K
AF SEKIGUCHI, K
TI IDENTIFICATION OF V1017 SGR AS A CATACLYSMIC VARIABLE BINARY-SYSTEM WITH UNUSUALLY LONG PERIOD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID novae; gk
AB CLASSICAL and dwarf novae are both binary star systems in which mass is transferred onto a white-dwarf primary from a red-dwarf secondary that overflows its Roche lobe. In classical novae, mass accumulates on the surface of the white dwarf and erupts in a thermonuclear outburst every ten thousand years or so, whereas dwarf novae show less intense and more frequent outbursts, on a timescale of months, due to brightening of an accretion disk. V1017 Sgr, the remnant of nova Sagitarii 1919, has shown outbursts of both classical and dwarf nova type during this century. It has been described as a recurrent nova1,2 or as a symbiotic star2,3. Unlike most novae it has a more massive evolved secondary, of type G5 III (ref. 4), and its relation to other nova types has been obscure. Here I report a preliminary spectroscopic orbit determination which yields a period of 5.7 days. This is much longer than the typical periods of cataclysmic binaries, which are generally less than 0.5 day. I suggest that V1017 Sgr, along with a few other systems of unusually long period such as BV Cen and GK Per, may form a distinct class of cataclysmic variables, characterized by their larger, more evolved secondaries.
RP SEKIGUCHI, K (corresponding author), S AFRICAN ASTRON OBSERV,POB 9,CAPE TOWN 7935,SOUTH AFRICA.
NR 21
TC 23
Z9 23
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 563
EP 565
DI 10.1038/358563a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHICZ, RM
   URBAN, RG
   LANE, WS
   GORGA, JC
   STERN, LJ
   VIGNALI, DAA
   STROMINGER, JL
AF CHICZ, RM
   URBAN, RG
   LANE, WS
   GORGA, JC
   STERN, LJ
   VIGNALI, DAA
   STROMINGER, JL
TI PREDOMINANT NATURALLY PROCESSED PEPTIDES BOUND TO HLA-DR1 ARE DERIVED FROM MHC-RELATED MOLECULES AND ARE HETEROGENEOUS IN SIZE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hla-dr molecules; t-cell recognition; class-ii; immunogenic peptide; binding-site; sequence; antigens; self; purification; association
AB PEPTIDES bound to class I molecules are 8-10 amino acids long, and possess a binding motif representative of peptides that bind to a given class I allele1-4. In the only published study of naturally processed peptides bound to class II molecules (mouse I-A(b) and I-E(b)), these peptides were longer (13-17 amino acids) and had heterogenous carboxy terminals but precise amino-terminal truncations5. Here we report the characterization of acid-eluted peptides bound to HLA-DR1 by high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and microsequencing analyses. The relative molecular masses of the peptides varied between 1,602 and 2,996 (13-25 residues), the most abundant individual M(r) values being between 1,700 and 1,800, corresponding to an average peptide length of 15 residues. Complete sequence data were obtained for twenty peptides derived from five epitopes, of which all but one were from self proteins. These peptides represented sets nested at both the N- and C-terminal ends. Binding experiments confirmed that all of the isolated peptides had high affinity for the groove of DR1. Alignment of the peptides bound to HLA-DR1 and the sequences of 35 known HLA-DR1-binding peptides revealed a putative motif. Although peptides bound to class II molecules may have some related features (due to the nonpolymorphic HLA-DR alpha-chain), accounting for degenerate binding to different alleles6, particular amino acids in the HLA-DR beta-chains presumably define allelic specificity of peptide binding.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,MICROCHEM FACIL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University
RP CHICZ, RM (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 38
TC 714
Z9 822
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 764
EP 768
DI 10.1038/358764a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900056
PM 1380674
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HILL, AVS
   ELVIN, J
   WILLIS, AC
   AIDOO, M
   ALLSOPP, CEM
   GOTCH, FM
   GAO, XM
   TAKIGUCHI, M
   GREENWOOD, BM
   TOWNSEND, ARM
   MCMICHAEL, AJ
   WHITTLE, HC
AF HILL, AVS
   ELVIN, J
   WILLIS, AC
   AIDOO, M
   ALLSOPP, CEM
   GOTCH, FM
   GAO, XM
   TAKIGUCHI, M
   GREENWOOD, BM
   TOWNSEND, ARM
   MCMICHAEL, AJ
   WHITTLE, HC
TI MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF HLA-B53 AND RESISTANCE TO SEVERE MALARIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parasite plasmodium-falciparum; t-cell epitopes; major histocompatibility complex; cytotoxic lymphocytes-t; class-i molecules; circumsporozoite protein; liver-stage; vaccine development; surface-antigens; viral-antigen
AB The protective association between the human leukocyte antigen HLA-B53 and severe malaria was investigated by sequencing of peptides eluted from this molecule followed by screening of candidate epitopes from pre-erythrocytic-stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum in biochemical and cellular assays. Among malaria-immune Africans, HLA-B53-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognized a conserved nonamer peptide from liver-stage-specific antigen-1 (LSA-1), but no HLA-B53-restricted epitopes were identified in other antigens. These findings indicate a possible molecular basis for this HLA-disease association and support the candidacy of liver-stage-specific antigen-1 as a malaria vaccine component.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT BIOCHEM,MRC,IMMUNOCHEM UNIT,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
   MRC LABS,BANJUL,SENEGAMBIA.
   UNIV TOKYO,INST MED SCI,MINAMI KU,TOKYO 108,JAPAN.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Tokyo
RP HILL, AVS (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOLEC MED,MOLEC IMMUNOL GRP,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 65
TC 608
Z9 650
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 434
EP 439
DI 10.1038/360434a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700049
PM 1280333
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHWEIKI, D
   ITIN, A
   SOFFER, D
   KESHET, E
AF SHWEIKI, D
   ITIN, A
   SOFFER, D
   KESHET, E
TI VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR INDUCED BY HYPOXIA MAY MEDIATE HYPOXIA-INITIATED ANGIOGENESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID permeability factor; cell mitogen; glioblastoma-multiforme; messenger-rna; expression; gene; secrete; protein; tumors; line
AB INEFFICIENT vascular supply and the resultant reduction in tissue oxygen tension often lead to neovascularization in order to satisfy the needs of the tissue1. Examples include the compensatory development of collateral blood vessels in ischaemic tissues that are otherwise quiescent for angiogenesis and angiogenesis associated with the healing of hypoxic wounds2. But the presumptive hypoxia-induced angiogenic factors that mediate this feedback response have not been identified. Here we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; also known as vascular permeability factor) probably functions as a hypoxia-inducible angiogenic factor. VEGF messenger RNA levels are dramatically increased within a few hours of exposing different cell cultures to hypoxia and return to background when normal oxygen supply is resumed. In situ analysis of tumour specimens undergoing neovascularization show that the production of VEGF is specifically induced in a subset of glioblastoma cells distinguished by their immediate proximity to necrotic foci (presumably hypoxic regions) and the clustering of capillaries alongside VEGF-producing cells.
C1 HADASSAH HEBREW UNIV HOSP,MED CTR,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,IL-91010 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
   HADASSAH HEBREW UNIV HOSP,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,IL-91010 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hadassah University Hospital; Hadassah University Medical Center; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hadassah University Medical Center; Hadassah University Hospital
RP SHWEIKI, D (corresponding author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,HADASSAH MED SCH,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,IL-91010 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
NR 30
TC 3899
Z9 4413
U1 0
U2 309
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 843
EP 845
DI 10.1038/359843a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700068
PM 1279431
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PINOLROMA, S
   DREYFUSS, G
AF PINOLROMA, S
   DREYFUSS, G
TI SHUTTLING OF PRE-MESSENGER-RNA BINDING-PROTEINS BETWEEN NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribonucleoprotein-particles; monoclonal-antibody; nascent transcripts; complexes; cells; visualization; export; hnrnp
AB RNA polymerase II transcripts, heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs), associate in the nucleus with specific proteins that bind premessenger RNA (hnRNP proteins) 1,2 and with small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) 3-5. These hnRNA-hnRNP-snRNP complexes assemble on nascent transcripts and hnRNA is processed to mRNA in them 6-8. HnRNP proteins have been localized to the nucleoplasm 9-13 and their functions were presumed to be limited to nuclear events in mRNA biogenesis. It was proposed that an exchange of hnRNP for mRNA-binding proteins accompanies transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm 1,14. We show here that several of the abundant hnRNP proteins, including A1, shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. HnRNP proteins may thus also have cytoplasmic functions. Furthermore, when in the cytoplasm, A1 is bound to mRNA and RNA polymerase II transcription is necessary before it can return to the nucleus. We propose that the cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complex of mRNA with hnRNP proteins is the substrate of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of mRNA.
C1 UNIV PENN, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
   UNIV PENN, SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
NR 31
TC 795
Z9 858
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 730
EP 732
DI 10.1038/355730a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400065
PM 1371331
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GROSS, E
   GOLDBERG, D
   LEVITZKI, A
AF GROSS, E
   GOLDBERG, D
   LEVITZKI, A
TI PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE CDC25 IN RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE RESULTS IN ITS DISSOCIATION FROM RAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; protein; yeast; exchange; kinase
AB IN the yeast Sacchromyces cerevisiae, addition of glucose to starved cells triggers a transient rise in the intracellular level of cyclic AMP that induces a protein phosphorylation cascade1. The glucose signal is processed by the Cdc25/Ras/adenylyl cyclase pathway2, where the role of Cdc25 is to catalyse the GDP-GTP exchange on Ras3. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the activity of Cdc25 are unknown. We report here the use of highly selective anti-Cdc25 antibodies4 to demonstrate that Cdc25 is a phospho protein and that in response to glucose it is hyperphosphorylated, within seconds, by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. It is also demonstrated that, concomitantly with hyperphosphorylation, Cdc25 partially relocalizes to the cytoplasm, reducing its accessibility to membrane-bound Ras. These results are of general significance because of the highly conserved sequence of Ras-guanyl nucleotide exchange factors from yeasts to mammals.
C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, ALEXANDER SILBERMAN INST LIFE SCI, DEPT BIOL CHEM, IL-91904 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP LEVITZKI, A (corresponding author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, ALEXANDER SILBERMAN INST LIFE SCI, DEPT BIOL CHEM, IL-91904 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL.
NR 18
TC 81
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 762
EP 765
DI 10.1038/360762a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200041
PM 1334534
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HICKEYVARGAS, R
AF HICKEYVARGAS, R
TI A REFRACTORY HIMU COMPONENT IN THE SOURCES OF ISLAND-ARC MAGMA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID volcanic-rocks; trace-element; isotopic constraints; western pacific; ophiolitic basalts; northern mariana; sr isotopes; mantle; pb; nd
AB THE strontium, neodymium and lead isotopic compositions of most island-are magmas seem to require a component in the source region with the characteristics of ocean-island basalts (OIB)1-5. In contrast, however, the trace-element compositions of arc magmas and OIB do not match: OIB sources are highly enriched in incompatible elements, whereas island-arc basalts are depleted in high-field-strength and light rare-earth elements. Peridotite that has undergone an episode of melting, and hence depletion of incompatible elements, is an appropriate source for island-arc basalts6,7. I have previously proposed that an OIB component with the characteristics of the mantle endmember HIMU8 (notably, high U/Pb ratio) is present in arc magmas of the Mariana Island region (Philippine Sea). Here I show, using isotopic comparisons of Philippine Sea arc and basin magmas, including the highly magnesian lavas known as boninites, that this HIMU component is refractory and is selectively incorporated into the depleted mantle lithosphere during extraction of mid-ocean-ridge basalt and back-arc-basin basalt. This process creates the mixture of depleted and OIB-source mantle required for island-arc basalt.
RP HICKEYVARGAS, R (corresponding author), FLORIDA INT UNIV,DEPT GEOL,MIAMI,FL 33156, USA.
NR 33
TC 14
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/360057a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PETERS, KG
   MARIE, J
   WILSON, E
   IVES, HE
   ESCOBEDO, J
   DELROSARIO, M
   MIRDA, D
   WILLIAMS, LT
AF PETERS, KG
   MARIE, J
   WILSON, E
   IVES, HE
   ESCOBEDO, J
   DELROSARIO, M
   MIRDA, D
   WILLIAMS, LT
TI POINT MUTATION OF AN FGF RECEPTOR ABOLISHES PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL TURNOVER AND CA2+ FLUX BUT NOT MITOGENESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipase-c-gamma; growth-factor receptor; tyrosine phosphorylation; egf receptor; kinase-activity; binding-site; pdgf; hydrolysis; substrate; c-gamma-1
AB STIMULATION of certain receptor tyrosine kinases results in the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C(gamma)(PLC-gamma), an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol ( PtdIns)1-8. This hydrolysis generates diacylglycerol and free inositol phosphate, which in turn activate protein kinase C and increase intracellular Ca2+, respectively. PLC-gamma physically associates with activated receptor tyrosine kinases, suggesting that it is a substrate for direct phosphorylation by these kinases7-10. Here we report that a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor with a single point mutation at residue 766 replacing tyrosine with phenylalanine fails to associate with PLC-gamma in response to FGF. This mutant receptor also failed to mediate PtdIns hydrolysis and Ca2+ mobilization after FGF stimulation. However, the mutant receptor phosphorylated itself and several other cellular proteins, and it mediated mitogenesis in response to FGF. These findings show that a point mutation in the FGF receptor selectively eliminates activation of PLC-gamma and that neither Ca2+ mobilization nor PtdIns hydrolysis are required for FGF-induced mitogenesis.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,CARDIOVASC RES INST,PROGRAM EXCELLENCE MOLEC BIOL,533 PARNASSUS AVE,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DIV NEPHROL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 30
TC 375
Z9 417
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 678
EP 681
DI 10.1038/358678a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200057
PM 1379697
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANHATEREN, JH
AF VANHATEREN, JH
TI REAL AND OPTIMAL NEURAL IMAGES IN EARLY VISION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB IT has been suggested1-3 that the first steps in visual processing strive to compress as much information as possible about the outside world into the limited dynamic range of the visual channels. Here I compare measured neural images with theoretical calculations based on maximizing information, taking into account the statistical structure of natural images. Neural images were obtained by scanning an image while recording from a second-order neuron in the fly visual system. Over a 5.5-log-units-wide range of mean intensities, experiment and theory correspond well. At high mean intensities, redundancy in the image is reduced by spatial and temporal antagonism. At low mean intensities, spatial and temporal low-pass filtering combat noise and increase signal reliability.
RP VANHATEREN, JH (corresponding author), UNIV GRONINGEN, DEPT BIOPHYS, WESTERSINGEL 34, 9718 CM GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS.
NR 14
TC 84
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 68
EP 70
DI 10.1038/360068a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700056
PM 1436076
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FEDERMAN, AD
   CONKLIN, BR
   SCHRADER, KA
   REED, RR
   BOURNE, HR
AF FEDERMAN, AD
   CONKLIN, BR
   SCHRADER, KA
   REED, RR
   BOURNE, HR
TI HORMONAL-STIMULATION OF ADENYLYL CYCLASE THROUGH GI-PROTEIN BETA-GAMMA-SUBUNITS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscarinic k+-channel; amino-acid sequence; alpha-subunit; rat-brain; receptor; pathways; phospholipase-a2; transducin; activate; cloning
AB AGONIST-BOUND receptors activate heterotrimeric (alpha-beta-gamma) G proteins by catalysing replacement by GTP of GDP bound to the alpha-subunit, resulting in dissociation of alpha-GTP from the beta-gamma-subunits. In most cases, alpha-GTP carries the signal to effectors, as in hormonal stimulation 1-4 and inhibition 5,6 of adenylyl cyclase by alpha(s) and alpha(i) respectively. By contrast, genetic evidence in yeast 7 and studies in mammalian cells 8-10 suggest that beta-gamma-subunits of G proteins may also regulate effector pathways. Indeed, of the four recombinant mammalian adenylyl cyclases available for study 11-14, two, adenylyl cyclases II and IV, are stimulated by beta-gamma. This effect of beta-gamma requires costimulation by alpha(s)-GTP 14,15. This conditional pattern of effector responsiveness led to the prediction 15 that receptors coupled to many G proteins will mediate elevation of cellular cyclic AMP, provided that G(s) is also active. We now confirm this prediction. Coexpression of mutationally active alpha(s) with adenylyl cyclase II converted agonists that act through 'inhibitory' receptors (coupled to G(i)) into stimulators of cAMP synthesis. Experiments using pertussis toxin and a putative scavenger of beta-gamma, the alpha-subunit of transducin, suggest that beta-gamma-subunits of the G(i) proteins mediated this stimulation. These findings assign a new signalling function to beta-gamma-subunits of G(i) proteins, the conditional stimulation of cAMP synthesis by adenylyl cyclase II.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,CARDIOVASC RES INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 28
TC 571
Z9 602
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 159
EP 161
DI 10.1038/356159a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100062
PM 1312225
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAGLUND, MM
   OJEMANN, GA
   HOCHMAN, DW
AF HAGLUND, MM
   OJEMANN, GA
   HOCHMAN, DW
TI OPTICAL IMAGING OF EPILEPTIFORM AND FUNCTIONAL-ACTIVITY IN HUMAN CEREBRAL-CORTEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID salamander olfactory-bulb; intrinsic-signals; neuronal-activity; visual-cortex; organization; architecture; brain; stimulation; voluntary; movements
AB OPTICAL imaging of animal somatosensory, olfactory and visual cortices has revealed maps of functional activity1-12. In non-human primates, high-resolution maps of the visual cortex have been obtained using only an intrinsic reflection signal3,4,6,13,14. Although the time course of the signal is slower than membrane potential changes, the maximum optical changes correspond to the maximal neuronal activity3,6. The intrinsic optical signal may represent the flow of ionic currents, oxygen delivery, changes in blood volume, potassium accumulation or glial swelling3,4,6,8,15-18. Here we use similar techniques to obtain maps from human cortex during stimulation-evoked epileptiform afterdischarges and cognitively evoked functional activity. Optical changes increased in magnitude as the intensity and duration of the afterdischarges increased. In areas surrounding the afterdischarge activity, optical changes were in the opposite direction and possibly represent an inhibitory surround. Large optical changes were found in the sensory cortex during tongue movement and in Broca's and Wernicke's language areas during naming exercises. The adaptation of high-resolution optical imaging for use on human cortex provides a new technique for investigation of the organization of the sensory and motor cortices, language, and other cognitive processes.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT NEUROL SURG,RI-20,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
NR 29
TC 261
Z9 297
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 668
EP 671
DI 10.1038/358668a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200053
PM 1495561
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SWAMINATHAN, S
   FUREY, W
   PLETCHER, J
   SAX, M
AF SWAMINATHAN, S
   FUREY, W
   PLETCHER, J
   SAX, M
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN-B, A SUPERANTIGEN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; use predicts reactivity; mlsa-encoded antigens; t-cell recognition; class-ii molecules; binding site; tolerance; crystallography; stimulation; requirement
AB The three-dimensional structure of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, which is both a toxin and a super-antigen, has been determined to a resolution of 2.5 angstrom. The unusual main-chain fold containing two domains may represent a general motif adopted by all staphylococcal enterotoxins. The T-cell receptor binding site encompasses a shallow cavity formed by both domains. The MHCII molecule binds to an adjacent site. Another cavity with possible biological activity was also identified.
RP SWAMINATHAN, S (corresponding author), VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,BIOCRYSTALLOG LAB,POB 12055,UNIV DR C,PITTSBURGH,PA 15240, USA.
NR 45
TC 299
Z9 337
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 801
EP 806
DI 10.1038/359801a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700054
PM 1436058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARLEY, HG
   BROOK, JD
   RUNDLE, SA
   CROW, S
   REARDON, W
   BUCKLER, AJ
   HARPER, PS
   HOUSMAN, DE
   SHAW, DJ
AF HARLEY, HG
   BROOK, JD
   RUNDLE, SA
   CROW, S
   REARDON, W
   BUCKLER, AJ
   HARPER, PS
   HOUSMAN, DE
   SHAW, DJ
TI EXPANSION OF AN UNSTABLE DNA REGION AND PHENOTYPIC VARIATION IN MYOTONIC-DYSTROPHY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene
AB MYOTONIC dystrophy is the commonest adult form of muscular dystrophy, with an estimated incidence of 1 per 7,500, although this is likely to be an underestimate because of the difficulty of detecting minimally affected individuals. It is a multisystem autosomal dominant disorder of unknown biochemical basis 1. No case of new mutation has been proven. We have isolated a human genomic clone that detects novel restriction fragments specific to individuals with myotonic dystrophy. A two-allele EcoRI polymorphism is seen in normal individuals, but in most affected individuals one of the normal alleles is replaced by a larger fragment, which Varies in length both between unrelated affected individuals and within families. The unstable nature of this region may explain the characteristic variation in severity and age at onset of the disease. A second polymorphism at this locus is in almost complete linkage disequilibrium with myotonic dystrophy, strongly supporting our earlier results which indicated that most cases are descended from one original mutation 2.
C1 MIT,CTR CANC RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP HARLEY, HG (corresponding author), UNIV WALES COLL MED,INST MED GENET,HEATH PK,CARDIFF CF4 6EJ,WALES.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 717
Z9 762
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 545
EP 546
DI 10.1038/355545a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600058
PM 1346923
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARTIN, EL
   REBOLO, R
   CASARES, J
   CHARLES, PA
AF MARTIN, EL
   REBOLO, R
   CASARES, J
   CHARLES, PA
TI HIGH LITHIUM ABUNDANCE IN THE SECONDARY OF THE BLACK-HOLE BINARY-SYSTEM V404 CYGNI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID main-sequence stars; solar-type stars; li-7; evolution; hyades
AB THE maximum abundance of lithium in the oldest stars of the Galaxy is a factor of ten less than that of young stars and the local interstellar medium 1, prompting an active search for sources of lithium. Type II supernovae, novae and accretion disks around black holes may be important sites of lithium production 2,3. Stars in general are unlikely to produce lithium, as it is destroyed in their interiors through (p, alpha) reactions. Recently we showed that the transient X-ray source V404 Cyg is a low-mass X-ray binary with a black-hole primary 4. Here we describe the discovery of lithium in the spectrum of V404 Cyg, as has also been noted independently by Wallerstein 5 in our previously published spectra 4. We derive a high lithium abundance in the secondary star of V404 Cyg, close to that of very young stars. Without lithium production, the secondary would have to be comparable in age to the Pleiades cluster (approximately 100 Myr). If we are not seeing the system at an early moment in its lifetime, there must have been lithium production, which could be associated either with the supernova explosion that created it, or with the accretion disk now there. Further observations of this and similar systems may reveal that they are important sources of galactic lithium enrichment.
C1 ROYAL GREENWICH OBSERV,E-38780 SANTA CRUZ PALMA,SPAIN.
   DEPT ASTROPHYS,OXFORD OX1 3RH,ENGLAND.
RP MARTIN, EL (corresponding author), INST ASTROFIS CANARIAS,E-38200 LA LAGUNA,SPAIN.
NR 24
TC 57
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 129
EP 131
DI 10.1038/358129a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EVANS, RJ
   DERKACH, V
   SURPRENANT, A
AF EVANS, RJ
   DERKACH, V
   SURPRENANT, A
TI ATP MEDIATES FAST SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN MAMMALIAN NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse vas-deferens; autonomic neurotransmission; suramin; cells; rat; autoreceptors; vesicles; single
AB IN addition to its diverse functions inside cells, ATP can act at several types of cell-surface receptor 1-3.  One of these (P2X-purinoceptor) is believed to be a ligand-gated cation channel 1-6. The presence of P2X receptors on autonomic, sensory and central neurons suggests that ATP might be released to act as a fast excitatory synaptic transmitter. Here we record excitatory synaptic potentials and currents from cultured coeliac ganglion neurons which are mimicked by ATP, blocked by the P2-purinoceptor antagonist suramin, desensitized by alpha,beta-methylene-ATP and unaffected by antagonists acting at nicotine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), non-NMDA glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline or adenosine receptors. We conclude that ATP is the neurotransmitter at this neuroneuronal synapse.
RP EVANS, RJ (corresponding author), OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,VOLLUM INST,PORTLAND,OR 97201, USA.
NR 24
TC 516
Z9 542
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 503
EP 505
DI 10.1038/357503a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200065
PM 1351659
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KULLMANN, DM
   NICOLL, RA
AF KULLMANN, DM
   NICOLL, RA
TI LONG-TERM POTENTIATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASES IN QUANTAL CONTENT AND QUANTAL AMPLITUDE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID presynaptic mechanism; hippocampal slices; perforant path; neurons; induction; algorithm; release
AB LONG-TERM potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission in CA1 neurons of the hippocampus, elicited by the conjunction of presynaptic firing and postsynaptic depolarization, is an important model of plasticity, which may underlie memory storage 1-3. Although induction of LTP takes place in the postsynaptic cell 4-7, it is not clear whether it is expressed through an enhancement of transmitter release 8-12 or through an increased postsynaptic response to the same amount of transmitter 13-16. Analysis of the trial-to-trial amplitude fluctuations of synaptic signals, that is quantal analysis, gives an important insight into the probabilistic mechanisms of transmission, although attempts to apply it to the mode of expression of LTP have so far yielded inconsistent results 9-12,15, at least in part because they have relied on models of transmitter release that have not been confirmed experimentally 17-19. Here we report clear evidence for quantal fluctuation in a subset of cells. Induction of LTP in these cells causes abrupt increases in either quantal content or quantal amplitude, or both. This shows that two different mechanisms can underlie the maintenance of LTP.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 31
TC 238
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 240
EP 244
DI 10.1038/357240a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500054
PM 1317014
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JOHNSON, NA
   PEREZ, DE
   CABOT, EL
   HOLLOCHER, H
   WU, CI
AF JOHNSON, NA
   PEREZ, DE
   CABOT, EL
   HOLLOCHER, H
   WU, CI
TI A TEST OF RECIPROCAL X-Y INTERACTIONS AS A CAUSE OF HYBRID STERILITY IN DROSOPHILA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID haldane rule; chromosome; pseudoobscura; melanogaster; persimilis
AB ELUCIDATION of the nature of the gene interactions that underly the sterility of interspecific hybrids is important in evolutionary biology1,2. The interactions between the heterospecific X and Y (or Z and W) chromosomes are often used as an explanation for two reasons. First, the fertility of the hybrids of the heterogametic sex is much more often affected than that of the homogametic sex (Haldane's rule3) and X-Y interactions are specific to the heterogametic sex. Second, sex chromosomes, especially the X chromosome, are often considered to be of special importance in determining the fertility of hybrids1,2,4. X-Y interactions have been addressed in studies of males with a heterospecific Y chromosome in a mixed genetic background5-8. A more stringent test of the X-Y interaction model requires each X chromosome sterility factor to be tested separately for its interaction with the Y chromosome in a homogeneous background of the pure species. Here we report such a test of the X-Y interaction model and conclude that X-Y interactions should not be assumed to be the only or even the most common cause of hybrid sterility.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT BIOL,ROCHESTER,NY 14627.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Rochester
NR 16
TC 47
Z9 49
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 751
EP 753
DI 10.1038/358751a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900051
PM 1508270
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEUTSCH, JC
   NEFDT, RJC
AF DEUTSCH, JC
   NEFDT, RJC
TI OLFACTORY CUES INFLUENCE FEMALE CHOICE IN 2 LEK-BREEDING ANTELOPES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID male mating success; mate choice; fallow deer; lekking; behavior
AB PRONOUNCED differences in mating success between males holding territories clustered on traditional mating grounds (leks) are commonly cited as evidence of female choice for male phenotypes 1-6, but female ungulates appear to prefer particular territories 6-12 even when no other individuals are on the lek 11,12. Female choice of territories may be influenced by spatial features 7-10,12, but observations suggest that females may also be attracted to successful territories by olfactory cues in the soil 13. Here we report that transferring the topsoil between successful and unsuccessful territories on leks of two reduncine antelope species caused the numbers of females and matings on the unsuccessful territories to increase tenfold. Females were probably attracted to the soil by smells that had accumulated from heavy use by other females. Because of this attraction, stochastic process may play an important part in generating the variance in mating success between territory holders on leks.
RP DEUTSCH, JC (corresponding author), DEPT ZOOL,LARGE ANIM RES GRP,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ,ENGLAND.
NR 27
TC 50
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 596
EP 598
DI 10.1038/356596a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100046
PM 1560842
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEBER, S
   TRAUNECKER, A
   OLIVERI, F
   GERHARD, W
   KARJALAINEN, K
AF WEBER, S
   TRAUNECKER, A
   OLIVERI, F
   GERHARD, W
   KARJALAINEN, K
TI SPECIFIC LOW-AFFINITY RECOGNITION OF MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX PLUS PEPTIDE BY SOLUBLE T-CELL RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen; hemagglutinin; determinant; antibody; lines; site
AB THE T-cell receptor is necessary and sufficient for recognition of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules 1,2. Other adhesion molecules, like CD4 or CD8, play an auxiliary role in antigen recognition by T cells 3,4. Here we analyse T-cell receptor (TCR) binding using a soluble rather than a cell-bound receptor molecule. A TCR-immunoglobulin chimaera is constructed with the variable and the first constant regions of both the TCR alpha- and beta-chains linked to the immunoglobulin light-chain constant regions. This soluble TCR is expressed, assembled and secreted as an alpha-beta-heterodimer by a myeloma cell line transfected with the recombinant genes. Furthermore, the soluble TCR is biologically active: it specifically inhibits antigen-dependent activation of the relevant T-cell clones and thus discriminates between proper and irrelevant peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules.
C1 WISTAR INST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 The Wistar Institute
RP WEBER, S (corresponding author), BASEL INST IMMUNOL,GRENZACHERSTR 487,CH-4005 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 23
TC 222
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 793
EP 796
DI 10.1038/356793a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600050
PM 1315417
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU READ, JF
   GOULD, WJ
AF READ, JF
   GOULD, WJ
TI COOLING AND FRESHENING OF THE SUBPOLAR NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN SINCE THE 1960S
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID labrador sea-water; interpentadal variability; temperature; salinity
AB LITTLE is known of the interdecadal variability in the thermohaline circulation of the world's oceans, yet such knowledge is essential as a background to studies of the effects of natural and anthropogenic climate change. The subpolar North Atlantic is an area of extensive water mass modification by heat loss to the atmosphere. Lying as it does at the northern limit of the global thermohaline "conveyor belt"12, changes in this region may ultimately have global consequences. Here we report that in August 1991 the waters between Greenland and the United Kingdom were on average 0.08-degrees-C and 0.15-degrees-C colder than in 1962 and 1981, respectively, and slightly less saline than in 1962. The cause appears to be renewed formation of intermediate water in the Labrador Sea from cooler and fresher source waters, and the spreading of this water mass from the west. Variations nn the source characteristics of Labrador Sea Water can be traced across the North Atlantic, with a circulation time of 18-19 years between the Labrador Sea and Rockall Trough. More recently formed Labrador Sea Water, with even lower temperature and salinity, should cool and freshen the North Atlantic still further as it circulates around the ocean in the coming decade.
RP READ, JF (corresponding author), INST OCEANOG SCI,DEACON LAB,BROOK RD,WORMLEY GU8 5UB,SURREY,ENGLAND.
NR 15
TC 84
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 55
EP 57
DI 10.1038/360055a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LASIC, DD
AF LASIC, DD
TI MIXED MICELLES IN DRUG DELIVERY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amphotericin-b
RP LASIC, DD (corresponding author), LIPOSOME TECHNOL INC,1050 HAMILTON COURT,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA.
NR 15
TC 160
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 279
EP 280
DI 10.1038/355279a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400077
PM 1731228
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TUGRUL, S
   BASTURK, O
   SAYDAM, C
   YILMAZ, A
AF TUGRUL, S
   BASTURK, O
   SAYDAM, C
   YILMAZ, A
TI CHANGES IN THE HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE BLACK-SEA INFERRED FROM WATER DENSITY PROFILES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB DURING the past two decades, catastrophic changes have occurred in the Black Sea ecosystem: the influx of pollution from the major rivers has caused intense eutrophication at the northwest coastal margin1, and fish stocks have collapsed throughout the sea2. The hydrochemical details of these events are still poorly understood3-7, and a way needs to be found to distinguish long-term variations from short-term natural fluctuations3,4 if future management of the Black Sea ecosystem is to be successful. We show here that a coherent description may be achieved by analysing the hydrochemical data as a function of water density rather than depth. Our findings suggest that, contrary to the suggestion of Murray et al.3, the upper boundary of the low-lying anoxic waters has remained stationary since 1969, whereas the intermediate suboxic zone has enlarged, reducing the overall depth of the oxygenated upper waters by approximately 20 m. Moreover, a long-term increase in the nitrate concentration and a concomitant decrease in the silicate and ammonia concentrations in this upper layer are indicative of the considerable changes taking place in the biochemical regime of the Black Sea.
RP TUGRUL, S (corresponding author), MIDDLE E TECH UNIV,INST MARINE SCI,POB 28,ERDEMLI 33731,TURKEY.
NR 22
TC 121
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 137
EP 139
DI 10.1038/359137a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BALL, P
   GARWIN, L
AF BALL, P
   GARWIN, L
TI SCIENCE AT THE ATOMIC SCALE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 9
TC 320
Z9 383
U1 3
U2 160
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 761
EP 766
DI 10.1038/355761a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600020
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SORGER, PK
   MURRAY, AW
AF SORGER, PK
   MURRAY, AW
TI S-PHASE FEEDBACK-CONTROL IN BUDDING YEAST INDEPENDENT OF TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION OF P34CDC28
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission yeast; cell-cycle; mitosis
AB IN somatic cells, entry into mitosis depends on the completion of DNA synthesis. This dependency is established by S-phase feedback controls that arrest cell division when damaged or unreplicated DNA is present 1.  In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, mutations that interfere with the phosphorylation of tyrosine 15 (Y15) of p34cdc2,the protein kinase subunit of maturation promoting factor, accelerate the entry into mitosis and abolish the ability of unreplicated DNA to arrest cells in G2 (ref. 2). Because the tyrosine phosphorylation of p34cdc2 is conserved in S. pombe 3, Xenopus 4, chicken 5 and human 6 cells, the regulation of p34cdc2-Y15 phosphorylation could be a universal mechanism mediating the S-phase feedback control and regulating the initiation of Mitosis 7,8.  We have investigated these phenomena in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We report here that the CDC28 gene product (the S. cerevisiae homologue of cdc2) is phosphorylated on the equivalent tyrosine (Y19) during S phase but that mutations that prevent tyrosine phosphorylation do not lead to premature mitosis and do not abolish feedback controls. We have therefore demonstrated a mechanism that does not involve tyrosine phosphorylation of p34 by which cells arrest their division in response to the presence of unreplicated or damaged DNA. We speculate that this mechanism may not involve the inactivation of p34 catalytic activity.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP SORGER, PK (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 19
TC 250
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 365
EP 368
DI 10.1038/355365a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100073
PM 1731250
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BELL, RE
   BUCK, WR
AF BELL, RE
   BUCK, WR
TI CRUSTAL CONTROL OF RIDGE SEGMENTATION INFERRED FROM OBSERVATIONS OF THE REYKJANES RIDGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-atlantic ridge
AB LARGE-AMPLITUDE variations in topography and inferred crustal thickness along the axes of mid-ocean ridges, often referred to as segmentation 1, are mainly observed at slow-spreading ridges 2-4. This observation has led to the suggestion that mantle processes give rise to segmentation only when spreading rates are lows 5,6. Here we make the alternative proposal that the development of segmentation is controlled by the temperature of the crust: segmentation cannot develop when the lower crust is hot enough to undergo rapid ductile flow. Thermal models predict that thick crust at a slow-spreading ridge may be as hot as normal-thickness crust along fast-spreading ridges; we accordingly test our hypothesis at a slow-spreading ridge characterized by thick crust-the Reykjanes Ridge. Topography and gravity data along the Reykjanes Ridge axis indeed show an absence of segmentation, suggesting that the thermal state of the crust, rather than any mantle process, controls the development of this structure.
RP BELL, RE (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 20
TC 85
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 583
EP 586
DI 10.1038/357583a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KULKARNI, SR
   PHINNEY, ES
   EVANS, CR
   HASINGER, G
AF KULKARNI, SR
   PHINNEY, ES
   EVANS, CR
   HASINGER, G
TI X-RAY-DETECTION OF THE ECLIPSING MILLISECOND PULSAR PSR1957+20
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical counterpart; nebula; radiation; model
AB IN the binary millisecond pulsar system PSR1957 + 20 (ref. 1), a wind from the pulsar is ablating a low-mass (0.02 solar mass) companion and also inflating a local nebula2 confined by the ram pressure of the interstellar medium. We have detected X-ray emission from this system, using the Rosat satellite. X-ray emission is expected from the pulsar magnetosphere and the two shocks of the pulsar wind, one at the companion and the other inside the nebula. Our observations show that less than 20% of the pulsar's spin-down luminosity can be carried away by electrons and positrons with Lorentz factor gamma almost-equal-to 10(5), and less than 5% by electrons and positrons with gamma almost-equal-to 10(8). Neither of these fluxes can provide the penetrating flux required to heat the companion's photosphere. These observations and those in the accompanying paper by Fruchter et al.3 represent the first direct diagnostics of the relativistic wind from a weakly magnetized pulsar, and suggest that the wind differs substantially from that of the more highly magnetized Crab pulsar.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERRESTR PHYS,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Max Planck Society
RP KULKARNI, SR (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV PHYS MATH & ASTRON,105-24,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 18
TC 40
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 300
EP 302
DI 10.1038/359300a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JONKERS, G
   VONKEMAN, KA
   VANDERWAL, SWA
   VANSANTEN, RA
AF JONKERS, G
   VONKEMAN, KA
   VANDERWAL, SWA
   VANSANTEN, RA
TI SURFACE CATALYSIS STUDIED BY INSITU POSITRON EMISSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID co oxidation; temperature; tomograph
AB A COMPLETE understanding of heterogeneous catalytic processes requires quantitative in situ information on the concentrations of reactants present on the catalyst surface, but few techniques are available to supply this information. Here we show that positron-emitter labelling and scanning, using the isotopes C-11, N-13 and O-15, can be used to study the reactions taking place during the catalytic conversion of automotive exhaust. By introducing small pulses of labelled molecules into a reactant stream passing through the catalyst, in situ quantitative information on the concentrations and residence times of reactants in the reactor is obtained. The labels are detected using a positron camera, an imaging device adapted from nuclear medicine, and the recorded data are presented as 'reaction images', showing quantitatively the distribution of the label in the catalyst bed as a function of position and time. These data can then be used to quantify reaction kinetics by serving as the input to mathematical simulations based on elementary reaction steps.
RP JONKERS, G (corresponding author), KONINKLIJKE SHELL EXPTL PROD LAB,POB 3003,1003 AA AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
NR 13
TC 31
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/355063a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOLLER, AP
AF MOLLER, AP
TI FEMALE SWALLOW PREFERENCE FOR SYMMETRICAL MALE SEXUAL ORNAMENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluctuating asymmetry; tail length; choice
AB MANY secondary sexual characters are supposed to have evolved as a response to female choice of the most extravagantly ornamented males 1, a hypothesis supported by studies demonstrating female preferences for the most ornamented males 2-5. Comparative studies of elaborate feather ornaments in birds have shown that (1) ornaments have larger degrees of fluctuating asymmetry 6 (small, random deviations from bilateral symmetry caused by an inability of individuals to cope with environmental and genetic stress during development of a character 7) than other morphological traits, and (2) the degree of fluctuating asymmetry is often negatively related to the size of the ornament 6. The negative relationship between ornament asymmetry and size suggests that ornament size reliably reflects male quality because the largest secondary sex traits demonstrate the least degree of fluctuating asymmetry. I manipulated tail length and tail asymmetry independently in male swallows (Hirundo rustica) to determine whether ornament size or asymmetry were used as cues in mate choice. Male swallows with elongated, symmetric tails mated earlier, and enjoyed larger annual reproductive success than did males with shortened tails and increased asymmetry. Females therefore prefer large as well as symmetric ornaments, which suggests that females in their mate choice use ornament asymmetry and size as reliable indicators of male quality.
C1 UNIV UPPSALA,DEPT ZOOL,S-75122 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
C3 Uppsala University
NR 15
TC 411
Z9 430
U1 0
U2 98
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 238
EP 240
DI 10.1038/357238a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500053
PM 1589021
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THORSETT, SE
AF THORSETT, SE
TI IDENTIFICATION OF THE PULSAR PSR1509-58 WITH THE GUEST STAR OF AD 185
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID super-nova remnant; x-ray pulsar; g320.4-1.2; msh-15-52; rcw-86
AB ON 7 December 185, astronomers at the imperial observatory of Lo-Yang, in central China, reported a 'guest star' in the southern sky. Their records of its appearance, gradual fading and disappearance constitute the oldest compelling historical account of a supernova. It is widely believed that the remnant of this explosion is MSH14-63, but the identification is problematic, in particular because the position of MSH14-63 with respect to the Sun and the horizon would have made it invisible for some of the time when the guest star was said to be visible. I argue here that the Chinese astronomers actually witnessed the birth of the pulsar PSR1509-58 in the supernova remnant MSH15-52. This is then only the second pulsar, after that in the Crab nebula (PSR0531 + 21), to have a known age. Timing measurements of the age of PSR1509-58 are consistent with its birth approximately 1,800 years ago, and future measurements of the distance to MSH15-52 and its rate of expansion should conclusively establish or disprove this identification.
RP THORSETT, SE (corresponding author), CALTECH,OWENS VALLEY RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,105-24,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 24
TC 31
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 690
EP 691
DI 10.1038/356690a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GUAN, JL
   SHALLOWAY, D
AF GUAN, JL
   SHALLOWAY, D
TI REGULATION OF FOCAL ADHESION-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE BY BOTH CELLULAR ADHESION AND ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphorylation; pp60c-src; cells; antibody; sites
AB INCREASING evidence indicates that the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors can transduce biochemical signals from the extracellular matrix to the cell interior to modulate cell growth and differentiation1. We have shown that integrin/ligand interactions can trigger tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein of M(r) 120,000 (pp120), so it is possible that signal transduction by integrins might involve activation of intracellular protein tyrosine kinases as an early event in cell binding to the extracellular matrix2. Here we report that pp120 is identical to the focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase pp125FAK (refs 3,4). We show that tyrosine phosphorylation of this protein is modulated both by cell adhesion and transformation by pp60v-src, and that these changes in phosphorylation are correlated with increased pp125FAK tyrosine kinase activity. A model is proposed to relate these findings to the molecular basis of anchorage-independent growth of transformed cells.
C1 CORNELL UNIV,BIOCHEM MOLEC & CELL BIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853.
C3 Cornell University
RP GUAN, JL (corresponding author), CORNELL UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,CANC BIOL LABS,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA.
NR 14
TC 803
Z9 869
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 690
EP 692
DI 10.1038/358690a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200061
PM 1379699
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOND, G
   HEINRICH, H
   BROECKER, W
   LABEYRIE, L
   MCMANUS, J
   ANDREWS, J
   HUON, S
   JANTSCHIK, R
   CLASEN, S
   SIMET, C
   TEDESCO, K
   KLAS, M
   BONANI, G
   IVY, S
AF BOND, G
   HEINRICH, H
   BROECKER, W
   LABEYRIE, L
   MCMANUS, J
   ANDREWS, J
   HUON, S
   JANTSCHIK, R
   CLASEN, S
   SIMET, C
   TEDESCO, K
   KLAS, M
   BONANI, G
   IVY, S
TI EVIDENCE FOR MASSIVE DISCHARGES OF ICEBERGS INTO THE NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN DURING THE LAST GLACIAL PERIOD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB SEDIMENTS in the North Atlantic ocean contain a series of layers that are rich in ice-rafted debris and unusually poor in foraminifera1. Here we present evidence that the most recent six of these 'Heinrich layers', deposited between 14,000 and 70,000 years ago, record marked decreases in sea surface temperature and salinity, decreases in the flux of planktonic foraminifera to the sediments, and short-lived, massive discharges of icebergs originating in eastern Canada. The path of the icebergs, clearly marked by the presence of ice-rafted detrital carbonate, can be traced for more than 3,000 km-a remarkable distance, attesting to extreme cooling of surface waters and enormous amounts of drifting ice. The cause of these extreme events is puzzling. They may reflect repeated rapid advances of the Laurentide ice sheet, perhaps associated with reductions in air temperatures, yet temperature records from Greenland ice cores appear to exhibit only a weak corresponding signal. Moreover, the 5-10,000-yr intervals between the events are inconsistent with Milankovitch orbital periodicities, raising the question of what the ultimate cause of the postulated cooling may have been.
C1 BUNDESAMT SEESCHIFFAHRT & HYDROG,W-2000 HAMBURG 36,GERMANY.
   CEA,CNRS,CFR LAB MIXTE,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
   UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES & GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   DEPT MINERAL,CH-1211 GENEVA 4,SWITZERLAND.
   INST GEOL,CH-2007 NEUCHATEL,SWITZERLAND.
   INST GEOL & PALAONTOL,SEDIMENT GEOL ABT,W-3400 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
   INST GEOL & PALAONTOL,W-7400 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
   SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,INST MITTELENERGIEPHYS,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Geneva; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP BOND, G (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 28
TC 1261
Z9 1450
U1 3
U2 348
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 245
EP 249
DI 10.1038/360245a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEHNER, R
   MARSH, AC
   WEHNER, S
AF WEHNER, R
   MARSH, AC
   WEHNER, S
TI DESERT ANTS ON A THERMAL TIGHTROPE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MANY animals restrict their foraging activities to certain times of the day or night, but the Saharan silver ant Cataglyphis bombycina is exceptional in that all foragers leave their underground nest in an explosive outburst confined to a few minutes per day during the hottest midday period. The foraging activity of this 'thermophilic' ant is compressed into a small thermal window by predatory pressure on the one hand and heat stress on the other.
C1 UNIV NAMIBIA,DEPT ZOOL,WINDHOEK,NAMIBIA.
C3 University of Namibia
RP WEHNER, R (corresponding author), UNIV ZURICH,DEPT ZOOL,WINTERTHURERSTR 190,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 22
TC 155
Z9 172
U1 1
U2 89
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 586
EP 587
DI 10.1038/357586a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BROADHURST, TJ
   ELLIS, RS
   GLAZEBROOK, K
AF BROADHURST, TJ
   ELLIS, RS
   GLAZEBROOK, K
TI FAINT GALAXIES - EVOLUTION AND COSMOLOGICAL CURVATURE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID redshift survey
AB RECENT observations of faint galaxies at near-infrared wavelengths 1-3 reveal a surprisingly low surface density when compared to the excess of blue galaxies seen at optical wavelengths 4. Attempts to determine the cosmological curvature from the asymptotic surface density of faint galaxies thus produce conflicting results 3, 5-7. We propose to resolve this conflict with an evolutionary model in which galaxies merge at recent look-back times. The contrast between optical and infrared galaxy counts then follows from the very different lifetimes of stellar types contributing to emission in the galactic rest-frame. Together with evidence we present an increased star formation rate in galaxies at moderate redshift, the merging model can account for both the number-magnitude relations and available redshift distributions. A clear prediction is that there should be an absence of high-redshift galaxies in deep infrared-selected surveys. If correct, the model confirms earlier suspicions that galaxies cannot be used as reliable tracers of the geometry of the Universe.
C1 UNIV DURHAM,DEPT PHYS,DURHAM DH1 3LE,ENGLAND.
C3 Durham University
RP BROADHURST, TJ (corresponding author), ROYAL OBSERV,EDINBURGH EH9 3HJ,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
NR 22
TC 239
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/355055a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHERMAN, MY
   GOLDBERG, AL
AF SHERMAN, MY
   GOLDBERG, AL
TI HEAT-SHOCK IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI ALTERS THE PROTEIN-BINDING PROPERTIES OF THE CHAPERONIN GROEL BY INDUCING ITS PHOSPHORYLATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB WHEN bacterial or eukaryotic cells are exposed to high temperatures or other harsh conditions, they respond by synthesis of a specific set of heat-shock proteins 1-3. Certain heat-shock proteins such as groEL, called 'chaperonins', can prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under harmful conditions 2,4. We report here a new aspect of the heat-shock response in Escherichia coli: at high temperatures a fraction of groEL becomes modified covalently, altering its interaction with unfolded proteins. The heat-modified form can be eluted with ATP from an unfolded protein more easily than normal groEL. The critical heat-induced modification seems to be phosphorylation, which is reversed on return to low temperature. Treatment of the modified groEL with phosphatases caused its apparent size, charge and binding properties to resemble those of the unmodified form. Thus during heat shock some groEL is reversibly phosphorylated, which allows its ATP-dependent release from protein substrates in the absence of its usual cofactor (groES), and probably promotes the repair of damaged polypeptides.
RP SHERMAN, MY (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELLULAR & MOLEC PHYSIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 18
TC 97
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 167
EP 169
DI 10.1038/357167a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200061
PM 1349729
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEDGES, SB
   BOGART, JP
   MAXSON, LR
AF HEDGES, SB
   BOGART, JP
   MAXSON, LR
TI ANCESTRY OF UNISEXUAL SALAMANDERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jeffersonianum complex; ambystoma; origin; sequences
AB IN eastern North America there are populations of all-female salamanders that incorporate the nuclear genomes of two or three of four sympatric bisexual species. The hybrids can be diploid, triploid, tetraploid or pentaploid, and 18 different combinations have been reported. All hybrids require sperm from a sympatric male of one of the bisexual species to reproduce, but the sperm may or may not be incorporated in the egg. Some of the hybrids are believed to represent separate, clonal species, but little is known of the origin of this hybrid complex. Vertebrate mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally, allowing identification of the female parent that gave rise to hybrid lineages. A portion of the cytochrome b gene was sequenced from diploid and triploid hybrids that represent combinations of all four species. Nearly all hybrids had a similar mitochondrial genome sequence, independent of nuclear genome composition and ploidy, and the sequence was distinct from that of any of the four bisexual species. The hybrids maintain a mitochondrial lineage that has evolved independently of their nuclear genome and represent the most ancient known unisexual vertebrate lineage.
C1 UNIV GUELPH,DEPT ZOOL,GUELPH N1G 2W1,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 University of Guelph
RP HEDGES, SB (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,INST MOLEC EVOLUT GENET,UNIV PK,PA 16802, USA.
NR 25
TC 113
Z9 131
U1 3
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 708
EP 710
DI 10.1038/356708a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600059
PM 1570014
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GETZOFF, ED
   CABELLI, DE
   FISHER, CL
   PARGE, HE
   VIEZZOLI, MS
   BANCI, L
   HALLEWELL, RA
AF GETZOFF, ED
   CABELLI, DE
   FISHER, CL
   PARGE, HE
   VIEZZOLI, MS
   BANCI, L
   HALLEWELL, RA
TI FASTER SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE MUTANTS DESIGNED BY ENHANCING ELECTROSTATIC GUIDANCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pulse radiolysis; copper; enzyme; simulation; mechanism; diffusion; substrate; sequence; protein; site
AB THE enzyme Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) protects against oxidative damage by dismuting the superoxide radical O2.- to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide1-3 at the active-site Cu ion4,5 in a reaction that is rate-limited by diffusion3,6 and enhanced by electrostatic guidance7-10. SOD has evolved to be one of the fastest enzymes known (V(max) approximately 2 x 10(9) M-1 s-1)6,11. The new crystal structures of human SOD12 show that amino-acid site chains that are implicated in electrostatic guidance8 (Glu 132, Glu 133 and Lys 136) form a hydrogen-bonding network. Here we show that site-specific mutants that increase local positive charge while maintaining this orienting network (Glu --> Gln) have faster reaction rates and increased ionic-strength dependence, matching brownian dynamics simulations incorporating electrostatic terms. Increased positive charge alone is insufficient: one charge reversal (Glu --> Lys) mutant is slower than the equivalent charge neutralization (Glu --> Gln) mutant, showing that the newly introduced positive charge disrupts the orienting network. Thus, electrostatically facilitated diffusion rates can be increased by design, provided the detailed structural integrity of the active-site electrostatic network is maintained.
C1 BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DEPT CHEM, LONG ISL, NY 11973 USA.
   UNIV FLORENCE, DEPT CHEM, I-50121 FLORENCE, ITALY.
   CHIRON CORP, EMERYVILLE, CA 94608 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of Florence; Novartis; Novartis USA
RP GETZOFF, ED (corresponding author), SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
NR 32
TC 381
Z9 419
U1 1
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 347
EP 351
DI 10.1038/358347a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400069
PM 1353610
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MILLER, B
   SARANTIS, M
   TRAYNELIS, SF
   ATTWELL, D
AF MILLER, B
   SARANTIS, M
   TRAYNELIS, SF
   ATTWELL, D
TI POTENTIATION OF NMDA RECEPTOR CURRENTS BY ARACHIDONIC-ACID
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; methyl-d-aspartate; protein kinase-c; nordihydroguaiaretic acid; striatal neurons; glutamate uptake; 2nd messengers; dentate gyrus; fatty-acids; rat
AB ARACHIDONIC acid is released by phospholipase A2 when activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by neurotransmitter glutamate raises the calcium concentration in neurons 1,2, for example during the initiation of long-term potentiation and during brain anoxia 3,4.  Here we investigate the effect of arachidonic acid on glutamate-gated ion channels by whole-cell clamping isolated cerebellar granule cells. Arachidonic acid potentiates, and makes more transient, the current through NMDA receptor channels, and slightly reduces the current through non-NMDA receptor channels. Potentiation of the NMDA receptor current results from an increase in channel open probability, with no change in open channel current. We observe potentiation even with saturating levels of agonist at the glutamate- and glycine-binding sites on these channels; it does not result from conversion of arachidonic acid to lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase derivatives, or from activation of protein kinase C. Arachidonic acid may act by binding to a site on the NMDA receptor, or by modifying the receptor's lipid environment. Our results suggest that arachidonic acid released by activation of NMDA (or other) receptors will potentiate NMDA receptor currents, and thus amplify increases in intracellular calcium concentration caused by glutamate. This may explain why inhibition of phospholipase A2 blocks the induction of long-term potentiation 5.
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT PHARMACOL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP MILLER, B (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT PHYSIOL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 421
Z9 449
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 722
EP 725
DI 10.1038/355722a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400062
PM 1371330
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GODTHELP, H
   ARCHER, M
   CIFELLI, R
   HAND, SJ
   GILKESON, CF
AF GODTHELP, H
   ARCHER, M
   CIFELLI, R
   HAND, SJ
   GILKESON, CF
TI EARLIEST KNOWN AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY MAMMAL FAUNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultrastructural variation; enamel structure; marsupials; monotreme
AB REMAINS of Early Eocene vertebrates from freshwater clays near Murgon, southeastern Queensland, represent Australia's oldest marsupials, bats, non-volant placentals, frogs, madtsoiid snakes, trionychid turtles 1 and birds. Radiometric dating of illites forming part of the matrix of the mammal-bearing zone has given a minimum age estimate of 54.6 +/- 0.05 x 10(6) years, which is roughly twice as old as any marsupials previously known from Australia 2 and well before the 38 million year (Myr) separation of Australia from Antarctica/South America 3. All marsupials so far known from the Tingamarra Local Fauna are more derived (being dilambdodont) than peradectids. None of them is clearly a member of a previously known Australian family, but some could be uniquely plesiomorphic dasyuroids or perameloids. Another is autapomorphically specialized and indicative of at least partial isolation of the Australian portion of Gondwana. Here we report on the discovery of a tooth of the earliest non-volant placental known from Australia, Tingamarra porterorum gen. et sp. nov., which seems to be a condylarth-like placental mammal. The presence of non-volant placentals in the Early Tertiary of Australia challenges a common presumption that marsupials dominated Australia's therian assemblages because of failure of such placentals to reach Australia before the Late Tertiary.
C1 UNIV OKLAHOMA, OKLAHOMA MUSEUM NAT HIST, NORMAN, OK 73019 USA.
   WESTMEAD HOSP, WESTMEAD DENT CLIN, WESTMEAD, NSW, AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman; University of Sydney; NSW Health; Westmead Hospital
RP GODTHELP, H (corresponding author), UNIV NEW S WALES, SCH BIOL SCI, POB 1, KENSINGTON, NSW 2033, AUSTRALIA.
NR 37
TC 98
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 514
EP 516
DI 10.1038/356514a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WHITMAN, M
   MELTON, DA
AF WHITMAN, M
   MELTON, DA
TI INVOLVEMENT OF P21RAS IN XENOPUS MESODERM INDUCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ha-ras mutation; growth-factors; activin-a; embryos; cells; differentiation; embryogenesis; gastrulation; laevis; genes
AB DURING early vertebrate embryogenesis, mesoderm is specified by a signal emanating from prospective endoderm. This signal can respecify Xenopus prospective ectoderm as mesoderm, and can be mimicked by members of the fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta families 1,2. In other systems, the p21c-ras proto-oncogene product has been implicated in signal transduction for various polypeptide growth factors. We report here that a dominant inhibitory ras mutant blocks the mesoderm-inducing activity of fibroblast growth factor and activin, as well as the endogenous inducing activity of prospective endoderm. A constitutively active ras mutant partially mimics these activities. These results indicate that p21ras may have a central role in the transduction of the mesoderm inductive signal. Basic fibroblast growth factor 3,4 and activin 5-8 have emerged as candidates for endogenous mesoderm-inducing molecules. The character of the mesoderm induced by these two factors is overlapping but distinct when assessed both by histological and molecular criteria 9,10. The signal transduction pathways used during induction by these factors are unknown. We used messenger RNA microinjection of Xenopus eggs to express a dominant inhibitory mutant ras, p21(Asn 17)Ha-ras, in cells competent to respond to inducing factors to examine the role of p21ras in this response. This mutant, which has a reduced affinity for GTP relative to GDP 11, blocks a variety of mitogenic signals in 3T3 fibroblasts 12 as well as the differentiation of pheochromocytoma cells in response to nerve growth factor 13.
C1 DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
NR 29
TC 182
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 252
EP 254
DI 10.1038/357252a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500058
PM 1589022
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHLUNEGGER, MP
   GRUTTER, MG
AF SCHLUNEGGER, MP
   GRUTTER, MG
TI AN UNUSUAL FEATURE REVEALED BY THE CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AT 2.2-ANGSTROM RESOLUTION OF HUMAN TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor-beta; macromolecular crystallography; proteins; refinement; complex; pattern; program; member
AB TRANSFORMING growth factor type-beta-2 (TGF-beta-2)1 is a member of an expanding family of growth factors that regulate proliferation and differentiation of many different cell types2,3. TGF-beta-2 binds to various receptors4, one of which was shown to be a serine/threonine kinase5. TGF-beta-2 is involved in wound healing6, bone formation7 and modulation of immune functions8. We report here the crystal structure of TGF-beta-2 at 2.2 angstrom resolution, which reveals a novel monomer fold and dimer association. The monomer consists of two antiparallel pairs of beta-strands forming a flat curved surface and a separate, long alpha-helix. The disulphide-rich core has one disulphide bond pointing through a ring formed by the sequence motifs Cys-Ala-Gly-Ala-Cys and Cys-Lys-Cys, which are themselves connected through the cysteines. Two monomers are connected through a single disulphide bridge and associate such that the helix of one subunit interacts with the concave beta-sheet surface of the other. Four exposed loop regions might determine receptor specificity. The structure provides a suitable model for the TGF-beta-s and other members of the super-family9-11 and is the basis for the analysis of the TGF-beta-2 interactions with the receptor.
RP SCHLUNEGGER, MP (corresponding author), CIBA GEIGY AG,DIV PHARMACEUT,DEPT BIOTECHNOL,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 25
TC 308
Z9 365
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 430
EP 434
DI 10.1038/358430a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300061
PM 1641027
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAYLOR, JH
   WOLSZCZAN, A
   DAMOUR, T
   WEISBERG, JM
AF TAYLOR, JH
   WOLSZCZAN, A
   DAMOUR, T
   WEISBERG, JM
TI EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRAINTS ON STRONG-FIELD RELATIVISTIC GRAVITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binary pulsar psr1913+16; arrival-time analysis; gravitational-radiation; celestial mechanics; systems
AB Experiments in our Solar System can test relativistic gravity only in the weak-field limit, but systems containing pulsars necessarily involve the effects of strong-field gravity. Timing observations of three binary pulsars yield tight constraints on the nature of gravity in the strong-field regime, allowing the measurement of velocity-dependent and nonlinear phenomena separately from the effects of gravitational radiation. General relativity passes these new experimental tests with complete success.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
   INST HAUTES ETUD SCI,F-91440 BURES SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
   OBSERV PARIS,CNRS,DEPT ASTROPHYS RELAT & COSMOL,F-92195 MEUDON,FRANCE.
   ARECIBO OBSERV,NATL ASTRON & IONOSPHERE CTR,ARECIBO,PR 00613.
   CARLETON COLL,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,NORTHFIELD,MN 55057.
C3 Princeton University; Universite Paris Saclay; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); Carleton College
RP TAYLOR, JH (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,JOSEPH HENRY LABS,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 25
TC 175
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 132
EP 136
DI 10.1038/355132a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ICKE, V
   MELLEMA, G
   BALICK, B
   EULDERINK, F
   FRANK, A
AF ICKE, V
   MELLEMA, G
   BALICK, B
   EULDERINK, F
   FRANK, A
TI COLLIMATION OF ASTROPHYSICAL JETS BY INERTIAL CONFINEMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID planetary-nebulae; radio-sources; evolution
AB MANY astrophysical objects, from young stars, Herbig-Haro objects and planetary nebulae up to active galactic nuclei, can be very simply modelled as isotropic sources of high-energy tenuous gas embedded in dense toroidal clouds. Here we describe numerical simulations showing how such an arrangement can in general circumstances give rise to a well collimated jet, as is observed in many of these systems. Our model is a two-dimensional generalization of the interacting-winds description of planetary nebulae. Where the two winds come into contact, a discontinuity is formed, which is dragged out by the fast outflowing gas into a chimney along the polar axis. High-energy gas rushes up this channel and flows out around the top, creating a hot backflow which keeps the chimney in place. The inner shock, enclosing the source of the fast wind, also aids in collimation, and ionization cones such as those observed in active galactic nuclei may also form.
C1 SHELL RES LABS,1003 AA AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ASTRON,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 Royal Dutch Shell; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP ICKE, V (corresponding author), STERREWACHT LEIDEN,POSTBUS 9513,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
NR 21
TC 59
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 524
EP 526
DI 10.1038/355524a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WIECH, H
   BUCHNER, J
   ZIMMERMANN, R
   JAKOB, U
AF WIECH, H
   BUCHNER, J
   ZIMMERMANN, R
   JAKOB, U
TI HSP90 CHAPERONES PROTEIN FOLDING INVITRO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heat-shock proteins; light-chain
AB THE heat-shock protein Hsp90 is the most abundant constitutively expressed stress protein in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells 1,2, where it participates in the maturation of other proteins, modulation of protein activity in the case of hormone-free steroid receptors, and intracellular transport of some newly synthesized kinases 3-5.  A feature of all these processes could be their dependence on the formation of protein structure. If Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone involved in maintaining a certain subset of cellular proteins in an inactive form, it should also be able to recognize and bind non-native proteins, thereby influencing their folding to the native state. Here we investigate whether Hsp90 can influence protein folding in vitro and show that Hsp90 suppresses the formation of protein aggregates by binding to the target proteins at a stoichiometry of one Hsp90 dimer to one or two substrate molecule(s). Furthermore, the yield of correctly folded and functional protein is increased significantly. The action of Hsp90 does not depend on the presence of nucleoside triphosphates, so it may be that Hsp90 uses a novel molecular mechanism to assist protein folding in vivo.
C1 UNIV REGENSBURG,INST BIOPHYS & PHYS BIOCHEM,UNIV STR 31,W-8400 REGENSBURG,GERMANY.
   UNIV GOTTINGEN,ZENTRUM BIOCHEM,BIOCHEM ABT 2,W-3400 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 University of Regensburg; University of Gottingen
NR 18
TC 455
Z9 510
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 169
EP 170
DI 10.1038/358169a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300059
PM 1614549
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOUIE, GV
   BROWNLIE, PD
   LAMBERT, R
   COOPER, JB
   BLUNDELL, TL
   WOOD, SP
   WARREN, MJ
   WOODCOCK, SC
   JORDAN, PM
AF LOUIE, GV
   BROWNLIE, PD
   LAMBERT, R
   COOPER, JB
   BLUNDELL, TL
   WOOD, SP
   WARREN, MJ
   WOODCOCK, SC
   JORDAN, PM
TI STRUCTURE OF PORPHOBILINOGEN DEAMINASE REVEALS A FLEXIBLE MULTIDOMAIN POLYMERASE WITH A SINGLE CATALYTIC SITE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydroxymethylbilane synthase; dipyrromethane cofactor; resolution structure; nucleotide-sequence; substrate binding; arginine residues; 2.3-a resolution; active-transport; protein; refinement
AB The three-domain structure of porphobilinogen deaminase, a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of tetrapyrroles, has been defined by X-ray analysis at 1.9 angstrom resolution. Two of the domains structurally resemble the transferrins and periplasmic binding proteins. The dipyrromethane cofactor is covalently linked to domain 3 but is bound by extensive salt-bridges and hydrogen-bonds within the cleft between domains 1 and 2, at a position corresponding to the binding sites for small-molecule ligands in the analogous proteins. The X-ray structure and results from site-directed mutagenesis provide evidence for a single catalytic site. Interdomain flexibility may aid elongation of the polypyrrole product in the active-site cleft of the enzyme.
C1 UNIV LONDON BIRKBECK COLL, IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, STRUCT MOLEC BIOL UNIT, LONDON WC1E 7HX, ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON, QUEEN MARY & WESTFIELD COLL, SCH BIOL SCI, LONDON E1 4NS, ENGLAND.
C3 Cancer Research UK; University of London; Birkbeck University London; University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP LOUIE, GV (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON BIRKBECK COLL, DEPT CRISTALLOG, MOLEC BIOL LAB, MALET ST, LONDON WC1E 7HX, ENGLAND.
NR 38
TC 183
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 33
EP 39
DI 10.1038/359033a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200044
PM 1522882
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STIRLING, CJ
   HEWITT, EW
AF STIRLING, CJ
   HEWITT, EW
TI THE SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE SEC65 GENE ENCODES A COMPONENT OF YEAST SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE WITH HOMOLOGY TO HUMAN SRP19
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; shuttle vectors; protein; dna; expression; sequence; subunit; growth; system; rna
AB TRANSLOCATION of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane represents the first step in the eukaryotic secretory pathway. In mammalian cells, the targeting of secretory and membrane protein precursors to the ER is mediated by signal recognition particle (SRP), a cytosolic ribonucleoprotein complex comprising a molecule of 7SL RNA and six polypeptide subunits (relative molecular masses 9, 14, 19, 54, 68 and 72K) 1. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a homologue of the 54K subunit (SRP54) 2,3 co-purifies with a small cytoplasmic RNA, scR1 (refs 4,5). Genetic data indicate that SRP54 and scR1 are involved in translocation in vivo, suggesting the existence of an SRP-like activity in yeast 5,6. Whether this activity requires additional components similar to those found in mammalian SRP is not known. We have recently reported a genetic selection that led to the isolation of a yeast mutant, sec65-1, which is conditionally defective in the insertion of integral membrane proteins into the ER7. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of the SEC65 gene, which encodes a 31.2K protein with significant sequence similarity to the 19K subunit of human SRP (SRP19) 8. We also report the cloning of a multicopy suppressor of sec65-1, and its identification as the previously defined SRP54 gene, providing genetic evidence for an interaction between these gene products in vivo.
RP STIRLING, CJ (corresponding author), UNIV MANCHESTER,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,MANCHESTER M13 9PT,LANCS,ENGLAND.
NR 20
TC 90
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 534
EP 537
DI 10.1038/356534a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100063
PM 1313948
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GALZI, JL
   DEVILLERSTHIERY, A
   HUSSY, N
   BERTRAND, S
   CHANGEUX, JP
   BERTRAND, D
AF GALZI, JL
   DEVILLERSTHIERY, A
   HUSSY, N
   BERTRAND, S
   CHANGEUX, JP
   BERTRAND, D
TI MUTATIONS IN THE CHANNEL DOMAIN OF A NEURONAL NICOTINIC RECEPTOR CONVERT ION SELECTIVITY FROM CATIONIC TO ANIONIC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inhibitory glycine receptor; affinity binding-site; acetylcholine-receptor; h-3 chlorpromazine; amino-acids; noncompetitive blockers; functional expression; delta-subunit; ligand; transport
AB Introduction by site-directed mutagenesis of three amino acids from the MII segment of glycine or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptors into the MII segment of alpha7 nicotinic receptor was sufficient to convert a cation-selective channel into an anion-selective channel gated by acetylcholine. A critical mutation was the insertion of an uncharged residue at the amino-terminal end of MII, stressing the importance of protein geometrical constraints on ion selectivity.
C1 CTR MED UNIV GENEVA,FAC MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,CH-1211 GENEVA 4,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Geneva
RP GALZI, JL (corresponding author), INST PASTEUR,CNRS,UNITE RECH ASSOCIEE D1284,25 RUE DR ROUX,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
NR 52
TC 352
Z9 404
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 500
EP 505
DI 10.1038/359500a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900049
PM 1383829
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU XI, YG
   INGROSSO, L
   LADOGANA, A
   MASULLO, C
   POCCHIARI, M
AF XI, YG
   INGROSSO, L
   LADOGANA, A
   MASULLO, C
   POCCHIARI, M
TI AMPHOTERICIN-B TREATMENT DISSOCIATES INVIVO REPLICATION OF THE SCRAPIE AGENT FROM PRP ACCUMULATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID incubation period; mouse scrapie; protein; hamsters; prion; strains; fibrils; curves; brain; assay
AB SCRAPIE and related animal and human disorders are neurodegenerative diseases 1 characterized by the formation of a modified, partly proteinase-resistant protein (PrP) of the host 2,3, which tends to aggregate as amyloid fibrils 4 and accumulate in the brain of infected individuals 5. There is a general consensus that the pathological form of PrP (PrP(Sc)) is essential for the clinical appearance of the disease 6, but whether it is part of the scrapie agent 7 or a by-product of viral infection 8,9 is still controversial. Here we report that treatment of scrapie-infected hamsters with amphotericin B delays the accumulation in the brain of the proteinase-resistant portion of PrP(Sc) by about 30 days without affecting scrapie replication. The consequence is that hamsters treated with amphotericin B developed clinical signs of disease later than infected controls. We argue that the proteinase-resistant portion of PrP(Sc) is necessary for the development of the disease but that it is unlikely to be essential for scrapie replication.
C1 IST SUPER SANITA, VIROL LAB, I-00161 ROME, ITALY.
   UNIV CATTOLICA SACRO CUORE, IST NEUROL, I-00168 ROME, ITALY.
   UNIV CATTOLICA SACRO CUORE, IST PATOL GEN, I-00168 ROME, ITALY.
C3 Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; IRCCS Policlinico Gemelli; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; IRCCS Policlinico Gemelli
NR 31
TC 147
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 598
EP 601
DI 10.1038/356598a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100047
PM 1348570
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANTOL, HHM
   WU, CM
   GUAN, HC
   OHARA, K
   BUNZOW, JR
   CIVELLI, O
   KENNEDY, J
   SEEMAN, P
   NIZNIK, HB
   JOVANOVIC, V
AF VANTOL, HHM
   WU, CM
   GUAN, HC
   OHARA, K
   BUNZOW, JR
   CIVELLI, O
   KENNEDY, J
   SEEMAN, P
   NIZNIK, HB
   JOVANOVIC, V
TI MULTIPLE DOPAMINE-D4 RECEPTOR VARIANTS IN THE HUMAN-POPULATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloning; cdna; expression; gene
AB THE dopamine D4 receptor structurally and pharmacologically resembles the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors 1-5. Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic that is relatively free of the adverse effects of drug-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia 6,7, binds to the D4 receptor with an affinity 10 times higher than to the D2 and D3 receptors 1. This may explain clozapine's atypical properties. Here we report the existence of at least three polymorphic variations in the coding sequence of the human D4 receptor. A 48-base-pair sequence in the putative third cytoplasmic loop of this receptor exists either as a direct-repeat sequence (D4.2), as a fourfold repeat (D4.4) or as a sevenfold repeat (D4.7). Two more variant alleles were detected in humans. Expression of the complementary DNA for,the three cloned receptor variants showed different properties for the long form (D4.7) and the shorter forms (D4-2, D4.4) with respect to clozapine and spiperone.binding. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a receptor in the catecholamine receptor family that displays polymorphic variation in the human population. Such variation among humans may underlie individual differences in susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disease and in responsiveness to antipsychotic medication.
C1 OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,VOLLUM INST ADV BIOMED RES,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
   CLARKE INST PSYCHIAT,MOLEC GENET LAB,TORONTO M5T 1R8,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT PHARMACOL,TORONTO M5S 1A8,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT PSYCHIAT,TORONTO M5S 1A8,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; University of Toronto; Centre for Addiction & Mental Health - Canada; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
RP VANTOL, HHM (corresponding author), CLARKE INST PSYCHIAT,MOLEC NEUROBIOL LAB,250 COLL ST,TORONTO M5T 1R8,ONTARIO,CANADA.
NR 21
TC 857
Z9 954
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 149
EP 152
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300051
PM 1319557
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VOLKMUTH, WD
   AUSTIN, RH
AF VOLKMUTH, WD
   AUSTIN, RH
TI DNA ELECTROPHORESIS IN MICROLITHOGRAPHIC ARRAYS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gel-electrophoresis; electric-field; agarose gels; molecules; microscopy; mobility; dynamics
AB WE have used optical microlithography to fabricate capped quasi-two-dimensional obstacle courses in SiO2. We report here observations using epifluorescence microscopy of the electrophoresis and length fractionation of large DNA molecules confined in arrays. Simple reptation theory, based on the work of deGennes1, predicts that at low electric fields the electrophoretic mobility of a polymer of length L much greater than the persistence length p scales inversely with L (ref. 2). But elongation of the coil in the matrix at sufficiently strong electric fields3 results in a length-independent electrophoretic mobility4,5. The application of suitably timed pulsed electric fields restores the fractionating power of gels for long molecules6 but the protocols of pulsed-field electrophoresis are semi-empirical because the complex and ill-understood gel matrix plays a critical role in fractionation. Microlithographically constructed obstacle arrays, with their low dimensionality, small volume and extremely reproducible topography, will make it possible to understand the motion and fractionation of large polymer molecules in complex but well characterized topologies.
RP VOLKMUTH, WD (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 19
TC 406
Z9 550
U1 0
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 600
EP 602
DI 10.1038/358600a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900065
PM 1501715
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AUBRY, JP
   POCHON, S
   GRABER, P
   JANSEN, KU
   BONNEFOY, JY
AF AUBRY, JP
   POCHON, S
   GRABER, P
   JANSEN, KU
   BONNEFOY, JY
TI CD21 IS A LIGAND FOR CD23 AND REGULATES IGE PRODUCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human lymphocytes-b; mhc class-ii; c3d receptor; soluble cd23; monoclonal-antibody; sequence homology; ebv/c3d receptor; interferon-alpha; cells express; antigen
AB THE molecule CD23, a low-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc-epsilon-R2)1,2, is a type II transmembrane molecule expressed on many haemopoietic cell types3,4. CD23 has pleiotropic roles in the control of lymphocyte behaviour5-9, suggesting that CD23 may interact with another ligand in addition to IgE. To identify such a CD23 ligand, we expressed and purified full-length recombinant CD23, incorporated it into fluorescent liposomes and used these as a probe. We report here that fluorescent liposomes carrying CD23 interact specifically with the cell-surface protein CD21, identified as the receptor for Epstein-Barr virus and the complement receptor-2 on B cells, some T cells and follicular dendritic cells. In addition, fluorescent CD23-liposomes were shown to bind to hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) transfected with CD21 complementary DNA. The interaction between fluorescent CD23-liposomes and B cells or CD21-transfected BHK-21 cells was specifically inhibited by anti-CD21 and anti-CD23 monoclonal antibodies. Western blotting analysis revealed that C-14-labelled liposomes carrying CD23, in contrast to anti-CD21 antibodies, reacted with a subtype of CD21 molecules. Triggering of CD21 either with an anti-CD21 antibody or with recombinant soluble CD23 was shown to increase specifically interleukin-4-induced IgE production from blood mononuclear cells. These results demonstrate that the cell-surface protein CD21 is a ligand for CD23 and that the pairing of these molecules may participate in the control of IgE production.
C1 GLAXO INST MOLEC BIOL,14 CHEMIN AULX,CH-1228 PLAN LES OUATES,SWITZERLAND.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; GlaxoSmithKline Switzerland
NR 37
TC 461
Z9 503
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 505
EP 507
DI 10.1038/358505a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900050
PM 1386409
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BIX, M
   RAULET, D
AF BIX, M
   RAULET, D
TI INEFFICIENT POSITIVE SELECTION OF T-CELLS DIRECTED BY HEMATOPOIETIC-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thymus
AB SUCCESSFUL intrathymic differentiation of alpha-beta-TCR+ T cells depends on positive selection of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes by thymic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules1-9. Positive selection allows the maturation of only those T cells capable of restricted antigen recognition in the context of the hosts' MHC alleles. Studies of normal or T-cell receptor-transgenic mice engrafted with MHC-different bone marrow or thymuses support the conclusion that positive selection is directed by MHC molecules expressed on non-haematopoietic cells, presumably thymic epithelial cells1-3,8-10. Here we present contrary evidence that class I MHC molecules expressed by haematopoietic cell types direct positive selection of CD8+ T cells, though at a reduced rate compared with positive selection directed by thymic epithelial cells. The identity of cell types that direct positive selection bears directly on mechanistic models of the process, including the idea that thymic epithelial cell MHC molecules uniquely present specialized peptides that mediate positive selection, and the notion that thymic epithelial cells express unique differentiation-inducing cell surface molecules.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,DIV IMMUNOL,489 LIFE SCI ADDIT,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 3
TC 142
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 330
EP 333
DI 10.1038/359330a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300060
PM 1406938
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROBERTS, DJ
   CRAIG, AG
   BERENDT, AR
   PINCHES, R
   NASH, G
   MARSH, K
   NEWBOLD, CI
AF ROBERTS, DJ
   CRAIG, AG
   BERENDT, AR
   PINCHES, R
   NASH, G
   MARSH, K
   NEWBOLD, CI
TI RAPID SWITCHING TO MULTIPLE ANTIGENIC AND ADHESIVE PHENOTYPES IN MALARIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID falciparum-infected erythrocytes; human cerebral malaria; plasmodium-falciparum; parasitized erythrocytes; membrane glycoprotein; continuous culture; cytoadherence; expression; sequestration; receptor
AB ADHESION of parasitized erythrocytes to post-capillary venular endothelium 1 or uninfected red cells 2-4 is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Neoantigens at the infected red-cell surface adhere to a variety of host receptors 5-9, demonstrate serological diversity in field isolates 10,11 and may also be a target of the host-protective immune response 12. Here we use sequential cloning of P. falciparum by micromanipulation to investigate the ability of a parasite to switch antigenic and cytoadherence phenotypes. Our data show that antigens at the parasitized cell surface undergo clonal variation in vitro in the absence of immune pressure at the rate of 2% per generation with concomitant modulations of the adhesive phenotype. A clone has the potential to switch at high frequency to a variety of antigenic and adhesive phenotypes, including a new type of cytoadherence behaviour, 'auto-agglutination' of infected erythrocytes. This rapid appearance of antigenic and functional heterogeneity has important implications for pathogenesis and acquired immunity.
C1 UNIV BIRMINGHAM,DEPT HAEMATOL,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Birmingham
RP ROBERTS, DJ (corresponding author), JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOLEC MED,MOLEC PARASITOL GRP,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust [061524] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 537
Z9 591
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 689
EP 692
DI 10.1038/357689a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000071
PM 1614515
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU POTTER, ED
   HEREK, JL
   PEDERSEN, S
   LIU, Q
   ZEWAIL, AH
AF POTTER, ED
   HEREK, JL
   PEDERSEN, S
   LIU, Q
   ZEWAIL, AH
TI FEMTOSECOND LASER CONTROL OF A CHEMICAL-REACTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID selective photodissociation; energy redistribution; vanderwaals complexes; molecular-systems; dynamics; excitation; time; bond
AB THE critical stage in a chemical reaction-the progression through the transition state from reagents to products-occurs in less than a picosecond (10(-12) s). Using laser pulses of femtosecond (10(-15) s) duration it is possible to probe the nuclear motions throughout formation and break-up of the transition state 1,2. The coherence and very short duration of these femtosecond pulses provides a means to influence the course of the reaction during this stage if the time resolution is made sufficiently short. Here we describe a demonstration of such control of a chemical reaction on the femtosecond timescale. Using two sequential coherent laser pulses, we can control the reaction of iodine molecules with xenon atoms to form the product XeI by exciting the reactants through the transition state, in a two-step process. The yield of product XeI is modulated as the delay between the pulses is varied, reflecting its dependence on the nuclear motions or the reactants.
RP POTTER, ED (corresponding author), CALTECH, ARTHUR AMOS NOYES LAB CHEM PHYS, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 32
TC 271
Z9 290
U1 1
U2 94
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 66
EP 68
DI 10.1038/355066a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FAN, SM
   JACOB, DJ
AF FAN, SM
   JACOB, DJ
TI SURFACE OZONE DEPLETION IN ARCTIC SPRING SUSTAINED BY BROMINE REACTIONS ON AEROSOLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropospheric chemistry; polar sunrise; gases; destruction; atmosphere
AB NEAR-TOTAL depletion of the ozone in surface air is often observed in the Arctic spring, coincident with high atmospheric concentrations of inorganic bromine1-5. Barrie et al.1 suggested that the ozone depletion was due to a catalytic cycle involving the radicals Br and BrO (ref. 6); however, these species are rapidly converted to the nonradical species HBr, HOBr and BrNO3, quenching ozone loss. McConnell et al.7 proposed that cycling of inorganic bromine between aerosols and the gas phase could maintain sufficiently high levels of Br and BrO to destroy ozone, but they did not specify a mechanism for aerosol-phase production of active bromine species. Here we propose such a mechanism, based on known aqueous-phase chemistry, which rapidly converts HBr, HOBr and BrNO3 back to Br and BrO radicals. This mechanism should be particularly efficient in the presence of the high concentrations of sulphuric acid aerosols observed during ozone depletion events3.
RP FAN, SM (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DIV APPL SCI,PIERCE HALL,29 OXFORD ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 22
TC 410
Z9 459
U1 0
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 522
EP 524
DI 10.1038/359522a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DUBOIS, MA
   BEAUFUME, P
   FROMONT, B
AF DUBOIS, MA
   BEAUFUME, P
   FROMONT, B
TI MODEL OF ANOMALOUS TRANSPORT WITH BACKREACTING LOCALIZED PERTURBATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MANY problems involving transport in physics, astrophysics and biology can be described in terms of a discrepancy between the experimentally observed flux of a quantity U and that predicted by elementary diffusion theory: this is known as anomalous transport. In such cases, there is often evidence for discrete structures or processes, spatially localized at fixed sites within the system, which can enhance the transport by giving rise to intermittent percolating pathways across the system; examples include Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices in astrophysical accretion disks, island structures in plasma magnetic turbulence and enzymatic processes at the interfaces of cells. Such structures may themselves depend on U. To study the nonlinear elementary processes operating in these systems, we introduce a general model comprising localized structures coupled by two sets of variables: the transported quantity {U(i)}, and a measure {delta(i)} of the influence of each structure on the diffusion of U. The model is related to, but distinct from, cellular automata, which use only one set of coupling variables. We study the evolution of this model using anomalous transport in a turbulent magnetic plasma as an example. We believe that this model could provide a basis for studying the behaviour of a wide range of nonlinear systems.
C1 MIT,IESL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP DUBOIS, MA (corresponding author), CEN CADARACHE,DRFC,F-13108 ST PAUL DURANCE,FRANCE.
NR 7
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 133
EP 136
DI 10.1038/358133a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MALLABIABARRENA, A
   FRESNO, M
   ALARCON, B
AF MALLABIABARRENA, A
   FRESNO, M
   ALARCON, B
TI AN ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM RETENTION SIGNAL IN THE CD3-EPSILON CHAIN OF THE T-CELL RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen receptor; cd3 complex; epsilon-subunits; degradation; proteins; localization
AB ISOLATED polypeptide chains of the T-cell antigen receptor complex are degraded or retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 1-4. Assembly of the multisubunit complex allows the individual chains to escape retention in the ER and to be expressed on the cell surface. We engineered a series of deletions in the CD3-epsilon subunit of the human T-cell receptor in order to find the sequences responsible for its retention in the ER. Deletion of amino acids 171 to 180 in the cytosolic tail resulted in the cell-surface expression of the isolated chain. This sequence also promotes retention when it is appended to CD4, a plasma membrane protein. Mutagenesis of the 10-amino-acid CD3-epsilon sequence established that the tyrosine and serine residues are important for ER retention. This and other ER retention signals must be hidden when a complete T-cell receptor complex is assembled in order to allow its expression on the cell surface.
C1 UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID, CSIC, CTR BIOL MOLEC, CANTOBLANCO, E-28049 MADRID, SPAIN.
C3 Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
NR 24
TC 66
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 593
EP 596
DI 10.1038/357593a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200055
PM 1535117
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KLIEWER, SA
   UMESONO, K
   NOONAN, DJ
   HEYMAN, RA
   EVANS, RM
AF KLIEWER, SA
   UMESONO, K
   NOONAN, DJ
   HEYMAN, RA
   EVANS, RM
TI CONVERGENCE OF 9-CIS RETINOIC ACID AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR SIGNALING PATHWAYS THROUGH HETERODIMER FORMATION OF THEIR RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hormone; gene; rat
AB PEROXISOMES are cytoplasmic organelles which are important in mammals in modulation of lipid homeostasis, including the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids and conversion or cholesterol to bile salts (reviewed in refs 1 and 2). Amphipathic carboxylates such as clofibric acid have been used in man as hypolipidaemic agents and in rodents they stimulate the proliferation of peroxisomes. These agents, termed peroxisome proliferators, and all-trans retinoic acid activate genes involved in peroxisomal-mediated beta-oxidation of fatty acids1-4. Here we show that the receptor activated by peroxisome proliferators5 and the retinoid X receptor-alpha (ref. 6) form a heterodimer that activates acyl-CoA oxidase gene expression in response to either clofibric acid or the retinoid X receptor-alpha ligand, 9-cis retinoic acid, an all-trans retinoic acid metabolite7,8; simultaneous exposure to both activators results in a synergistic induction of gene expression. These data demonstrate the coupling of the peroxisome proliferator and retinoid signalling pathways and provide evidence for a physiological role for 9-cis retinoic acid in modulating lipid metabolism.
C1 LIGAND PHARMACEUT,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121.
C3 Ligand Pharmaceuticals
RP KLIEWER, SA (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 1566
Z9 1775
U1 1
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 771
EP 774
DI 10.1038/358771a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900058
PM 1324435
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLHOUN, EA
   MABIN, MCG
   ADAMSON, DA
   KIRK, RM
AF COLHOUN, EA
   MABIN, MCG
   ADAMSON, DA
   KIRK, RM
TI ANTARCTIC ICE VOLUME AND CONTRIBUTION TO SEA-LEVEL FALL AT 20,000 YR BP FROM RAISED BEACHES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID history; climate; sheet; core
AB THE contribution of the Antarctic ice sheets to global sea-level fall at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) depends largely on how the extent and thickness of peripheral ice changed. Model studies1-3 suggest that there was widespread thickening (from 500 m to more than 1,000 m) of the ice-sheet margins, sufficient to induce a drop in sea level of at least 25 m. Geological evidence4,5, on the other hand, indicates only limited ice expansion and sea-level fall of just 8 m. Here we use recent data on the altitudes and ages of raised beaches from the Ross embayment and East Antarctica to investigate the timing and extent of Antarctic deglaciation. These indicate that the ice margin during the LGM was thinner and less extensive than has been formerly thought, and that its contribution to the drop in sea level was only 0.5-2.5 m. Deglaciation was well advanced by 10 kyr BP and was complete by 6 kyr BP. These findings imply either that sea level during the LGM fell less than present estimates suggest, or that an ice volume considerably greater than currently accepted must have been present in the Northern Hemisphere.
C1 JAMES COOK UNIV N QUEENSLAND,DEPT GEOG,TOWNSVILLE,QLD 4811,AUSTRALIA.
   MACQUARIE UNIV,SCH BIOL SCI,N RYDE,NSW 2113,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV CANTERBURY,DEPT GEOG,CHRISTCHURCH 1,NEW ZEALAND.
C3 James Cook University; Macquarie University; University of Canterbury
RP COLHOUN, EA (corresponding author), UNIV NEWCASTLE,DEPT GEOG,UNIV DR,NEWCASTLE,NSW 2308,AUSTRALIA.
NR 37
TC 60
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 316
EP 319
DI 10.1038/358316a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PURDY, GM
   KONG, LSL
   CHRISTESON, GL
   SOLOMON, SC
AF PURDY, GM
   KONG, LSL
   CHRISTESON, GL
   SOLOMON, SC
TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPREADING RATE AND THE SEISMIC STRUCTURE OF MIDOCEAN RIDGES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; low-velocity zone; crustal structure; atlantic ridge; magma chamber; model; refraction; profiles; images; crest
AB DIFFERENT parts of the global mid-ocean ridge system create oceanic crust at rates that differ by more than a factor of ten. The rates of supply of heat to these different systems must also vary substantially, and it is this heat supply, in the form of hot mantle material rising beneath the ridge axis, that determines the nature of the magmatic, tectonic and hydrothermal processes that control the production of new oceanic crust. Here we present evidence suggesting that a systematic relationship exists between the depth to zones of elevated temperature and partial melt beneath mid-ocean ridges and their spreading rate. Recent seismic measurements provide robust determinations at six different locations of the depth to the top of the axial low-seismic-velocity zone which suggest that as full spreading rate decreases from 150 to 20 mm yr-1, the depth below the sea floor to the top of the LVZ increases from approximately 1 to approximately 4 km. Although this relationship might arise in a number of ways, our preferred explanation is that the major faults that extend to greater depths on slower-spreading ridges 1 allow a vigorous circulation of cooling sea water to reach greater depths, blocking the upward migration of large melt bodies.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,MIT,JOINT PROGRAM OCEANOG,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP PURDY, GM (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA.
NR 35
TC 138
Z9 149
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 815
EP 817
DI 10.1038/355815a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BISSONNETTE, RP
   ECHEVERRI, F
   MAHBOUBI, A
   GREEN, DR
AF BISSONNETTE, RP
   ECHEVERRI, F
   MAHBOUBI, A
   GREEN, DR
TI APOPTOTIC CELL-DEATH INDUCED BY C-MYC IS INHIBITED BY BCL-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transgenic mice; gene-expression; lymphoid-cells; b-cells; growth; differentiation; oncogene; survival; protein; induction
AB APOPTOSIS is a form of physiological cell death, characterized by chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic blebbing and DNA fragmentation1, which often depends on RNA and protein synthesis by the dying cell2-4. The c-myc proto-oncogene, usually implicated in cell transformation, differentiation and cell-cycle progression5-9 also has a central role in some forms of apoptosis10-13. These opposing roles of myc in cell growth and death require that other gene products dictate the outcome of c-Myc expression on a cell. A candidate for such a modifying gene is bcl-2, whose product prolongs cell survival14-16 and blocks apoptosis in some systems17-21. Here we demonstrate that Bcl-2 prevents apoptotic death induced by c-Myc, provide a mechanism whereby cells can express c-Myc without undergoing apoptosis, and give a possible explanation for the ability of Bcl-2 to synergize with c-Myc in cell transformation21-23.
RP BISSONNETTE, RP (corresponding author), LA JOLLA INST ALLERGY & IMMUNOL,DIV CELLULAR IMMUNOL,11149 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 29
TC 979
Z9 1056
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 552
EP 554
DI 10.1038/359552a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900065
PM 1406975
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EISEMAN, E
   BOLEN, JB
AF EISEMAN, E
   BOLEN, JB
TI ENGAGEMENT OF THE HIGH-AFFINITY IGE RECEPTOR ACTIVATES SRC PROTEIN-RELATED TYROSINE KINASES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin-e; monoclonal-antibody; histamine-release; mast-cells; cd4; phosphorylation; association; antigens; binding; subunit
AB THE high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc-epsilon RI), which is expressed on the surface of mast cells and basophils, has a central role in immediate allergic responses. In the rat basophilic leukaemia cell line RBL-2H3, which is a model system for the analysis of Fc-epsilon-RI-mediated signal transduction, surface engagement of Fc-epsilon-RI induces histamine release and the tyrosine phosphorylation of several distinct proteins 1. Although the alpha, beta and gamma-subunits of Fc-epsilon-RI lack intrinsic tyrosine protein kinase (TPK) activity, a kinase that copurifies with Fc-epsilon-RI phosphorylates the beta and gamma-subunits of the receptor on tyrosine residues 2,3. We report here that in RBL-2H3 cells, p56lyn and pp60c-src are activated after Fc-epsilon-RI crosslinking, and p56lyn coimmunoprecipitates with Fc-epsilon-RI. In the mouse mast-cell line PT-18, another cell type used to study FC-epsilon-RI-mediated signalling, tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is also an immediate consequence of receptor crosslinking. Notably, the only detectable src protein-related TPK in PT-18 cells is p62c-yes, and it is this TPK that is activated on Fc-epsilon-RI engagement and coimmunoprecipitates with the receptor. Therefore, it seems that different src protein-related TPKs can associate with the same receptor and become activated after receptor engagement.
RP EISEMAN, E (corresponding author), BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA.
NR 22
TC 499
Z9 528
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 78
EP 80
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800055
PM 1370575
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NICHOLAS, J
   CAMERON, KR
   HONESS, RW
AF NICHOLAS, J
   CAMERON, KR
   HONESS, RW
TI HERPESVIRUS SAIMIRI ENCODES HOMOLOGS OF G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS AND CYCLINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epstein-barr virus; cell-cycle; sequence-analysis; bovine rhodopsin; gene; expression; transformation; genome; kinase
AB HERPESVIRUS saimiri (HVS) is a T-lymphotropic gammaherpesvirus which establishes asymptomatic infections in its natural host the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), but which causes fatal lymphoproliferative diseases in other New World primates 1. Sequencing studies show HVS is closely related to the human B-lymphotropic gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 2-4. However, despite the general collinearity between the genomes of HVS and EBV, HVS contains genes not found in EBV or in the genomes of any of the other sequenced herpesviruses 5-8. We have identified two genes, occurring in a region of divergence between HVS and EBV, that have cellular homologues. One of these, ECRF3, is homologous to the genes encoding the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and cellular G protein-coupled receptor family of proteins 9. The other HVS gene, ECLF2, is homologous to the genes encoding cellular cyclins and to our knowledge is the first reported example of a viral cyclin. The presence of G protein-coupled receptor and cyclin homologues in HVS suggests that these genes may be important in the regulation of viral and cellular processes during productive and/or latent infection of host cells, and in particular may be of relevance in the transformation and rapid proliferation of T cells during HVS infections of hosts susceptible to HVS-induced lymphoproliferative diseases.
RP NICHOLAS, J (corresponding author), NATL INST MED RES, DIV VIROL, MILL HILL, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
NR 36
TC 165
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 362
EP 365
DI 10.1038/355362a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100072
PM 1309943
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AGRAWAL, YC
   TERRAY, EA
   DONELAN, MA
   HWANG, PA
   WILLIAMS, AJ
   DRENNAN, WM
   KAHMA, KK
   KITAIGORODSKII, SA
AF AGRAWAL, YC
   TERRAY, EA
   DONELAN, MA
   HWANG, PA
   WILLIAMS, AJ
   DRENNAN, WM
   KAHMA, KK
   KITAIGORODSKII, SA
TI ENHANCED DISSIPATION OF KINETIC-ENERGY BENEATH SURFACE-WAVES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID turbulence measurements; field; layer; ocean
AB TRANSFER of momentum from wind to the surface layer of lakes and oceans plays a central part in driving horizontal and vertical circulation of water masses. Much work has been devoted to understanding the role of waves in momentum transfer across the air-sea interface, but less is known about the energetics of the near-surface turbulence responsible for the mixing of momentum and mass into the underlying water column. In particular, it has remained unclear whether the structure of the turbulence in the surface layer can be described by analogy to wall-bounded shear flows or whether waves, either through breaking or wave-current interaction, introduce new length- and timescales which must be modelled explicitly. Here we report observations of turbulence in Lake Ontario, taken under conditions of strong wave breaking, which reveal a greatly enhanced dissipation rate of kinetic energy close to the air-water interface, relative to the predictions of wall-layer theory. Because wave breaking is intermittent, short-term measurements of the kinetic energy dissipation in the near-surface layer may therefore result in considerable underestimates, and any general treatment of upper mixed layer dynamics will have to take wave breaking explicitly into account.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT APPL OCEAN PHYS & ENGN,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   NATL WATER RES INST BRANCH,CANADA CTR INLAND WATERS,BURLINGTON L7R 4A6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   FINNISH INST MARINE RES,SF-00931 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Environment & Climate Change Canada; Canada Centre for Inland Waters (CCIW); National Water Research Institute; Johns Hopkins University
RP AGRAWAL, YC (corresponding author), QUEST INTEGRATED INC,21414 68TH AVE S,KENT,WA 98032, USA.
NR 15
TC 296
Z9 335
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 219
EP 220
DI 10.1038/359219a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MIRABEL, IF
   RODRIGUEZ, LF
   CORDIER, B
   PAUL, J
   LEBRUN, F
AF MIRABEL, IF
   RODRIGUEZ, LF
   CORDIER, B
   PAUL, J
   LEBRUN, F
TI A DOUBLE-SIDED RADIO JET FROM THE COMPACT GALACTIC-CENTER ANNIHILATOR 1E1740.7-2942
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB RECENT observations1,2 with the gamma-ray telescope SIGMA, on the GRANAT satellite, indicated that the hard X-ray source 1E1740.7 - 2942 may be the source of the strongest outbursts of 511-keV electron-positron annihilation radiation from the Galactic Centre region3. We have observed this source using the Very Large Array, and find that its radio structure is that of a double-sided jet emanating from a compact and variable core. The changes in flux density and spectral index of the core are correlated with variations in the hard X-ray output. The jets are symmetrical about the core, and end in edge-brightened radio lobes; they are probably a result of synchrotron emission of electrons and positrons from the compact core. Our observation suggest that 1E1740.7 - 2942 is a 'microquasar' stellar remnant near the Galactic Centre, which ejects positrons that travel more than a parsec before slowing and annihilating in the interstellar gas.
C1 NATL AUTONOMOUS UNIV MEXICO, INST ASTRON, MEXICO CITY 04510, DF, MEXICO.
C3 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP MIRABEL, IF (corresponding author), CENS, SERV ASTROPHYS, F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
NR 14
TC 365
Z9 375
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 215
EP 217
DI 10.1038/358215a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FORSCHER, P
   LIN, CH
   THOMPSON, C
AF FORSCHER, P
   LIN, CH
   THOMPSON, C
TI NOVEL FORM OF GROWTH CONE MOTILITY INVOLVING SITE-DIRECTED ACTIN FILAMENT ASSEMBLY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID latex beads; lipid flow; movements; neurons
AB REGULATION of cytoskeletal structure and motility by extracellular signals is essential for all directed forms of cell movement and underlies the developmental process of axonal guidance in neuronal growth cones. Interaction with polycationic microbeads can trigger morphogenic changes in neurons and muscle cells normally associated with formation of pre- and postsynaptic specializations 1,2. Furthermore, when various types of microscopic particles are applied to the lamellar surface of a neuronal growth cone or motile cell they often exhibit retrograde movement at rates of 1-6-mu-m min-1 (refs 3-6). There is strong evidence that this form of particle movement results from translocation of membrane proteins associated with cortical F-actin networks, not from bulk retrograde lipid flow 4,5,7 and may be a mechanism behind processes such as cell locomotion, growth cone migration and capping of cell-surface antigens 6,8,9. Here we report a new form of motility stimulated by polycationic bead interactions with the growth-cone membrane surface. Bead binding rapidly induces intracellular actin filament assembly, coincident with a production of force sufficient to drive bead movements. These extracellular bead movements resemble intracellular movements of bacterial parasites known to redirect host cell F-actin assembly for propulsion. Our results suggest that site-directed actin filament assembly may be a widespread cellular mechanism for generating force at membrane-cytoskeletal interfaces.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
C3 Yale University
RP FORSCHER, P (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511, USA.
NR 13
TC 133
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 515
EP 518
DI 10.1038/357515a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200069
PM 1608453
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HABAZETTL, J
   GONDOL, D
   WILTSCHECK, R
   OTLEWSKI, J
   SCHLEICHER, M
   HOLAK, TA
AF HABAZETTL, J
   GONDOL, D
   WILTSCHECK, R
   OTLEWSKI, J
   SCHLEICHER, M
   HOLAK, TA
TI STRUCTURE OF HISACTOPHILIN IS SIMILAR TO INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA AND FIBROBLAST GROWTH-FACTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-magnetic-resonance; 3-dimensional nmr-spectroscopy; noe-noe spectroscopy; trypsin-inhibitor; resolution; proteins; dictyostelium; actin
AB THE fast reaction of the actin-based cytoskeleton in motile cells after stimulation with a chemoattractant requires a signal-transduction chain that creates a very specific environment at distinct regions beneath the plasma membrane1. Dictyostelium hisactophilin, a unique actin-binding protein, is a submembranous pH sensor that signals slight changes of the H+ concentration to actin by inducing actin polymerization and binding to microfilaments only at pH values below seven2. It has a relative molecular mass of 13.5K and its most unusual feature is the presence of 31 histidine residues among its total of 118 amino acids. The transduction of an external signal from the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton is poorly understood. Here we report the protein's structure in solution determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The nuclear Overhauser effect intensities of the three-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectra3,4 were used directly in the calculations5. The overall folding of hisactophilin is similar to that of interleukin-1beta6-9 and fibroblast growth factor10, but the primary amino-acid sequence of hisactophilin is unrelated to these two proteins.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,DEPT STRUCT RES,W-8033 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,DEPT CELL BIOL,W-8033 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
NR 20
TC 84
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 855
EP 858
DI 10.1038/359855a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700072
PM 1436061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LANZAVECCHIA, A
   REID, PA
   WATTS, C
AF LANZAVECCHIA, A
   REID, PA
   WATTS, C
TI IRREVERSIBLE ASSOCIATION OF PEPTIDES WITH CLASS-II MHC MOLECULES IN LIVING CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID invariant chain; t-cells; b-cells; hla-dr; antigen presentation; protein antigens; lymphocyte-b; brefeldin-a; binding; ia
AB FUNCTIONAL, morphological and biochemical evidence indicates that class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules associate with processed peptides during biosynthesis 1-9. Peptide/MHC complexes in living cells have been reported to be less stable than similar complexes generated in vitro, which has led to the suggestion that there may be a peptide exchange mechanism operating in vivo 10-12. Although this could increase the capacity for binding incoming antigens, it would reduce the efficacy of processed antigenic peptides by exchanging these for self peptides. Here we measure the half-life of peptide/class II complexes in human antigen-presenting cells and find that it is very similar to the half-life of class II molecules themselves, indicating that peptides are bound irreversibly under physiological conditions. Thus class II MHC retains long-term 'memory' of past encounters with antigen to maximize the opportunity for T cell/antigen-presenting cell interaction.
C1 UNIV DUNDEE,INST MED SCI,DEPT BIOCHEM,DUNDEE DD1 4HN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Dundee
RP LANZAVECCHIA, A (corresponding author), BASEL INST IMMUNOL,GRENZACHERSTR 487,CH-4005 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 40
TC 175
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 249
EP 252
DI 10.1038/357249a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500057
PM 1375347
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, J
   KANAI, Y
   COWAN, NJ
   HIROKAWA, N
AF CHEN, J
   KANAI, Y
   COWAN, NJ
   HIROKAWA, N
TI PROJECTION DOMAINS OF MAP2 AND TAU DETERMINE SPACINGS BETWEEN MICROTUBULES IN DENDRITES AND AXONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarity orientation; molecular-structure; binding domain; protein tau; expression; brain; cdna; phosphorylation; organization; sequences
AB NEURONS develop a highly polarized morphology consisting of dendrites and a long axon. Both axons and dendrites contain microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) with characteristic structures1. Among MAPs, MAP2 is specifically expressed in dendrites2 whereas MAP2C and tau are abundant in the axon2-5. But the influence of MAP2, MAP2C and tau on the organization of microtubule domains in dendrites versus axons is unknown. Both MAP2 and tau induce microtubule bundle formation in fibroblasts after transfection of complementary DNAs6,7 and a long process resembling an axon is extended in Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculovirus expressing tau8,9. We have now expressed MAP2 and MAP2C in Sf9 cells in order to compare their morphology and the arrangement of their microtubules to that found in Sf9 cells expressing tau. We report here that the spacing between microtubules depends on the MAP expressed: in cells expressing MAP2, the distance is similar to that found in dendrites, whereas the spacing between microtubules in cells expressing MAP2C or tau is similar to that found in axons.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & CELL BIOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   NYU MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
C3 University of Tokyo; New York University
NR 28
TC 507
Z9 630
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 674
EP 676
DI 10.1038/360674a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200056
PM 1465130
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LINK, B
   EPSTEIN, RI
   VANRIPER, KA
AF LINK, B
   EPSTEIN, RI
   VANRIPER, KA
TI PULSAR GLITCHES AS PROBES OF NEUTRON-STAR INTERIORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matter; superfluidity; equation
AB PULSAR rotation rates generally decrease steadily owing to external electromagnetic braking torques, but occasionally show sudden increases ('glitches') followed by gradual recoveries that may last days or years. These events are thought to be consequences of angular momentum transfer between a solid crust, which rotates at the measured pulsar periodicity, and a more rapidly rotating 'loose' component of the neutron star interior. Sudden braking of the differential rotation between the two components will cause a glitch1, and the subsequent re-establishment of rotational equilibrium between the two components represents the recovery2. Earlier studies, using particular models for the coupling between crust and interior, showed that the loose component carries approximately 2.8% and greater than or similar to 1% of the total moment of inertia of the Vela pulsar3 and PSR 1737-30 (ref. 4) respectively. Here, we analyse post-glitch recovery in four pulsars, and deduce that the loose component carries at least 0.8% of the total moment of inertia, independent of the form of the coupling.  In the context of the 'vortex creep' model of recovery, in which the loose component is the inner-crust neutron superfluid2,5-7, the constraint on the moment of inertia rules out equations of state that are soft at high densities.
RP LINK, B (corresponding author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA.
NR 27
TC 55
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 616
EP 618
DI 10.1038/359616a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BATTANER, E
   GARRIDO, JL
   MEMBRADO, M
   FLORIDO, E
AF BATTANER, E
   GARRIDO, JL
   MEMBRADO, M
   FLORIDO, E
TI MAGNETIC-FIELDS AS AN ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION FOR THE ROTATION CURVES OF SPIRAL GALAXIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID m31
AB THE flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies are usually regarded as the most convincing evidence for dark matter. The assumption that gravity alone is responsible for the motion of gas beyond the visible disks of galaxies leads directly to the conclusion that there must be perhaps 10 times as much dark matter as visible matter. Other forces besides gravity are usually neglected, as order-of-magnitude arguments seem to suggest they cannot be important. The existence of dark matter is, however, so important an issue that we believe it is wise to consider other possibilities. Here we argue that an azimuthal magnetic field can carry slightly ionized gas with the general galactic rotation, rendering dark matter unnecessary (a related idea was first proposed by Nelson1). For the illustrative case of M31, a magnetic field of 6 muG is required, and the synchrotron emission of relativistic electrons in this field is compatible with the observations.
C1 UNIV ZARAGOZA,DEPT FIS TEOR,ZARAGOZA,SPAIN.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - UAM - Institut de Fisica Teorica (IFT); University of Zaragoza
RP BATTANER, E (corresponding author), UNIV GRANADA,DEPT FIS TEOR & COSMOS,GRANADA,SPAIN.
NR 14
TC 45
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 652
EP 653
DI 10.1038/360652a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HE, ZJ
   NAKAYAMA, K
AF HE, ZJ
   NAKAYAMA, K
TI SURFACES VERSUS FEATURES IN VISUAL-SEARCH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID discrimination; parallel; serial; motion; depth
AB OFTEN implicit in the interpretation of visual search tasks is the assumption that the detection of targets is determined by the feature-coding properties of low-level visual processing1,2. But higher level processes have also been implicated as visual search ability is enhanced in a depth plane3 of when two-dimensional shapes are interpreted as three-dimensional forms4,5. Here we manipulate binocular disparity to degrade visual search, so that otherwise identical features become parts of surfaces through perceptual completion, rendering them less clearly distinguishable as targets and distractors. Our results indicate that visual search has little or no access to the processing level of feature extraction but must have as an input a higher level process of surface representation.
RP HE, ZJ (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,VIS SCI LAB,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 15
TC 265
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 231
EP 233
DI 10.1038/359231a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400059
PM 1528263
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RASMUSSEN, BF
   STOCK, AM
   RINGE, D
   PETSKO, GA
AF RASMUSSEN, BF
   STOCK, AM
   RINGE, D
   PETSKO, GA
TI CRYSTALLINE RIBONUCLEASE-A LOSES FUNCTION BELOW THE DYNAMIC TRANSITION AT 220-K
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature-dependence; neutron-scattering; myoglobin
AB WHEN the dynamic properties of many different proteins are plotted as a function of temperature, biphasic behaviour is observed, with a broad transition centred around 220 K. Atomic mean-square displacements from X-ray crystallography 1 and Mossbauer scattering 2-3 show this behaviour, as do electron transfer rates 4 and dynamic information from inelastic neutron scattering 5. Molecular dynamics simulations over a range of temperatures also exhibit a transition at about 220 K: high-temperature atomic fluctuations are dominated by anharmonic collective motions of bonded and nonbonded groups of atoms, but below 220 K the predominant dynamic behaviour is harmonic vibration of individual atoms 6. Here we show by high-resolution X-ray diffraction that crystalline ribonuclease A does not bind substrate or inhibitor at 212 K but will bind either rapidly at 228 K. Once bound at the higher temperature, inhibitor cannot be washed off after the enzyme is cooled to below the transition temperature. These results suggest that enzyme flexibility is required for catalytic function.
C1 BRANDEIS UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
   BRANDEIS UNIV,DEPT CHEM,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University
RP RASMUSSEN, BF (corresponding author), BRANDEIS UNIV,ROSENSTIEL BASIC MED SCI RES CTR,STRUCT BIOL LAB,WALTHAM,MA 02254, USA.
NR 17
TC 534
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 423
EP 424
DI 10.1038/357423a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200070
PM 1463484
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COWAN, SW
   SCHIRMER, T
   RUMMEL, G
   STEIERT, M
   GHOSH, R
   PAUPTIT, RA
   JANSONIUS, JN
   ROSENBUSCH, JP
AF COWAN, SW
   SCHIRMER, T
   RUMMEL, G
   STEIERT, M
   GHOSH, R
   PAUPTIT, RA
   JANSONIUS, JN
   ROSENBUSCH, JP
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES EXPLAIN FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES OF 2 ESCHERICHIA-COLI PORINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthetic reaction center; integral membrane-protein; escherichia-coli; outer-membrane; macromolecular crystallography; rhodopseudomonas-viridis; rhodobacter-capsulatus; electron-microscopy; bacterial porin; phoe porin
AB Porins form aqueous channels that aid the diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The crystal structures of matrix porin and phosphoporin both reveal trimers of identical subunits, each subunit consisting of a 16-stranded anti-parallel beta-barrel containing a pore. A long loop inside the barrel contributes to a constriction of the channel where the charge distribution affects ion selectivity. The structures explain at the molecular level functional characteristics and their alterations by known mutations.
C1 UNIV BASEL,BIOCTR,DEPT STRUCT BIOL,CH-4056 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV BASEL,BIOCTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,CH-4056 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Basel; University of Basel
NR 58
TC 1407
Z9 1550
U1 0
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 727
EP 733
DI 10.1038/358727a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900043
PM 1380671
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARGOLIS, B
   HU, P
   KATZAV, S
   LI, W
   OLIVER, JM
   ULLRICH, A
   WEISS, A
   SCHLESSINGER, J
AF MARGOLIS, B
   HU, P
   KATZAV, S
   LI, W
   OLIVER, JM
   ULLRICH, A
   WEISS, A
   SCHLESSINGER, J
TI TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION OF VAV PROTOONCOGENE PRODUCT CONTAINING SH2 DOMAIN AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MOTIFS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipase c-ii; signal transduction; monoclonal-antibody; kinase-activity; receptor; cells; proteins; release; binding; pdgf
AB ACTIVATION of receptor-linked and cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases is crucial in the control of normal and abnormal cell growth and differentiation 1,2. Some substrates of protein tyrosine kinases such as phospholipase C-gamma and ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) contain sequences homologous to the src protein domains SH2 and SH3 (refs 3-9). The proto-oncogene Vav is expressed in haematopoietic cells and its product Vav contains sequence motifs commonly found in transcription factors, such as helix-loop-helix, leucine-zipper and zinc-finger motifs and nuclear localization signals 10-12, as well as a single SH2 and two SH3 domains. Here we show that stimulation of T-cell antigen receptor on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes or on human leukaemic T cells, and the crosslinking of IgE receptors on rat basophilic leukaemia cells, both promote the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in Vav. Moreover, activation of the receptor for epidermal growth factor leads to marked tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav in cells transiently expressing vav, and Vav associates with the receptor through its SH2 domain. We propose that vav encodes a new class of substrates whose tyrosine phosphorylation may provide a mechanism for direct signal transduction linking receptors at the cell surface to transcriptional control.
C1 ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT BIOCHEM, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA.
   UNIV NEW MEXICO, DEPT PATHOL, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131 USA.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM, W-8033 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DIV RHEUMATOL & IMMUNOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of New Mexico; Max Planck Society; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP MARGOLIS, B (corresponding author), NYU MED CTR, DEPT PHARMACOL, 550 1ST AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA.
NR 37
TC 386
Z9 403
U1 2
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 71
EP 74
DI 10.1038/356071a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200059
PM 1531699
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BEGET, JE
   KIENLE, J
AF BEGET, JE
   KIENLE, J
TI CYCLIC FORMATION OF DEBRIS AVALANCHES AT MOUNT-ST-AUGUSTINE VOLCANO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deposits; emplacement; eruptions; alaska
AB VOLCANIC debris avalanches have been seen at many volcanoes since the 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, but typically only one or two avalanche deposits are identified at each eruptive centre, suggesting that catastrophic slope failures are rare or even unique events in the lifetime of a volcano 1-4. Here we present a series of radiocarbon dates from volcanic deposits showing that the summit edifice of Mount St Augustine, a 1,220-m-high active volcano on Augustine Island in the Cook Inlet area of south-central Alaska, has repeatedly collapsed and regenerated, averaging 150-200 years per cycle, during the past 2,000 years. The unprecedented frequency of summit edifice failure was made possible by sustained lava effusion rates over 10 times greater than is typical of plate-margin volcanoes.
C1 UNIV ALASKA,ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERV,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775.
   UNIV ALASKA,INST GEOPHYS,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP BEGET, JE (corresponding author), UNIV ALASKA,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA.
NR 30
TC 94
Z9 100
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 701
EP 704
DI 10.1038/356701a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MULTIGNER, L
   GAGNON, J
   VANDORSSELAER, A
   JOB, D
AF MULTIGNER, L
   GAGNON, J
   VANDORSSELAER, A
   JOB, D
TI STABILIZATION OF SEA-URCHIN FLAGELLAR MICROTUBULES BY HISTONE-H1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chlamydomonas alpha-tubulin; doublet microtubules; stop protein; tau-protein; m-phase; cells; sperm; origin; association; stability
AB Complex microtubule assemblies are essential components of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. They are extremely stable and are not affected by agents that normally induce polymer disassembly. The molecular basis of this microtubular stability is unknown, and it is not related to any feature of the constitutive tubulin. In sea urchin sperm flagella, axonemal microtubules are found to be stabilized by a protein identical to histone H1, a result that defines a new role for this histone and provides evidence for a concerted evolution of chromatin and microtubular structures.
C1 INST BIOL STRUCT,F-38027 GRENOBLE 1,FRANCE.
   FAC CHIM STRASBOURG,SPECTROMETRIE MASSE BIOORGAN LAB,F-67008 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP MULTIGNER, L (corresponding author), CEN,INSERM,UNITE 244,DEPT BIOL MOLEC & STRUCT,CYTOSQUELETTE LAB,BP 85X,F-38041 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
NR 42
TC 61
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 33
EP 39
DI 10.1038/360033a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700045
PM 1436071
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARADA, A
   LI, J
   KAMACHI, M
AF HARADA, A
   LI, J
   KAMACHI, M
TI THE MOLECULAR NECKLACE - A ROTAXANE CONTAINING MANY THREADED ALPHA-CYCLODEXTRINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complex-formation; glycol)
AB THE importance of non-covalent interactions in biological systems motivates much of the current interest in supramolecular assemblies 1. A classic example of a supermolecule is provided by the rotaxanes 2-5, in which a molecular 'rotor' is threaded by a linear 'axle'. Previous examples have included cyclic crown ethers threaded by polymers 6, paraquat-hydroquinone complexes 7 and cyclodextrin complexes 8,9. We found recently that alpha-cyclodextrin will form high yields of a crystalline complex with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and suggested that the PEG penetrates the 'beaker-like' tunnel of the cyclodextrin 10,11. We report here the preparation of a compound in which several cyclodextrins are threaded on a single PEG chain and are trapped by capping the chain with bulky end groups. This brings a step closer the 'molecular abacus' proposed by Stoddart and coworkers 7. We call this supramolecular assembly a 'molecular necklace'.
RP HARADA, A (corresponding author), OSAKA UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT MACROMOLEC SCI,TOYONAKA,OSAKA 560,JAPAN.
NR 13
TC 1267
Z9 1361
U1 11
U2 429
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 325
EP 327
DI 10.1038/356325a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SULLIVAN, V
   TALARICO, CL
   STANAT, SC
   DAVIS, M
   COEN, DM
   BIRON, KK
AF SULLIVAN, V
   TALARICO, CL
   STANAT, SC
   DAVIS, M
   COEN, DM
   BIRON, KK
TI A PROTEIN-KINASE HOMOLOG CONTROLS PHOSPHORYLATION OF GANCICLOVIR IN HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS-INFECTED CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID herpes-simplex virus; varicella-zoster virus; complete dna-sequence; epstein-barr virus; genome; phosphotransferase; herpesvirus; expression; acyclovir
AB HUMAN cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major pathogen in immunosuppressed individuals, including patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The nucleoside analogue ganciclovir (9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)-guanine) is one of the few drugs available to treat HCMV infections, but resistant virus is a growing problem in the clinic 1 and there is a critical need for new drugs. The study of ganciclovir-resistant mutants has indicated that the selective action of ganciclovir depends largely on virus-controlled phosphorylation in HCMV-infected cells 2-5. The enzyme(s) responsible have not been identified. Here we report that the HCMV gene UL97, whose predicted product shares regions of homology with protein kinases, guanylyl cyclase and bacterial phosphotransferases 6-8, controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir in HCMV-infected cells. A four-amino-acid deletion of UL97 in a conserved region, which in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase participates in substrate recognition 9, causes impaired ganciclovir phosphorylation. The implications of these results for antiviral drug development and drug resistance are discussed.
C1 BURROUGHS WELLCOME CO, DIV VIROL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA.
C3 Burroughs Wellcome Fund
RP SULLIVAN, V (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOLEC PHARMACOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
NR 28
TC 378
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 162
EP 164
DI 10.1038/358162a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300056
PM 1319560
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WYNN, K
AF WYNN, K
TI ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION BY HUMAN INFANTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perception; numerosity; object
AB HUMAN infants can discriminate between different small numbers of items1-4, and can determine numerical equivalence across perceptual modalities5,6. This may indicate the possession of true numerical concepts1,4-7. Alternatively, purely perceptual discriminations may underlie these abilities8,9. This debate addresses the nature of subitization, the ability to quantify small numbers of items without conscious counting10,11. Subitization may involve the holistic recognition of canonical perceptual patterns that do not reveal ordinal relationships between the numbers12, or may instead be an iterative or 'counting' process that specifies these numerical relationships4,13. Here I show that 5-month-old infants can calculate the results of simple arithmetical operations on small numbers of items. This indicates that infants possess true numerical concepts, and suggests that humans are innately endowed with arithmetical abilities. It also suggests that subitization is a process that encodes ordinal information, not a pattern-recognition process yielding non-numerical percepts.
RP WYNN, K (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT PSYCHOL, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 18
TC 951
Z9 1165
U1 2
U2 152
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 749
EP 750
DI 10.1038/358749a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900050
PM 1508269
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, Y
AF WANG, Y
TI PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY OF FULLERENE-DOPED POLYMERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electric-field
AB PHOTOCONDUCTING materials are employed in many technological applications, such as photodetection and electrostatic imaging. 1 We report here the preparation of photoconducting films of polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) doped with fullerenes (a mixture of C60 and C70). The performance of this material is comparable with some of the best photoconductors available commercially, such as thiapyrylium dye aggregates 2. The quantum yield for primary charge separation and the initial ion-pair distance are calculated within the framework of the Onsager model 3,4, to be 0.9 and 19 angstrom respectively. The wavelength dependence of photoconductivity is essentially determined by the absorption spectrum of the fullerenes, with the active range extending from about 280 to 680 nm. The isolation of other fullerenes and fullerene derivatives may lead to the development of a large number of fullerene-based polymeric photoconductors in the future.
RP WANG, Y (corresponding author), DUPONT CO,CENT RES & DEV,WILMINGTON,DE 19880, USA.
NR 11
TC 422
Z9 470
U1 0
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 585
EP 587
DI 10.1038/356585a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRAAKMAN, I
   HELENIUS, J
   HELENIUS, A
AF BRAAKMAN, I
   HELENIUS, J
   HELENIUS, A
TI ROLE OF ATP AND DISULFIDE BONDS DURING PROTEIN FOLDING IN THE ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chain binding-protein; glucose-regulated proteins; virus-g protein; heat-shock; influenza hemagglutinin; intracellular-transport; association; cells; glycoproteins; depletion
AB BEING topologically equivalent to the extracellular space, the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) provides a unique folding environment for newly synthesized proteins. Unlike other compartments in the cell where folding occurs, the ER is oxidizing and therefore can promote the formation of disulphide bonds 1.  The reducing agent dithiothreitol, when added to living cells, inhibits disulphide formation with profound effects on folding 2.  Taking advantage of this effect, we demonstrate here that folding of influenza haemagglutinin is energy dependent. Metabolic energy is required to support the correct folding and disulphide bond formation in this well characterized viral glycoprotein, to rescue misfolded proteins from disulphide-linked aggregates, and to maintain the oxidized protein in its folded and oligomerization-competent state.
RP BRAAKMAN, I (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,333 CEDAR ST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510, USA.
NR 30
TC 260
Z9 291
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 260
EP 262
DI 10.1038/356260a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400065
PM 1552946
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRAULIS, PJ
   RAINE, ARC
   GADHAVI, PL
   LAUE, ED
AF KRAULIS, PJ
   RAINE, ARC
   GADHAVI, PL
   LAUE, ED
TI STRUCTURE OF THE DNA-BINDING DOMAIN OF ZINC GAL4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory protein; yeast; activator; program; finger
AB THE yeast transcriptional activator GAL4 binds co-operatively to four related 17-base-pair sequences within an upstream activating sequence (UAS(G)) to activate transcription of the GAL1 and GAL10 genes 1. It belongs to a class of gene regulatory proteins which all contain a highly conserved cysteine-rich region within their DNA-binding domains 2,3. This region binds zinc 4-7 and it has been proposed that the cysteine residues coordinate the zinc, creating a structure analogous to one of the 'zinc fingers' of the transcription factor TFIIIA (ref. 8). Using H-1-Cd-113 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the cadmium form of the domain, we previously showed that the protein contains a Cd2Cys6 cluster where cysteines 11 and 28 act as bridging ligands 9. A similar study of a fragment of GAL4 has recently been published 10. We report here the solution structure of the DNA binding domain of GAL4; two helix-turn-strand motifs pack around a Zn2Cys6 cluster in a novel pseudo-symmetrical arrangement. The results show that the GAL4 zinc-binding domain differs significantly from both the TFIIIA-type zinc finger 11 and the steroid hormone receptor DNA-binding domains 12.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT BIOCHEM, CAMBRIDGE CTR MOLEC RECOGNIT, TENNIS COURT RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QW, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
NR 26
TC 120
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 448
EP 450
DI 10.1038/356448a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000069
PM 1557129
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHAW, PR
AF SHAW, PR
TI RIDGE SEGMENTATION, FAULTING AND CRUSTAL THICKNESS IN THE ATLANTIC-OCEAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID median valley; microearthquakes beneath; mark area; 23-degrees-n; earthquakes; bathymetry; 37degreesn; mechanisms; evolution; tectonics
AB THE Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between the Kane and Atlantis fracture zones consists of segments 20-85 km in length1; bull's-eve patterns in the mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly field2 centred on several segments associated with narrow rift valleys3 have been interpreted as centres of strong mantle upwelling and thick crust. Here I present a map of normal faults inferred from approximately 5 x 10(4) km2 of Sea Beam bathymetry4 along the MAR between 28-degrees-N and the Atlantis fracture zone. Faults are mapped both on- and off-ridge using a criterion that distinguishes them from volcanic topography. Abyssal hill lineations seem to form at the rift valley walls through the growth of the normal faults; towards ridge segment ends these faults are more widely spaced, with larger throws than those at segment centres, and often define the boundaries of the gravity bull's-eyes. These two different faulting styles, which probably reflect changes in lithospheric strength, are preserved into the rift mountains. Large-throw faults are highly correlated with the mantle Bouguer highs, suggesting that amagmatic extension on the large faults contributes to the crustal thinning inferred towards the segment ends.
RP SHAW, PR (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA.
NR 25
TC 99
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 490
EP 493
DI 10.1038/358490a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ELLAM, RM
   CARLSON, RW
   SHIREY, SB
AF ELLAM, RM
   CARLSON, RW
   SHIREY, SB
TI EVIDENCE FROM RE-OS ISOTOPES FOR PLUME LITHOSPHERE MIXING IN KAROO FLOOD-BASALT GENESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subcontinental mantle; mass-spectrometry; pb isotope; osmium; sr; nd; evolution; rhenium; geochemistry; constraints
AB THERE is abundant evidence to link continental flood basalt provinces with mantle plume activity1,2; however, flood basalts often have radiogenic isotope signatures that are outside the range for plume sources as recorded in ocean-island basalts. These signatures are more readily attributed to source regions within the continental lithosphere, and there are strong indications that it is often the mantle lithosphere that contributes isotopically 'enriched' (low-Nd-143/Nd-144) material3,4. There are objections, however, to models that propose cold, refractory mantle lithosphere as an important source of basaltic magma5. The rhenium-osmium system may provide new constraints on the relative importance of plume and sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) in basalt genesis: samples of SCLM brought to the surface as xenoliths commonly have low Os-187/Os-188 ratios6,7, whereas ocean-island basalts tend to have higher than chondritic Os-187/Os-188, and old continental crust has even higher (more radiogenic) ratios. Here we report initial Os-187/Os-188 ratios for 190-Myr-old picrite basalts from the Nuanetsi region of the Karoo flood basalt province, which are most readily explained as mixtures between enriched SCLM and sub-lithospheric material, most probably derived from a mantle plume.
C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,DEPT TERR MAGNETISM,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP ELLAM, RM (corresponding author), SCOTTISH UNIV RES & REACTOR CTR,ISOTOPE GEOL UNIT,E KILBRIDE G75 0QU,LANARK,SCOTLAND.
NR 30
TC 175
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 718
EP 721
DI 10.1038/359718a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KUO, CJ
   CONLEY, PB
   CHEN, L
   SLADEK, FM
   DARNELL, JE
   CRABTREE, GR
AF KUO, CJ
   CONLEY, PB
   CHEN, L
   SLADEK, FM
   DARNELL, JE
   CRABTREE, GR
TI A TRANSCRIPTIONAL HIERARCHY INVOLVED IN MAMMALIAN CELL-TYPE SPECIFICATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatoma hybrid-cells; genetic-analysis; nuclear factor; rat hepatoma; albumin gene; proteins; expression; promoter; activation; extinction
AB ALTHOUGH transcriptional hierarchies have been extensively studied in invertebrates, their involvement in mammalian cell-type specification is poorly understood 1,2. Here we report a hepatocyte transcriptional cascade suggested by the expression patterns of hepatic transcription factors in dedifferentiated hepatomas and hepatocyte: fibroblast hybrids in which the liver phenotype was extinguished 3-6. These results indicated that the homeoprotein hepatocyte nuclear factor-1-alpha (HNF-1-alpha) 7-8, and HNF-4, a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily 9, were regulated coordinately or in a hierarchy by a higher-order locus, independently of other hepatic transactivators. HNF-4 was implicated as an essential positive regulator of HNF-1-alpha, as deletion of an HNF-4 binding site in the HNF-1-alpha promoter abolished promoter activity, and HNF-4 potently transactivated the HNF-1-alpha promoter in cotransfection assays. Moreover, genetic complementation of dedifferentiated hepatomas with HNF-4 complementary DNA rescued expression of endogenous HNF-1-alpha messenger RNA and DNA-binding activity. Our studies therefore define an HNF-4 --> HNF-1-alpha (4 --> 1-alpha) transcriptional hierarchy operative in differentiated hepatocytes but selectively inhibited by an extinguishing locus and somatic mutations which antagonize the liver phenotype.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,MOLEC CELL BIOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP KUO, CJ (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,MOLEC & GENET MED UNIT,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 29
TC 397
Z9 418
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 457
EP 461
DI 10.1038/355457a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000073
PM 1734282
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OKSENBERG, D
   MARSTERS, SA
   ODOWD, BF
   JIN, H
   HAVLIK, S
   PEROUTKA, SJ
   ASHKENAZI, A
AF OKSENBERG, D
   MARSTERS, SA
   ODOWD, BF
   JIN, H
   HAVLIK, S
   PEROUTKA, SJ
   ASHKENAZI, A
TI A SINGLE AMINO-ACID DIFFERENCE CONFERS MAJOR PHARMACOLOGICAL VARIATION BETWEEN HUMAN AND RODENT 5-HT(1B) RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID <h-3>5-hydroxytryptamine binding-sites; rat-brain; i125 iodocyanopindolol; cloning; gene
AB NEUROPSYCHIATRIC disorders such as anxiety, depression, migraine, vasospasm and epilepsy may involve different subtypes of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor1,2.  The 1B subtype, which has a unique pharmacology, was first identified in rodent brain3-7.  But a similar receptor could not be detected in human brain6, suggesting the absence in man of a receptor with equivalent function. Recently a human receptor gene was isolated (designated 5-HT1B receptor8,9, 5-HT1Dbeta receptor10,11, or S12 receptor12) which shares 93% identity of the deduced protein sequence with rodent 5-HT1B receptors13-15.  Although this receptor is identical to rodent 5-HT1B receptors in binding to 5-HT, it differs profoundly in binding to many drugs. Here we show that replacement of a single amino acid in the human receptor (threonine at residue 355) with a corresponding asparagine found in rodent 5-HT1B receptors renders the pharmacology of the receptors essentially identical. This demonstrates that the human gene does indeed encode a 1B receptor, which is likely to have the same biological functions as the rodent 5-HT1B receptor.  In addition, these findings show that minute sequence differences between homologues of the same receptor from different species can cause large pharmacological variation. Thus, drug-receptor interactions should not be extrapolated from animal to human species without verification.
C1 GENENTECH INC,DEPT NEUROSCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT PHARMACOL,TORONTO M5S 1A8,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Stanford University; University of Toronto
RP OKSENBERG, D (corresponding author), GENENTECH INC,DEPT PULM RES & GENE THERAPY,460 POINT SAN BRUNO BLVD,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080, USA.
NR 25
TC 294
Z9 329
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 161
EP 163
DI 10.1038/360161a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200060
PM 1436092
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOTH, M
   PENNER, R
AF HOTH, M
   PENNER, R
TI DEPLETION OF INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM STORES ACTIVATES A CALCIUM CURRENT IN MAST-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inositol trisphosphate; ca-2+ release; influx; entry; phosphates; messengers; ionomycin; channels; mn-2+
AB IN many cell types, receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from internal stores is followed by Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane 1-3. The sustained entry of Ca2+ is thought to result partly from the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ pools 4,5. Most investigations have characterized Ca2+ influx indirectly by measuring Ca2+-activated currents 6-9 or using Fura-2 quenching by Mn2+, which in some cells enters the cells by the same influx pathway 10,11 But only a few studies have investigated this Ca2+ entry pathway more directly 12-14. We have combined patch-clamp and Fura-2 measurements to monitor membrane currents in mast cells under conditions where intracellular Ca2+ stores were emptied by either inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, ionomycin, or excess of the Ca2+ chelator EGTA. The depletion of Ca2+ pools by these independent mechanisms commonly induced activation of a sustained calcium inward current that was highly selective for Ca2+ ions over Ba2+, Sr2+ and Mn2+. This Ca2+ current, which we term I(CRAC) (calcium release-activated calcium), is not voltage-activated and shows a characteristic inward rectification. It may be the mechanism by which electrically nonexcitable cells maintain raised intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and replenish their empty Ca2+ stores after receptor stimulation.
RP HOTH, M (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM, W-3400 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.
NR 26
TC 1542
Z9 1677
U1 1
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 353
EP 356
DI 10.1038/355353a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100069
PM 1309940
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NANDRA, K
   POUNDS, KA
AF NANDRA, K
   POUNDS, KA
TI HIGHLY IONIZED-GAS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE ACTIVE GALAXY MCG-6-30-15
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray reflection; galactic nuclei; cold matter; variability; absorption; spectrum
AB FLUORESCENT emission from iron and the detection of a Compton reflection 'hump'1-3 in the X-ray spectra4,5 of many active galaxies are strong evidence for the presence of cold (nearly neutral) optically thick material in their nuclear regions. An apparent absorption edge at 8-9 keV, attributed to iron, in about half of a large number of Seyfert galaxies5 indicates the additional presence of warm (partially ionized) absorbing material, which could modify the emergent X-ray spectrum and explain flux-correlated changes in spectral shape6-8. If this interpretation is correct, the warm absorber should give rise to a number of spectral features, particularly absorption edges, whose energy can be used to deduce the ionization state of the material. Here we report the detection of such a feature in the bright Seyfert galaxy MCG-6-30-15, in the form of absorption at 0.8 keV arising from the presence of highly ionized oxygen. This warm absorber will be difficult to detect at other wavelengths but, may contribute significantly to the overall X-rav opacity of the nuclear region.
C1 UNIV LEICESTER,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,LEICESTER LE1 7RH,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Leicester
RP NANDRA, K (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST ASTRON,MADINGLEY RD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
NR 20
TC 101
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 215
EP 216
DI 10.1038/359215a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAUER, JE
   WILLIAMS, PM
   DRUFFEL, ERM
AF BAUER, JE
   WILLIAMS, PM
   DRUFFEL, ERM
TI C-14 ACTIVITY OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON FRACTIONS IN THE NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC AND SARGASSO SEA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiocarbon; matter; ocean
AB RADIOCARBON measurements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) oxidizable by ultraviolet irradiation (DOC(uv)) yielded apparent ages of approximately 6,000 yr in the deep waters of the oligotrophic north-central Pacific gyre 1. Recent reports of a potentially larger pool of DOC as measured by high-temperature catalytic combustion (DOC(htc)) using discrete injections of sea water 2,3 have led to speculation that 'younger', more recently produced DOC could contribute significantly to overall oceanic organic carbon fluxes, owing to its suspected greater biological lability 4-6. Here we present a comparison of DELTA-C-14 (the deviation in parts per thousand from the C-14 activity of nineteenth-century wood) 7 of the DOC(htc), DOC(uv), and humic substances in profiles from the oligotrophic north-central Pacific and Sargasso Sea. For each ocean, the DELTA-C-14 values of all three fractions are remarkably similar, yielding no evidence for a component of DOC that is cycled through the system on timescales shorter than several thousands of years. We observe an age difference between the two oceans of approximately 2,000 yr for the deepest DOC, which can largely be accounted for by differences in the DELTA-C-14 of the DOC sources to the deep basins, and by the different deep-water circulation patterns and transit times in the two oceans.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG, DIV MARINE RES, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, DEPT CHEM, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP BAUER, JE (corresponding author), FLORIDA STATE UNIV, DEPT OCEANOG, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32306 USA.
NR 28
TC 285
Z9 328
U1 1
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 667
EP 670
DI 10.1038/357667a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NOWAK, MA
   MAY, RM
AF NOWAK, MA
   MAY, RM
TI EVOLUTIONARY GAMES AND SPATIAL CHAOS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cellular automata; cooperation; life
AB MUCH attention has been given to the Prisoners' Dilemnia as a metaphor for the problems surrounding the evolution of cooperative behaviour1-6. This work has dealt with the relative merits of various Strategies (such as tit-for-tat) when players who recognize each other meet repeatedly, and more recently with ensembles of strategies and with the effects of occasional errors. Here we neglect all strategical niceties or memories of past encounters, considering only two simple kinds of players: those who always cooperate and those who always defect. We explore the consequences of placing these players in a two-dimensional spatial array: in each round, every individual 'plays the game' with the immediate neighbours; after this, each site is occupied either by its original owner or by one of the neighbours, depending on who scores the highest total in that round; and so to the next round of the game. This simple, and purely deterministic, spatial version of the Prisoners' Dilemma, with no memories among players and no strategical elaboration, can generate chaotically changing spatial patterns, in which cooperators and defectors both persist indefinitely (in fluctuating proportions about predictable long-term averages). If the starting configurations are sufficiently symmetrical, these ever-changing sequences of spatial patterns-dynamic fractals-can be extraordinarily beautiful, and have interesting mathematical properties. There are potential implications for the dynamics of a wide variety of spatially extended systems in physics and biology.
RP NOWAK, MA (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD, DEPT ZOOL, S PARKS RD, OXFORD OX1 3PS, ENGLAND.
NR 21
TC 3391
Z9 3676
U1 8
U2 532
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 826
EP 829
DI 10.1038/359826a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700063
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BEAM, KG
   ADAMS, BA
   NIIDOME, T
   NUMA, S
   TANABE, T
AF BEAM, KG
   ADAMS, BA
   NIIDOME, T
   NUMA, S
   TANABE, T
TI FUNCTION OF A TRUNCATED DIHYDROPYRIDINE RECEPTOR AS BOTH VOLTAGE SENSOR AND CALCIUM-CHANNEL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dysgenic skeletal-muscle; 2 size forms; charge movement; alpha-1; phosphorylation; subunits; cells; cdnas; acid; rat
AB THE skeletal muscle dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor serves dual functions, as a voltage sensor for excitation-contraction coupling and as an L-type calcium channel1-3. Biochemical analysis indicates the presence of two forms of the DHP receptor polypeptide in skeletal muscle, a full-length translation product present as a minor species and a much more abundant form that has a truncated carboxy-terminus4-6. On the basis of these and other observations7, it has been proposed8 that, in skeletal muscle, only the full-length DHP receptor can function as a calcium channel and that the truncated form can only function as a voltage sensor for excitation-contraction coupling. To resolve this issue, we have now constructed a complementary DNA (pC6DELTA1) encoding a protein corresponding to the truncated DHP receptor in skeletal muscle. Expression of pC6DELTA1 in dysgenic myotubes fully restores both excitation-contraction coupling and calcium current, consistent with the idea that a single class of DHP receptors performs both functions.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT MED CHEM,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT MOLEC GENET,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University
RP BEAM, KG (corresponding author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED & BIOMED SCI,DEPT PHYSIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA.
NR 18
TC 96
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 169
EP 171
DI 10.1038/360169a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200063
PM 1331811
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TOURNILHAC, F
   BLINOV, LM
   SIMON, J
   YABLONSKY, SV
AF TOURNILHAC, F
   BLINOV, LM
   SIMON, J
   YABLONSKY, SV
TI FERROELECTRIC LIQUID-CRYSTALS FROM ACHIRAL MOLECULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesogens
AB THE electrical and optical properties of ferroelectric liquid crystals make them of considerable technological interest1. Although the symmetry of most liquid crystalline phases is too high to allow spontaneous polarization, it has long been recognized that a tilted smectic phase made up of chiral molecules can be ferroelectric, owing to a reduction in the overall symmetry of the material2. This forms the basis for conventional ferroelectric liquid crystals, in which the bulk polarization lies within the plane of the smectic layers. Here we describe a new class of organic ferroelectrics composed of achiral 'polyphilic' molecules3,4. Ferroelectricity is demonstrated by measurements of an acoustically induced piezoelectric response and the determination of repolarization currents. The mechanism by which the polar phase is generated differs from that found in conventional chiral smectics, and should in principle allow the preparation of a phase in which the bulk polarization is parallel to the long axis of the constituent molecules.
C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST CRYSTALLOG, MOSCOW 117333, USSR.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; FSRC Crystallography & Photonics RAS
RP TOURNILHAC, F (corresponding author), ECOLE SUPER PHYS & CHIM IND, CNRS, URA 429, F-75231 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
NR 11
TC 166
Z9 175
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 621
EP 623
DI 10.1038/359621a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRENNINKMEIJER, CAM
   MANNING, MR
   LOWE, DC
   WALLACE, G
   SPARKS, RJ
   VOLZTHOMAS, A
AF BRENNINKMEIJER, CAM
   MANNING, MR
   LOWE, DC
   WALLACE, G
   SPARKS, RJ
   VOLZTHOMAS, A
TI INTERHEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY IN OH ABUNDANCE INFERRED FROM MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC (CO)-C-14
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID accelerator mass-spectrometry; model; stratosphere; h-2; co
AB THE hydroxyl radical, OH, is the chief oxidizing agent in the atmosphere, and is responsible for removing many natural and anthropogenic trace gases 1. At present, OH cannot be measured. directly with sufficient accuracy over the spatial and temporal scales needed for global models of atmospheric chemistry 2. Consequently, estimates of atmospheric OH abundance rely on a combination of models incorporating OH chemistry and observations of trace gases sensitive to OH. (CO)-C-14 is an important diagnostic of OH abundance 3-6. It is produced in the atmosphere mainly by the immediate oxidation of C-14 produced by cosmic radiation, and it is subsequently removed more slowly through oxidation to (CO2)-C-14 by hydroxyl radicals 7. The mean lifetime of (CO)-C-14 in clean air during summer in the middle and low latitudes is about one month, which makes (CO)-C-14 a more sensitive indicator of OH than the longer-lived trace gases commonly used. Until now, only a few Northern Hemisphere (CO)-C-14 determinations have been published 3,8. Using accelerator mass spectrometry we present here an extensive set of (CO)-C-14 data in New Zealand and several new Northern Hemisphere results. We find that Southern Hemisphere (CO)-C-14 concentrations are approximately 40% lower than at comparable latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Such a large difference is surprising because the dominant sources and sinks are believed to be similar in both hemispheres. Although there are several complicating factors, from our results we suggest that OH abundances may be significantly higher in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere, in contrast to predictions using current photochemical models.
C1 FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JULICH, FORSCHUNGZENTRUM, W-5170 JULICH 1, GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre
RP BRENNINKMEIJER, CAM (corresponding author), DSIR, DIV PHYS SCI, NUCL SCI GRP, POB 31312, LOWER HUTT, NEW ZEALAND.
NR 35
TC 69
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 50
EP 52
DI 10.1038/356050a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TIVERON, MC
   BARBONI, E
   RIVERO, FBP
   GORMLEY, AM
   SEELEY, PJ
   GROSVELD, F
   MORRIS, R
AF TIVERON, MC
   BARBONI, E
   RIVERO, FBP
   GORMLEY, AM
   SEELEY, PJ
   GROSVELD, F
   MORRIS, R
TI SELECTIVE-INHIBITION OF NEURITE OUTGROWTH ON MATURE ASTROCYTES BY THY-1 GLYCOPROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat; cultures; neurons; tissue; growth; nerve; cells; regeneration; expression; origin
AB THY-1, the smallest member of the immunoglobulin superfamily 1, is a major cell-surface component expressed by several tissues 2. The protein 1, carbohydrate 3 and gene 4 Structures of this molecule are known, yet its function is not. It is highly expressed in nervous tissue 5, where it appears on virtually all neurons after the cessation of axonal growth 6. Here we show that expression of Thy-1 by a neural cell line inhibits neurite outgrowth on mature astrocytes, but not on other cellular substrata which include Schwann cells and embryonic glia. This inhibition of neurite extension on astrocytes can be reversed by low concentrations (nanomolar) of soluble Thy-1. If a similar interaction between neuronal Thy-1 and astrocytes occurs in vivo, it could stabilize neuronal connections and suppress axonal regrowth after injury in the astrocyte-rich areas of adult central nervous system.
C1 UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,FAC MED & CHIRURG,DEPT HUMAN BIOPATHOL,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
   NATL INST MED RES,GENE STRUCT & EXPRESS LAB,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 Sapienza University Rome; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP TIVERON, MC (corresponding author), NATL INST MED RES,NEUROBIOL LAB,NORMAN & SADIE LEE RES CTR,RIDGEWAY,MILL HILL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 132
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 745
EP 748
DI 10.1038/355745a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400071
PM 1346926
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EGLINTON, G
   BRADSHAW, SA
   ROSELL, A
   SARNTHEIN, M
   PFLAUMANN, U
   TIEDEMANN, R
AF EGLINTON, G
   BRADSHAW, SA
   ROSELL, A
   SARNTHEIN, M
   PFLAUMANN, U
   TIEDEMANN, R
TI MOLECULAR RECORD OF SECULAR SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE-CHANGES ON 100-YEAR TIMESCALES FOR GLACIAL TERMINATION-I, TERMINATION-II AND TERMINATION-IV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID level; ages
AB HIGH-RESOLUTION palaeoclimate records based on oxygen isotope data have provided important insights into climate variability and rates of natural climate change on about a thousand-year timescale 1-3. Little is known 4, however, about the variation of climate and of palaeoceanographic conditions throughout the Quaternary on timescales of less than 1,000 years (at frequencies far greater than those of the Milankovitch orbital cycles). Here we show that such high time resolution is possible from molecular stratigraphic studies based on 'biomarker' organic molecules (alkenones). We have sampled alkenone stratigraphic records at 70- to 200-yr intervals across glacial terminations I, II and IV in sediment cores from ODP site 658, off northwest Africa 5. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) derived from the alkenone (U37k) index 6-8 vary rapidly beyond the range of analytical noise by up to 2.5-degrees-C in 300 yr, showing hitherto unknown cycles with about 600-yr periodicities. Some of the changes parallel similar events in the oxygen isotope stratigraphy. SST oscillations may be linked, in part, to abrupt breakdowns in Atlantic deep-water ventilation resulting from meltwater events of Quaternary glacial terminations 3,9,10.
C1 UNIV KIEL, INST GEOL PALAONTOL, W-2300 KIEL 1, GERMANY.
C3 University of Kiel
RP EGLINTON, G (corresponding author), UNIV BRISTOL, SCH CHEM, ORGAN GEOCHEM UNIT, BRISTOL BS8 1TS, AVON, ENGLAND.
NR 32
TC 120
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 423
EP 426
DI 10.1038/356423a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SPOLSKY, CM
   PHILLIPS, CA
   UZZELL, T
AF SPOLSKY, CM
   PHILLIPS, CA
   UZZELL, T
TI ANTIQUITY OF CLONAL SALAMANDER LINEAGES REVEALED BY MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lizards genus cnemidophorus; relative age; origin; evolution; complex; fishes
AB THE existence of clonally reproducing vertebrates has often served as a foil in attempts to explain the near-ubiquity of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, but the absence of recombination, with its attendant limitation of new genotypes to those produced through mutations, restricts the adaptive ability of clonal organisms 1-3. It has been argued, therefore, that clonal vertebrate taxa have short lifespans 4-14. Variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within clonal populations is interpreted instead as reflecting multiple, although limited, independent hybridization events 8-13,15. On the basis of an analysis of an average of 373 nucleotide pairs, we report here that the mtDNA of clonal, hybrid, gynogenetic mole salamanders (Ambystoma, Ambystomatidae) differs by 5% or more from mtDNA of their closest possible sexual relatives (A. jeffersonianum, A. laterale and A. texanum). Assuming usual rates of mtDNA divergence, these lineages have persisted for about 5 million years, far longer than estimated for other clonal vertebrate populations. The low mtDNA variability in the clonal lineages suggests that they have undergone population reductions during the Pleistocene.
RP SPOLSKY, CM (corresponding author), UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT ECOL ETHOL & EVOLUT, URBANA, IL 61801 USA.
NR 29
TC 93
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 706
EP 708
DI 10.1038/356706a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600058
PM 1570013
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GODINOT, M
   MAHBOUBI, M
AF GODINOT, M
   MAHBOUBI, M
TI EARLIEST KNOWN SIMIAN PRIMATE FOUND IN ALGERIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egypt; oligocene; position; fayum
AB THE record of early fossil Simiiformes (Anthropoidea 1) from the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula has increased dramatically in recent years 2-6. We report here the discovery of a new, diminutive and much older (Early or Middle Eocene) simian from an Algerian locality, Glib Zegdou. This species is smaller than any other living or fossil African simiiform. Derived similarities shared with Aegyptopithecus suggest that the new genus is more closely related to propliopithecines than to oligopithecines, implying that these two subfamilies differentiated during the Early Eocene. The new discovery confirms predictions about the great antiquity of Simiiformes 7-9 and emphasizes a long and endemic African history for higher primates.
C1 UNIV ORAN,INST SCI TERRE,ORAN,ALGERIA.
C3 Universite d'Oran
RP GODINOT, M (corresponding author), UNIV MONTPELLIER 2,INST SCI EVOLUT,CNRS,URA 327,CASE COURRIER 64,PL EUGENE BATAILLON,F-34095 MONTPELLIER 05,FRANCE.
NR 26
TC 81
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 324
EP 326
DI 10.1038/357324a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200046
PM 1589034
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ELLINGTON, AD
   SZOSTAK, JW
AF ELLINGTON, AD
   SZOSTAK, JW
TI SELECTION INVITRO OF SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA MOLECULES THAT FOLD INTO SPECIFIC LIGAND-BINDING STRUCTURES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; polymerase
AB WE have isolated a set of ligand-binding DNA sequences from a large pool of random sequence DNAs by selection and amplification in vitro, using similar methods to those described for the isolation of ligand-binding RNAs 1. The ligand-DNA interactions are both sequence- and ligand-specific, and are dependent on proper folding of the single-stranded DNA. Some ligands led to the isolation of more DNA sequences than RNA sequences, and vice versa. Analysis of individual sequences reveals that ligand binding is DNA-specific; RNAs of identical sequence could not interact with the same ligands. Ligand-binding DNAs might be more suitable than RNAs as potential pharmacological reagents 2-4 because of the greater stability of DNA. The apparent primacy of RNA in the early evolution of life 5-7 may have been due to its availability rather than to its functional superiority.
RP ELLINGTON, AD (corresponding author), MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02114, USA.
NR 12
TC 711
Z9 970
U1 1
U2 268
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 850
EP 852
DI 10.1038/355850a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600064
PM 1538766
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PORCELLI, S
   MORITA, CT
   BRENNER, MB
AF PORCELLI, S
   MORITA, CT
   BRENNER, MB
TI CD1B RESTRICTS THE RESPONSE OF HUMAN CD4-8- LYMPHOCYTES-T TO A MICROBIAL ANTIGEN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-delta cells; hla class-i; monoclonal-antibody; recognition; genes; expression; receptor; differentiation; thymocytes; molecules
AB MOLECULES encoded by the human CD1 locus on chromosome 1 (ref. 33) are recognized by selected CD4-8- T-cell clones expressing either alphabeta or gammadelta T-cell antigen receptors1,2.  The known structural resemblance of CD1 molecules to antigen-presenting molecules encoded by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes on human chromosome 6 (refs 3, 4, 34, 35), suggested that CD1 may represent a family of antigen-presenting molecules separate from those encoded in the MHC1,5,6. Here we report that the proliferative and cytotoxic responses of human CD4-8-alphabetaTCR+ T cells specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be restricted by CD1b, one of the four identified protein products of the CD1 locus. The responses of these T cells to M. tuberculosis seemed not to involve MHC encoded molecules, but were absolutely dependent on the expression of CD1b by the antigen-presenting cell and involved an antigen processing requirement similar to that seen in MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation. These results provide, to our knowledge, the first direct evidence for the proposed antigen-presenting function of CD1 molecules and suggest that the CD1 family plays a role in cell-mediated immunity to microbial pathogens.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP PORCELLI, S (corresponding author), BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT RHEUMATOL IMMUNOL,LYMPHOCYTE BIOL SECT,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 35
TC 547
Z9 575
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 593
EP 597
DI 10.1038/360593a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900088
PM 1281285
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BEHRMANN, M
   WINOCUR, G
   MOSCOVITCH, M
AF BEHRMANN, M
   WINOCUR, G
   MOSCOVITCH, M
TI DISSOCIATION BETWEEN MENTAL-IMAGERY AND OBJECT RECOGNITION IN A BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-imagery; generation; neuropsychology; representation; agnosia; deficit
AB VISUAL imagery is the creation of mental representations that share many features with veridical visual percepts. Studies of normal and brain-damaged people reinforce the view that visual imagery and visual perception are mediated by a common neural substrate and activate the same representations1-4. Thus, brain-damaged patients with intact vision who have an impairment in perception should have impaired visual imagery. Here we present evidence to the contrary from a patient with severely impaired object recognition (visual object agnosia) but with normal mental imagery. He draws objects in considerable detail from memory and uses information derived from mental images in a variety of tasks. In contrast, he cannot identify visually presented objects, even those he has drawn himself. He has normal visual acuity and intact perception of equally complex material in other domains. We conclude that rich internal representations can be activated to support visual imagery even when they cannot support visually mediated perception of objects.
C1 UNIV TORONTO, ERINDALE COLL, DEPT PSYCHOL, MISSISSAUGA L5L 1C6, ONTARIO, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, FAC MED, TORONTO M5G 1L4, ONTARIO, CANADA.
   TRENT UNIV, DEPT PSYCHOL, PETERBOROUGH K9J 7B8, ONTARIO, CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga; University of Toronto; Trent University
RP BEHRMANN, M (corresponding author), BAYCREST CTR GERIATR CARE, ROTMAN RES INST, 3560 BATHURST ST, TORONTO M6A 2E1, ONTARIO, CANADA.
NR 20
TC 128
Z9 138
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 636
EP 637
DI 10.1038/359636a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400057
PM 1406994
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BODE, W
   GOMISRUTH, FX
   HUBER, R
   ZWILLING, R
   STOCKER, W
AF BODE, W
   GOMISRUTH, FX
   HUBER, R
   ZWILLING, R
   STOCKER, W
TI STRUCTURE OF ASTACIN AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ACTIVATION OF ASTACINS AND ZINC-LIGATION OF COLLAGENASES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid sequence; human fibroblast collagenase; thermolysin; protease; proteins
AB ASTACIN, a digestive zinc-endopeptidase from the crayfish Astacus astacus L. 1,2, is the prototype for the 'astacin family' 3-5, which includes mammalian metallo-endopeptidases 5 and developmentally regulated proteins of man 6, fruitfly 7, frog 8 and sea urchin 9,10. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of astacin, which reveals a deep active-site cleft, with the zinc at its bottom ligated by three histidines, a water molecule and a more remote tyrosine. The third histidine (His 102) forms part of a consensus sequence, shared not only by the members of the astacin family, but also by otherwise sequentially unrelated proteinases, such as vertebrate collagenases 11. It may therefore represent the elusive 'third' zinc ligand in these enzymes. The amino terminus of astacin is buried forming an internal salt-bridge with Glu 103, adjacent to His 102. Astacin pro-forms extended at the N terminus, as observed for some 'latent' mammalian astacin homologues, did not exhibit this 'active' conformation, indicating an activation mechanism reminiscent of trypsin-like serine proteinases.
C1 UNIV HEIDELBERG,INST ZOOL,W-6900 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP BODE, W (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,W-8033 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 304
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 164
EP 167
DI 10.1038/358164a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300057
PM 1319561
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHANG, XK
   LEHMANN, J
   HOFFMANN, B
   DAWSON, MI
   CAMERON, J
   GRAUPNER, G
   HERMANN, T
   TRAN, P
   PFAHL, M
AF ZHANG, XK
   LEHMANN, J
   HOFFMANN, B
   DAWSON, MI
   CAMERON, J
   GRAUPNER, G
   HERMANN, T
   TRAN, P
   PFAHL, M
TI HOMODIMER FORMATION OF RETINOID X-RECEPTOR INDUCED BY 9-CIS RETINOIC ACID
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone; responsive element; gene; identification; binding; isoform; gamma
AB RETINOID response pathways are mediated by two classes of receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs)1-6 and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs)7-11. A central question is whether distinct response pathways are regulated by these two classes of receptors. The observation that the stereoisomer 9-cis-retinoic acid binds with high affinity to RXRs12,13 suggested that this retinoid has a distinct role in controlling RXR activity, but it was almost simultaneously discovered that RXRs function as auxiliary receptors for RARs and related receptors, and are essential for DNA binding and function of those receptors9,10,14-17. Hence, although RARs seem to operate effectively only as heterodimeric RAR/RXR complexes, RXRs themselves apparently function predominantly, if not exclusively, as auxiliary receptors. Here we report that 9-cis-retinoic acid induces RXR homodimer formation. Our results demonstrate a new mechanism for retinoid action by which a ligand-induced homodimer mediates a distinct retinoid response pathway.
C1 LA JOLLA CANC RES FDN,CTR CANC,10901 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   SRI INT,DIV LIFE SCI,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; SRI International
NR 30
TC 571
Z9 614
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 587
EP 591
DI 10.1038/358587a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900061
PM 1323763
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHUANG, GS
   YI, Z
   DUCE, RA
   BROWN, PR
AF ZHUANG, GS
   YI, Z
   DUCE, RA
   BROWN, PR
TI LINK BETWEEN IRON AND SULFUR CYCLES SUGGESTED BY DETECTION OF FE(II) IN REMOTE MARINE AEROSOLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace-elements; phytoplankton; dissolution; complexes; chemistry; droplets; radicals; ocean
AB IRON is essential to the growth of organisms, and iron derived from the atmosphere may be the limiting nutrient for primary productivity in some oceanic regions 1-6. Aeolian mineral dust is the chief source of marine iron in many areas 1-3,5,7, but there is little information on the chemical form of the iron in this dust. Here we report that Fe(II) contributed 56 +/- 32% of the total iron in marine aerosol samples collected over the central North Pacific and 49 +/- 15% at Barbados. We suggest that the key reaction that produces Fe(II), and hence increases the solubility of marine aerosol iron in sea water, is [Fe(III)(OH)(H2O)5]2+ + H2O --> hv [Fe(II)(H2O)6]2+ + OH. (refs 8-10). The presence of Fe(II) in remote marine aerosols suggests that the OH radical has been produced in these heterogeneous reactions. From consideration of both the marine biological production of dimethylsulphide and the subsequent oxidation of reduced forms of sulphur in the atmosphere, we propose that the iron and sulphur cycles in both the atmosphere and the ocean may be closely coupled.
C1 UNIV RHODE ISL, GRAD SCH OCEANOG, CTR ATMOSPHER CHEM, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA.
   UNIV RHODE ISL, DEPT CHEM, KINGSTON, RI 02881 USA.
C3 University of Rhode Island; University of Rhode Island
NR 25
TC 326
Z9 383
U1 1
U2 108
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 537
EP 539
DI 10.1038/355537a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOLLA, A
   JANG, SK
   PAUL, AV
   REUER, Q
   WIMMER, E
AF MOLLA, A
   JANG, SK
   PAUL, AV
   REUER, Q
   WIMMER, E
TI CARDIOVIRAL INTERNAL RIBOSOMAL ENTRY SITE IS FUNCTIONAL IN A GENETICALLY ENGINEERED DICISTRONIC POLIOVIRUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID encephalomyocarditis virus-rna; 5'-untranslated region; secondary structure; gene organization; initiation site; translation; neurovirulence; proteinases; expression; elements
AB HIGH mutation rates have driven RNA viruses to shorten their genomes to the minimum possible size 1. Mammalian (+)-strand RNA viruses and retroviruses have responded by reducing the number of cis-acting regulatory elements, a constraint that has led to the emergence of the polyprotein 2. Poliovirus is a (+)-stranded picornavirus whose polyprotein, encoded by an open reading frame spanning most of the viral RNA 3, is processed by virus-encoded proteinases 4,5. Despite their genetic austerity, picornaviruses have retained long 5' untranslated regions 6-8, which harbour cis-acting elements that promote initiation of translation independently of the uncapped 5' end of the viral messenger RNA 9-12. These elements are termed 'internal ribosomal entry sites' 10 and are formed from highly structured RNA segments 13-15 of at least 400 nucleotides 16. How these elements function-is not known, but special RNA-binding proteins may be involved 17. The ribosome or its 40S subunit probably binds at or near a Y(n)X(m)AUG motif (where Y is a pyrimidine and X is a purine) at the 3' border of the internal ribosomal entry site 17, which either provides the initiating codon 16,18 or enables the ribosome to translocate to one downstream (E.W. et al., submitted). Initiation from most eukaryotic messenger RNAs usually occurs by ribosomal recognition of the 5' and subsequent scanning to the AUG codon 19. Here we describe a genetic strategy for the dissection of polyproteins which proves that an internal ribosomal entry site element can initiate translation independently of the 5' end.
RP MOLLA, A (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK, HLTH SCI CTR, SCH MED, DEPT MICROBIOL, STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA.
NR 29
TC 109
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 255
EP 257
DI 10.1038/356255a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400063
PM 1313153
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THOMPSON, DJ
   ARZOUMANIAN, Z
   BERTSCH, DL
   BRAZIER, KTS
   DAMICO, N
   FICHTEL, CE
   FIERRO, JM
   HARTMAN, RC
   HUNTER, SD
   JOHNSTON, S
   KANBACH, G
   KASPI, VM
   KNIFFEN, DA
   LIN, YC
   LYNE, AG
   MANCHESTER, RN
   MATTOX, JR
   MAYERHASSELWANDER, HA
   MICHELSON, PF
   VONMONTIGNY, C
   NEL, HI
   NICE, D
   NOLAN, PL
   PINKAU, K
   ROTHERMEL, H
   SCHNEID, EJ
   SOMMER, M
   SREEKUMAR, P
   TAYLOR, JH
AF THOMPSON, DJ
   ARZOUMANIAN, Z
   BERTSCH, DL
   BRAZIER, KTS
   DAMICO, N
   FICHTEL, CE
   FIERRO, JM
   HARTMAN, RC
   HUNTER, SD
   JOHNSTON, S
   KANBACH, G
   KASPI, VM
   KNIFFEN, DA
   LIN, YC
   LYNE, AG
   MANCHESTER, RN
   MATTOX, JR
   MAYERHASSELWANDER, HA
   MICHELSON, PF
   VONMONTIGNY, C
   NEL, HI
   NICE, D
   NOLAN, PL
   PINKAU, K
   ROTHERMEL, H
   SCHNEID, EJ
   SOMMER, M
   SREEKUMAR, P
   TAYLOR, JH
TI PULSED HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAYS FROM THE RADIO PULSAR PSR1706-44
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cos-b; emission; radiation; telescope; crab; vela
AB OF the more than 500 known radio pulsars, only three have been detected as gamma-ray sources. Using the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite, we have detected pulsed gamma-radiation, above 100 MeV in energy, from a fourth radio pulsar, PSR1706-44. Within the pulse period of 102 ms, the gamma-emission forms a single broad peak, in contrast to the two narrow peaks seen in the other high-energy gamma-ray pulsars. The emission mechanism in all cases is probably the same, the differences arising from the geometry of the magnetic and rotation axes and the line of sight. In these pulsars, gamma-ray emission accounts for as much as 1% of the total neutron star spin-down energy, much more than emerges at optical or radio frequencies, so study of this emission is important in understanding pulsar emission and evolution.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERRESTR PHYS,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   UNIV PALERMO,IST AGRON,I-90134 PALERMO,ITALY.
   CNR,IST RADIOASTRON,I-40126 BOLOGNA,ITALY.
   STANFORD UNIV,DEPT PHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,WW HANSEN EXPTL PHYS LAB,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   CSIRO,AUSTRALIA TELESCOPE NATL FACIL,EPPING,NSW 2121,AUSTRALIA.
   HAMPDEN SYDNEY COLL,DEPT PHYS,HAMPDEN SYDNEY,VA 23943.
   UNIV MANCHESTER,DEPT PHYS,MACCLESFIELD SK11 9DL,ENGLAND.
   NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,UNIV SPACE RES ASSOCIATES,GREENBELT,MD 20771.
   GRUMMAN AEROSP CORP,BETHPAGE,NY 11714.
C3 Princeton University; Max Planck Society; University of Palermo; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Stanford University; Stanford University; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; University of Manchester; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
RP THOMPSON, DJ (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,COMP SCI CORP,COMPTON OBSERV SCI SUPPORT CTR,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA.
NR 22
TC 113
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 615
EP 616
DI 10.1038/359615a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EMINI, EA
   SCHLEIF, WA
   NUNBERG, JH
   CONLEY, AJ
   EDA, Y
   TOKIYOSHI, S
   PUTNEY, SD
   MATSUSHITA, S
   COBB, KE
   JETT, CM
   EICHBERG, JW
   MURTHY, KK
AF EMINI, EA
   SCHLEIF, WA
   NUNBERG, JH
   CONLEY, AJ
   EDA, Y
   TOKIYOSHI, S
   PUTNEY, SD
   MATSUSHITA, S
   COBB, KE
   JETT, CM
   EICHBERG, JW
   MURTHY, KK
TI PREVENTION OF HIV-1 INFECTION IN CHIMPANZEES BY GP120 V3 DOMAIN-SPECIFIC MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; neutralizing antibody; glycoprotein gp120; acid sequence; envelope; epitope; protein; binding; fusion; cells
AB THE acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the late-stage clinical manifestation of long-term persistent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Immune responses directed against the virus and against virus-infected cells during the persistent infection fail to mediate resolution of the infection. As a result, a successful AIDS vaccine must elicit an immune state that will prevent the establishment of the persistent infection following introduction of the virus into the host. The third hypervariable (V3) domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is a disulphide-linked closed loop of about 30 amino acids which binds and elicits anti-HIV-1 type-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies 1-7 . The in vitro characteristics of anti-V3 domain antibody suggest that this antibody could by itself prevent HIV-1 infection in vivo 8,9, an idea supported by chimpanzee challenge studies in which protection against the HIV-1 persistent infection seemed to correlate with the presence of anti-V3 domain antibody 10-12.  Here we directly demonstrate the protective efficacy of anti-V3 domain antibody in vivo and propose that this antibody is potentially useful as both a pre- and post-exposure prophylactic agent.
C1 CHEMOSEROTHERAPEUT RES INST,KUMAMOTO 86115,JAPAN.
   REPLIGEN CORP,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   KUMAMOTO UNIV,KUMAMOTO 860,JAPAN.
   SW FDN BIOMED RES,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284.
C3 Kumamoto University; Texas Biomedical Research Institute
RP EMINI, EA (corresponding author), MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD,W POINT,PA 19486, USA.
NR 15
TC 496
Z9 554
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 728
EP 730
DI 10.1038/355728a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400064
PM 1741059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SERRANO, L
   NEIRA, JL
   SANCHO, J
   FERSHT, AR
AF SERRANO, L
   NEIRA, JL
   SANCHO, J
   FERSHT, AR
TI EFFECT OF ALANINE VERSUS GLYCINE IN ALPHA-HELICES ON PROTEIN STABILITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID occurring amino-acids; cavity surface-area; side-chain packing; random poly(hydroxybutylglutamine-co-l-proline); proline parameters; forming tendency; hydrophobic core; water; constants; energetics
AB THE rational design of proteins requires knowledge of the helix-forming propensities (s-values) of the different amino acids. There is, however, considerable controversy about the relative values for alanine and glycine 1-12. We find from experiments on mutants of barnase that the relative effect of Ala versus Gly on helix stability depends crucially on the position in the helix (whether they are at the ends (caps) or are internal) and the context (the influence of their neighbours). Glycine is greatly preferred at the N and C caps. At internal positions, Ala stabilizes the helix relative to Gly by 0.4 to 2 kcal mol-1. The variation results from a combination of burial of hydrophobic surface on folding and interference with hydrogen bonding of the protein with solvent. There is a good empirical correlation between the relative stabilizing effects of Ala and Gly with the total change in solvent-accessible hydrophobic surface area of the folded protein on mutation of Gly to Ala. It is not valid to assign to each amino acid a unique s-value that is generally applicable to all positions in all helices in all proteins.
RP SERRANO, L (corresponding author), MRC,CAMBRIDGE RC PROT ENGN,PROT FUNCT & DESIGN UNIT,HILLS RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
NR 32
TC 215
Z9 235
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 453
EP 455
DI 10.1038/356453a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000071
PM 1557131
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STROM, RG
   GREIDANUS, H
AF STROM, RG
   GREIDANUS, H
TI EVIDENCE FOR SINGLE-TEMPERATURE DUST IN THE CRAB-NEBULA FROM A REANALYSIS OF ITS INFRARED-SPECTRUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supernova-remnants; filaments; evolution
AB THE Crab nebula, the remnant of the celebrated supernova of 1054 (refs 1, 2), lies 2 kpc from the Earth3,4 and is the most powerful neutron-star-driven nebulosity known. Its emission from radio to X-ray wavelengths is predominantly synchrotron radiation, with a power-law spectrum that steepens abruptly at 10(13) and 10(16) Hz (ref. 4). The infrared satellite observatory IRAS revealed significant excess emission, above the synchrotron spectrum, peaking between 60 and 100-mu-m in wavelength5. This was attributed to thermal radiation by dust with at least two characteristic temperatures in the range 40-100 K (refs 5, 6). We have now reanalysed the IRAS data, taking care to remove contamination by background emission, and find that the revised infrared flux densities are in fact well explained by a single dust component at a temperature of 46 K. The required dust mass is 0.02 solar masses (M.), corresponding to a gas to dust ratio of 100:1. We also determine more accurately the break frequency, 1.4 x 10(13) Hz, in the power-law spectrum. This value implies, for a steady-state synchrotron model, a time-averaged magnetic field of 420-mu-G, which is less than the value corresponding to an equipartition of energy between radiating particles and magnetic field, but probably greater than the present field strength.
C1 STERREWACHT LEIDEN,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University
RP STROM, RG (corresponding author), NETHERLANDS FDN RES ASTRON,RADIOSTERRENWACHT,POB 2,7990 AA DWINGELOO,NETHERLANDS.
NR 22
TC 31
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 654
EP 655
DI 10.1038/358654a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUNTER, CP
   WOOD, WB
AF HUNTER, CP
   WOOD, WB
TI EVIDENCE FROM MOSAIC ANALYSIS OF THE MASCULINIZING GENE HER-1 FOR CELL-INTERACTIONS IN C-ELEGANS SEX DETERMINATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; dosage compensation; polarity gene; drosophila; hermaphrodite; inhibitor; lineages; nematode; events
AB SEX in Caenorhabditis elegans is determined by a regulatory cascade of seven interacting autosomal genes controlled by three X-linked genes in response to the X chromosome-to-autosome (X/A) ratio 1,2. XX animals (high X/A) develop as self-fertile hermaphrodites, and XO animals (low X/A) develop as males. The activity of the first gene in the sex-determining cascade, her-1, is required for male sexual development 3. XO her-1 loss-of-function mutants develop as self-fertile hermaphrodites, whereas XX her-1 gain-of-function mutants develop as masculinized intersexes 4. By genetic mosaic analysis using a fused free duplication linking her-1 to a cell-autonomous marker gene, we show here that her-1 expression in a sexually dimorphic cell is neither necessary nor sufficient for that cell to adopt a male fate. Our results suggest that her-1 is expressed in many, possibly all, cells and that its gene product can function non-autonomously through cell interactions to determine male sexual development.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT MOLEC CELLULAR & DEV BIOL,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
NR 32
TC 75
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 551
EP 555
DI 10.1038/355551a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600061
PM 1741033
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOREL, A
   OCARROLL, AM
   BROWNSTEIN, MJ
   LOLAIT, SJ
AF MOREL, A
   OCARROLL, AM
   BROWNSTEIN, MJ
   LOLAIT, SJ
TI MOLECULAR-CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF A RAT VIA ARGININE VASOPRESSIN RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eukaryotic messenger-rnas; translational start site; muscle cell-line; sequences upstream; adenylate-cyclase; mammalian-cells; binding-sites; cdna; hepatocytes; compilation
AB THE neurohypophyseal hormone arginine vasopressin has diverse actions 1-7, including the inhibition of diuresis, contraction of smooth muscle, stimulation of liver glycogenolysis and modulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone release from the pituitary. Arginine vasopressin receptors are G protein-coupled and have been divided into at least three types 8; the V1a (vascular/hepatic) 1-9-11 and V1b (anterior pituitary) 12 receptors which act through phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis to mobilize intracellular Ca2+, and the V2 (kidney) receptor 1,13,14 which is coupled to adenylate cyclase. We report here the cloning of a complementary DNA encoding the hepatic V1a arginine vasopressin receptor. The liver cDNA encodes a protein with seven putative transmembrane domains, which binds arginine vasopressin and related compounds with affinities similar to the native rat V1a receptor. The messenger RNA corresponding to the cDNA is distributed in rat tissues known to contain V1a receptors.
C1 NIMH,CELL BIOL LAB,BLDG 36,ROOM 3A-17,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
NR 31
TC 476
Z9 500
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 523
EP 526
DI 10.1038/356523a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100059
PM 1560825
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RIZZUTO, R
   SIMPSON, AWM
   BRINI, M
   POZZAN, T
AF RIZZUTO, R
   SIMPSON, AWM
   BRINI, M
   POZZAN, T
TI RAPID CHANGES OF MITOCHONDRIAL CA2+ REVEALED BY SPECIFICALLY TARGETED RECOMBINANT AEQUORIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium; cells; ca-2+; involvement; receptor; proteins
AB INTRODUCTION of Ca2+ indicators (photoproteins, fluorescent dyes) that can be trapped in the cytosolic compartment of living cells has yielded major advances in our knowledge of Ca2+ homeostasis1,2. Ca2+ however regulates functions not only in the cytosol but also within various organelles3,4 where indicators have not yet been specifically targeted. Here we present a novel procedure by which the free Ca2+ concentration of mitochondria, [Ca2+]m, can be monitored continuously at rest and during stimulation. The complementary DNA for the Ca2+ sensitive photoprotein aequorin was fused in frame with that encoding a mitochondrial presequence. The hybrid cDNA was transfected into bovine endothelial cells and stable clones were obtained expressing variable amounts of mitochondrially targeted apoaequorin. The functional photoprotein could be reconstituted in intact cells by incubation with purified coelenterazine and [Ca2+]m could thus be monitored in situ. This allowed the unprecedented direct demonstration that agonist-stimulated elevations of cytosolic free Ca2+, [Ca2+]i, (measured in parallel with Fura-2) evoke rapid and transient increases of [Ca2+]m, which can be prevented by pretreatment with a mitochondrial uncoupler. The possibility of targeting aequorin to cellular organelles not only offers a new and powerful method for studying aspects of Ca2+ homeostasis that up to now could not be directly approached, but might also be used in the future as a tool to report in situ a variety of apparently unrelated phenomena of wide biological interest.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, PHYSIOL LAB, OXFORD OX1 3PT, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
RP RIZZUTO, R (corresponding author), UNIV PADUA, DEPT BIOMED SCI, VIA TRIESTE 75, I-35121 PADUA, ITALY.
FU Telethon [126] Funding Source: Medline
NR 36
TC 820
Z9 918
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 325
EP 327
DI 10.1038/358325a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400062
PM 1322496
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MILLER, DJ
   MACEK, MB
   SHUR, BD
AF MILLER, DJ
   MACEK, MB
   SHUR, BD
TI COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN SPERM SURFACE BETA-1,4-GALACTOSYL-TRANSFERASE AND EGG-COAT ZP3 MEDIATES SPERM EGG BINDING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID o-linked oligosaccharides; zona pellucida; mouse sperm; acrosome reaction; receptor activity; galactosyltransferase; identification; protein; fertilization; glycoproteins
AB DESPITE its importance, the molecular basis of mammalian gamete recognition has remained unclear. The enzyme beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (Gal-transferase) has been viewed traditionally as a biosynthetic component of the Golgi complex, but is also found on the surface of many cells where it can bind its specific glycoside substrate on adjacent cell surfaces or in the extracellular matrix 1-3. In mouse it has been suggested that Gal-transferase on the sperm head mediates fertilization by binding oligosaccharide residues in the egg coat, or zona pellucida 4-9, and that the ability of the zona pellucida to bind sperm is conferred by oligosaccharides of the ZP3 glycoprotein 10,13. However, it has not been confirmed that Gal-transferase and ZP3 are in fact complementary gamete receptors whose interaction mediates sperm-eg binding. Here we show that mouse sperm Gal-transferase specifically recognizes those oligosaccharides on ZP3 that have sperm-binding activity, but does not interact with other zona pellucida glycoproteins. In contrast, all zona pellucida glycoproteins are recognized by non-sperm Gal-transferase, demonstrating a more stringent substrate specificity for the sperm enzyme. This interaction is required for sperm-egg binding because blocking or removing the binding site for Gal-transferase on ZP3 inhibits its ability to bind sperm. After the release of the sperm acrosome, the transferase relocalizes to a new membrane domain where it can no longer bind to ZP3, which is consistent with the inability of acrosome-reacted sperm to bind ZP3 or to initiate binding to the zona pellucida. Following fertilization, ZP3 is modified by egg cortical granule secretions so that it loses sperm receptor activity, which can be accounted for by a selective loss of its binding site for sperm Gal-transferase. These results show that sperm surface beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase and the egg-coat glycoprotein ZP3 are complementary adhesion molecules that mediate primary gamete binding in the mouse.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,1515 HOLCOMBE BLVD,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
NR 39
TC 427
Z9 451
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 589
EP 593
DI 10.1038/357589a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200054
PM 1608469
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REYNOLDS, JR
   LANGMUIR, CH
   BENDER, JF
   KASTENS, KA
   RYAN, WBF
AF REYNOLDS, JR
   LANGMUIR, CH
   BENDER, JF
   KASTENS, KA
   RYAN, WBF
TI SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF BASALTS FROM THE EAST PACIFIC RISE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-ocean ridge; plate boundary; fracture-zones; magma chamber; evolution; axis; continuity; segment
AB Closely spaced sampling of basalts around the East Pacific Rise, made possible by a new sampling technique, reveals spatial patterns of change in the composition of the sea floor. The patterns demonstrate the scale and magnitude of temporal variability in the basalt chemistry, and suggest that the characteristic length scale of petrological segmentation can vary over time from 15 to >40 km along a single section of ridge. Patterns of basalt composition on the sea floor reveal the history of the ocean ridge with much finer resolution than do sea-floor spreading magnetic anomalies.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT GEOG & EARTH SCI,CHARLOTTE,NC 28223.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,PALISADES,NY 10964.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Charlotte; Columbia University
RP REYNOLDS, JR (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 38
TC 115
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 493
EP 499
DI 10.1038/359493a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROZAKISADCOCK, M
   MCGLADE, J
   MBAMALU, G
   PELICCI, G
   DALY, R
   LI, W
   BATZER, A
   THOMAS, S
   BRUGGE, J
   PELICCI, PG
   SCHLESSINGER, J
   PAWSON, T
AF ROZAKISADCOCK, M
   MCGLADE, J
   MBAMALU, G
   PELICCI, G
   DALY, R
   LI, W
   BATZER, A
   THOMAS, S
   BRUGGE, J
   PELICCI, PG
   SCHLESSINGER, J
   PAWSON, T
TI ASSOCIATION OF THE SHC AND GRB2/SEM5 SH2-CONTAINING PROTEINS IS IMPLICATED IN ACTIVATION OF THE RAS PATHWAY BY TYROSINE KINASES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; trk protooncogene; pc12 cells; receptor; differentiation; inhibition; affinity; mutation; vectors
AB THE mammalian shc gene encodes two overlapping, widely expressed proteins of 46 and 52K, with a carboxy-terminal SH2 domain that binds activated growth factor receptors, and a more amino-terminal glycine/proline-rich region1. These shc gene products (Shc) are transforming when overexpressed in fibroblasts1. Shc proteins become phosphorylated on tyrosine in cells stimulated with a variety of growth factors1, and in cells transformed by v-src (ref. 2), suggesting that they are tyrosine kinase targets that control a mitogenic signalling pathway. Here we report that tyrosine-phosphorylated Shc proteins form a specific complex with a non-phosphorylated 23K polypeptide encoded by the grb2/sem-5 gene3,4. The grb2/sem-5 gene product itself contains an SH2 domain, which mediates binding to Shc, and is implicated in activation of the Ras guanine nucleotide-binding protein by tyrosine kinases in both Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells3,4. Consistent with a role in signalling through Ras, shc overexpression induced Ras-dependent neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. These results suggest that Shc tyrosine phosphorylation can couple tyrosine kinases to Grb2/Sem-5, through formation of a Shc-Grb2/Sem-5 complex, and thereby regulate the mammalian Ras signalling pathway.
C1 MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,DIV MOLEC & DEV BIOL,600 UNIV AVE,TORONTO M5G 1X5,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   ARIAD PHARMACEUT INC,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO M5S 1A8,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   UNIV PERUGIA,MONTELUCE POLICLIN,IST CLIN MED 1,I-06100 PERUGIA,ITALY.
   NYU MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Takeda Oncology; University of Toronto; University of Perugia; New York University
NR 23
TC 949
Z9 1055
U1 1
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 689
EP 692
DI 10.1038/360689a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200062
PM 1465135
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIDRANSKY, D
   MIKKELSEN, T
   SCHWECHHEIMER, K
   ROSENBLUM, ML
   CAVANEE, W
   VOGELSTEIN, B
AF SIDRANSKY, D
   MIKKELSEN, T
   SCHWECHHEIMER, K
   ROSENBLUM, ML
   CAVANEE, W
   VOGELSTEIN, B
TI CLONAL EXPANSION OF P53 MUTANT-CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN-TUMOR PROGRESSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosome-17; mutations
AB TUMOUR progression is a fundamental feature of the biology of cancer 1. Cancers do not arise de novo in their final form, but begin as small, indolent growths, which gradually acquire characteristics associated with malignancy. In the brain, for example, low-grade tumours (astrocytomas) evolve into faster growing, more dysplastic and invasive high-grade tumours (glioblastomaS) 2,3. To define the genetic events underlying brain tumour progression, we analysed the p53 gene in ten primary brain tumour pairs. Seven pairs consisted of tumours that were high grade both at presentation and recurrence (group A) and three pairs consisted of low-grade tumours that had progressed to higher grade tumours (group B). In group A pairs, four of the recurrent tumours contained a p53 gene mutation; in three of them, the same mutation was found in the primary tumour. In group B pairs, progression to high grade was associated with a p53 gene mutation. A subpopulation of cells were present in the low-grade tumours that contained the same p53 gene mutation predominant in the cells of the recurrent tumours that had progressed to glioblastoma. Thus, the histological progression of brain tumours was associated with a clonal expansion of cells that had previously acquired a mutation in the p53 gene, endowing them with a selective growth advantage. These experimental observations strongly support Nowell's clonal evolution model of tumour progression 4.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ONCOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   LUDWIG INST CANC RES,MONTREAL H3A 1A1,QUEBEC,CANADA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROL SURG,BRAIN TUMOR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV FREIBURG,INST PATHOL,NEUROPATOL ABT,W-7800 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Freiburg
NR 15
TC 684
Z9 717
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 846
EP 848
DI 10.1038/355846a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600062
PM 1311419
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUGO, P
   KAPPLER, JW
   GODFREY, DI
   MARRACK, PC
AF HUGO, P
   KAPPLER, JW
   GODFREY, DI
   MARRACK, PC
TI A CELL-LINE THAT CAN INDUCE THYMOCYTE POSITIVE SELECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen-presenting ability; thymic epithelial-cells; t-cells; self-recognition; stromal cell; differentiation; expression; appearance; kinetics; growth
AB THE thymus positively selects thymocytes that bear T-cell receptors which recognize antigen presented by self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins1,2. positive selection is usually driven by MHC products on radiation-resistant cortical epithelial cells3-5. It is unknown whether positive selection is mediated by all thymic epithelial cells or by some specialized subsets4. Here we introduce an H-2(b)-expressing thymic epithelial cell line into the thymuses of lethally irradiated H-2k animals reconstituted with H-2b/k F1 BM or fetal liver cells. I-A(b)-restricted T cells are found in these animals, demonstrating that selection occurs on the introduced epithelial cells.
C1 DNAX RES INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL INC,MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL RES INST,PALO ALTO,CA 94304.
C3 Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.
RP HUGO, P (corresponding author), NATL JEWISH CTR IMMUNOL & RESP MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,1400 JACKSON ST,DENVER,CO 80206, USA.
NR 25
TC 102
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 679
EP 682
DI 10.1038/360679a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200058
PM 1465132
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOGAN, BLM
   THALLER, C
   EICHELE, G
AF HOGAN, BLM
   THALLER, C
   EICHELE, G
TI EVIDENCE THAT HENSEN NODE IS A SITE OF RETINOIC ACID SYNTHESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID developing chick limb; local application; xenopus embryos; nervous-system; mouse embryos; expression; pattern; genes; bud; transformation
AB HENSEN'S node of amniotes, like the Spemann organizer of amphibians, can induce a second body axis when grafted into a host embryo1. The avian node, as well as several midline structures originating from it (notochord, floor plate), can also induce digit pattern duplications when grafted into the chick wing bud2,3. We report here that the equivalent of Hensen's node from mouse is an effective inducer of digits in the chick wing bud. Tissues anterior and posterior to the node also evoke pattern duplications, but with a significantly lower efficiency. The finding that the murine node operates in an avian wing bud suggests that the same inducing agent(s) function in both primary and secondary embryonic fields and have been conserved during vertebrate evolution. Digit pattern duplications are also evoked by local administration of all-transretinoic acid4,5. This similarity raises the possibility that Hensen's node is a source of retinoic acid. The mouse node is capable of synthesizing retinoic acid from its biosynthetic precursor all-transretinol at a substantially higher rate than either anterior or posterior tissues.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,V&M MCLEAN DEPT BIOCHEM,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   VANDERBILT UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Vanderbilt University
NR 33
TC 208
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 237
EP 241
DI 10.1038/359237a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400062
PM 1528265
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TSONG, TT
   CHEN, CL
AF TSONG, TT
   CHEN, CL
TI ATOMIC REPLACEMENT AND VACANCY FORMATION AND ANNIHILATION ON IRIDIUM SURFACES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning-tunneling-microscope; tunnelling microscope; diffusion; scale; gold
AB THE formation of nanometre-scale surface structures for quantum electronic devices, and the possibility of using the scanning tunnelling microscope and related instruments for atomic-scale surface modification 1-6, make necessary a detailed understanding of surface atomic processes. It has been observed previously 7-11 that surface diffusion of an atom can take place by a series of exchanges with atoms in the surface layer. Here we use the field ion microscope to observe surface atomic processes when the chemical nature of the adatom differs from that of the surface atoms. On the iridium {001} surface, an adsorbed rhenium atom will displace an iridium atom from the substrate to form a Re-Ir-vacancy bound complex at about 230 K. On heating the sample to about 300 K, we find that this complex dissociates and the rhenium atom becomes incorporated into the surface-a kind of atomic-scale surface alloying. Alternatively, the Re-Ir cluster can be removed by field evaporation to leave a lattice vacancy, into which another adatom can subsequently diffuse.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,UNIV PK,PA 16802.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP TSONG, TT (corresponding author), ACAD SINICA,INST PHYS,TAIPEI 11529,TAIWAN.
NR 17
TC 50
Z9 51
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 328
EP 331
DI 10.1038/355328a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EBBESEN, TW
   AJAYAN, PM
AF EBBESEN, TW
   AJAYAN, PM
TI LARGE-SCALE SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB INTEREST in carbon fibres1,2 has been stimulated greatly by the recent discovery of hollow graphitic tubules of nanometre dimensions3. There has been much speculation about the properties and potential application of these nanotubes4-8. Theoretical studies predict that their electronic properties will depend on their diameter and degree of helicity4,5. Experimental tests of these ideas has been hampered, however, by the lack of macroscopic quantities of the material. Here we report the synthesis of graphitic nanotubes in gram quantities. We use a variant of the standard arc-discharge technique for fullerene synthesis under a helium atmosphere. Under certain conditions, a carbonaceous deposit forms on one of the graphite rods, consisting of a macroscopic (diameter of about 5 mm) cylinder in which the core comprises pure nanotubes and nanoscale particles in high yield. The purity and yield depend sensitively on the gas pressure in the reaction vessel. Preliminary measurements of the conductivity of the bulk nanotube material indicate a conductivity of about 100 S cm-1.
RP EBBESEN, TW (corresponding author), NEC CORP LTD,FUNDAMENTAL RES LABS,34 MIYUKIGAOKA,TSUKUBA 305,JAPAN.
NR 10
TC 2758
Z9 3312
U1 5
U2 1171
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 220
EP 222
DI 10.1038/358220a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUCKINGHAM, MJ
   BERKHOUT, BV
   GLEGG, SAL
AF BUCKINGHAM, MJ
   BERKHOUT, BV
   GLEGG, SAL
TI IMAGING THE OCEAN WITH AMBIENT NOISE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB For many years, the principal means of probing the ocean using sound has been through the use of 'active' or 'passive' techniques. With an active system, an object is illuminated by a pulse of sound and its presence inferred from the echo it produces, whereas the passive approach involves simply listening for the sound that the object itself emits. Here we report a new method of using sound in the ocean, which is neither passive nor active. It relies on the naturally occurring, incoherent ambient noise field in the ocean-which can be thought of as 'acoustic daylight'-as the sole source of acoustic illumination. By focusing the sound scattered by an object immersed in the noise field, it should be possible to produce a visual image of the object on a television monitor. We have tested this concept by conducting a simple experiment in the ocean, with a parabolic reflector acting as an acoustic lens, and our results confirm that objects illuminated only by ambient noise can indeed be 'seen' at frequencies between 5 and 50 kHz.
C1 FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIV,DEPT OCEAN ENGN,BOCA RATON,FL 33431.
   UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,INST SOUND & VIBRAT RES,SOUTHAMPTON SO9 5NH,HANTS,ENGLAND.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida Atlantic University; University of Southampton
RP BUCKINGHAM, MJ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,MARINE PHYS LAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 6
TC 96
Z9 109
U1 2
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 327
EP 329
DI 10.1038/356327a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIBLEY, LD
   BOOTHROYD, JC
AF SIBLEY, LD
   BOOTHROYD, JC
TI VIRULENT-STRAINS OF TOXOPLASMA-GONDII COMPRISE A SINGLE CLONAL LINEAGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID congenital toxoplasmosis; diagnosis; encephalitis
AB THE protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is a prevalent parasite in wild and domestic animals worldwide, being transmitted through the food chain by carnivorous feeding and scavenging1. Toxoplasma normally divides asexually to yield a haploid form that can infect virtually any vertebrate but it also has a well defined sexual cycle that occurs exclusively in cats1. Toxoplasma has become important as an often fatal opportunistic pathogen in patients with AIDS2,3, although the 15-85% of adult human populations that are chronically infected with T. gondii are typically asymptomatic4-7. Infections in immunocompromised hosts have variable outcomes. For example, only 30 to 50% of AIDS patients that are chronically infected with the parasite develop toxoplasmic encephalitis2,3 and only about half of acute maternal infections result in congenital disease of the newborn8. T. gondii strains differ in their virulence in animals1, but the extent to which different strains are related has not been determined. Here we analyse 28 strains from a variety of hosts on five continents and find that the ten virulent strains have an essentially identical genotype, whereas the nonvirulent strains are moderately polymorphic. These data strongly suggest that virulent strains of T. gondii originated from a single lineage which has remained genetically homogeneous despite being globally widespread, and despite the ability of this organism to reproduce sexually.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Stanford University
NR 24
TC 617
Z9 764
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 82
EP 85
DI 10.1038/359082a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200060
PM 1355855
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WHITE, JG
   SOUTHGATE, E
   THOMSON, JN
AF WHITE, JG
   SOUTHGATE, E
   THOMSON, JN
TI MUTATIONS IN THE CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS UNC-4 GENE ALTER THE SYNAPTIC INPUT TO VENTRAL CORD MOTOR NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila; nematode
AB IDENTIFICATION of the genes orchestrating neurogenesis would greatly enhance our understanding of this process. Genes have been identified that specify neuron type (for example cut 1 and numb 2 in Drosophila and mec-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans 3) and process guidance (for example, unc-5, unc-6 and unc-40 in C. elegans 4 and the fas-1 gene of Drosophila 5). We sought genes defining synaptic specificity by identifying mutations that alter synaptic connectivity in the motor circuitry in the nematode C. elegans. We used electron microscopy of serial sections 6 to reconstruct the ventral nerve-cords of uncoordinated (unc) mutants 7,8 that have distinctive locomotory choreographies. Here we describe the phenotype of mutations in the unc-4 gene in which a locomotory defect is correlated with specific changes in synaptic input to a subset of the excitatory VA motor neurons, normally used in reverse locomotion. The circuitry alterations do not arise because of the inaccessibility of the appropriate synaptic partners, but are a consequence of changes in synaptic specificity. The VA motor neurons with altered synaptic inputs are all lineal sisters of VB motor neurons; the VA motor neurons without VB sisters have essentially the same synaptic inputs as in wild-type animals. The normal function of the wild-type allele of unc-4 may thus be to invoke the appropriate synaptic specificities to VA motor neurons produced in particular developmental contexts.
RP WHITE, JG (corresponding author), MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,HILLS RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
NR 14
TC 108
Z9 138
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 838
EP 841
DI 10.1038/355838a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600060
PM 1538764
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OPPENHEIM, RW
   YIN, QW
   PREVETTE, D
   YAN, Q
AF OPPENHEIM, RW
   YIN, QW
   PREVETTE, D
   YAN, Q
TI BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RESCUES DEVELOPING AVIAN MOTONEURONS FROM CELL-DEATH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryo spinal-cord; nerve growth-factor; chick-embryo; retrograde transport; motor neurons; messenger-rna; survival; ngf; muscle; degeneration
AB DURING normal vertebrate development, about half of spinal motoneurons are lost by a process of naturally occurring or programmed cell death1,2. Additional developing motoneurons degenerate after the removal of targets3,4 or afferents5. Naturally occurring motoneuron death as well as motoneuron death after loss of targets or after axotomy can. be prevented by in vivo treatment with putative target (muscle) derived or other neurotrophic agents6-8. Motoneurons can also be prevented from dying in vitro9-12 and in vivo (Y.Q.-W., R.W., D.P., J. Johnson and L. Van Eldik, unpublished data and refs 7, 13, 14) by treatment with central nervous system extracts (brain or spinal cord) and purified central nervous system and glia-derived proteins. Here we report that in vivo treatment of chick embryos with brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues motoneurons from naturally occurring cell death. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (and nerve growth factor) also prevents the induced death of motoneurons that occurs following the removal of descending afferent input(deafferentation)5. These data indicate that members of the neurotrophin family can promote the survival of developing avian motoneurons.
C1 WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,NEUROSCI PROGRAM,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27103.
   AMGEN INC,AMGEN CTR,NEUROBIOL PROGRAM,THOUSAND OAKS,CA 91320.
C3 Wake Forest University; Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center; Amgen
RP OPPENHEIM, RW (corresponding author), WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL & ANAT,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27103, USA.
NR 28
TC 447
Z9 478
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 755
EP 759
DI 10.1038/360755a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200038
PM 1465146
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GOLDSHTIK, M
   HUSAIN, HS
   HUSSAIN, F
AF GOLDSHTIK, M
   HUSAIN, HS
   HUSSAIN, F
TI LOSS OF HOMOGENEITY IN A SUSPENSION BY KINEMATIC ACTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB SEPARATION of heavy particles from a fluid medium by centrifugal forces or by barodiffusion is well known 1. For a homogeneous fluid mixture comprising a suspension of very fine particles (such as smoke in air), on the other hand, for which the centrifugal and barodiffusive effects are negligible, a continuum model of the suspension would suggest that it is not possible to separate the particles from the fluid by flow-induced kinematic action alone. Here we present experimental evidence to the contrary: we have observed spontaneous segregation of smoke particles from air in an initially uniform mixture, when rotational How is induced in the medium. A definitive explanation for this effect is not yet forthcoming.
RP GOLDSHTIK, M (corresponding author), UNIV HOUSTON,DEPT MECH ENGN,HOUSTON,TX 77204, USA.
NR 2
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 141
EP 142
DI 10.1038/357141a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HERSCHBACH, DR
   KOLB, CE
   WORSNOP, DR
   SHI, X
AF HERSCHBACH, DR
   KOLB, CE
   WORSNOP, DR
   SHI, X
TI EXCITATION MECHANISM OF THE MESOSPHERIC SODIUM NIGHTGLOW
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reactions nobel lecture; na; kinetics
AB THE atmospheric sodium nightglow and luminescence of meteor trails, both of which occur at mesospheric altitudes of 85-95 km, are emitted by sodium atoms in the excited 2P state. The Chapman mechanism 1-8 attributes these to the reaction between NaO and oxygen atoms, requiring an unusually high rate of formation of excited Na*(2P) relative to ground-state Na(2S) atoms from the NaO + O reaction. But laboratory studies of the kinetics 9 show a very low Na*(2P) formation rate (branching ratio f < 0.01). NaO is itself formed by the reaction of sodium atoms with ozone. Molecular-beam experiments 10 and photoelectron spectroscopy 11 have shown recently that this reaction yields largely excited-state (2-SIGMA+) NaO rather than the ground-state (2-PI) species studied in the NaO + O kinetics experiments 9, thereby suggesting a resolution of the apparent discrepancy with the Chapman mechanism. By extending the symmetry correlation between reactant and product electronic states considered by Bates and Ohja 6, we show here that reaction of excited-state NaO with oxygen atoms does indeed yield branching ratios consistent with the Chapman mechanism. We infer that the NaO + O potential-energy surfaces leading to excited Na*(2P) atoms involve doublet rather than quartet spin configurations, and the branching ratio f is close to zero for ground-state NaO but approximately 2/3 for excited-state NaO. If confirmed experimentally, this finding may enable the sodium nightglow to be used as a quantitative measure of mesospheric ozone concentrations 5,7,8.
C1 AERODYNE RES INC,BILLERICA,MA 01821.
   BOSTON COLL,DEPT CHEM,CHESTNUT HILL,MA 02167.
C3 Aerodyne Research; Boston College
RP HERSCHBACH, DR (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 23
TC 40
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 414
EP 416
DI 10.1038/356414a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BURKHOLDER, JM
   NOGA, EJ
   HOBBS, CH
   GLASGOW, HB
AF BURKHOLDER, JM
   NOGA, EJ
   HOBBS, CH
   GLASGOW, HB
TI NEW PHANTOM DINOFLAGELLATE IS THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MAJOR ESTUARINE FISH KILLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxins
AB A WORLDWIDE increase in toxic phytoplankton blooms over the past 20 years1,2 has coincided with increasing reports of fish diseases and deaths of unknown cause3. Among estuaries that have been repeatedly associated with unexplained fish kills on the western Atlantic Coast are the Pamlico and Neuse Estuaries of the southeastern United States4. Here we describe a new toxic dinoflagellate with 'phantom-like' behaviour that has been identified as the causative agent of a significant portion of the fish kills in these estuaries, and which may also be active in other geographic regions. The alga requires live finfish or their fresh excreta for excystment and release of a potent toxin. Low cell densities cause neurotoxic signs and fish death, followed by rapid algal encystment and dormancy unless live fish are added. This dinoflagellate was abundant in the water during major fish kills in local estuaries, but only while fish were dying; within several hours of death where carcasses were still present, the flagellated vegetative algal population had encysted and settled back to the sediments. Isolates from each event were highly lethal to finfish and shellfish in laboratory bioassays. Given its broad temperature and salinity tolerance, and its stimulation by phosphate enrichment, this toxic phytoplankter may be a widespread but undetected source of fish mortality in nutrient-enriched estuaries.
C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT COMPAN ANIM & SPECIAL SPECIES MED,RALEIGH,NC 27606.
C3 North Carolina State University
RP BURKHOLDER, JM (corresponding author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,BOX 7612,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA.
NR 23
TC 298
Z9 329
U1 2
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 407
EP 410
DI 10.1038/358407a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300053
PM 1641022
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CREAGER, KC
AF CREAGER, KC
TI ANISOTROPY OF THE INNER CORE FROM DIFFERENTIAL TRAVEL-TIMES OF THE PHASES PKP AND PKIKP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earth; heterogeneity; modes
AB The difference between the travel times of compressional waves that turn in the Earth's liquid outer core (PKP-BC) and those that run in the solid inner core (PKIKP-DF) is primarily sensitive to structure near the inner-core boundary. Such differential travel times measured from short-period waveforms are consistent with small-amplitude deviations from radial symmetry except when ray paths are nearly parallel to the Earth's spin axis. These near-axial paths consistently produce large travel-time anomalies, providing compelling evidence for large-amplitude, axisymmetric anisotropy in the outermost portions of the inner core.
RP CREAGER, KC (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,GEOPHYS PROGRAM,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 21
TC 279
Z9 303
U1 1
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 309
EP 314
DI 10.1038/356309a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MAKEYEVA, LI
   VINNIK, LP
   ROECKER, SW
AF MAKEYEVA, LI
   VINNIK, LP
   ROECKER, SW
TI SHEAR-WAVE SPLITTING AND SMALL-SCALE CONVECTION IN THE CONTINENTAL UPPER MANTLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seismic anisotropy; tien-shan; lithosphere; evolution; stations; sks
AB THE deformation of the upper mantle beneath a collisional belt is key to the dynamics of the belt, but this deformation is difficult to observe. Seismic azimuthal anisotropy manifested by shear-wave splitting provides the best geophysical evidence of deformation in the upper mantle. Here we use observations of shear-wave splitting to investigate deformation in the upper mantle beneath the Tien Shan in Central Asia. We find that underneath most of the Tien Shan the fast direction of azimuthal anisotropy is roughly parallel to the axis of the belt, but it deviates by nearly 90-degrees where the upper mantle is anomalously hot. The former relationship, previously observed in other collisional belts, seems to be usual for this environment. The anomalous directions, however, provide evidence of a rising plume beneath the range, suggesting more generally that the along-strike flow of the mantle beneath collisional belts is a reflection of thermally driven convection.
C1 RENSSELAER POLYTECH INST,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,TROY,NY 12180.
C3 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
RP MAKEYEVA, LI (corresponding author), MOSCOW PHYS EARTH INST,MOSCOW,RUSSIA.
NR 33
TC 130
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 144
EP 147
DI 10.1038/358144a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BLOCK, SM
AF BLOCK, SM
TI MAKING LIGHT WORK WITH OPTICAL TWEEZERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infrared-laser beams; membrane-glycoproteins; force; manipulation; trap; particles; fields
C1 HARVARD UNIV, DEPT CELLULAR & DEV BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP BLOCK, SM (corresponding author), ROWLAND INST SCI INC, 100 CAMBRIDGE PKWY, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
NR 42
TC 143
Z9 188
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 493
EP 495
DI 10.1038/360493a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700071
PM 1448176
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BERCEGOL, H
   MEUNIER, J
AF BERCEGOL, H
   MEUNIER, J
TI YOUNGS MODULUS OF A SOLID 2-DIMENSIONAL LANGMUIR MONOLAYER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systems; phase
AB LANGMUIR monolayers-films of amphiphilic molecules at the surface of water-exhibit many phases 1,2.  Some of these behave like two-dimensional solids on experimental timescales, but previous measurements of the shear modulus of these 'solid' monolayers 3-5 have yielded a value too small to be compatible with a two-dimensional crystal. The interpretation of these is complicated, however, by the likelihood of inhomogeneities in the films, which are probably assemblies of microscopic crystalline domains. Here we describe measurements of the Young's modulus of an isolated 'solid' domain of NBD-stearic acid monolayers. We obtain a value large enough to be compatible with the modulus of a two-dimensional crystal 6-8.  This suggests that Langmuir monolayers should provide model systems for studies of melting in two dimensions 6-8.
C1 ECOLE NORM SUPER,PHYS STAT LAB,F-75231 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
C3 Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
NR 13
TC 27
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 226
EP 228
DI 10.1038/356226a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARINO, BD
   MCELROY, MB
   SALAWITCH, RJ
   SPAULDING, WG
AF MARINO, BD
   MCELROY, MB
   SALAWITCH, RJ
   SPAULDING, WG
TI GLACIAL-TO-INTERGLACIAL VARIATIONS IN THE CARBON ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eastern equatorial pacific; ocean circulation; ice; record; fractionation; productivity; atlantic; dioxide; ratios; yr
AB Samples of the C4 shrub Atriplex confertifolia recovered from packrat middens in the western United States provide a record of changes in the C-13/C-12 ratio (delta-C-13) of atmospheric carbon dioxide. During the last ice age, atmospheric CO2 was isotopically light relative to interglacial periods, a result attributed to a combination of factors including reduced terrestrial biomass and decreased productivity of the polar ocean.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DIV APPL SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   DAMES & MOORE,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119.
C3 Harvard University
RP MARINO, BD (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 52
TC 181
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 461
EP 466
DI 10.1038/357461a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU UENO, A
   KUWABARA, T
   NAKAMURA, A
   TODA, F
AF UENO, A
   KUWABARA, T
   NAKAMURA, A
   TODA, F
TI A MODIFIED CYCLODEXTRIN AS A GUEST RESPONSIVE COLOR-CHANGE INDICATOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-cyclodextrin; complex; fluorescence; derivatives; system
AB CHEMICAL indicators that change colour in response to the presence of neutral organic molecules are valuable for qualitative chemical analysis. Although some ionophores are known to exhibit colour changes on binding metal or ammonium cations 1-3, however, the detection of neutral organic species in solution by this means remains problematic. We have shown recently 4-7 that some fluorophore-modified cyclodextrins exhibit variations in fluorescence intensity on binding organic guests. Here we report guest-selective binding to a cyclodextrin that has been modified in such a way as to undergo a colour change on host-guest complexation. We attach the pH indicator methyl red to the wall of a beta-cyclodextrin: in acidic solution, the modified cyclodextrin remains yellow owing to binding of the methyl red group inside the cavity, protecting it from protonation. When an organic guest displaces the methyl red group from the cavity, a colour change to red is observed. It should be possible to exploit the molecular recognition capability of cyclodextrins to develop a range of such 'molecular indicators'.
RP UENO, A (corresponding author), TOKYO INST TECHNOL,FAC BIOSCI & BIOTECHNOL,DEPT BIOENGN,4259 NAGATSUTA,MIDORI KU,YOKOHAMA,KANAGAWA 227,JAPAN.
NR 12
TC 206
Z9 213
U1 1
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 136
EP 137
DI 10.1038/356136a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FROGUEL, P
   VAXILLAIRE, M
   SUN, F
   VELHO, G
   ZOUALI, H
   BUTEL, MO
   LESAGE, S
   VIONNET, N
   CLEMENT, K
   FOUGEROUSSE, F
   TANIZAWA, Y
   WEISSENBACH, J
   BECKMANN, JS
   LATHROP, GM
   PASSA, P
   PERMUTT, MA
   COHEN, D
AF FROGUEL, P
   VAXILLAIRE, M
   SUN, F
   VELHO, G
   ZOUALI, H
   BUTEL, MO
   LESAGE, S
   VIONNET, N
   CLEMENT, K
   FOUGEROUSSE, F
   TANIZAWA, Y
   WEISSENBACH, J
   BECKMANN, JS
   LATHROP, GM
   PASSA, P
   PERMUTT, MA
   COHEN, D
TI CLOSE LINKAGE OF GLUCOKINASE LOCUS ON CHROMOSOME-7P TO EARLY-ONSET NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID young; glucose; gene; mody
AB NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a major health problem, affecting 5% of the world population. Genetic factors are important in NIDDM, but the mechanisms leading to glucose intolerance are unknown 1,2. Genetic linkage has been investigated in multigeneration families to localize, and ultimately identify, the gene(s) predisposing to NIDDM. Here we report linkage between the glucokinase locus on chromosome 7p and diabetes in 16 French families with maturity-onset diabetes of the young, a form of NIDDM characterized by monogenic autosomal dominant transmission and early age of onset 3. Statistical evidence of genetic heterogeneity was significant, with an estimated 45-95% of the 16 families showing linkage to glucokinase. Because glucokinase is a key enzyme of blood glucose homeostasis 4, these results are evidence that a gene involved in glucose metabolism could be implicated in the pathogenesis of NIDDM.
C1 HOP ST LOUIS,SERV ENDOCRINOL,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
   GENETHON,F-91000 EVRY,FRANCE.
   INST PASTEUR,CNRS,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
   INSERM,U358,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DIV METAB,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Saint-Louis - APHP; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP FROGUEL, P (corresponding author), CTR ETUD POLYMORPHISME HUMAIN,27 RUE JULIETTE DODU,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 27
TC 556
Z9 618
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 162
EP 164
DI 10.1038/356162a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100063
PM 1545870
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YOSHIKAWA, K
   AIZAWA, T
   HAYASHI, Y
AF YOSHIKAWA, K
   AIZAWA, T
   HAYASHI, Y
TI DEGENERATION INVITRO OF POSTMITOTIC NEURONS OVEREXPRESSING THE ALZHEIMER AMYLOID PROTEIN-PRECURSOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carcinoma cell-line; senile plaques; downs-syndrome; messenger-rna; disease; differentiation; expression; localization; microglia; peptide
AB A PATHOLOGICAL hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the deposition of amyloid fibrils in the brain. The principal component of amyloid fibrils is beta/A4 amyloid protein1,2, which can be generated by the aberrant processing of a large membrane-bound glycoprotein, the beta/A4 amyloid protein precursor (App)3. To test whether overexpression of APP generates abnormally processed derivatives that affect the viability of neurons, we stably transfected full-length human APP complementary DNA into murine embryonal carcinoma P19 cells. These cells differentiate into post-mitotic neurons and astrocytes after exposure to retinoic acid4-6. When differentiation of the APP cDNA-transfected P19 cells was induced, all neurons showed severe degenerative changes and disappeared within a few days. The degenerating neurons contained large amounts of APP derivatives that were truncated at the amino terminus and encompassed the entire beta/A4 domain. These results suggest that post-mitotic neurons are vulnerable to overexpressed APP, which undergoes aberrant processing to generate potentially amyloidogenic fragments.
C1 TOKYO INST PSYCHIAT, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, SETAGAYA KU, TOKYO 153, JAPAN.
   MORINAGA MILK IND CO LTD, BIOCHEM RES LAB, KANAGAWA 228, JAPAN.
C3 Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry; Morinaga Milk Industry Company, Ltd
NR 28
TC 182
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/359064a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200054
PM 1301020
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WOLFE, JH
   SANDS, MS
   BARKER, JE
   GWYNN, B
   ROWE, LB
   VOGLER, CA
   BIRKENMEIER, EH
AF WOLFE, JH
   SANDS, MS
   BARKER, JE
   GWYNN, B
   ROWE, LB
   VOGLER, CA
   BIRKENMEIER, EH
TI REVERSAL OF PATHOLOGY IN MURINE MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS TYPE-VII BY SOMATIC-CELL GENE-TRANSFER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-glucuronidase deficiency; hematopoietic stem-cells; invitro; mouse; therapy; cdna
AB AN inherited deficiency of beta-glucuronidase in humans1, mice2 and dogs3 causes mucopolysaccharidosis VII (Sly syndrome), a progressive degenerative disease that reduces lifespan (to an average of 5 months in mice2) and results from lysosomal storage of undegraded glycosaminoglycans in the spleen, liver, kidney, cornea, brain and skeletal system1-4. Bone marrow transplantation in mutant mice provides a source of normal enzyme ('cross-correction'5), which substantially improves the clinical condition and extends the average lifespan to 18 months6. Gene therapy by transfer of a beta-glucuronidase gene into mutant haematopoietic stem cells is an alternative approach7,8, but it is not known whether the low expression of vector-transferred genes in vivo9,10 would be sufficiently effective. Here we show that retroviral vector-mediated transfer of the gene to mutant stem cells results in long-term expression of low levels of beta-glucuronidase which partially corrects the disease by reducing lysosomal storage in liver and spleen.
C1 UNIV PENN,SCH VET MED,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH MED,ST LOUIS,MO 63104.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Saint Louis University
RP WOLFE, JH (corresponding author), JACKSON LAB,BAR HARBOR,ME 04609, USA.
NR 22
TC 212
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 749
EP 753
DI 10.1038/360749a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200036
PM 1465145
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AZUMA, M
   HIROI, Z
   TAKANO, M
   BANDO, Y
   TAKEDA, Y
AF AZUMA, M
   HIROI, Z
   TAKANO, M
   BANDO, Y
   TAKEDA, Y
TI SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AT 110-K IN THE INFINITE-LAYER COMPOUND (SR1-XCAX)1-YCUO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE 'infinite-layer' parent structure 1 of the copper oxide superconductors (Fig. 1) is the simplest structure containing the CuO2 sheets that are apparently essential to high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) superconductivity. At ambient pressure only Ca1-xSrxCuO2 with x almost-equal-to 0.1 can be stabilized in this structure 1,2, but at high pressures and temperatures compounds ranging from Ba1/3Sr2/3CuO2 to Ca2/3Sr1/3CuO2 through SrCuO2 can be synthesized 3. We have previously reported superconductivity with T(c) = 40-100 K in the Ba-Sr-Cu-O system 4,5, but have not until now been able to isolate a superconducting phase. Here we report the isolation of an alkaline-earth-deficient infinite-layer phase, (Ca1-xSrx)1-yCuO2 (y almost-equal-to 0.1), with T(c) up to 110 K. In contrast to Sr1-xRxCuO2 (with R a rare-earth element and T(c) less-than-or-equal-to 43 K), which from the composition dependence of the lattice constants is thought to be an n-type superconductor 6,7, our data suggest that the present superconductor is of p-type, with the carriers arising from calcium and strontium vacancies. High-resolution electron micrographs reveal defect layers, which we suggest are where the calcium and strontium vacancies are concentrated.
C1 MIE UNIV, FAC ENGN, DEPT CHEM, TSU, MIE 514, JAPAN.
C3 Mie University
RP AZUMA, M (corresponding author), KYOTO UNIV, INST CHEM RES, UJI, KYOTO 611, JAPAN.
NR 9
TC 357
Z9 376
U1 3
U2 107
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 775
EP 776
DI 10.1038/356775a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PRELL, WL
   KUTZBACH, JE
AF PRELL, WL
   KUTZBACH, JE
TI SENSITIVITY OF THE INDIAN MONSOON TO FORCING PARAMETERS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS EVOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late cenozoic uplift; southern asia; american west; arabian sea; climate; simulations; transport; model
AB General-circulation-model simulations used to estimate the sensitivity of the Indian monsoon to changes in orbital parameters, the orography of Tibet-Himalaya, atmospheric CO2 concentration and the extent of glacial-age surface boundary conditions show that increased elevations and increased summer solar radiation are most effective in strengthening the monsoon. Strong monsoons (similar to today's) can be induced by strong solar forcing only when the elevation is at least half that of today. These conditions may have been attained in the late Miocene.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT ATMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI, MADISON, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP PRELL, WL (corresponding author), BROWN UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA.
NR 40
TC 644
Z9 748
U1 0
U2 152
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 647
EP 652
DI 10.1038/360647a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOMBURG, F
   ORTIZNAVARRETE, V
   NEEFJES, J
   GOULMY, E
   VANDEWAL, Y
   SPITS, H
   POWIS, SJ
   BUTCHER, GW
   HOWARD, JC
   WALDEN, P
   HAMMERLING, GJ
AF MOMBURG, F
   ORTIZNAVARRETE, V
   NEEFJES, J
   GOULMY, E
   VANDEWAL, Y
   SPITS, H
   POWIS, SJ
   BUTCHER, GW
   HOWARD, JC
   WALDEN, P
   HAMMERLING, GJ
TI PROTEASOME SUBUNITS ENCODED BY THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX ARE NOT ESSENTIAL FOR ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-ii region; multicatalytic proteinase; linked lmp; human mhc; gene; molecules; antibody; transporters; invitro
AB MAJOR histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules bind and deliver peptides derived from endogenously synthesized proteins to the cell surface for survey by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. It is believed that endogenous antigens are generally degraded in the cytosol, the resulting peptides being translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum where they bind to MHC class I molecules. Transporters containing an ATP-binding cassette encoded by the MHC class II region seem to be responsible for this transport1-8. Genes coding for two subunits of the '20S' proteasome (a multicatalytic proteinase) have been found in the vicinity of the two transporter genes in the MHC class II region, indicating that the proteasome could be the unknown proteolytic entity in the cytosol involved in the generation of MHC class I-binding peptides9-13. By introducing rat genes encoding the MHC-linked transporters into a human cell line lacking both transporter and proteasome subunit genes, we show here that the MHC-encoded proteasome subunits are not essential for stable MHC class I surface expression, or for processing and presentation of antigenic peptides from influenza virus and an intracellular protein.
C1 UNIV HOSP LEIDEN,DEPT IMMUNOHAEMATOL,2300 RC LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV HOSP LEIDEN,BLOOD BANK,2300 RC LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
   DNAX RES INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL INC,PALO ALTO,CA 94304.
   AFRC,INST ANIM PHYSIOL & GENET RES,DEPT IMMUNOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 4AT,ENGLAND.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOL,W-7400 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute; Max Planck Society
RP MOMBURG, F (corresponding author), GERMAN CANC RES CTR,TUMOR IMMUNOL PROGRAM,NEUENHEIMER FELD 280,W-6900 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
NR 32
TC 267
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 174
EP 177
DI 10.1038/360174a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200065
PM 1299222
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOMBARDI, V
   PIAZZESI, G
   LINARI, M
AF LOMBARDI, V
   PIAZZESI, G
   LINARI, M
TI RAPID REGENERATION OF THE ACTIN MYOSIN POWER STROKE IN CONTRACTING MUSCLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID striated-muscle; fibers; length; reflections; diffraction; stiffness; tension
AB AT the molecular level, muscle contraction is the result of cyclic interaction between myosin crossbridges, which extend from the thick filament, and the thin filament, which consists mainly of actin. The energy for work done by a single crossbridge during a cycle of attachment, generation of force, shortening and detachment is believed to be coupled to the hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP 1,2. The distance the actin filament slides relative to the myosin filament in one crossbridge cycle has been estimated as 12 nm by step-length perturbation studies on single fibres from frog muscle 3,4. The 'mechanical' power stroke of the attached crossbridge can therefore be defined as 12-nm shortening with a force profile like that shown by the quick recovery of force following a length perturbation. According to this definition, power strokes cannot be repeated faster than the overall ATPase rate. Here, however, we show that the power stroke can be regenerated much faster than expected from the ATPase rate. This contradiction can be resolved if, in the shortening muscle, the free energy of ATP hydrolysis is used in several actin-myosin interactions consisting of elementary power strokes each of 5-10 nm.
RP LOMBARDI, V (corresponding author), UNIV FLORENCE,DIPARTIMENTO SCI FISIOL,VIALE GB MORGAGNI 63,I-50134 FLORENCE,ITALY.
NR 20
TC 187
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 638
EP 641
DI 10.1038/355638a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700056
PM 1538750
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KINOSHITA, K
   YAMADA, T
AF KINOSHITA, K
   YAMADA, T
TI A NEW COPPER-OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTOR CONTAINING CARBON
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB SUPERCONDUCTIVITY in the high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) copper oxide superconductors seems to arise from layers of copper-oxygen squares, pyramids or octahedra. Recently the compound Sr2CuO2CO3 was found to contain layers of CuO6 octahedra 1 (Fig. 1), suggesting that it might be made superconducting by appropriate doping. But the presence of carbonate as an impurity is known to degrade the superconducting properties of materials such as YBa2Cu3O7-delta' and YBa2Cu4O8 (refs 2,3), much effort having been made to minimize residual carbon in these compounds by optimizing processing methods 4. It is thus of some interest to see whether Sr2CuO2CO3 can be made superconducting despite the carbonate ions incorporated in the structure. Here we report the synthesis, at 50 atm oxygen partial pressure, of superconducting (BaxSr1-x)2Cu1+yO2+2y+delta(CO3)1-y (0.4 less-than-or-equal-to x less-than-or-equal-to 0.65, y almost-equal-to 0.1), with T(c) (onset) up to approximately 40 K and zero resistance at up to approximately 26K. The crystal structure contains CuO2 sheets alternating with (BaxSr1-x)2CuyO2y+delta(CO3)1-y slabs, which serve as charge reservoir layers: substitution of approximately 10% copper for carbon in the slabs introduces holes into the CuO2 sheets, making the compound superconducting.
RP KINOSHITA, K (corresponding author), NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TEL PUBL CORP, MUSASHINO ELECT COMMUN LAB, BASIC RES LABS, MIDORI CHO, MUSASHINO, TOKYO 180, JAPAN.
NR 11
TC 115
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 313
EP 315
DI 10.1038/357313a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUT, P
   DJORGOVSKI, S
AF HUT, P
   DJORGOVSKI, S
TI RATES OF COLLAPSE AND EVAPORATION OF GLOBULAR-CLUSTERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primordial binary; evolution; galaxy; cores
AB OF the known galactic globular clusters, approximately 140 in number, about one-fifth have undergone core collapse, and an unknown number have evaporated altogether. From observational estimates of the dynamical relaxation times of globular clusters, measured at their cores and at their half-light radii, we estimate here the present rates at which core collapse and evaporation are occurring. We find a core collapse rate of 2 +/- 1 per Gyr, which for a galactic age of approximately 12 Gyr agrees well with the fact that 27 clusters have surface brightness profiles with the morphology expected for the post-collapse phase. We find a destruction and evaporation rate of 5 +/- 3 per Gyr, suggesting that a significant fraction of the Galaxy's original complement of globular clusters have perished, through the combined effects of mechanisms such as relaxation-driven evaporation and shocking due to interaction with the galactic disk and bulge.
C1 CALTECH,DIV PHYS MATH & ASTRON,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP HUT, P (corresponding author), INST ADV STUDY,PRINCETON,NJ 08540, USA.
NR 23
TC 29
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 806
EP 808
DI 10.1038/359806a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SU, WJ
   WOODWARD, RL
   DZIEWONSKI, AM
AF SU, WJ
   WOODWARD, RL
   DZIEWONSKI, AM
TI DEEP ORIGIN OF MID-OCEAN-RIDGE SEISMIC VELOCITY ANOMALIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aspherical earth structure; lower-mantle; continental tectosphere; heterogeneity; topography
AB ZHANG and Tanimoto1 have used the results of a new high-resolution three-dimensional model of shear-wave velocities in the Earth's upper mantle2 to conclude that, whereas hotspots are underlain by low-velocity anomalies extending to approximately 200 km depth, the corresponding anomalies under mid-ocean ridges are shallower (approximately 100 km) in extent. Here we show that such a shallow origin for the mid-ocean-ridge anomalies is inconsistent, by a factor of 3-5, with the observed travel-time residuals for the seismic phase SS (ref. 3). A three-dimensional model describing shear velocities in the entire mantle4, derived independently of the SS observations but based on a large set of waveforms (15,000 seismograms5) and differential travel-time data (8,200 measurements6,7), shows the velocity anomalies associated with all mid-ocean ridges as continuous features down to 300 km depth. Some of these low-velocity anomalies continue throughout the upper mantle, and may extend into the lower mantle.
RP SU, WJ (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 30
TC 79
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 149
EP 152
DI 10.1038/360149a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JONES, EY
   DAVIS, SJ
   WILLIAMS, AF
   HARLOS, K
   STUART, DI
AF JONES, EY
   DAVIS, SJ
   WILLIAMS, AF
   HARLOS, K
   STUART, DI
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AT 2.8-ANGSTROM RESOLUTION OF A SOLUBLE FORM OF THE CELL-ADHESION MOLECULE CD2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID erythrocyte receptor; immunoglobulin superfamily; monoclonal-antibody; lymphocytes-t; antigen; protein; binding; recognition; expression; fragment
AB The crystal structure of a soluble form of the T lymphocyte antigen CD2 provides the first complete view of the extracellular region of a cell adhesion molecule. The topology of the molecule, which comprises two immunoglobulin-like domains, is the same as that of the first two domains of CD4 but the relative domain orientation is altered by a fairly flexible linker region. The putative ligand-binding beta-sheet forms a flat surface towards the top of the molecule. Crystal contacts between these surfaces suggest a plausible model for the adhesive interaction.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, SIR WILLIAM DUNN SCH PATHOL, MRC, CELLULAR IMMUNOL UNIT, OXFORD OX1 3RE, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
RP JONES, EY (corresponding author), LAB MOLEC BIOPHYS, REX RICHARDS BLDG, S PARKS RD, OXFORD OX1 3QU, ENGLAND.
NR 49
TC 310
Z9 336
U1 1
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 232
EP 239
DI 10.1038/360232a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000042
PM 1279440
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOLLON, JD
   BOWMAKER, JK
AF MOLLON, JD
   BOWMAKER, JK
TI THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF CONES IN THE PRIMATE FOVEA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID color-vision; macaca-fascicularis; sensitive cones; world primate; pigments
AB THE retinae of Old World primates contain three classes of light-sensitive cone, which exhibit peak absorption in different spectral regions1-4. But how are the different types of cone arranged in the hexagonal mosaic of the fovea? This question has often been answered with artists' impressions5-7, but never with direct measurements. Staining for antibodies specific to the short-wave photopigment has revealed a sparse, semiregular array of cones8; but nothing is known about the arrangement of the more numerous long- and middle-wave cones. Are they randomly distributed, with chance aggregations of one type, as Hartridge postulated in these columns nearly 50 years ago9,10? Or do they exhibit a regular alternation, recalling the systematic mosaics seen in some non-mammalian species6,11? Or, conversely, is there positive clumping of particular cone types, as might be expected if local patches of cones were descended from a single precursor cell? We have made direct microspectrophotometric measurements of patches of foveal retina from Old World monkeys, and report here that the distribution of long- and middle-wave cones is locally random. These two cone types are present in almost equal numbers, and not in the ratio of 2:1 that has been postulated for the human fovea.
C1 UNIV LONDON, INST OPHTHALMOL, BATH ST, LONDON EC1V 9EL, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP MOLLON, JD (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT EXPTL PSYCHOL, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EB, ENGLAND.
NR 24
TC 118
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 677
EP 679
DI 10.1038/360677a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200057
PM 1465131
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VAZEUX, R
   HOFFMAN, PA
   TOMITA, JK
   DICKINSON, ES
   JASMAN, RL
   STJOHN, T
   GALLATIN, WM
AF VAZEUX, R
   HOFFMAN, PA
   TOMITA, JK
   DICKINSON, ES
   JASMAN, RL
   STJOHN, T
   GALLATIN, WM
TI CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW INTERCELLULAR-ADHESION MOLECULE ICAM-R
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin; lfa-1; superfamily; activation; sequences; receptor; system
AB THE human intercellular adhesion molecules ICAM-1, ICAM-2 and their counter-receptors, the beta2 or leukointegrins, mediate a variety of homotypic and heterotypic leukocyte and endothelial cell-cell adhesions central to immunocompetence1. It has been found2 that cell-cell adhesion which is dependent on expression of the leukocyte function-associated antigen LFA-1 is not always blocked completely by antibodies raised against ICAM-1 and ICAM-2. Other leukointegrin ligands therefore probably exist, such as a glycoprotein of M(r) 124K that binds LFA-1 and has been designated ICAM-3 on the basis of this function3. We have molecularly cloned a new member of the ICAM family, ICAM-R, which is related to ICAM-1 and ICAM-2. The complementary DNA encoding ICAM-R is 1,781 base pairs long and the protein has five extracellular immunoglobulin-family type domains. The mature cell-surface form of the ICAM-R protein has an M(r) which varies from 116 to 140K in a cell type-specific fashion. Overall identities in protein sequence with ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 are 48% and 31% respectively, with the degree of similarity varying between individual domains. The high level of expression of ICAM-R on resting leukocytes of all lineages and its lack of expression on either resting or cytokine-activated endothelial cells indicates a pattern of expression distinct from ICAM-1 and ICAM-2. In common with ICAM-1 and ICAM-2, ICAM-R is a ligand for the beta2-integrin CD11a/LFA-1 (CD18).
C1 ICOS CORP, 22021 20TH AVE SE, BOTHELL, WA 98021 USA.
C3 Icos Corporation
NR 17
TC 204
Z9 223
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 485
EP 488
DI 10.1038/360485a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700066
PM 1448174
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YAO, JN
   HASHIMOTO, K
   FUJISHIMA, A
AF YAO, JN
   HASHIMOTO, K
   FUJISHIMA, A
TI PHOTOCHROMISM INDUCED IN AN ELECTROLYTICALLY PRETREATED MOO3 THIN-FILM BY VISIBLE-LIGHT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxide
AB PHOTOCHROMIC materials, whose optical absorption properties change in response to light, are important for a number of technological applications. A stable, reusable photochromic thin-film could be used, for example, in optical displays and high-density memories. Thin films of some transition-metal oxides can be coloured blue by band-gap excitation using ultraviolet light 1-6. For use with common semiconductor laser sources, however, photochromic materials are required that respond to visible light. Here we report on the preparation of visible-light-sensitive, reversibly photochromic films of MoO3. Pretreated, vacuum-evaporated MoO3 thin films were slightly blued by cathodic polarization in a non-aqueous electrolyte; subsequent irradiation with visible light in air produced a strong colour enhancement. The photochromism could be erased by anodic polarization, and the coloration-decoloration process was repeatable over at least five cycles. The behaviour of these films contrasts with those blued by band-gap irradiation, which were not responsive to visible light.
RP YAO, JN (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO,FAC ENGN,DEPT SYNTHET CHEM,7-3-1 HONGO,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
NR 8
TC 485
Z9 530
U1 2
U2 205
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 624
EP 626
DI 10.1038/355624a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HE, YY
   MCNALLY, T
   MANFIELD, I
   NAVRATIL, O
   OLD, IG
   PHILLIPS, SEV
   SAINTGIRONS, I
   STOCKLEY, PG
AF HE, YY
   MCNALLY, T
   MANFIELD, I
   NAVRATIL, O
   OLD, IG
   PHILLIPS, SEV
   SAINTGIRONS, I
   STOCKLEY, PG
TI PROBING MET REPRESSOR OPERATOR RECOGNITION IN SOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; dna
AB THE three-dimensional crystal structure of the Escherichia coli methionine repressor, MetJ, complexed with a DNA operator fragment is described in an accompanying article1. The complex exhibits several novel features of DNA-protein interaction. DNA sequence recognition is achieved largely by hydrogen-bond contacts between the bases and amino-acid side chains located on a beta-ribbon, a mode of recognition previously hypothesized on the basis of modelling of idealized beta-strands and DNA2, and mutagenesis of the Salmonella phage P22 repressors Arc and Mnt3. The complex comprises a pair of MetJ repressor dimers which bind to adjacent met-box sites on the DNA, and contact each other by means of a pair of antiparallel alpha-helices. Here we assess the importance of these contacts, and also of contacts that would be made between the C-helices of the protein and DNA in a previous model of the complex4, by studying mutations aimed at disrupting them. The role of the carboxy-terminal helix face in operator binding was unclear, but we demonstrate that recognition of operator sequences occurs through side chains in the beta-strand motif and that dimer-dimer interactions are required for effective repression.
C1 UNIV LEEDS,DEPT GENET,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
   INST PASTEUR,DEPT BACTERIOL & MYCOL,UNITE BACTERIOL MOLEC & MED,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
   UNIV LEEDS,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Leeds; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; University of Leeds
NR 6
TC 30
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 431
EP 433
DI 10.1038/359431a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400062
PM 1406957
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAHOON, DR
   STOCKS, BJ
   LEVINE, JS
   COFER, WR
   ONEILL, KP
AF CAHOON, DR
   STOCKS, BJ
   LEVINE, JS
   COFER, WR
   ONEILL, KP
TI SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AFRICAN SAVANNA FIRES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB SAVANNAS consist of a continuous layer of grass interspersed with scattered trees or shrubs, and cover approximately 10 million square kilometres of tropical Africa1,2. African savanna fires, almost all resulting from human activities, may produce as much as a third of the total global emissions from biomass burning3. Little is known, however, about the frequency and location of these fires, and the area burned each year4. Emissions from African savanna burning are known to be transported over the mid-Atlantic, south Pacific and Indian oceans5,6; but to study fully the transport of savanna fire emissions, the spatial and temporal variations in regional savanna burning and the seasonality of the atmospheric circulation must be considered simultaneously. Here we describe the temporal and spatial distribution of savanna fires over the entire African continent, as determined from night-time satellite imagery. We find that, contrary to expectations, most fires are left to burn uncontrolled, so that there is no strong diurnal cycle in the fire frequency. The knowledge gained from this study regarding the distribution and variability of fires will aid monitoring of the climatically important trace gases emitted from burning biomass.
C1 FORESTRY CANADA,GREAT LAKES FORESTRY CTR,SAULT ST MARIE P6A 5M7,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   COLL WILLIAM & MARY,DEPT GEOL,WILLIAMSBURG,VA 23186.
C3 Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; William & Mary
RP CAHOON, DR (corresponding author), NASA,LANGLEY RES CTR,DIV ATMOSPHER SCI,HAMPTON,VA 23665, USA.
NR 14
TC 216
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 812
EP 815
DI 10.1038/359812a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOFMANN, DJ
   OLTMANS, SJ
   HARRIS, JM
   SOLOMON, S
   DESHLER, T
   JOHNSON, BJ
AF HOFMANN, DJ
   OLTMANS, SJ
   HARRIS, JM
   SOLOMON, S
   DESHLER, T
   JOHNSON, BJ
TI OBSERVATION AND POSSIBLE CAUSES OF NEW OZONE DEPLETION IN ANTARCTICA IN 1991
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID balloon-borne observations; heterogeneous chemistry; stratospheric ozone; hole
AB Local ozone reductions approaching 50% in magnitude were observed during the Antarctic spring in the 11-13 and 25-30 km altitude regions over South Pole and McMurdo Stations in 1991. These reductions, at altitudes where depletion has not been observed previously, resulted in a late September total ozone column 10-15% lower than previous years. The added depletion in the lower stratosphere was observed to coincide with penetration into the polar vortex of highly enhanced concentrations of aerosol particles from volcanic activity in 1991.
C1 NOAA,AERON LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303.
   UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,LARAMIE,WY 82071.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Wyoming
RP HOFMANN, DJ (corresponding author), NOAA,CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA.
NR 22
TC 57
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 283
EP 287
DI 10.1038/359283a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VOS, WL
   FINGER, LW
   HEMLEY, RJ
   HU, JZ
   MAO, HK
   SCHOUTEN, JA
AF VOS, WL
   FINGER, LW
   HEMLEY, RJ
   HU, JZ
   MAO, HK
   SCHOUTEN, JA
TI A HIGH-PRESSURE VANDERWAALS COMPOUND IN SOLID NITROGEN HELIUM MIXTURES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; fluid-fluid; equilibria; hydrogen; kbar; n-2
AB WEAKLY bound van der Waals molecules, consisting of atoms or molecules (such as rare gases, H-2 and N2) interacting through van der Waals forces, can be formed in the gas phase 1. The existence of similar weakly bound stoichiometric compounds in condensed phases has remained an open question as the components usually form separate pure phases or solid solutions 2. Here we report on a detailed study of the helium-nitrogen system in a diamond-anvil cell using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering and optical microscopy. We find that high pressure stabilizes the formation of a stoichiometric, solid van der Waals compound of composition He(N2)11. Because of the relatively simple interactions involved, this solid may exemplify a novel class of van der Waals compounds that are formed only at high pressures. Van der Waals chemistry in simple molecular systems may be important for understanding the structure and properties of the interiors of the outer planets and their satellites, where pressures are high and such components may be abundant 3-5.
C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,CTR HIGH PRESSURE RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM,VAN DER WAALS ZEEMAN LAB,1018 XE AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; University of Amsterdam
RP VOS, WL (corresponding author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,GEOPHYS LAB,5251 BROAD BRANCH RD NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20015, USA.
NR 24
TC 125
Z9 132
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 46
EP 48
DI 10.1038/358046a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ETTER, RJ
   GRASSLE, JF
AF ETTER, RJ
   GRASSLE, JF
TI PATTERNS OF SPECIES-DIVERSITY IN THE DEEP-SEA AS A FUNCTION OF SEDIMENT PARTICLE-SIZE DIVERSITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deposit; invertebrates; abundance
AB UNDERSTANDING the processes that generate and maintain patterns of species diversity is a major focus of contemporary ecological and evolutionary research. In the deep sea, species diversity varies geographically and bathymetrically1-3, and may attain levels that rival tropical communities4.  Many hypotheses have been proposed concerning the forces that shape patterns of species diversity in the deep sea5, but so far it has not been possible to relate these patterns to potential causes in a direct quantitative way. The nature of sediments should be important in structuring deep-sea communities because deposit feeders rely on the sediments for nutrition and comprise most of the organisms in the deep sea6. The composition of soft sediment communities is influenced by sediment particle size7,8.  Shallow-water deposit feeders selectively ingest particular size fractions of the sediments9,10 and there are interspecific differences in particle size preference11-13. Partitioning of sediments with respect to size may be more likely in the deep sea if there is strong selection for macrophagy as a result of reduced food supply and digestive constraints imposed by feeding on deposits14; macrophagy would permit species to ingest selectively the more labile components of the sediments. If deposit feeders in the deep sea partition the sediments with respect to size, species diversity may in part be a function of sediment particle size diversity. Also, sediment particle size diversity may reflect habitat complexity because the organisms live on or within the sediments15-21. Here we show that species diversity is a significant positive function of sediment particle size diversity. The relationship seems to be scale-invariant, accounting for a similar proportion of the variance at inter-regional, regional and local scales. Bathymetric patterns of species diversity also appear to be largely attributable to changes in sediment characteristics with depth. These results suggest that sediment diversity has an important role in determining the number of species within a community and identify a direct environmental factor that potentially influences species diversity in the deep sea.
C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,INST MARINE & COASTAL SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP ETTER, RJ (corresponding author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02125, USA.
NR 28
TC 306
Z9 341
U1 0
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 576
EP 578
DI 10.1038/360576a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900081
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KUZNETSOV, SA
   LANGFORD, GM
   WEISS, DG
AF KUZNETSOV, SA
   LANGFORD, GM
   WEISS, DG
TI ACTIN-DEPENDENT ORGANELLE MOVEMENT IN SQUID AXOPLASM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fast axonal-transport; inhibition; mechanism; microfilaments; microtubules; filaments; motility; vanadate; protein; kinesin
AB STUDIES of organelle movement in axoplasm extruded from the squid giant axon have led to the basic discoveries of microtubule-dependent organelle motility 1-3 and the characterization of the microtubule-based motor proteins kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein 4,5. Rapid organelle movement in higher animal cells, especially in neurons, is considered to be microtubule-based. The role of actin filaments, which are also abundant in axonal cytoplasm 6,7, has remained unclear. The inhibition of organelle movement in axoplasm by actin-binding proteins 8-11 such as DNase I, gelsolin and synapsin I has been attributed to their ability to disorganize the microtubule domains where most of the actin-filaments are located 7. Here we provide evidence of a new type of organelle movement in squid axoplasm which is independent of both microtubules and microtubule-based motors. This movement is ATP-dependent, unidirectional, actin-dependent, and probably generated by a myosin-like motor. These results demonstrate that an actomyosin-like mechanism can be directly involved in the generation of rapid organelle transport in nerve cells.
C1 TECH UNIV MUNICH,INST ZOOL,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   DARTMOUTH COLL,DEPT BIOL SCI,HANOVER,NH 03755.
   MV LOMONOSOV STATE UNIV,FAC BIOL,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,MOSCOW 119899,USSR.
C3 Technical University of Munich; Dartmouth College; Lomonosov Moscow State University
RP KUZNETSOV, SA (corresponding author), MARINE BIOL LAB,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA.
NR 29
TC 326
Z9 344
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 722
EP 725
DI 10.1038/356722a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600065
PM 1570018
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EVANS, MR
   READ, CA
AF EVANS, MR
   READ, CA
TI 32P, 33P AND 35S - SELECTING A LABEL FOR NUCLEIC-ACID ANALYSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase chain-reaction; dna; fragments; invitro
RP EVANS, MR (corresponding author), AMERSHAM INT PLC,DIV LIFE SCI,WHITE LION RD,AMERSHAM HP7 9NA,BUCKS,ENGLAND.
NR 10
TC 31
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 520
EP 521
DI 10.1038/358520a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900056
PM 1641043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEISSENBACH, J
   GYAPAY, G
   DIB, C
   VIGNAL, A
   MORISSETTE, J
   MILLASSEAU, P
   VAYSSEIX, G
   LATHROP, M
AF WEISSENBACH, J
   GYAPAY, G
   DIB, C
   VIGNAL, A
   MORISSETTE, J
   MILLASSEAU, P
   VAYSSEIX, G
   LATHROP, M
TI A 2ND-GENERATION LINKAGE MAP OF THE HUMAN GENOME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID invitro amplification; dna; gene; oligonucleotides; repeat; single
AB A linkage map of the human genome has been constructed based on the segregation analysis of 814 newly characterized polymorphic loci containing short tracts of (C-A)n repeats in a panel of DNAs from eight large families. Statistical linkage analysis placed 813 of the markers into 23 linkage groups corresponding to the 22 autosomes and the X chromosome; 605 show a heterozygosity above 0.7 and 553 could be ordered with odds ratios above 1,000:1. The distance spanned corresponds to approximately 90% of the estimated length of the human genome.
C1 INST PASTEUR,UNITE GENET MOLEC HUMAINE,CNRS,URA 1445,F-75724 PARIS,FRANCE.
   CHU LAVAL,CTR ETUD POLYMORPHISME HUMAIN,QUEBEC CITY G1V 4G2,QUEBEC,CANADA.
   CHU LAVAL,RESEAU MED GENET,QUEBEC CITY G1V 4G2,QUEBEC,CANADA.
   INSERM,U358,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Laval University; Laval University Hospital; Laval University; Laval University Hospital; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP WEISSENBACH, J (corresponding author), GENETHON,1 RUE INT,F-91000 EVRY,FRANCE.
NR 24
TC 1921
Z9 2060
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 794
EP 801
DI 10.1038/359794a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700053
PM 1436057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LU, H
   ZAWEL, L
   FISHER, L
   EGLY, JM
   REINBERG, D
AF LU, H
   ZAWEL, L
   FISHER, L
   EGLY, JM
   REINBERG, D
TI HUMAN GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR-IIH PHOSPHORYLATES THE C-TERMINAL DOMAIN OF RNA POLYMERASE-II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID preinitiation complex; largest subunit; repeat domain; initiation; purification; protein; promoter; invitro; kinase; form
AB Phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II is believed to control the transition from transcription initiation to elongation. The general transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) contains a kinase activity capable of phosphorylating this domain. Factors that promote the association of RNA polymerase II with the preinitiation complex stimulate this activity. The transcription factor IIE, which is required for the stable association of TFIIH with the preinitiation complex, affects the processivity of TFIIH kinase.
C1 UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY, ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH, DEPT BIOCHEM, 675 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854 USA.
   FAC MED STRASBOURG, CNRS, GENET MOLEC LAB, INSERM, U184, F-67085 STRASBOURG, FRANCE.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 35
TC 377
Z9 442
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 641
EP 645
DI 10.1038/358641a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200045
PM 1495560
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEVALIER, RA
AF CHEVALIER, RA
TI A MODEL FOR THE RADIO BRIGHTNESS OF THE SUPERNOVA REMNANT 1987A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sn1987a; burst
AB THE recently observed rise 1 in radio flux from SN1987A is earlier than predicted in models of the interaction with the observed line-emitting gas 2,3. The observed size of the radio source is roughly consistent with the expected position of the supernova shock wave, which is inside the optically emitting ring. The size is also consistent with the position of the termination shock of the blue supergiant progenitor wind, and the radio increase is attributed to the interaction of the supernova shock with this density jump. The required efficiency of electron acceleration and magnetic field amplification is larger than usually occurs in supernovae and supernova remnants. Possible reasons for the enhanced radio emission are particle acceleration by the weak reflected shock that travels through the interaction region, and the action of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability near the initial termination-shock density jump. The action of these mechanisms is time-limited; the prediction of this model is that the radio flux should begin to decline within the next year.
RP CHEVALIER, RA (corresponding author), UNIV VIRGINIA,DEPT ASTRON,POB 3818,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903, USA.
NR 18
TC 37
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 617
EP 618
DI 10.1038/355617a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GOODRICH, DW
   LEE, WH
AF GOODRICH, DW
   LEE, WH
TI ABROGATION BY C-MYC OF G1 PHASE ARREST INDUCED BY RB PROTEIN BUT NOT BY P53
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoblastoma gene-product; cell-cycle; binding; differentiation; microinjection; transformation; suppression; oncogene; domains; growth
AB INACTIVATING mutations of the retinoblastoma gene (RB) are found in a wide variety of tumour cells1.  Replacement of wild-type RB can suppress the tumorigenicity of some of these cells, suggesting that the RB protein (Rb) may negatively regulate cell growth2-4. As activation of c-myc expression promotes cell proliferation and blocks differentiation, it may positively regulate cell growth5-9. The c-myc protein is localized in the nucleus and can physically associate with RB protein in vitro10, hence c-myc may functionally antagonize RB function. Microinjection of Rb in G1 phase reversibly arrests cell-cycle progression11. Here we co-inject RB protein with c-myc, EJ-ras, c-fos or c-jun protein. Co-injection of c-myc, but not EJ-ras, c-fos or c-jun, inhibits the ability of Rb to arrest the cell cycle. The c-myc does not inhibit the activity of another tumour supressor, p53 (ref. 12). Thus, c-myc and RB specifically antagonize one another in the cell.
RP GOODRICH, DW (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,INST BIOTECHNOL,CTR MOLEC MED,15355 LAMBDA DR,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78245, USA.
NR 33
TC 107
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 177
EP 179
DI 10.1038/360177a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200066
PM 1436095
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TYBULEWICZ, VLJ
   TREMBLAY, ML
   LAMARCA, ME
   WILLEMSEN, R
   STUBBLEFIELD, BK
   WINFIELD, S
   ZABLOCKA, B
   SIDRANSKY, E
   MARTIN, BM
   HUANG, SP
   MINTZER, KA
   WESTPHAL, H
   MULLIGAN, RC
   GINNS, EI
AF TYBULEWICZ, VLJ
   TREMBLAY, ML
   LAMARCA, ME
   WILLEMSEN, R
   STUBBLEFIELD, BK
   WINFIELD, S
   ZABLOCKA, B
   SIDRANSKY, E
   MARTIN, BM
   HUANG, SP
   MINTZER, KA
   WESTPHAL, H
   MULLIGAN, RC
   GINNS, EI
TI ANIMAL-MODEL OF GAUCHERS-DISEASE FROM TARGETED DISRUPTION OF THE MOUSE GLUCOCEREBROSIDASE GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cells; mutations
AB GAUCHER's disease is the most prevalent lysosomal storage disorder in humans and results from an autosomally inherited deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase) 1-6, which is responsible for degrading the sphingolipid glucocerebroside. An animal model for Gaucher's disease would be important for investigating its phenotypic diversity and pathogenesis and for evaluating therapeutic approaches. A naturally occurring canine model has been reported but not propagated 7. Attempts to mimic the disease in animals by inhibiting glucocerebrosidase have been inadequate 8. Here we generate an animal model for Gaucher's disease by creating a null allele in embryonic stem cells through gene targeting and using these genetically modified cells to establish a mouse strain carrying the mutation 9,10. Mice homozygous for this mutation have < 4% Of normal glucocerebrosidase activity, die within twenty-four hours of birth and store glucocerebroside in lysosomes of cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
C1 NIMH,ALCOHOL DRUG ABUSE & MENTAL HLTH ADM,CLIN NEUROSCI BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   MIT,WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   NICHHD,MAMMALIAN GENES & DEV LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   ERASMUS UNIV,DEPT CELL BIOL & GENET,3000 DR ROTTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam
NR 25
TC 261
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 407
EP 410
DI 10.1038/357407a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200064
PM 1594045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANGEEN, A
   LUOMA, SN
   FULLER, CC
   ANIMA, R
   CLIFTON, HE
   TRUMBORE, S
AF VANGEEN, A
   LUOMA, SN
   FULLER, CC
   ANIMA, R
   CLIFTON, HE
   TRUMBORE, S
TI EVIDENCE FROM CD/CA RATIOS IN FORAMINIFERA FOR GREATER UPWELLING OFF CALIFORNIA 4,000 YEARS AGO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID benthic foraminifera; cadmium; pacific; system; nickel; copper; water; gulf
AB UPWELLING of nutrient-rich Pacific deep water along the North American west coast is ultimately driven by the temperature difference between air masses over land and over the ocean. The intensity of upwelling, and biological production in the region, could therefore be affected by anthropogenic climate change. Examination of the geological record is one way to study the link between climate and upwelling. Because Pacific deep water is enriched in cadmium, dissolved cadmium concentrations in coastal water off central California reflect the intensity of upwelling. By demonstrating that the Cd/Ca ratio in the shell of a benthic foraminifer, Elphidiella hannai, is proportional to the Cd concentration in coastal water, we show here that foraminiferal Cd/Ca ratios can be used to detect past changes in mean upwelling intensity. Examination of a sediment core from the mouth of San Francisco Bay reveals that foraminiferal Cd/Ca decreased by about 30% from 4,000 years ago to the present, probably because of a reduction in coastal upwelling. This observation is consistent with predictions of atmospheric general circulation models that northwesterly winds, which drive upwelling, became weaker over this period as summer insolation of the Northern Hemisphere decreased.
C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP VANGEEN, A (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 465,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA.
NR 34
TC 45
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 54
EP 56
DI 10.1038/358054a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CLARKE, AR
   MAANDAG, ER
   VANROON, M
   VANDERLUGT, NMT
   VANDERVALK, M
   HOOPER, ML
   BERNS, A
   RIELE, HT
AF CLARKE, AR
   MAANDAG, ER
   VANROON, M
   VANDERLUGT, NMT
   VANDERVALK, M
   HOOPER, ML
   BERNS, A
   RIELE, HT
TI REQUIREMENT FOR A FUNCTIONAL RB-1 GENE IN MURINE DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; leukemia inhibitory factor; mouse pgk-1 gene; retinoblastoma gene; altered expression; differentiation; disruption; carcinoma; mutations; sarcomas
AB HUMAN retinoblastomas can occur both as hereditary and as sporadic cases. Knudson's proposal1 that they result from two mutational events, of which one is present in the germ line in hereditary cases, has been confirmed by more recent molecular analysis, which has shown both events to involve loss or mutational inactivation of the same gene, RB-1 (ref. 2). RB-1 heterozygosity also predisposes to osteosarcoma, and RB-1 allele losses are seen in sporadic lung, breast, prostate and bladder carcinomas3-7. RB-1 is expressed in most, if not all, tissues and codes for a nuclear phosphoprotein which becomes hypophosphorylated in the G0 growth arrest state and in the G1 phase of the cell cycle2. To gain a further insight ino the role of RB-1 we and other groups8,9 have generated mice carrying an inactivated allele of the homologous gene, Rb-1 (ref. 10), by gene targeting". We report here that young heterozygous mice do not appear abnormal and do not develop retinoblastoma at a detectable frequency. However, homozygous mutant embryos fail to reach term and show a number of abnormalities in neural and haematopoietic development. Broadly similar results are reported by the other groups8,9.
C1 UNIV EDINBURGH, DEPT PATHOL, CANC RES, CAMPAIGN LABS, EDINBURGH EH8 9YL, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH, AFRC, CTR GENOME RES, EDINBURGH EH8 9YL, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM, DEPT BIOCHEM, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   NETHERLANDS CANC INST, DIV MOLEC GENET, 1066 CX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; University of Amsterdam; Netherlands Cancer Institute
NR 30
TC 927
Z9 1044
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 328
EP 330
DI 10.1038/359328a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300059
PM 1406937
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RAMAKRISHNAN, V
   WHITE, SW
AF RAMAKRISHNAN, V
   WHITE, SW
TI THE STRUCTURE OF RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN-S5 REVEALS SITES OF INTERACTION WITH 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacillus-stearothermophilus ribosome; escherichia-coli ribosome; rna-binding domain; crystal-structure; subunits; s5; genes; reconstitution; mutations; sequence
AB UNDERSTANDING the process whereby the ribosome translates the genetic code into protein molecules will ultimately require high-resolution structural information, and we report here the first crystal structure of a protein from the small ribosomal subunit. This protein, S5, has a molecular mass of 17,500 and is highly conserved in all lifeforms1-4. The molecule contains two distinct alpha/beta-domains that have structural similarities to several other proteins that are components of ribonucleoprotein complexes. Mutations in S5 result in several phenotypes which suggest that S5 may have a role in translational fidelity and translocation. These include ribosome ambiguity or ram5, reversion from streptomycin dependence6 and resistance to spectinomycin6. Also, a cold-sensitive, spectinomycin-resistant mutant of S5 has been identified which is defective in initiation7. Here we show that these mutations map to two distinct regions of the molecule which seem to be sites of interaction with ribosomal RNA. A structure/function analysis of the molecule reveals discrepancies with current models8,9 of the 30S subunit.
C1 MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Duke University
RP RAMAKRISHNAN, V (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT BIOL,UPTON,NY 11973, USA.
NR 33
TC 151
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 768
EP 771
DI 10.1038/358768a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900057
PM 1508272
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRITSCH, P
   RIESEBERG, LH
AF FRITSCH, P
   RIESEBERG, LH
TI HIGH OUTCROSSING RATES MAINTAIN MALE AND HERMAPHRODITE INDIVIDUALS IN POPULATIONS OF THE FLOWERING PLANT DATISCA-GLOMERATA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID female-biased populations; sex-ratio variation; polymorphisms; gynodioecy; model
AB MODELS for the maintenance of androdioecy (the presence of male and hermaphrodite individuals in a breeding population) in plants predict that males must have a fertility at least double the male fertility of hermaphrodites in order to be maintained by selection1-3. An even greater advantage is required in partially self-fertilizing populations1-3 as the gain in fitness through increased pollen production is least when few ovules are available for outcrossing. Because such stringent theoretical requirements make the evolutionary stability of this breeding system highly unlikely, functional androdioecy is thought to be rare in plants, and indeed the only documented instance occurs in populations of Datisca glomerata (Datiscaceae)4.  As such, these populations provide a unique opportunity to test predictions concerning the evolution of androdioecy in plants. Here we report high outcrossing rates (65-92%) in two androdioecious populations of D. glomerata using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. These outcrossing rates, when analysed with respect to existing evidence concerning pollen production and inbreeding depression in this species, are sufficiently high to satisfy theoretical requirements for the maintenance of androdioecy.
RP FRITSCH, P (corresponding author), RANCHO SANTA ANA BOT GARDEN,1500 N COLL AVE,CLAREMONT,CA 91711, USA.
NR 15
TC 91
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 633
EP 636
DI 10.1038/359633a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARIANI, C
   GOSSELE, V
   DEBEUCKELEER, M
   DEBLOCK, M
   GOLDBERG, RB
   DEGREEF, W
   LEEMANS, J
AF MARIANI, C
   GOSSELE, V
   DEBEUCKELEER, M
   DEBLOCK, M
   GOLDBERG, RB
   DEGREEF, W
   LEEMANS, J
TI A CHIMERIC RIBONUCLEASE-INHIBITOR GENE RESTORES FERTILITY TO MALE STERILE PLANTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; barnase; barstar
AB Male fertility was restored to genetically engineered male sterile oilseed rape plants. Male sterile plants that express a chimaeric ribonuclease gene in the anther tapetal cell layer were crossed with male fertile plants that were transformed with a chimaeric tapetal-cell-specific ribonuclease-inhibitor gene. F1 progeny expressing both genes are restored to male fertility by the suppression of cytotoxic ribonuclease activity in the anther by the formation of cell-specific RNase/RNase inhibitor complexes. Genetically engineered male sterility and fertility restorer genes should facilitate hybrid seed production in crop plants.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT BIOL, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP MARIANI, C (corresponding author), PLANT GENET SYST NV J, PLATEAUSTR 22, B-9000 GHENT, BELGIUM.
NR 13
TC 245
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 384
EP 387
DI 10.1038/357384a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JAFFE, DB
   JOHNSTON, D
   LASSERROSS, N
   LISMAN, JE
   MIYAKAWA, H
   ROSS, WN
AF JAFFE, DB
   JOHNSTON, D
   LASSERROSS, N
   LISMAN, JE
   MIYAKAWA, H
   ROSS, WN
TI THE SPREAD OF NA+ SPIKES DETERMINES THE PATTERN OF DENDRITIC CA2+ ENTRY INTO HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; pyramidal cells; rat hippocampus; calcium; excitability; organization; indicators; activation; induction; synapses
AB THE dendrites of many types of neurons contain voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ conductances that generate action potentials (see ref. 1 for review). The function of these spikes is not well understood, but the Ca2+ entry stimulated by spikes probably affects Ca2+-dependent processes in dendrites. These include synaptic plasticity 2,3, cytotoxicity 4 and exocytosis 5. Several lines of evidence suggest that dendritic spikes occur within subregions of the dendrites 6-8. To study the mechanism that govern the spread of spikes in the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells, we imaged Ca2+ entry with Fura-2 (ref. 9) and Na+ entry with a newly developed Na+-sensitive dye 10). Our results indicate that Ca2+ entry into dendrites is triggered by Na+ spikes that actively invade the dendrites. The restricted spatial distribution of Ca2+ entry seems to depend on the spread of Na+ spikes in the dendrites, rather than on a limited distribution of Ca2+ channels. In addition, we have observed an activity-dependent process that modulates the invasion of spikes into the dendrites and progressively restricts Ca2+ entry to more proximal dendritic regions.
C1 NEW YORK MED COLL,DEPT PHYSIOL,VALHALLA,NY 10595.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DIV NEUROSCI,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BRANDEIS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
   YAMAGATA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,YAMAGATA 99023,JAPAN.
   MARINE BIOL LAB,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
C3 New York Medical College; Baylor College of Medicine; Brandeis University; Yamagata University; Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS016295] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 384
Z9 405
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 244
EP 246
DI 10.1038/357244a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500055
PM 1350327
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOCSKEI, Z
   GROOM, CR
   FLOWER, DR
   WRIGHT, CE
   PHILLIPS, SEV
   CAVAGGIONI, A
   FINDLAY, JBC
   NORTH, ACT
AF BOCSKEI, Z
   GROOM, CR
   FLOWER, DR
   WRIGHT, CE
   PHILLIPS, SEV
   CAVAGGIONI, A
   FINDLAY, JBC
   NORTH, ACT
TI PHEROMONE BINDING TO 2 RODENT URINARY PROTEINS REVEALED BY X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nasal-mucosa; resolution; refinement; crystallization; sequence; region
AB THE principal protein excreted in male rat urine, urinary alpha2-globulin and the homologous mouse protein, major urinary protein, have been well characterized, although their functions remain unclear. Male rat urine affects the behaviour and sexual response of female rats1, leading to the proposal that rodent urinary proteins are responsible for binding pheromones and their subsequent release from drying urine2.  Urinary alpha2-globulin is also involved in hyaline droplet nephropathy, an important toxicological syndrome in male rats resulting from exposure to a number of industrial chemicals and characterized by the accumulation of liganded urinary alpha2-globulin in lysosomes in the kidney, followed by the induction of renal cancer3.  We now report the three-dimensional structures of mouse major urinary protein (at 2.4 angstrom resolution) and rat urinary alpha2-globulin (at 2.8 angstrom resolution). The results corroborate the role of these proteins in pheromone transport and elaborate the structural basis of ligand binding.
C1 UNIV LEEDS,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
   UNIV PARMA,IST FISIOL UMANA,I-43100 PARMA,ITALY.
C3 University of Leeds; University of Parma
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 358
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 186
EP 188
DI 10.1038/360186a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200069
PM 1279439
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAO, L
   FAHA, B
   DEMBSKI, M
   TSAI, LH
   HARLOW, E
   DYSON, N
AF CAO, L
   FAHA, B
   DEMBSKI, M
   TSAI, LH
   HARLOW, E
   DYSON, N
TI INDEPENDENT BINDING OF THE RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN AND P107 TO THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2F
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large t-antigen; adenovirus e1a proteins; gene-product; polyacrylamide gels; sv40; transformation; regions; cells
AB THE cellular protein p107 and the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) have many features in common. Most strikingly, they contain homologous protein domains that mediate interaction with the oncoproteins of several small DNA tumour viruses, including adenovirus E1A and SV40 large-T antigen 1-9. In cells that do not contain these viral oncoproteins, pRB interacts with the cellular transcription factor E2F (refs 10-12) or a related protein termed DRTF1 (ref. 13). E2F associates with a form of pRB that is found primarily in G1 cells 10. It seems that the E2F-pRB complex dissociates near the G1-S boundary before the initiation of S phase, releasing free E2F and apparently, stimulating the ability of E2F to activate transcription 14. Cells that express E1A have no or little pRB-E2F complex, presumably because of the association of E1A with pRB 10,15. During S phase, E2F forms a second complex that contains cyclin A but apparently lacks pRB 1-5. Here, we report that p107 is found in the cyclin A/E2F complex and that this complex also contains p33cdk2. These observations suggest that p107 and pRB cooperate in the regulation of E2F activity, each affecting different stages of the cell cycle. Thus, by binding to pRB and p107, E1A and large-T antigen target two distinct aspects of E2F regulation.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP CANC CTR, BLDG 149, 13TH ST, BOSTON, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
NR 35
TC 386
Z9 410
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 176
EP 179
DI 10.1038/355176a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900063
PM 1530885
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STEELE, LP
   DLUGOKENCKY, EJ
   LANG, PM
   TANS, PP
   MARTIN, RC
   MASARIE, KA
AF STEELE, LP
   DLUGOKENCKY, EJ
   LANG, PM
   TANS, PP
   MARTIN, RC
   MASARIE, KA
TI SLOWING DOWN OF THE GLOBAL ACCUMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC METHANE DURING THE 1980S
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropospheric methane; carbon-dioxide; ice-core; increase; trends; sinks
AB MEASUREMENTS of methane in modern air1-8 and in air trapped in ice cores9-12 have shown convincingly that the abundance of atmospheric methane has been rising since the Industrial Revolution. This is a matter of concern because of the important role of methane in determining the radiative balance and chemical composition of the atmosphere13. The causes of this increase have not been identified unambiguously because of uncertainties in our understanding of the global budget of atmospheric methane14 and in how it is changing with time. Here we report on measurements of atmospheric methane from an extensive global network of flask sampling sites, which reveal that, although methane continues to accumulate in the atmosphere, there has been a substantial slowing of the global accumulation rate between 1983 and 1990. If this deceleration continues steadily, global methane concentrations will reach a maximum around the year 2006. Our results hint that changes in methane emissions in the latitude band 30-90-degrees N may be of particular significance to this trend.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   CSIRO,DIV ATMOSPHER RES,MORDIALLOC,VIC 3195,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP STEELE, LP (corresponding author), NOAA,CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA.
NR 25
TC 235
Z9 257
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 313
EP 316
DI 10.1038/358313a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PLATT, T
   SATHYENDRANATH, S
   ULLOA, O
   HARRISON, WG
   HOEPFFNER, N
   GOES, J
AF PLATT, T
   SATHYENDRANATH, S
   ULLOA, O
   HARRISON, WG
   HOEPFFNER, N
   GOES, J
TI NUTRIENT CONTROL OF PHYTOPLANKTON PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN THE WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine-phytoplankton; natural assemblages; pacific-ocean; quantum yield; light; surface; spectra; model; sea
AB LIMITED understanding of the influence of the environment on the relation between photosynthesis and light in the ocean impairs our capacity to estimate primary production from remotely sensed data on ocean colour 1 and to model the role of the marine biota in the ocean carbon cycle 2.  Here we report results from several years of oceanographic cruises, showing that the parameters of the photosynthesis-light curve for the flora of the North Sargasso Sea are remarkably constant in magnitude, except during the spring phytoplankton bloom when their magnitudes are noticeably higher. We interpret these results as providing direct evidence for nutrient control of photosynthesis in the open ocean. Our findings also reinforce the plausibility of using biogeochemical provinces to partition the ocean into manageable units for basin- or global-scale ana lysis 1,3,4, show that seasonal changes in critical parameters should not be overlooked if robust carbon budgets are to be constructed, and illustrate the value of attacking the parameters that control the key fluxes, rather than the fluxes themselves, when investigating the ocean carbon cycle.
C1 DALHOUSIE UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,HALIFAX B3H 4J1,NS,CANADA.
   NATL INST OCEANOG,DIV BIOL OCEANOG,PANAJI 403004,GOA,INDIA.
C3 Dalhousie University; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)
RP PLATT, T (corresponding author), FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA,BEDFORD INST OCEANOG,DIV BIOL OCEANOG,BOX 1006,DARTMOUTH B2Y 4A2,NS,CANADA.
NR 17
TC 134
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 229
EP 231
DI 10.1038/356229a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PENG, CK
   BULDYREV, SV
   GOLDBERGER, AL
   HAVLIN, S
   SCIORTINO, F
   SIMONS, M
   STANLEY, HE
AF PENG, CK
   BULDYREV, SV
   GOLDBERGER, AL
   HAVLIN, S
   SCIORTINO, F
   SIMONS, M
   STANLEY, HE
TI LONG-RANGE CORRELATIONS IN NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pieces; genes
AB DNA SEQUENCES have been analysed using models, such as an n-step Markov chain, that incorporate the possibility of short-range nucleotide correlations 1. We propose here a method for studying the stochastic properties of nucleotide sequences by constructing a 1:1 map of the nucleotide sequence onto a walk, which we term a 'DNA walk'. We then use the mapping to provide a quantitative measure of the correlation between nucleotides over long distances along the DNA chain. Thus we uncover in the nucleotide sequence a remarkably long-range power law correlation that implies a new scale-invariant property of DNA. We find such long-range correlations in intron-containing genes and in nontranscribed regulatory DNA sequences, but not in complementary DNA sequences or intron-less genes.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   HARVARD UNIV,BETH ISRAEL HOSP,SCH MED,DIV CARDIOVASC,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   NIH,DIV COMP RES & TECHNOL,PHYS SCI LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Boston University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP PENG, CK (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 11
TC 1213
Z9 1302
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 168
EP 170
DI 10.1038/356168a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100065
PM 1301010
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WATANABEFUKUNAGA, R
   BRANNAN, CI
   COPELAND, NG
   JENKINS, NA
   NAGATA, S
AF WATANABEFUKUNAGA, R
   BRANNAN, CI
   COPELAND, NG
   JENKINS, NA
   NAGATA, S
TI LYMPHOPROLIFERATION DISORDER IN MICE EXPLAINED BY DEFECTS IN FAS ANTIGEN THAT MEDIATES APOPTOSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; lpr lpr mice; gene; receptor; gld; lymphadenopathy; tolerance; induction; lymphocytes; environment
AB Fas antigen is a cell-surface protein that mediates apoptosis. It is expressed in various tissues including the thymus and has structural homology with a number of cell-surface receptors, including tumour necrosis factor receptor and nerve growth factor receptor. Mice carrying the lymphoproliferation (lpr) mutation have defects in the Fas antigen gene. The lpr mice develop lymphadenopathy and suffer from a systemic lupus erythematosus-like autoimmune disease, indicating an important role for Fas antigen in the negative selection of autoreactive T cells in the thymus.
C1 OSAKA BIOSCI INST,6-2-4 FURUEDAI,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,ABL BASIC RES PROGRAM,FREDERICK,MD 21701.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick
NR 34
TC 2632
Z9 2866
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 314
EP 317
DI 10.1038/356314a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400054
PM 1372394
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEMMATIBRIVANLOU, A
   MELTON, DA
AF HEMMATIBRIVANLOU, A
   MELTON, DA
TI A TRUNCATED ACTIVIN RECEPTOR INHIBITS MESODERM INDUCTION AND FORMATION OF AXIAL STRUCTURES IN XENOPUS EMBRYOS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID erythroid-differentiation factor; messenger-rna; body axis; neural induction; early response; expression; anterior; homolog; laevis; cells
AB Activins can induce mesoderm in embryonic explants and have been proposed as the natural inducer in Xenopus. A mutant activin receptor that inhibits activin signalling is used to show that activin is required for the induction of mesoderm in vivo and the patterning of the embryonic body plan. Blocking the activin signal transduction pathway also reveals autonomous induction of a neural marker and unmasks a relationship between activin and fibroblast growth factor.
RP HEMMATIBRIVANLOU, A (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,7 DIVIN AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 56
TC 505
Z9 590
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 609
EP 614
DI 10.1038/359609a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400047
PM 1328888
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SVERJENSKY, DA
AF SVERJENSKY, DA
TI LINEAR FREE-ENERGY RELATIONS FOR PREDICTING DISSOLUTION RATES OF SOLIDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinetic constraints; aqueous-solutions; minerals; wollastonite; hydrolysis; pyroxene; olivine
AB A QUANTITATIVE understanding of the rates and mechanisms of dissolution Of crystalline solids in aqueous solutions is critical to the chemical modelling of many geochemical, environmental and industrial processes. Here I show that a linear free energy equation, developed recently1,2 for the prediction of the standard Gibbs free energies of formation of isostructural families of crystalline solids, can also be used for predicting the dissolution rates of solids. This equation bears a close analogy with the Hammett equation for aqueous organics3. Regression of data for the surface-reaction-controlled dissolution rates of isostructural families of divalent metal oxides and orthosilicates using the new equation yields coefficients characteristic of the specific crystal structure, which turn out to be very close to the coefficients obtained by regression of standard free energy data for the same families. The results suggest that standard free energy coefficients can be used to predict dissolution rates.
RP SVERJENSKY, DA (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218, USA.
NR 18
TC 50
Z9 55
U1 2
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 310
EP 313
DI 10.1038/358310a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVIES, K
AF DAVIES, K
TI TOO MANY TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 10
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 90
EP 90
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEIS, WI
   DRICKAMER, K
   HENDRICKSON, WA
AF WEIS, WI
   DRICKAMER, K
   HENDRICKSON, WA
TI STRUCTURE OF A C-TYPE MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN COMPLEXED WITH AN OLIGOSACCHARIDE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbohydrate-recognition domains; asparagine-linked oligosaccharides; pulmonary surfactant apoprotein; solution conformation; 3-dimensional structures; cell-adhesion; lectin domain; receptor; rat; refinement
AB C-type (Ca2+-dependent) animal lectins such as mannose-binding proteins mediate many cell-surface carbohydrate-recognition events. The crystal structure at 1.7 angstrom resolution of the carbohydrate-recognition domain of rat mannose-binding protein complexed with an oligomannose asparaginyl-oligosaccharide reveals that Ca2+ forms coordination bonds with the carbohydrate ligand. Carbohydrate specificity is determined by a network of coordination and hydrogen bonds that stabilizes the ternary complex of protein, Ca2+ and sugar. Two branches of the oligosaccharide crosslink neighbouring carbohydrate-recognition domains in the crystal, enabling multivalent binding to a single oligosaccharide chain to be visualized directly.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOPHYS, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
   COLUMBIA UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
NR 49
TC 880
Z9 959
U1 4
U2 92
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 127
EP 134
DI 10.1038/360127a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200049
PM 1436090
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEBOER, P
   CROSSLEY, R
   ROTHFIELD, L
AF DEBOER, P
   CROSSLEY, R
   ROTHFIELD, L
TI THE ESSENTIAL BACTERIAL CELL-DIVISION PROTEIN FTSZ IS A GTPASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; gene-ftsz; bacillus-subtilis; septation; cloning; site
AB CYTOKINESIS defines the last stage in the division cycle, in which cell constriction leads to the formation of daughter cells. The biochemical mechanisms responsible for this process are poorly understood. In bacteria, the ftsZ gene product, FtsZ, is required for cell division1-3,17, playing a prominent role in cytokinesis. The cellular concentration of FtsZ regulates the frequency of division4 and genetic studies have indicated that it is the target of several endogenous division inhibitors5. At the time of onset of septal invagination, the FtsZ protein is recruited from the cytoplasm to the division site, where it assembles into a ring that remains associated with the leading edge of the invaginating septum until septation is completed 6. Here we report that FtsZ specifically binds and hydrolyses GTP. The reaction can be dissociated into a GTP-dependent activation stage that is markedly affected by the concentration of FtsZ, and a hydrolysis stage in which GTP is hydrolysed to GDP. The results indicate that GTP binding and hydrolysis are important in enabling FtsZ to support bacterial cytokinesis, either by facilitating the assembly of the FtsZ ring and/or by catalysing an essential step in the cytokinetic process itself.
RP DEBOER, P (corresponding author), UNIV CONNECTICUT, CTR HLTH, DEPT MICROBIOL, FARMINGTON, CT 06030 USA.
NR 17
TC 476
Z9 557
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 254
EP 256
DI 10.1038/359254a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400067
PM 1528268
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRYANT, DA
   POWELL, GI
   PERRY, CH
AF BRYANT, DA
   POWELL, GI
   PERRY, CH
TI THE ORIGIN OF HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC-RAYS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB FERMI'S suggestion 1 that a population of low-energy charged particles could be accelerated by momentum exchange with 'wandering' galactic magnetic fields has long been a favoured mechanism for the generation of cosmic rays. A difficulty with this idea, however, recognized by Fermi 2 and others  3-5, is that unless the scattering centres of strong magnetic fields have velocities close to the speed of light, the acceleration mechanism is thought to be too slow to produce the highest-energy (approximately 10(20) eV) cosmic rays before particles escape from the Galaxy. We argue here that this problem is not intrinsic to the Fermi theory, but results only from approximating the essentially stochastic acceleration process as a deterministic one, in which particles diffuse upwards in energy at some mean rate. The stochastic treatment we present here suggests that the particles that acquire the highest energies are those on the wings of the statistical energy distribution, which proceed not in a pedestrian manner but are accelerated much more effectively as 'high flyers'.
RP BRYANT, DA (corresponding author), RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB,DIDCOT OX11 0QX,OXON,ENGLAND.
NR 5
TC 10
Z9 10
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 582
EP 583
DI 10.1038/356582a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAS, S
AF DAS, S
TI REACTIVATION OF AN OCEANIC FRACTURE BY THE MACQUARIE RIDGE EARTHQUAKE OF 1989
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID moment tensor solutions; stress; fault; rupture; islands; alaska
AB THEORETICAL calculations show 1 that the occurrence of an earthquake leads to regions of increased shear stress on both sides of the ruptured fault. If this stress increase is sufficiently large, or if neighbouring faults are close to their failure stress, the result may be triggering of earthquakes on pre-existing faults in the region. A search for this effect 2 produced only a few examples, all in continental areas, where clusters of aftershocks were located in the regions of increased stress. The linear dimensions of these clusters were generally less than 20 km, and less than one-half of the fault length that ruptured in the main shock. Here I report an example of this phenomenon in which the fault that is reactivated is a nearly 175-km-long segment of an oceanic fracture, and its length is comparable to that of the main shock, the 1989 Macquarie Ridge earthquake.
RP DAS, S (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT EARTH SCI,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PR,ENGLAND.
NR 17
TC 29
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 150
EP 153
DI 10.1038/357150a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOUSTON, JE
   MICHALSKE, TA
AF HOUSTON, JE
   MICHALSKE, TA
TI THE INTERFACIAL-FORCE MICROSCOPE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP HOUSTON, JE (corresponding author), SANDIA NATL LABS,DIV SURFACE SCI 1114,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA.
NR 9
TC 66
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 266
EP 267
DI 10.1038/356266a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400068
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU URBACH, E
   ROBERTSON, DL
   CHISHOLM, SW
AF URBACH, E
   ROBERTSON, DL
   CHISHOLM, SW
TI MULTIPLE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF PROCHLOROPHYTES WITHIN THE CYANOBACTERIAL RADIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prochlorothrix-hollandica; green chloroplasts
AB THE taxonomic group Prochlorales (Lewin 1977) Burger-Wiersma, Stal and Mur 1989 was established to accommodate a set of prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs which, like plant, green algal and euglenoid chloroplasts, contain chlorophyll b instead of phycobiliproteins. Prochlorophytes were originally proposed (with concomitant scepticism 1-3) to be a monophyletic group sharing a common ancestry with these 'green' chloroplasts 4-6. Results from molecular sequence phylogenies, however, have suggested that ProchlorothriX hollandica 7 is not on a lineage that leads to plastids 8-12. Our results from 16S ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons, which include new sequences from the marine picoplankter Prochlorococcus marinus 13,14 and the Lissoclinum patella symbiont Prochloron sp. 15, indicate that prochlorophytes are polyphyletic within the cyanobacterial radiation, and suggest that none of the known species is specifically related to chloroplasts. This implies that the three prochlorophytes and the green chloroplast ancestor acquired chlorophyll b and its associated structural proteins in convergent evolutionary events. We report further that the 16S rRNA gene sequence from Prochlorococcus is very similar to those of open ocean Synechococcus strains (marine cluster A (ref. 16)), and to a family of 16S rRNA genes shotgun-cloned from plankton in the north Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 17-19.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT MOLEC GENET & CELLULAR BIOL, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP URBACH, E (corresponding author), MIT, RALPH M PARSONS LAB, 48-425, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 35
TC 243
Z9 257
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 267
EP 270
DI 10.1038/355267a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400073
PM 1731225
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, HY
   WATKINS, DC
   MALBON, CC
AF WANG, HY
   WATKINS, DC
   MALBON, CC
TI ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES TO G(S) PROTEIN ALPHA-SUBUNIT SEQUENCE ACCELERATE DIFFERENTIATION OF FIBROBLASTS TO ADIPOCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna levels; adipose cell line; 3t3-l1 cells; adenylate-cyclase; beta-subunits; inhibition; stimulation; conversion; expression; receptor
AB FULLY-DIFFERENTIATED mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts accumulate large amounts of lipid at 7-10 days after induction by insulin or by dexamethasone and a methyl xanthine1-3. G proteins mediate transmembrane signalling from a diverse group of cell-surface receptors to effector units that include phospholipase C, adenylyl cyclase and ion channels4-6. They are also targets or regulation themselves7-10. 3T3-L1 fibroblasts display marked changes in levels of G protein when induced to differentiate to adipocytes11-15. Here we show that cholera toxin, which ADP-ribosylates and activates the G protein subunit G(s-alpha), blocks the induction of differentiation, whereas increasing intracellular cyclic AMP directly with the dibutyryl analogue or indirectly with pertussis toxin or forskolin does not affect differentiation. Oligodeoxynucleotides antisense to the sequence encoding G(s-alpha) accelerate differentiation markedly. The time course of adipogenesis declined from 7-10 days in controls to roughly 3 days in cultures treated with antisense-G(s-alpha) oligodeoxynucleotides, whereas oligodeoxynucleotides, antisense to G(i-alpha-1), G(i-alpha-3), and sense and missense to G(s-alpha), had no such effect. Antisense-G(s-alpha) alone induced differentiation by day 7, indicating that G(s-alpha) activity modulates differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells, acting in a new role which is independent of increased intracellular cAMP.
C1 SUNY HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,DIABET & METAB DIS RES PROGRAM,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
   NATL DEF MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,TAIPEI 10764,TAIWAN.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; National Defense Medical University
NR 22
TC 148
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 334
EP 337
DI 10.1038/358334a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400065
PM 1379345
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOCH, PL
   ZACHOS, JC
   GINGERICH, PD
AF KOCH, PL
   ZACHOS, JC
   GINGERICH, PD
TI CORRELATION BETWEEN ISOTOPE RECORDS IN MARINE AND CONTINENTAL CARBON RESERVOIRS NEAR THE PALEOCENE EOCENE BOUNDARY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basin; paleoecology; paleosols; paleocene; apatite; oxygen; c-13
AB CHANGES in the isotope content of the large marine carbon reservoir can force shifts in that of the smaller carbon pools in the atmosphere and on land. The carbon isotope compositions of marine carbonate sediments from the late Palaeocene vary considerably, exhibiting a sudden decrease close to the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary which coincides with deep-sea benthic extinctions1 and with changes in ocean circulation. Here we report that these fluctuations in the marine carbon isotope record are closely tracked by the terrestrial records provided by palaeosol carbonates and mammalian tooth enamel. In using palaeosol carbonates to reconstruct the CO2 content of the ancient atmosphere2, isotope shifts of this sort will have to be taken into account. The sharp decrease in C-13/C-12 ratios in the late Palaeocene provides a datum for precise correlation of marine and continental records, and suggests that abrupt climate warming at this time may have played an important role in the evolution of land mammals.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP KOCH, PL (corresponding author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,GEOPHYS LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20015, USA.
NR 32
TC 522
Z9 608
U1 1
U2 100
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 319
EP 322
DI 10.1038/358319a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PASCUAL, R
   ARCHER, M
   JAUREGUIZAR, EO
   PRADO, JL
   GODTHELP, H
   HAND, SJ
AF PASCUAL, R
   ARCHER, M
   JAUREGUIZAR, EO
   PRADO, JL
   GODTHELP, H
   HAND, SJ
TI 1ST DISCOVERY OF MONOTREMES IN SOUTH-AMERICA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB UNTIL now, the egg-laying monotremes were only known from the Australian continent, where they have lived since the early Cretaceous period to the present 1. Here we report the first monotreme from outside the Australian continent, an ornithorhynchid, from sediments of late early Palaeocene age in Patagonia, southern Argentina. This discovery demonstrates the Gondwanan nature of monotremes and supports the hypothesis that the Patagonian Terrane of southern South America had a biotic history distinct from that of the rest of the continent.
C1 UNIV NEW S WALES,SCH BIOL SCI,KENSINGTON,NSW 2033,AUSTRALIA.
   MUSEO UNIV NACL LA PLATA,RA-1900 LA PLATA,ARGENTINA.
C3 University of New South Wales Sydney; National University of La Plata
RP PASCUAL, R (corresponding author), FAC CIENCIAS NAT LA PLATA,DEPT CIENTIFICO PALEONTOL VERTEBRADOS,PASEO BOSQUE,RA-1900 LA PLATA,ARGENTINA.
NR 34
TC 100
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 704
EP 706
DI 10.1038/356704a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PACZYNSKI, B
AF PACZYNSKI, B
TI ESTIMATING REDSHIFTS FOR GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB RECENT observation's from the BATSE experiment on the Gamma Ray Observatory 1,2 demonstrate that the number of weak gamma-ray bursts is smaller than expected for a uniform distribution of source distances, and that the distribution of weak bursts is isotropic. This suggests that the sources are at cosmological, rather than intragalactic, distances 3,4. A number of possible tests for estimating the distances to gamma-ray bursters have been discussed 3, but all are difficult to implement in practice. There is therefore no further evidence at present to support a cosmological distance to the bursters. Here I describe a test of distances that might be done with the BATSE data, which is equivalent to the formulation of the Hubble diagram for galactic redshifts. If the typical redshift of gamma-ray bursters is of the order of unity, the weakest bursts should have softer spectra than the strongest. There is some evidence for such a correlation in the BATSE data 5. If confirmed, this would provide the first spectroscopic indication that the burst sources lie at cosmological distances. There is also evidence that the redshift effect has been detected in the duration of a subset of the BATSE bursts 6. If confirmed, this would be evidence that not only the photons but also the light curves are stretched by the cosmological redshift.
RP PACZYNSKI, B (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV OBSERV,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 9
TC 74
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 521
EP 522
DI 10.1038/355521a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CUNNINGHAM, CW
   BLACKSTONE, NW
   BUSS, LW
AF CUNNINGHAM, CW
   BLACKSTONE, NW
   BUSS, LW
TI EVOLUTION OF KING CRABS FROM HERMIT-CRAB ANCESTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna; phylogeny; size
AB KING crabs (Family Lithodidae) are among the world's largest arthropods, having a crab-like morphology and a strongly calcified exoskeleton 1-6. The hermit crabs, by contrast, have depended on gastropod shells for protection for over 150 million years 5,7. Shell living has constrained the morphological evolution of hermit crabs by requiring a decalcified asymmetrical abdomen capable of coiling into gastropod shells and by preventing crabs from growing past the size of the largest available shells 1-6. Whereas reduction in shell-living and acquisition of a crab-like morphology (carcinization) has taken place independently in several hermit crab lineages, and most dramatically in king crabs 1-6, the rate at which this process has occurred was entirely unknown 2,7. We present molecular evidence that king crabs are not only descended from hermit crabs, but are nested within the hermit crab genus Pagurus. We estimate that loss of the shell-living habit and the complete carcinization of king crabs has taken between 13 and 25 million years.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
NR 29
TC 230
Z9 254
U1 3
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 539
EP 542
DI 10.1038/355539a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600056
PM 1741031
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WOLSZCZAN, A
   FRAIL, DA
AF WOLSZCZAN, A
   FRAIL, DA
TI A PLANETARY SYSTEM AROUND THE MILLISECOND PULSAR PSR1257+12
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron stars; binary; masses
AB MILLISECOND radio pulsars, which are old (approximately 10(9) yr), rapidly rotating neutron stars believed to be spun up by accretion of matter from their stellar companions, are usually found in binary systems with other degenerate stars 1.  Using the 305-m Arecibo radiotelescope to make precise timing measurements of pulses from the recently discovered 6.2-ms pulsar PSR1257 + 12 (ref. 2), we demonstrate that, rather than being associated with a stellar object, the pulsar is orbited by two or more planet-sized bodies. The planets detected so far have masses of at least 2.8 M+ and 3.4 M+, where M+ is the mass of the Earth. Their respective distances from the pulsar are (0.47 At and 0.36 AU, and then remove in almost circular orbits with periods of 98.2 and 66.6 days. Observations indicate that at least one more planet may be present in this system. The detection of a planetary system around a nearby (approximately 500 pc), old neutron star, together with the recent report on a planetary companion to the pulsar PSR1829 - 10 (ref. 3) raises the tantalizing possibility that a non-negligible fraction of neutron stars observable as radio pulsars may be orbited by planet-like bodies.
C1 NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,SOCORRO,NM 87801.
C3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP WOLSZCZAN, A (corresponding author), ARECIBO OBSERV,NATL ASTRON & IONOSPHERE CTR,ARECIBO,PR 00613, USA.
NR 26
TC 1146
Z9 1523
U1 1
U2 106
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 145
EP 147
DI 10.1038/355145a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IBRAGHIMOVBESKROVNAYA, O
   ERVASTI, JM
   LEVEILLE, CJ
   SLAUGHTER, CA
   SERNETT, SW
   CAMPBELL, KP
AF IBRAGHIMOVBESKROVNAYA, O
   ERVASTI, JM
   LEVEILLE, CJ
   SLAUGHTER, CA
   SERNETT, SW
   CAMPBELL, KP
TI PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF DYSTROPHIN-ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEINS LINKING DYSTROPHIN TO THE EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID duchenne muscular-dystrophy; laminin-binding-protein; neuromuscular-junction; skeletal-muscle; cell-membranes; surface; sequence; channel; locus
AB The primary sequence of two components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex has been established by complementary DNA cloning. The transmembrane 43K and extracellular 156K dystrophin-associated glyco proteins (DAGs) are encoded by a single messenger RNA and the extracellular 156K DAG binds laminin. Thus, the 156K DAG is a new laminin-binding glycoprotein which may provide a linkage between the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix. These results support the hypothesis that the dramatic reduction in the 156K DAG in Duchenne muscular dystrophy leads to a loss of a linkage between the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix and that this may render muscle fibres more susceptible to necrosis.
C1 UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
   UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,BIOPOLYMER FACIL HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 36
TC 1193
Z9 1339
U1 1
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 696
EP 702
DI 10.1038/355696a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400053
PM 1741056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BURN, PL
   HOLMES, AB
   KRAFT, A
   BRADLEY, DDC
   BROWN, AR
   FRIEND, RH
   GYMER, RW
AF BURN, PL
   HOLMES, AB
   KRAFT, A
   BRADLEY, DDC
   BROWN, AR
   FRIEND, RH
   GYMER, RW
TI CHEMICAL TUNING OF ELECTROLUMINESCENT COPOLYMERS TO IMPROVE EMISSION EFFICIENCIES AND ALLOW PATTERNING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID poly(para-phenylene vinylene); polymers
AB ONE advantage of using conjugated polymers in semiconductor applications is that they can be processed using techniques well established for conventional polymers. We reported recently that poly(p-phenylenevinylene) could be used as the active layer in a light-emitting diode 1, producing yellow/green emission. We have now found that related copolymers, comprising a combination of different arylene units, can be chemically tuned to provide a range of materials with considerably improved properties for this and other applications. By incorporating two different leaving groups into a precursor copolymer, we can selectively eliminate one of these, to give a conjugated/non-conjugated copolymer, or both, to give a fully conjugated copolymer. This allows us to induce local variations in the pi-pi* electronic energy gap at both the molecular and supramolecular level. Variations at the molecular level can act to trap excitons, hindering their migration to quenching sites, and we find that these materials give strongly enhanced quantum yields for electroluminescence (by a factor of up to 30). They also allow control of the colour of emission. Variations at the supramolecular level, by patterning the films to control the progress of conversion, allow the production of structures suitable for multicolour displays. The ability to pattern the film also allows for fabrication of optical waveguides, as regions with different energy gaps have different refractive indices.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,CAVENDISH LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP BURN, PL (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,CHEM LAB,LENSFIELD RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1EW,ENGLAND.
NR 18
TC 698
Z9 723
U1 0
U2 83
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 47
EP 49
DI 10.1038/356047a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIM, SJ
   WAGNER, S
   LIU, F
   OREILLY, MA
   ROBBINS, PD
   GREEN, MR
AF KIM, SJ
   WAGNER, S
   LIU, F
   OREILLY, MA
   ROBBINS, PD
   GREEN, MR
TI RETINOBLASTOMA GENE-PRODUCT ACTIVATES EXPRESSION OF THE HUMAN TGF-BETA-2 GENE THROUGH TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ATF-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; binding; growth; family; beta
AB THE retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (pRb) plays an important role in constraining cellular proliferation and in regulating the cell cycle1,2. The pRb inhibits transcription of genes involved in growth control (reviewed in ref. 3) and can regulate transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) gene expression4,5. TGF-beta isoforms also down-regulate cellular proliferation6,7. To determine whether pRb also regulates expression of other TGF-beta isoforms, we examined the effect of pRb on the expression of the human TGF-beta-2 gene. The human TGF-beta-2 promoter contains multiple elements including an ATF site, which is essential for basal promoter activity8. Here we report that pRb activates transcription of the human TGF-beta-2 gene. The promoter element responsible for pRb-mediated transcriptional regulation is a binding site for ATF proteins, an extensive transcription factor family9. We provide evidence that implicates ATF-2 in pRb-responsiveness. First, the ATF promoter element in the TGF-beta-2 gene is a high-affinity ATF-2-binding site. Second, a GAL4-ATF2 fusion protein can support pRb-mediated transcriptional activation of a promoter containing GAL4-binding sites. Third, ATF-2 in nuclear extracts can interact with pRb. Our results reveal a new mechanism by which pRb constrains cellular proliferation: by activating ex ression of the inhibitory growth factor, TGF-beta-2.
C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,PROGRAM MOLEC MED,WORCESTER,MA 01605.
   UNIV PITTSBURGH,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC GENET & BIOCHEM,PITTSBURGH,PA 15261.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP KIM, SJ (corresponding author), NCI,CHEMOPREVENT LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
NR 22
TC 254
Z9 267
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 331
EP 334
DI 10.1038/358331a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400064
PM 1641004
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TARLETON, RL
   KOLLER, BH
   LATOUR, A
   POSTAN, M
AF TARLETON, RL
   KOLLER, BH
   LATOUR, A
   POSTAN, M
TI SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN-DEFICIENT MICE TO TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI INFECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cd8+ t-cells; suppressor cells; resistance; deficient; increases
AB THE beta-2-microglobulin (beta-2m) protein associates with the products of the class I major histocompatibility (MHC) loci; this combination functions in the thymic development of and antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells. Mice in which the beta-2m gene has been disrupted by homologous recombination fail to express class I MHC gene products, and therefore lack CD8+ T cells and measurable cytotoxic T-cell responses 1,2. However, beta-2m- mice appear to have normal development of both CD4+ alpha/beta-T-cell receptor (TCR+) and gamma/delta-TCR+ T cells and are not overtly more susceptible than beta-2-m+ mice to potential environmental agents of infection 1,2 or to experimental viral infection 3. Here we show that beta-2m- mice suffer high parasitaemias and early death when infected with the obligate cytoplasmic protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite this increased susceptibility, the beta-2m- mice are more responsive than their beta-2m+ littermates in terms of lymphokine production, making higher levels of both interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma in response to mitogen stimulation. In addition, the beta-2m- mice show essentially no inflammatory response in parasite-infected tissues. These results confirm previous experiments on mice depleted of CD8+ cells using antibody treatment 4 in demonstrating the importance of CD8+ T cells in immune protection in T. cruzi infection. They also implicate CD8+ T cells and/or class I MHC molecules in regulation of lymphokine production and recruitment of inflammatory cells.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PATHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP TARLETON, RL (corresponding author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ZOOL,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA.
NR 23
TC 335
Z9 344
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 338
EP 340
DI 10.1038/356338a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400064
PM 1549177
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RICHARDS, MA
   ENGEBRETSON, DC
AF RICHARDS, MA
   ENGEBRETSON, DC
TI LARGE-SCALE MANTLE CONVECTION AND THE HISTORY OF SUBDUCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamic topography; earth; hotspots; heterogeneity; velocity
AB A LARGE-SCALE pattern of mantle convention is evident in the shape of the Earth's gravity field 1, lateral variations in seismic velocity 2,3, the distribution of hotspots 4, and long-wavelength bathymetric anomalies 5. Paradoxically, these signals of mantle convection bear little resemblance to present-day plate motions 1,4, although they seem to be related to past subduction-zone configurations 6. Here we quantify this relationship by correlating a time-integrated history of subduction, calculated in the hotspot reference frame for the past 180 Myr, with regions of the deep mantle inferred from other geophysical observations to be colder than average. Our results support suggestions 6-9 that a direct relationship exists between large-scale thermal heterogeneity in the lower mantle and subduction during the Cenozoic and Mesozoic.
C1 WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT GEOL,BELLINGHAM,WA 98225.
C3 Western Washington University
RP RICHARDS, MA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 32
TC 256
Z9 272
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 437
EP 440
DI 10.1038/355437a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000066
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU QUINTON, PM
   REDDY, MM
AF QUINTON, PM
   REDDY, MM
TI CONTROL OF CFTR CHLORIDE CONDUCTANCE BY ATP LEVELS THROUGH NONHYDROLYTIC BINDING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cystic-fibrosis gene; channel
AB SITE-SPECIFIC mutation1 and membrane reconstitution2 experiments provide compelling evidence that the product of the gene which is at fault in the disease cystic fibrosis, termed the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)3, is a small-conductance chloride channel activated by phosphorylation4. As transport of chloride ions is passive, the predicted presence of two nucleotide-binding domains in CFTR seems as puzzling as a report5 that ATP hydrolysis is essential to activate the channel. We now find that in the sweat duct, which expresses high levels of CFTR6 and has a very high Cl- conductance7, intracellular concentrations of ATP must be about normal (5 mM)8 for activation of this conductance, apparently by a non-hydrolytic, perhaps allosteric, mechanism. This passive dependence on ATP should mean that even a modest depletion of cell energy levels will significantly lower the energy demands of electrolyte transport by decreasing chloride conductance. We believe this direct coupling between cellular ATP levels and chloride channel activity is an adaptive mechanism to protect the tissue from damage resulting from excessive energy depletion9.
RP QUINTON, PM (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DIV BIOMED SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA.
NR 17
TC 164
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 79
EP 81
DI 10.1038/360079a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700060
PM 1279436
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TREPTE, CR
   HITCHMAN, MH
AF TREPTE, CR
   HITCHMAN, MH
TI TROPICAL STRATOSPHERIC CIRCULATION DEDUCED FROM SATELLITE AEROSOL DATA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasi-biennial oscillation; two-dimensional model; potential vorticity; evolution; ozone
AB THE dispersal of volcanic material from large tropical eruptions provides insight into the circulation of the lower stratosphere. Here we infer stratospheric motions from zonal mean cross-sections of satellite observations of the aerosol layer taken during 1979-81 and 1984-91. By examining the aerosol distribution following volcanic eruptions in the tropics, we find that poleward transport occurs readily at altitudes within a few kilometres above the tropopause, whereas in the altitude range of 21-28 km, aerosols tend to remain within 20-degrees of the Equator. We further deduce that the aerosol distribution in this upper regime is controlled by the phase of the quasibiennial oscillation. When the easterly shear is present, aerosols are lofted over the Equator, whereas when the westerly shear is present, descent relative to the mean stratospheric circulation occurs over the Equator. From the aerosol distributions, we suggest that the tropical stratosphere may be regarded as a temporary reservoir for trace constituents entering the stratosphere through the tropical tropopause.
RP TREPTE, CR (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT METEOROL,1225 W DAYTON ST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA.
NR 24
TC 284
Z9 289
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 626
EP 628
DI 10.1038/355626a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PALABRICA, T
   LOBB, R
   FURIE, BC
   ARONOVITZ, M
   BENJAMIN, C
   HSU, YM
   SAJER, SA
   FURIE, B
AF PALABRICA, T
   LOBB, R
   FURIE, BC
   ARONOVITZ, M
   BENJAMIN, C
   HSU, YM
   SAJER, SA
   FURIE, B
TI LEUKOCYTE ACCUMULATION PROMOTING FIBRIN DEPOSITION IS MEDIATED INVIVO BY P-SELECTIN ON ADHERENT PLATELETS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID granule membrane-protein; weibel-palade body; activated platelets; monoclonal-antibody; adhesion molecule-1; endothelial-cells; plasma-membrane; gmp-140; neutrophils; receptor
AB THE glycoprotein P-selectin is a cell adhesion molecule of stimulated platelets and endothelial cells, which mediates the interaction of these cells with neutrophils and monocytes1,2. It is a membrane component of cell storage granules3-6, and is a member of the selectin family which includes E-selectin and L-selectin7,8. P-selectin recognizes both lineage-specific carbohydrate ligands on monocytes and neutrophils, including the Lewis x antigen, sialic acid, and a protein component9-12. In inflammation and thrombosis, P-selectin may mediate the interaction of leukocytes with platelets bound in the region of tissue injury and with stimulated endothelium1,2. To evaluate the role of P-selectin in platelet-leukocyte adhesion in vivo, the accumulation of leukocytes within an experimental thrombus was explored in an arteriovenous shunt model in baboons13. A Dacron graft implanted within an arteriovenous shunt is thrombogenic, accumulating platelets and fibrin within its lumen. These bound platelets express P-selectin14. Here we show that antibody inhibition of leukocyte binding to P-selectin expressed on platelets immobilized on the graft blocks leukocyte accumulation and inhibits the deposition of fibrin within the thrombus. These results indicate that P-selectin is an important adhesion molecule on platelets, mediating platelet-leukocyte binding in vivo, that the presence of leukocytes in thrombi is mediated by P-selectin, and that these leukocytes promote fibrin deposition.
C1 NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DIV CARDIOL,BOSTON,MA 02111.
   TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02111.
   BIOGEN INC,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111.
C3 Tufts Medical Center; Tufts University; Biogen; Tufts University
RP PALABRICA, T (corresponding author), NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,CTR HEMOSTASIS & THROMBOSIS RES,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA.
NR 26
TC 733
Z9 788
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 848
EP 851
DI 10.1038/359848a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700070
PM 1279433
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HALLIDAY, AN
   DAVIES, GR
   LEE, DC
   TOMMASINI, S
   PASLICK, CR
   FITTON, JG
   JAMES, DE
AF HALLIDAY, AN
   DAVIES, GR
   LEE, DC
   TOMMASINI, S
   PASLICK, CR
   FITTON, JG
   JAMES, DE
TI LEAD ISOTOPE EVIDENCE FOR YOUNG TRACE-ELEMENT ENRICHMENT IN THE OCEANIC UPPER MANTLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cameroon line; pb; plumes; basalts; beneath; magma; geochemistry; metasomatism; constraints; evolution
AB ISOTOPIC heterogeneity in ocean island basalts has generally been ascribed to processes related to the long-term cycling of mantle material1-6. A recent study of Cameroon line lavas reported higher Pb-208/Pb-204 and Pb-206/Pb-204 ratios towards the continent/ocean boundary (c.o.b.), but no corresponding increase in Pb-207/Pb-204, indicating large in situ fractionations of uranium and thorium relative to lead in the upper mantle approximately 10(8) years ago7. Here we present neodymium, strontium and lead isotope data for a variety of central Atlantic islands, and show that similar offsets in lead isotope ratios are found in lavas from the islands of Madeira and Trinidade. Like the Cameroon line c.o.b. lavas, these lavas are characterized by high U/Pb and Ce/Pb, low K/U and are located in areas of old oceanic lithosphere8. But in contrast to the Cameroon line7, the Madeira lavas are derived from an enriched MORB-type source with low Pb-207/Pb-204 and Sr-87/Sr-86 and high Nd-143/Nd-144. The lead isotope data can be explained if the U/Pb ratios in the sources are comparable to those observed for the lavas and the U/Pb fractionation occurred at the time of formation of the local oceanic lithosphere. Although we do not have a satisfactory explanation for the U/Pb fractionation, it must have occurred at shallow depths in the mantle, near a spreading ridge; and the resulting enriched source regions have since remained fixed relative to the migrating lithosphere.
C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,EDINBURGH EH9 3JW,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP HALLIDAY, AN (corresponding author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA.
NR 38
TC 72
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 623
EP 627
DI 10.1038/359623a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEI, ML
   CRESSWELL, P
AF WEI, ML
   CRESSWELL, P
TI HLA-A2 MOLECULES IN AN ANTIGEN-PROCESSING MUTANT-CELL CONTAIN SIGNAL SEQUENCE-DERIVED PEPTIDES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; class-i molecules; monoclonal-antibody; expression; protein; association; transport; region; gene
AB THE mutant human cell line T2 is defective in antigen presentation in the context of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules 1,2, and also in that transfected T2 cells show poor surface expression of exogenous human class I (HLA) alleles 3. Both defects are thought to lie in the transport of antigenic peptides derived from cytosolic proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 1,2, as peptide-deficient class I molecules might be expected to be either unstable or retained in the ER 4. The products of several mouse class I (H-2) genes, and the endogenous gene HLA-A2 do, however, reach the surface of T2 cells at reasonable levels although they are non-functional 3,5,6. We report here that, as expected, poorly surface-expressed HLA molecules do not significantly bind endogenous peptides. Surprisingly, H-2 molecules expressed in T2 also lack associated peptides, arguing that 'empty' complexes of mouse class I glycoproteins with human beta-2-microglobulin are neither retained in the ER nor unstable. HLA-A2 molecules, however, do bind high levels of a limited set of endogenous peptides. We have sequenced three of these peptides and find that two, a 9-mer and an 11-mer, are derived from a putative signal sequence (of IP-30, an interferon-gamma-inducible protein 7), whereas a third, a 13-mer, is of unknown origin. The unusual length of two of the peptides argues that the 9-mers normally associated with HLA-A2 molecules may be generated before their transport from the cytosol rather than in a pre-Golgi compartment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of a fragment of a eukaryotic signal peptide generated in vivo.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,310 CEDAR ST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,DURHAM,NC 27710.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Duke University
NR 29
TC 511
Z9 539
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 443
EP 446
DI 10.1038/356443a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000067
PM 1557127
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHANG, XK
   HOFFMANN, B
   TRAN, PBV
   GRAUPNER, G
   PFAHL, M
AF ZHANG, XK
   HOFFMANN, B
   TRAN, PBV
   GRAUPNER, G
   PFAHL, M
TI RETINOID X-RECEPTOR IS AN AUXILIARY PROTEIN FOR THYROID-HORMONE AND RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID response element; human testis; binding; gene; identification; superfamily; enhance
AB THYROID hormones and retinoic acid function through nuclear receptors that belong to the steroid/thyroid-hormone receptor superfamily (reviewed in refs 1-4). Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and retinoic acid receptors (RARs) require auxiliary nuclear proteins for efficient DNA binding 5-10. Here we report that retinoid X receptors RXR-alpha (ref. 11) is one of these nuclear proteins. RXR-alpha interacts both with TRs and with RARs, forming heterodimers in solution that strongly interact with a variety of T3/retinoic acid response elements. Transfection experiments show that RXR-alpha can greatly enhance the transcriptional activity of TR and RAR at low retinoic acid concentrations that do not significantly activate RXR-alpha itself. Thus, RXR-alpha enhances the transcriptional activity of other receptors and its own ligand sensitivity by heterodimer formation. Our studies reveal a new subclass of receptors and a regulatory pathway controlling nuclear receptor activities by heterodimer formation.
C1 LA JOLLA CANC RES FDN,CTR CANC,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
NR 29
TC 942
Z9 1001
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 441
EP 446
DI 10.1038/355441a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000068
PM 1310350
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SORNETTE, D
   VIRIEUX, J
AF SORNETTE, D
   VIRIEUX, J
TI LINKING SHORT-TIMESCALE DEFORMATION TO LONG-TIMESCALE TECTONICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fracture-zone; earthquakes; release; growth
AB ONE of the great successes of plate tectonics has been to provide a link between deformations of the lithosphere observed over widely varying timescales. For example, the slip between two plates as measured from young magnetic anomalies (and hence averaged over the past 1-2 Myr) has been found 1-3 to be compatible with estimates obtained from slip during recent earthquakes, despite the small time interval covered by the earthquake observations. Here we start from the idea 4,5 that geological deformations are the long-term cumulative trace of short-term processes such as earthquakes, so that the latter can be described as a high-frequency 'noise' for the former. We return to a theoretical framework 6 introduced to model large-scale and long-term tectonics, based on a nonlinear diffusion equation, but here explicitly associate the 'noise' term with earthquakes. The observed power-law relationship between earthquake frequency and magnitude, together with an assumption that strain is on average scale-independent, leads to the prediction that the largest earthquakes will have a Gutenberg-Richter 'b-value' of 1.5, as has recently been reported for large (M(W) greater-than-or-equal-to 7) earthquakes worldwide 7.
C1 UNIV NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS,INST GEODYNAM,CNRS,URA 1279,F-06560 VALBONNE,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Cote d'Azur
RP SORNETTE, D (corresponding author), UNIV NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS,PHYS MAT CONDENSEE LAB,CNRS,URA 190,PARC VALROSE,F-06108 NICE 2,FRANCE.
NR 22
TC 33
Z9 33
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 401
EP 404
DI 10.1038/357401a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TURNER, G
   STUART, F
AF TURNER, G
   STUART, F
TI HELIUM HEAT RATIOS AND DEPOSITION TEMPERATURES OF SULFIDES FROM THE OCEAN-FLOOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; noble-gases; fuca ridge; he-3; 21-degrees-n; glasses; water; juan
AB CORRELATIONS between excess He-3 concentration and temperature in the ocean above hydrothermal vents have been used 1,2 to relate the fluxes of heat and noble gases from the upper mantle. Because heat and He-4 are both produced by the decay of uranium and thorium, the observed helium/heat ratios carry information on thermal and mass transport processes within the mantle and at spreading centres. Sulphide and other deposits precipitated on the sea floor trap the hydrothermal solutions as fluid inclusions: we demonstrate here that helium and argon isotopes released by in vacuo crushing of sulphides from 21-degrees-N on the East Pacific Rise are similar to those in contemporary vent fluids. This observation suggests that it should be possible to extend the study of vent fluid He-3/He-4 and helium/heat ratios back in time by measuring samples collected from ancient see-floor deposits.
RP TURNER, G (corresponding author), UNIV MANCHESTER,DEPT GEOL,MANCHESTER M13 9PL,LANCS,ENGLAND.
NR 29
TC 79
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 581
EP 583
DI 10.1038/357581a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARSH, RL
   OLSON, JM
   GUZIK, SK
AF MARSH, RL
   OLSON, JM
   GUZIK, SK
TI MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF SCALLOP ADDUCTOR MUSCLE DURING SWIMMING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MECHANICAL performance of skeletal muscle has long been the subject of intense interest 1, but the details of in vivo performance of individual skeletal muscles during normal locomotion remain largely unknown. Performance in vitro has been described with considerable precision under simplified loading conditions 2. The force production and shortening velocity of most muscles, however, probably change continuously during natural movements. Therefore, modelling in vivo performance on the basis of in vitro contractile properties 3 is subject to large degrees of uncertainty. Designing in vitro experiments that effectively examine the limits of mechanical performance requires increasing knowledge of precisely how muscles are used during normal movements. We report here measurements of the mechanical performance of the adductor muscle in scallops during jet-propulsion swimming. Swimming in scallops is powered solely by the striated portion of the single adductor muscle. Exploiting this simple locomotor morphology with simultaneous high-resolution measurements of pressure and flow rate, we have recorded nearly instantaneous measurements of the performance of a single skeletal muscle during normal locomotion.
RP MARSH, RL (corresponding author), NORTHEASTERN UNIV,DEPT BIOL,360 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 15
TC 89
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 411
EP 413
DI 10.1038/357411a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200065
PM 1594046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ARAKAWA, H
   UMEMURA, K
   IKAI, A
AF ARAKAWA, H
   UMEMURA, K
   IKAI, A
TI PROTEIN IMAGES OBTAINED BY STM, AFM AND TEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning tunneling microscopy; atomic force microscopy; tunnelling microscopy; phosphorylase-kinase; dna; biomolecules; water
AB Scanning tunnelling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, one scanning the tunnelling current and the other the repulsive atomic force between sample and probe, can give high-quality surface topographies of proteins, which have been difficult to obtain by more conventional methods such as transmission electron microscopy.
RP ARAKAWA, H (corresponding author), TOKYO INST TECHNOL,FAC BIOSCI & BIOTECHNOL,MIDORI KU,YOKOHAMA,KANAGAWA 227,JAPAN.
NR 17
TC 62
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 171
EP &
DI 10.1038/358171a0
PG 0
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300060
PM 1377369
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AMATI, B
   DALTON, S
   BROOKS, MW
   LITTLEWOOD, TD
   EVAN, GI
   LAND, H
AF AMATI, B
   DALTON, S
   BROOKS, MW
   LITTLEWOOD, TD
   EVAN, GI
   LAND, H
TI TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION BY THE HUMAN C-MYC ONCOPROTEIN IN YEAST REQUIRES INTERACTION WITH MAX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding; protein; gene; fos; sequence; jun; transformation; cerevisiae; zipper; common
AB THE c-myc protein (Myc) contains an amino-terminal transcriptional activation domain1 and a carboxy-terminal basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-Z) domain 2-5 that directs dimerization of Myc with its partner, the max protein (Max), and promotes DNA binding to sites containing a CACGTG core consensus sequence6-9. Despite these characteristics and the observation that Myc can modulate gene expression4,5,10, a direct role for Myc or Max as transcription factors has never been demonstrated. Here we use Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an in vivo model system to show that the Myc protein is a sequence-specific transcriptional activator whose DNA binding is strictly dependent on dimerization with Max. Transactivation is mediated by the amino-terminal domain of Myc. We find that Max homodimers bind to the same DNA sequence as Myc + Max but that they fail to transactivate and thus can antagonize Myc + Max function. We also show that the Max HLH-Z domain has a higher affinity for the Myc HLH-Z domain than for itself, and suggest that the heterodimeric Myc + Max activator forms preferentially at equilibrium.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,GROWTH CONTROL & DEV LAB,LINCOLNS INN FIELDS,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,TRANSCRIPTION LAB,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,BIOCHEM CELL NUCLEUS LAB,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
C3 Cancer Research UK; Cancer Research UK; Cancer Research UK
NR 31
TC 450
Z9 515
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 423
EP 426
DI 10.1038/359423a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400059
PM 1406955
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI CHROMOSOMES AND GENES DISSECTED
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloning
NR 9
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 461
EP 461
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000073
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SLEEP, NH
   BLANPIED, ML
AF SLEEP, NH
   BLANPIED, ML
TI CREEP, COMPACTION AND THE WEAK RHEOLOGY OF MAJOR FAULTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pressure solution; deformation bands; fluid-pressure; rock; sandstone; quartz; zones; slip; earthquakes; dilatancy
AB Field and laboratory observations suggest that the porosity within fault zones varies over earthquake cycles so that fluid pressure is in long-term equilibrium with hydrostatic fluid pressure in the country rock. Between earthquakes, ductile creep compacts the fault zone, increasing fluid pressure, and finally allowing frictional failure at relatively low shear stress. Earthquake faulting restores porosity and decreases fluid pressure to below hydrostatic. This mechanism may explain why major faults, such as the San Andreas system, are weak.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP SLEEP, NH (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 49
TC 371
Z9 409
U1 0
U2 60
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 687
EP 692
DI 10.1038/359687a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GILMORE, G
   GUSTAFSSON, B
   EDVARDSSON, B
   NISSEN, PE
AF GILMORE, G
   GUSTAFSSON, B
   EDVARDSSON, B
   NISSEN, PE
TI IS BERYLLIUM IN METAL-POOR STARS OF GALACTIC OR COSMOLOGICAL ORIGIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high primordial lithium; halo dwarfs; chemical evolution; heavy-elements; light-elements; abundances; nucleosynthesis; be-9
AB Standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts a very small primordial abundance of beryllium. Observations of nine very metal-poor stars indicate a beryllium abundance roughly proportional to the oxygen abundance, a trend that can be explained in terms of galactic chemical evolution. Combining this rate of beryllium production with recent observations of boron and lithium in similar stars yields an upper limit to the primordial beryllium abundance several orders of magnitude greater than the cosmological prediction, a result that can be explained by cosmic-ray activity in the early Galaxy.
C1 ASTRON OBSERV,S-75120 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
   AARHUS UNIV,INST PHYS & ASTRON,DK-8000 AARHUS,DENMARK.
C3 Aarhus University
RP GILMORE, G (corresponding author), INST ASTRON,MADINGLEY RD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
NR 31
TC 113
Z9 115
U1 1
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 379
EP 384
DI 10.1038/357379a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LANDRY, SJ
   JORDAN, R
   MCMACKEN, R
   GIERASCH, LM
AF LANDRY, SJ
   JORDAN, R
   MCMACKEN, R
   GIERASCH, LM
TI DIFFERENT CONFORMATIONS FOR THE SAME POLYPEPTIDE BOUND TO CHAPERONES DNAK AND GROEL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteins
AB THE proteins DnaK (hsp70) and GroEL (cpn60) from Escherichia coli are prototypes of two classes of molecular chaperones conserved throughout evolution 1. The analysis of transferred nuclear Overhauser effects in two-dimensional NMR spectra is ideally suited to determine chaperone-bound conformations of peptides 2. The peptide vsv-C (amino-acid sequence KLIGVLSSLFRPK) stimulates the ATPase of BiP and Hsc70 (ref. 3) and the intrinsic ATPase of DnaK. The affinity of the vsv-C peptide for DnaK is greatly reduced in the presence of ATP. Here we analyse transferred nuclear Overhauser effects and show that the peptide is in an extended conformation while bound to DnaK but is helical when bound to GroEL. NMR also indicates that the mobility of the peptide backbone is reduced more by binding to DnaK than by binding to GroEL, whereas the side chains are less mobile when bound to GroEL.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT BIOCHEM,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP LANDRY, SJ (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,5323 HARRY HINES BLVD,DALLAS,TX 75235, USA.
NR 13
TC 297
Z9 306
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 455
EP 457
DI 10.1038/355455a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000072
PM 1346469
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FUJIMURA, T
   RIBAS, JC
   MAKHOV, AM
   WICKNER, RB
AF FUJIMURA, T
   RIBAS, JC
   MAKHOV, AM
   WICKNER, RB
TI POL OF GAG-POL FUSION PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR ENCAPSIDATION OF VIRAL-RNA OF YEAST L-A-VIRUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatitis-b virus; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genomic rna; invitro; replication; polymerase; transcription; maturation; particles
AB DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA viruses have an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity associated with the viral particles which is indispensable for their replication cycle. Using the yeast L-A double-stranded RNA virus we have investigated the mechanism by which the virus encapsidates its genomic RNA and RNA polymerase. The L-A gag gene encodes the principal viral coat protein and the overlapping pol gene is expressed as a gag-pol fusion protein which is formed by a -1 ribosomal frameshift1-3. Here we show that Gag alone is sufficient for virus particle formation, but that it fails to package the viral single-stranded RNA genome. Encapsidation of the viral RNA requires only a part of the Pol region (the N-terminal quarter), which is presumably distinct from the RNA polymerase domain. Given that the Pol region has single-stranded RNA-binding activity, these results are consistent with our LA virus encapsidation model1: the Pol region of the fusion protein binds specifically to the viral genome (+) strand, and the N-terminal gag-encoded region primes polymerization of Gag to form the capsid, thus ensuring the packaging of both the viral genome and the RNA polymerase.
C1 NIDDKD,BIOCHEM PHARMACOL LAB,GENET SIMPLE EUKARYOTES SECT,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   NIAMSD,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
RP FUJIMURA, T (corresponding author), UNIV SALAMANCA,CSIC,DEPT MICROBIOL & GENET,INST MICROBIOL BIOQUIM,E-37071 SALAMANCA,SPAIN.
NR 25
TC 77
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 746
EP 749
DI 10.1038/359746a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000062
PM 1436038
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, ZQ
   OVITT, C
   GRIGORIADIS, AE
   MOHLESTEINLEIN, U
   RUTHER, U
   WAGNER, EF
AF WANG, ZQ
   OVITT, C
   GRIGORIADIS, AE
   MOHLESTEINLEIN, U
   RUTHER, U
   WAGNER, EF
TI BONE AND HEMATOPOIETIC DEFECTS IN MICE LACKING C-FOS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transgenic mice; proto-oncogene; expression; tumors; mouse; cells; rat
AB THE proto-oncogene c-fos is the cellular homologue of v-fos originally isolated from murine osteosarcoma1. Fos protein is a major component of the AP-1 transcription factor complex, which includes members of the jun family2. Stable expression of c-fos in mice has been demonstrated in developing bones and teeth, haematopoietic cells, germ cells and in the central nervous system3-11. It has been proposed that c-fos has an important role in signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation12-15. We have previously demonstrated that overexpression of c-fos in transgenic and chimaeric mice specifically affects bone, cartilage and haematopoietic cell development16-20. To understand better the function of c-fos in vivo, we used gene targeting in embryonic stem cells to generate cells and mice lacking c-fos. Here we report that heterozygous fos +/- mice appear normal, although females exhibit a distorted transmission frequency. All homozygous fos -/- mice are growth-retarded, develop osteopetrosis with deficiencies in bone remodelling and tooth eruption, and have altered haematopoiesis. These data define the c-Fos protein as an essential molecule for the development of specific cellular compartments.
C1 EMBL, W-6900 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP WANG, ZQ (corresponding author), IMP, MOLEC PATHOL RES INST, DR BOHR GASSE 7, A-1030 VIENNA, AUSTRIA.
NR 30
TC 829
Z9 919
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 741
EP 745
DI 10.1038/360741a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200034
PM 1465144
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SMITH, KL
   BALDWIN, RJ
   WILLIAMS, PM
AF SMITH, KL
   BALDWIN, RJ
   WILLIAMS, PM
TI RECONCILING PARTICULATE ORGANIC-CARBON FLUX AND SEDIMENT COMMUNITY OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION IN THE DEEP NORTH PACIFIC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID california current system; satellite imagery; pigment biomass; atlantic ocean; sea-floor; variability; water; traps
AB THE Mineralization of organic carbon in the deep ocean has been considered an enigma in the North Pacific. Comparisons of the supply of particulate organic carbon (POC) with estimates of its mineralization to CO2 by the sediment community have indicated that the supply of POC sinking into the benthic boundary layer may be as much as 97% short of meeting the organic carbon demand of the sediment community1,2. These previous findings were based on short-time-series measurements (< 14 days) conducted in situ with sediment traps and benthic respirometers. We report here a comparison of long-time-series measurements (2.3 years) of POC flux into the benthic boundary layer and concurrent, seasonal measurements of sediment community oxygen consumption. We chose a single abyssal station (4,100 m depth) in a region of the eastern North Pacific where there is a strong seasonal fluctuation in primary production, and where previous studies1,2 showed the supply of POC to be as much as an order of magnitude lower than the demand by the sediment community. Our measurements, using the same methods, show agreement to within 15% between organic carbon supply and demand. This reconciliation is attributable to the inclusion of previously undetected episodic inputs of POC into the benthic boundary layer. These episodic inputs are critical to sustaining the sediment community at this station, and are probably important in other deep-sea environments where seasonal fluctuations in primary production are prominent in surface waters.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG, DIV MARINE RES, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP SMITH, KL (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG, DIV MARINE BIOL RES, 0202, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
NR 19
TC 101
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 313
EP 316
DI 10.1038/359313a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MATSUMURA, K
   TOME, FMS
   COLLIN, H
   AZIBI, K
   CHAOUCH, M
   KAPLAN, JC
   FARDEAU, M
   CAMPBELL, KP
AF MATSUMURA, K
   TOME, FMS
   COLLIN, H
   AZIBI, K
   CHAOUCH, M
   KAPLAN, JC
   FARDEAU, M
   CAMPBELL, KP
TI DEFICIENCY OF THE 50K DYSTROPHIN-ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN IN SEVERE CHILDHOOD AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE MUSCULAR-DYSTROPHY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle; complex; protein
AB X-LINKED recessive Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the absence of dystrophin, a membrane cytoskeletal protein1,2. Dystrophin is associated with a large oligomeric complex of sarcolemmal glycoproteins3-10. The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex has been proposed to span the sarcolemma to provide a link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix component, laminin7,9. In DMD, the absence of dystrophin leads to a large reduction in all of the dystrophin-associated proteins4,9,10. We have investigated the possibility that a deficiency of a dystrophin-associated protein could be the cause of severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy (SCARMD) with a DMD-like phenotype11-14. Here we report the specific deficiency of the 50K dystrophin-associated glycoprotein (M(r) 50,000) in sarcolemma of SCARMD patients. Therefore, the loss of this glycoprotein is a common denominator of the pathological process leading to muscle cell necrosis in two forms of muscular dystrophy, DMD and SCARMD.
C1 UNIV IOWA, COLL MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA.
   UNIV IOWA, COLL MED, DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA.
   INSERM, U153, F-75005 PARIS, FRANCE.
   HOP BOLOGHINE, BIOL LAB, ALGIERS, ALGERIA.
   HOP BEN AKNOUN, SERV NEUROL, ALGIERS, ALGERIA.
   INST COCHIN GENET MOLEC, INSERM, U129, F-75014 PARIS, FRANCE.
C3 University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
NR 17
TC 259
Z9 264
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 320
EP 322
DI 10.1038/359320a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300056
PM 1406935
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HODAPP, KW
   MACQUEEN, RM
   HALL, DNB
AF HODAPP, KW
   MACQUEEN, RM
   HALL, DNB
TI A SEARCH DURING THE 1991 SOLAR ECLIPSE FOR THE INFRARED SIGNATURE OF CIRCUMSOLAR DUST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zodiacal light; polarization; emission
AB THEORETICAL suggestions 1-3 that there should be a ring of dust in near-ecliptic orbit about the Sun were supported by observations, during a total solar eclipse on 12 November 1966, of enhanced infrared emission 4-6 from the solar corona at a distance of 4 R. from the Sun's centre. The infrared emission was attributed to the sublimation of dust grains as they spiral into the Sun because of the Poynting-Robertson effect, by which solar radiation creates a tangential drag. Two months after the 1966 eclipse, the feature at 4 R. was seen again in observations from a stratospheric balloon-borne coronagraph, as were additional features at 3.5, 8.7 and 9.2 R. (ref. 6). Observations since then, however, have failed unambiguously to corroborate the earlier observations. We searched for excess infrared emission in the solar equatorial plane during the 11 July 1991 eclipse, using a wide-angle infrared camera on Mauna Kea, but failed to find any signature of dust evaporation. We argue that the earlier observations were credible, and therefore that the circumsolar dust ring is a transient feature, perhaps due to the injection of dust into near-solar space by a Sun-grazing comet.
C1 RHODES COLL,DEPT PHYS,MEMPHIS,TN 38112.
RP HODAPP, KW (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,2680 WOODLAWN DR,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 38
TC 34
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 707
EP 710
DI 10.1038/355707a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FARMER, G
   BARGONETTI, J
   ZHU, H
   FRIEDMAN, P
   PRYWES, R
   PRIVES, C
AF FARMER, G
   BARGONETTI, J
   ZHU, H
   FRIEDMAN, P
   PRYWES, R
   PRIVES, C
TI WILD-TYPE P53 ACTIVATES TRANSCRIPTION INVITRO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; replication; oncogene; antigen; mutant
AB THE p53 protein is an important determinant in human cancer and regulates the growth of cells in culture 1-3. It is known to be a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein 4,5 with a powerful activation domain 6-8, but it has not been established whether it regulates transcription directly. Here we show that intact purified wild-type human and murine p53 proteins strongly activate transcription in vitro. This activation depends on the ability of p53 to bind to a template bearing a p53-binding sequence. By contrast, tumour-derived mutant p53 proteins cannot activate transcription from the template at all, and when complexed to wild-type p53, these mutants block transcriptional activation by the wild-type protein. Moreover, the simian virus 40 large T antigen inhibits wild-type p53 from activating transcription. Our results support a model in which p53 directly activates transcription but this activity can be inhibited by mutant p53 and SV40 large T antigen through interaction with wild-type p53.
RP FARMER, G (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,NEW YORK,NY 10027, USA.
NR 31
TC 654
Z9 725
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 83
EP 86
DI 10.1038/358083a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100060
PM 1614538
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MATZUK, MM
   FINEGOLD, MJ
   SU, JGJ
   HSUEH, AJW
   BRADLEY, A
AF MATZUK, MM
   FINEGOLD, MJ
   SU, JGJ
   HSUEH, AJW
   BRADLEY, A
TI ALPHA-INHIBIN IS A TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE WITH GONADAL SPECIFICITY IN MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger ribonucleic-acids; beta-b; cell tumors; activin-a; subunit; expression; hormone; embryogenesis; proliferation; protooncogene
AB The inhibins are alpha:beta heterodimeric growth factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta family. To understand the physiological roles of the inhibins in mammalian development and reproduction, a targeted deletion of the alpha-inhibin gene was generated by homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells. Mice homozygous for the null allele (inhibin-deficient) initially develop normally but every mouse ultimately develops mixed or incompletely differentiated gonadal stromal tumours either unilaterally or bilaterally. Inhibin is thus a critical negative regulator of gonadal stromal cell proliferation and the first secreted protein identified to have tumour-suppressor activity.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PATHOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GYNECOL OBSTET, DIV REPROD BIOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Stanford University
RP MATZUK, MM (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED, INST MOLEC GENET, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
NR 45
TC 841
Z9 931
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 313
EP 319
DI 10.1038/360313a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000041
PM 1448148
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SEARS, DWG
   LU, J
   BENOIT, PH
   DEHART, JM
   LOFGREN, GE
AF SEARS, DWG
   LU, J
   BENOIT, PH
   DEHART, JM
   LOFGREN, GE
TI A COMPOSITIONAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR METEORITIC CHONDRULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unequilibrated ordinary chondrites; condensation; abundances; petrology; origin
AB A taxonomic scheme is proposed for the main component of the primitive chondrite meteorites-the chondrules. The scheme provides insight into the variety of chondrules originally produced in the primordial solar nebula, and the effects on them of secondary processes on meteorite parent bodies. It may also contribute to understanding the origin of compositional diversity in the chondrites.
C1 NASA, LYNDON B JOHNSON SPACE CTR, HOUSTON, TX 77058 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Johnson Space Center
RP SEARS, DWG (corresponding author), UNIV ARKANSAS, COSMOCHEM GRP, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA.
NR 35
TC 47
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 207
EP 210
DI 10.1038/357207a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEIBOLD, MA
   WILBUR, HM
AF LEIBOLD, MA
   WILBUR, HM
TI INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FOOD-WEB STRUCTURE AND NUTRIENTS ON POND ORGANISMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID exploitation ecosystems; productivity; community; responses
AB THE suggestion that the densities of organisms are regulated by interactions involving entire food chains1 has resurfaced into a new debate about the role of population regulation in environments that vary in productivity2-5. Past work has shown that density responses of organisms to enhanced productivity should be strongly affected by the number of trophic levels in the food chain6-11 but more recent theoretical work on this question has suggested that heterogeneity within a trophic level can be just as important12-15. Here we present direct experimental evidence for such an interaction between environmental productivity and the species composition of herbivores. Our results illustrate that differences in food-web structure similar to those documented in natural communities16,17 can dramatically alter how organisms will respond to abiotic factors such as nutrients that regulate primary productivity.
C1 DUKE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, DURHAM, NC 27706 USA.
C3 Duke University
NR 23
TC 104
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 341
EP 343
DI 10.1038/360341a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVIES, K
AF DAVIES, K
TI SLOW SEARCH FOR HUNTINGTONS-DISEASE GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna
NR 10
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 94
EP 94
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900068
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHOW, RH
   VONRUDEN, L
   NEHER, E
AF CHOW, RH
   VONRUDEN, L
   NEHER, E
TI DELAY IN VESICLE FUSION REVEALED BY ELECTROCHEMICAL MONITORING OF SINGLE SECRETORY EVENTS IN ADRENAL CHROMAFFIN CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID patch-clamp techniques; transmitter release; calcium diffusion; channels; membrane; facilitation; voltammetry; exocytosis; electrodes; squid
AB IN synapses, a rise in presynaptic intracellular calcium leads to secretory vesicle fusion in less than a millisecond, as indicated by the short delay from excitation to postsynaptic signal 1-4 . In nonsynaptic secretory cells, studies at high time resolution have been limited by the lack of a detector as fast and sensitive as the postsynaptic membrane. Electrochemical methods may be sensitive enough to detect catecholamines released from single vesicles 5,6. Here, we show that under voltage-clamp conditions, stochastically occurring signals can be recorded from adrenal chromaffin cells using a carbon-fibre electrode as an electrochemical detector. These signals obey statistics characteristic for quantal release; however, in contrast to neuronal transmitter release, secretion occurs with a significant delay after short step depolarizations. Furthermore, we identify a pedestal or 'foot' at the onset of unitary events which may represent the slow leak of catecholamine molecules out of a narrow 'fusion pore' before the pore dilates for complete exocytosis.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM,POSTFACH 2841,W-3400 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 28
TC 748
Z9 813
U1 1
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/356060a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200055
PM 1538782
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MEISEL, A
   BICKLE, TA
   KRUGER, DH
   SCHROEDER, C
AF MEISEL, A
   BICKLE, TA
   KRUGER, DH
   SCHROEDER, C
TI TYPE-III RESTRICTION ENZYMES NEED 2 INVERSELY ORIENTED RECOGNITION SITES FOR DNA CLEAVAGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacteriophage-t7 dna; escherichia-coli; endonuclease
AB TYPE III restriction/modification enzymes recognize short, non-palindromic sequences that can be methylated on only one strand, with the paradoxical consequence that during replication of what is in effect hemimethylated DNA totally unmodified sites arise 1. Why the unmodified sites are not subject to suicidal restriction was not clear. Here we show that restriction requires two unmodified recognition sites that can be separated by different distances but which must be in inverse orientation. All of the unmodified sites in newly replicated DNA are of course in the same orientation, which explains why they are not restricted. This result may be of relevance to other manifestations of anisotropy in double-stranded DNA, such as genetic imprinting 2.
C1 UNIV BASEL,BIOZENTRUM,DEPT MICROBIOL,KLINGELBERGSTR 70,CH-4056 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   HUMBOLDT UNIV BERLIN,SCH MED CHARITE,INST VIROL,O-1040 BERLIN,GERMANY.
C3 University of Basel; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin
NR 12
TC 131
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 467
EP 469
DI 10.1038/355467a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000076
PM 1734285
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KELEMEN, PB
   DICK, HJB
   QUICK, JE
AF KELEMEN, PB
   DICK, HJB
   QUICK, JE
TI FORMATION OF HARZBURGITE BY PERVASIVE MELT ROCK REACTION IN THE UPPER MANTLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fractionating basaltic magma; oceanic upper mantle; ultramafic rock; ion-microprobe; dry peridotite; high-pressures; earth; genesis; origin; island
AB Many mantle peridotite samples are too rich in SiO2 (in the form of orthopyroxene) and have ratios of light to heavy rare earth elements that are too high to be consistent with an origin as the residuum of partial melting of the primitive mantle. Trace element studies of melt/rock reaction zones in the Trinity peridotite provide evidence for reaction of the mantle lithosphere with ascending melts, which dissolved calcium-pyroxene and precipitated orthopyroxene as magma mass decreased. This process can account for the observed major and trace element compositions of lithospheric mantle samples, and may accordingly be prevalent in the upper mantle.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP KELEMEN, PB (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA.
NR 58
TC 633
Z9 712
U1 0
U2 88
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 635
EP 641
DI 10.1038/358635a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AUVINEN, M
   PAASINEN, A
   ANDERSSON, LC
   HOLTTA, E
AF AUVINEN, M
   PAASINEN, A
   ANDERSSON, LC
   HOLTTA, E
TI ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY IS CRITICAL FOR CELL-TRANSFORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rous-sarcoma virus; polyamine metabolism; gene-expression; tyrosine; growth; phosphorylation; amplification; induction; kinases; dna
AB THE enzyme ornithine decarboxylase is the key regulator of the synthesis of polyamines1-3 which are essential for cell proliferation4,5. Expression of this enzyme is transiently increased upon stimulation by growth factors1-3, but becomes constitutively activated during cell transformation induced by carcinogens6,7, viruses8-10 or oncogenes11-14. To test whether ornithine decarboxylase could be a common mediator of transformation and oncogenic itself, we transfected NIH3T3 cells with expression vectors carrying the complementary DNA encoding human ornithine decarboxylase in sense and antisense orientations. The increased expression of the enzyme (50-100-times endogenous levels) induced not only cell transformation, but also anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and increased tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein of M(r) 130K. Expression of ornithine decarboxylase antisense RNA was associated with an epithelioid morphology and reduced cell proliferation. Moreover, blocking the endogenous enzyme using specific inhibitor or synthesizing antisense RNA prevented transformation of rat fibroblasts by temperature-sensitive v-src oncogene. Our results imply that the gene encoding ornithine decarboxylase is a proto-oncogene central for regulation of cell growth and transformation.
C1 UNIV HELSINKI,DEPT PATHOL,HAARTMANINKATU 3,SF-00290 HELSINKI 29,FINLAND.
C3 University of Helsinki
NR 34
TC 655
Z9 699
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 355
EP 358
DI 10.1038/360355a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000055
PM 1280331
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZATORRE, RJ
   JONESGOTMAN, M
   EVANS, AC
   MEYER, E
AF ZATORRE, RJ
   JONESGOTMAN, M
   EVANS, AC
   MEYER, E
TI FUNCTIONAL LOCALIZATION AND LATERALIZATION OF HUMAN OLFACTORY CORTEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron emission tomography; temporal lobectomy; blood-flow; discrimination; deficits
AB ANATOMICAL and physiological investigations in monkeys indicate that olfaction is subserved by several cortical regions1,2. But the areas implicated in the human olfactory system have not been definitively identified by functional criteria. Behavioural evidence3,4 has suggested that laterally specialized mechanisms for odour processing may exist, but the neuroanatomical substrate remains unknown. We used positron emission tomography to study the cortical representation of human olfactory processing by comparing cerebral blood flow changes evoked during olfactory stimulation with those of a control task. We report here significant cerebral blood flow increases at the junction of the inferior frontal and temporal lobes bilaterally, corresponding to the piriform cortex, and unilaterally, in the right orbitofrontal cortex. The results complement and extend previous data implicating these regions in olfactory processing, and indicate that a functional asymmetry exists in the human brain favouring the right orbitofrontal area in olfaction.
C1 MCGILL UNIV, DEPT NEUROL & NEUROSURG, MONTREAL H3A 2B4, QUEBEC, CANADA.
C3 McGill University
RP ZATORRE, RJ (corresponding author), MONTREAL NEUROL HOSP & INST, MCCONNELL BRAIN IMAGING CTR, MONTREAL H3A 2B4, QUEBEC, CANADA.
NR 23
TC 558
Z9 597
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 339
EP 340
DI 10.1038/360339a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000049
PM 1448149
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KADHIM, MA
   MACDONALD, DA
   GOODHEAD, DT
   LORIMORE, SA
   MARSDEN, SJ
   WRIGHT, EG
AF KADHIM, MA
   MACDONALD, DA
   GOODHEAD, DT
   LORIMORE, SA
   MARSDEN, SJ
   WRIGHT, EG
TI TRANSMISSION OF CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AFTER PLUTONIUM ALPHA-PARTICLE IRRADIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem-cells; radiations
AB WHEN investigating the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the haemopoietic system, a confounding problem lies in possible differences between the biological effects of sparsely ionizing, low linear energy transfer radiation such as X-, beta- or gamma-rays, and densely ionizing, high linear energy transfer radiation such as alpha-particles. To address this problem we have developed novel techniques for studying haemopoietic cells irradiated with environmentally relevant doses of alpha-particles from a plutonium-238 source. Using a clonogenic culture system, cytogenetic aberrations in individual colonies of haemopoietic cells derived from irradiated stem cells have been studied. Exposure to alpha-particles (but not X-rays) produced a high frequency of non-clonal aberrations in the clonal descendants, compatible with alpha-emitters inducing lesions in stem cells that result in the transmission of chromosomal instability to their progeny. Such unexpected instability may have important implications for radiation leukaemogenesis.
C1 MRC,RADIOBIOL UNIT,DIDCOT OX11 0RD,OXON,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Harwell
NR 18
TC 543
Z9 574
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 738
EP 740
DI 10.1038/355738a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400068
PM 1741061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHU, Q
   COX, DE
   FISCHER, JE
   KNIAZ, K
   MCGHIE, AR
   ZHOU, O
AF ZHU, Q
   COX, DE
   FISCHER, JE
   KNIAZ, K
   MCGHIE, AR
   ZHOU, O
TI INTERCALATION OF SOLID C-60 WITH IODINE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB METALLIC and superconducting donor-type intercalation compounds of C60 are now well established. These involve electron transfer from a sublattice of alkali-metal dopants to a sublattice of fullerene molecules. Three stoichiometric phases have been identified 1-3, and a binary phase diagram describing composition regions of two-phase coexistence has been proposed 2.  Oxidative intercalation by electron acceptors, meanwhile, has not previously been reported. Ohno et al. 4 recently presented photoemission data suggesting that solid C60 Will take up only minor amounts of iodine, resulting in a non-metallic product which is not a stoichiometric compound 4.  Here we report that, by using different reaction conditions, we have prepared a highly crystalline C60: iodine compound of ideal stoichiometry C60I4, with an alternating guest-host layer structure closely resembling that of classic intercalation compounds. The 300-K resistivity exceeds 10(9) OMEGA-cm and we observe no superconductivity down to 4 K, despite the fact that the inter-fullerene separation lies in the range of that in the superconducting M3 C60 phases (where M is K, Rb, Cs). C60I4 is apparently the first example of a fullerite intercalation compound in which there is no electron transfer between C60 and the intercalate.
C1 UNIV PENN,RES STRUCT MATTER LAB,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,UPTON,NY 11973.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
NR 16
TC 127
Z9 136
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 712
EP 714
DI 10.1038/355712a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MUSIERFORSYTH, K
   SCHIMMEL, P
AF MUSIERFORSYTH, K
   SCHIMMEL, P
TI FUNCTIONAL CONTACTS OF A TRANSFER-RNA SYNTHETASE WITH 2'-HYDROXYL GROUPS IN THE RNA MINOR GROOVE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID identity
AB THE functional analysis of determinants on RNA has been largely limited to molecules that contain naturally occurring ribonucleotides, so little is known about the role of 2'-hydroxyl groups in protein-RNA recognition. A single base pair (G3.U70) in the acceptor stem of tRNA(Ala) is the principal element for specific recognition by Escherichia coli alanine-tRNA synthetase 1,2. This tRNA synthetase aminoacylates small RNA helices that contain the G3.U70 base pair. Furthermore, removal of the G3 exocyclic 2-amino group that projects into the minor groove eliminates aminoacylation 3. This 2-amino group is flanked on either side by ribose 2'-hydroxyl groups that line the minor groove. Here we use chemical synthesis to construct 32 helices that make deoxy and O-methyl substitutions of individual and multiple 2'-hydroxyl groups near and beyond the G3.U70 base pair and find that functional 2'-hydroxyl contacts are clustered within a few angstroms of the critical 2-amino group. These contacts are highly specific and make a thermodynamically significant contribution to RNA recognition.
RP MUSIERFORSYTH, K (corresponding author), MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 15
TC 118
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 513
EP 515
DI 10.1038/357513a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200068
PM 1608452
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BHASKAR, KR
   GARIK, P
   TURNER, BS
   BRADLEY, JD
   BANSIL, R
   STANLEY, HE
   LAMONT, JT
AF BHASKAR, KR
   GARIK, P
   TURNER, BS
   BRADLEY, JD
   BANSIL, R
   STANLEY, HE
   LAMONT, JT
TI VISCOUS FINGERING OF HCL THROUGH GASTRIC MUCIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mucus-bicarbonate barrier; mucosal protection; ph gradient; diffusion; patterns; acid; gel; glycoprotein; secretion; viscosity
AB THE HCl in the mammalian stomach is concentrated enough to digest the stomach itself, yet the gastric epithelium remains undamaged. One protective factor is gastric mucus, which forms a protective layer over the surface epithelium1-4 and acts as a diffusion barrier5,6 Bicarbonate ions secreted by the gastric epithelium7 are trapped in the mucus gel, establishing a gradient from pH 1-2 at the lumen to pH 6-7 at the cell surface8-10. How does HCl, secreted at the base of gastric glands by parietal cells, traverse the mucus layer without acidifying it? Here we demonstrate that injection of HCl through solutions of pig gastric mucin produces viscous fingering patterns11-18 dependent on pH, mucin concentration and acid flow rate. Above pH 4, discrete fingers are observed, whereas below pH 4, HCl neither penetrates the mucin solution nor forms fingers. Our in vitro results suggest that HCl secreted by the gastric gland can penetrate the mucus gel layer (pH 5-7) through narrow fingers, whereas HCl in the lumen (pH 2) is prevented from diffusing back to the epithelium by the high viscosity of gastric mucus gel on the luminal side.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Boston University; Boston University
RP BHASKAR, KR (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV HOSP,MED CTR,GASTROENTEROL SECT,88 E NEWTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02218, USA.
NR 33
TC 196
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 458
EP 461
DI 10.1038/360458a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700058
PM 1448168
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PAULUS, WJ
   KOMARNENI, S
   ROY, R
AF PAULUS, WJ
   KOMARNENI, S
   ROY, R
TI BULK SYNTHESIS AND SELECTIVE EXCHANGE OF STRONTIUM IONS IN NA4MG6AL4SI4O20F4 MICA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID depletion
AB ONE of the principal long-term problems associated with nuclear fission reactions is the generation of large amounts of radioactive strontium isotopes, particularly Sr-90. An effective method for the removal and entrapment of strontium from contaminated environments is therefore desirable to prevent potential health problems associated with radionuclide ingestion 1-5. In this context, inorganic cation exchangers have been useful by virtue of their capacity for structure-specific ion exchange 6-12. We report here that 'Na-4-mica' 13-15 a highly charged sodium fluorophlogopite mica (Na4Mg6Al4Si4O20F4), can be used for the selective removal of strontium ions from solution and for strontium immobilization at room temperature. We also report a novel method for bulk synthesis of 'Na-4-mica' as a pure phase. This material is unique among highly charged or brittle micas because of its ability to undergo a hydration reaction, which allows the material to be used as a highly selective strontium-ion sieve. This or similar compounds could find potential application in the decontamination and disposal of nuclear waste.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV,MAT RES LAB,UNIV PK,PA 16802.
   PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,UNIV PK,PA 16802.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP PAULUS, WJ (corresponding author), GM CORP,AC ROCHESTER DIV,DEPT 32-84,1300 N DORT HIGHWAY,FLINT,MI 48556, USA.
NR 25
TC 136
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 571
EP 573
DI 10.1038/357571a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAMBIEN, F
   POIRIER, O
   LECERF, L
   EVANS, A
   CAMBOU, JP
   ARVEILER, D
   LUC, G
   BARD, JM
   BARA, L
   RICARD, S
   TIRET, L
   AMOUYEL, P
   ALHENCGELAS, F
   SOUBRIER, F
AF CAMBIEN, F
   POIRIER, O
   LECERF, L
   EVANS, A
   CAMBOU, JP
   ARVEILER, D
   LUC, G
   BARD, JM
   BARA, L
   RICARD, S
   TIRET, L
   AMOUYEL, P
   ALHENCGELAS, F
   SOUBRIER, F
TI DELETION POLYMORPHISM IN THE GENE FOR ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME IS A POTENT RISK FACTOR FOR MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smooth-muscle cells; hypertension; inhibitors; bradykinin; renin
AB FACTORS involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, thrombosis and vasoconstriction1,2 contribute to the development of coronary heart disease. In a study comparing patients after myocardial infarction with controls, we have explored a possible association between coronary heart disease and a variation found in the gene encoding angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The polymorphism ACE/ID is strongly associated with the level of circulating enzyme3. This enzyme plays a key role in the production of angiotensin II and in the catabolism of bradykinin, two peptides involved in the modulation of vascular tone and in the proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Here we report that the DD genotype, which is associated with higher levels of circulating ACE than the ID and II genotypes, is significantly more frequent in patients with myocardial infarction (n = 610) than in controls (n = 733) (P = 0.007), especially among subjects with low body-mass index and low plasma levels of ApoB (P < 0.0001). The ACE.ID polymorphism seems to be a potent risk factor of coronary heart disease in subjects formerly considered to be at low risk according to common criteria.
C1 HOP BROUSSAIS,INSERM,U258,F-75674 PARIS 14,FRANCE.
   MONICA PROJECT,F-67085 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
   CHU PURPAN,INSERM,U326,MONICA PROJECT,F-31059 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
   ECOLE MED PARIS,THROMBOSE EXPTL LAB,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
   INSERM,U36,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
   QUEENS UNIV BELFAST,MONICA PROJECT,BELFAST BT12 6BJ,ANTRIM,NORTH IRELAND.
   INST PASTEUR,MONICA PROJECT,F-59019 LILLE,FRANCE.
   INST PASTEUR,INSERM,U325,SERLIA,F-59019 LILLE,FRANCE.
   INSERM,U367,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Europeen Georges-Pompidou - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); CHU de Toulouse; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Queens University Belfast; Pasteur Network; Universite de Lille; Institut Pasteur Lille; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Pasteur Network; Universite de Lille; Institut Pasteur Lille; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP CAMBIEN, F (corresponding author), INSERM,SC7,17 RUE FER A MOULIN,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 23
TC 1857
Z9 1938
U1 1
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 641
EP 644
DI 10.1038/359641a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400059
PM 1328889
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HERNQUIST, L
   WEIL, ML
AF HERNQUIST, L
   WEIL, ML
TI STARBURSTS IN THE NUCLEI OF SHELL GALAXIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elliptical galaxy; star formation; potentials
AB THE luminosity profile of elliptical galaxies for the most part follows a smooth distribution of the de Vaucouleurs form1, but recent observations have shown that most ellipticals possess fine structure, including sharp-edged 'shells'2-5 and 'ripples'6-8. This suggests that the underlying dynamical structure is not fully relaxed, and Schweizer's proposal6 that these features result from the accretion of matter from a less massive companion galaxy has been amply confirmed by simulations of galaxy encounters and mergers9-14. A likely supply of shell-forming material is dwarf spheroidal and disk galaxies, which tend to be gas-rich, but shell galaxies do not seem to have any notable excess of gas15,16. Here we report simulations of shell-forming galaxy mergers in which gas and stars are tracked separately. We find that the two components are effectively segregated: the stars form sharp-edged features by oscillating back and forth in their orbits, but most of the gas settles into a compact disk or ring in the nucleus of the primary. Shocks in the gas are likely to lead to star formation, perhaps accounting for the presence of young stars in the nuclei of some shell galaxies; if the primary galaxy contains a central black hole, evolution of the new supply of gas may yield an active galactic nucleus. Mergers between large galaxies and gas-rich satellites may therefore be a way of activating dormant elliptical galaxies.
RP HERNQUIST, L (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,BOARD STUDIES ASTRON & ASTROPHYS,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064, USA.
NR 32
TC 20
Z9 21
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 734
EP 736
DI 10.1038/358734a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOLINA, TJ
   KISHIHARA, K
   SIDEROVSKI, DP
   VANEWIJK, W
   NARENDRAN, A
   TIMMS, E
   WAKEHAM, A
   PAIGE, CJ
   HARTMANN, KU
   VEILLETTE, A
   DAVIDSON, D
   MAK, TW
AF MOLINA, TJ
   KISHIHARA, K
   SIDEROVSKI, DP
   VANEWIJK, W
   NARENDRAN, A
   TIMMS, E
   WAKEHAM, A
   PAIGE, CJ
   HARTMANN, KU
   VEILLETTE, A
   DAVIDSON, D
   MAK, TW
TI PROFOUND BLOCK IN THYMOCYTE DEVELOPMENT IN MICE LACKING P56(LCK)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine-protein-kinase; t-cell development; signal transduction; cd4; receptor; transcripts; expression; activation; p56lck; gene
AB THE protein Lck (p56lck) has a relative molecular mass of 56,000 and belongs to the Src family of tyrosine kinases 1-3. It is expressed exclusively in lymphoid cells, predominantly in thymocytes and peripheral T cells 4-5. Lck associates specifically with the cytoplasmic domains of both CD4 and CD8 T-cell surface glycoproteins 6,7 and interacts with the beta-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor 8, which implicates Lck activity in signal transduction during thymocyte ontogeny 9-13 and activation of mature T cells 14-19. Here we generate an lck null mutation by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to evaluate the role of p56lck in T-cell development and activation. Lck-deficient mice show a pronounced thymic atrophy, with a dramatic reduction in the double-positive (CD4+CD8+) thymocyte population. Mature, single-positive thymocytes are not detectable in these mice and there are only very few peripheral T cells. These results illustrate the crucial role of this T-cell-specific tyrosine kinase in the thymocyte development.
C1 UNIV TORONTO, ONTARIO CANC INST, 500 SHERBOURNE ST, TORONTO M4X 1K9, ONTARIO, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT IMMUNOL, TORONTO M4X 1K9, ONTARIO, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT MED BIOPHYS, TORONTO M4X 1K9, ONTARIO, CANADA.
   ERASMUS UNIV, DEPT CELL BIOL & IMMUNOL 2, 3000 DR ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV MARBURG, INST EXPTL IMMUNOL, W-3550 MARBURG, GERMANY.
   MCGILL UNIV, CTR CANC, MONTREAL H3G 1Y6, QUEBEC, CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Philipps University Marburg; McGill University
NR 29
TC 964
Z9 1063
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 161
EP 164
DI 10.1038/357161a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200059
PM 1579166
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KENNEDY, JA
   BRASSELL, SC
AF KENNEDY, JA
   BRASSELL, SC
TI MOLECULAR RECORDS OF 20TH-CENTURY EL-NINO EVENTS IN LAMINATED SEDIMENTS FROM THE SANTA-BARBARA BASIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-chain alkenones; southern-california; surface sediments; indicators; geochemistry; century; patterns; marine
AB ORGANIC molecules preserved in sediments, especially long-chain alkenones, can preserve and record evidence of past climate variations 1-5. A dependence of alkenone distributions on temperature has been recognized in cultures of the unicellular coccolithophorid alga Emiliania huxleyi 1,6, which survives in sediments and water-column particulates 6. Through this dependence, stratigraphic profiles of the degree of alkenone unsaturation (expressed as U37K values 1) have been shown in several oceanic settings to reflect long-term changes in sea surface temperatures associated with glacial-interglacial cycles 1-5. Here we show that annual variations in alkenone unsaturation in laminated sediments from the Santa Barbara basin, off the shore of California, reveal increases in water temperatures which can be linked directly to the observed sequence of El Nino events in the twentieth century 7. The range and variations in water temperatures, calculated from U37K values (12.8-15.2-degrees-C) using the relationship established from culture experiments 6,8, broadly correspond to the annually averaged temperatures (11.3-15.2-degrees-C) measured intermittently by the CalCOFI programme at 20 m depth between 1953 and 1984. These results show that, in favourable settings, alkenone unsaturation profiles can provide an annually resolved record of oceanic temperature changes, and may constitute a valuable tool for describing and evaluating the history of global climate variability and change.
RP KENNEDY, JA (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 36
TC 64
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 62
EP 64
DI 10.1038/357062a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRANCIS, AJ
   DODGE, CJ
   GILLOW, JB
AF FRANCIS, AJ
   DODGE, CJ
   GILLOW, JB
TI BIODEGRADATION OF METAL CITRATE COMPLEXES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TOXIC-METAL MOBILITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacillus-subtilis; aqueous-solution; magnesium; aconitase; transport; systems; wastes; ions
AB THE presence of synthetic and naturally occurring chelating agents in nuclear and toxic-metal wastes is a major concern because of their potential to enhance mobilization of metal ions away from the disposal sites 1-3. Of particular interest is citric acid, which is present in low-level and transuranic radioactive wastes 4,5 and in domestic and industrial wastes (as washing fluids, for instance), as well as being found naturally. Citrate ions form multidentate, stable complexes with a variety of toxic metals and radionuclides; but biodegradation of these complexes, precipitating the metal ions as insoluble hydroxides, oxides or other salts, may retard migration. Here we report a study of the biodegradation of citrate complexes of Ca, Fe(II), Fe(III), Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and U. Several of these complexes were not readily degraded by bacteria, and the biodegradability depended on the chemical nature of the complex, not on the toxicity of the metal to the bacteria. This resistance to biodegradation implies that citrate complexation may play an important part in migration of these hazardous wastes.
RP FRANCIS, AJ (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT APPL SCI,UPTON,NY 11973, USA.
NR 26
TC 259
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 140
EP 142
DI 10.1038/356140a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SPERGEL, DN
   BLITZ, L
AF SPERGEL, DN
   BLITZ, L
TI EXTREME GAS-PRESSURES IN THE GALACTIC BULGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID center molecular clouds; x-ray observations; galaxy; equilibrium; kinematics; cluster; mass
AB MOLECULAR gas in the innermost regions of the Galactic Centre must be in a very different state from the interstellar medium in the solar neighbourhood. Diffuse CS emission is seen only at the Galactic Centre 1,2, the emissivity of CO is sixty times higher there than near the Sun 3, and linewidths of individual molecular features are typically five to ten times broader than elsewhere in the Galaxy. We propose that all these characteristics, for which there has so far been no coherent explanation, reflect the existence of high gas pressure-about 5 x 10(6) K cm-3, or two and a half orders of magnitude higher than that in the solar neighbourhood-in the inner 500 parsecs of the Galaxy. This high pressure can be inferred from the presence of hot X-ray-emitting gas, which is also known to be present in the bulges of many other galaxies 4,5. The molecular gas in these bulges should thus resemble that in the centre of our own Galaxy.
C1 UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT ASTRON, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP SPERGEL, DN (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV OBSERV, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 43
TC 86
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 665
EP 667
DI 10.1038/357665a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORGAN, BA
   IZPISUABELMONTE, JC
   DUBOULE, D
   TABIN, CJ
AF MORGAN, BA
   IZPISUABELMONTE, JC
   DUBOULE, D
   TABIN, CJ
TI TARGETED MISEXPRESSION OF HOX-4.6 IN THE AVIAN LIMB BUD CAUSES APPARENT HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sarcoma; embryo
AB IN the limb bud the 5' members of the Hox-4 gene cluster are expressed in a nested set of overlapping domains which are progressively restricted in the posterior and distal directions1. These domains arise early in limb bud development and come to approximate the primordia of the major structural elements of the limb along the anterior/posterior axis2 (Fig. 1). This pattern, and the fact that surgical manipulations which lead to mirror image duplications along the anterior/posterior axis give rise to mirror image duplications of the domains of expression of these genes, have led to the proposal that these transcription factors specify positional identity along the anterior/posterior axis3,4. Here we test this hypothesis directly using replication-competent retroviral vectors to expand the domain of expression of the Hox-4.6 gene anteriorly during limb development in vivo. We report that alteration of the domain of expression of the Hox-4.6 gene in the developing limb leads to reproducible pattern alterations consistent with a posterior homeotic transformation.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,W-6900 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP MORGAN, BA (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,25 SHATTUCK ST,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 15
TC 286
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 236
EP 239
DI 10.1038/358236a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700054
PM 1352858
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BERTHOLD, P
   HELBIG, AJ
   MOHR, G
   QUERNER, U
AF BERTHOLD, P
   HELBIG, AJ
   MOHR, G
   QUERNER, U
TI RAPID MICROEVOLUTION OF MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR IN A WILD BIRD SPECIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blackcap sylvia-atricapilla
AB THE Blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla, a widespread Palearctic migratory bird, rarely wintered in Britain until the 1950s. The winter population has since increased to several thousand birds1,2. Ringing indicates that these are not British Blackcaps forestalling migration, but birds breeding in Continental Europe reaching Britain on a novel westerly migration route3,4. The proportion of northwestern migrants among Blackcaps ringed in parts of Germany and Austria has increased from 0% before 1960 to currently 7-11%5-7. We bred British wintering Blackcaps in captivity and determined the migratory direction of their offspring. Here we report that these birds migrate west-northwest in autumn, a direction genetically distinct from the British breeding population and the predominantly southwestern migratory population of west-central Europe. The novel route must have evolved within the past 30 years with selection favouring birds wintering some 1,500 km further north than most of their conspecifics. To our knowledge, this is the first case in any vertebrate in which a drastic and recent evolutionary change of behaviour has been documented and its genetic basis established.
C1 MPI VERHALTENSPHYSIOL,W-7760 MOGGLINGEN,GERMANY.
NR 19
TC 375
Z9 433
U1 5
U2 245
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 668
EP 670
DI 10.1038/360668a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VOGELMANN, AM
   ACKERMAN, TP
   TURCO, RP
AF VOGELMANN, AM
   ACKERMAN, TP
   TURCO, RP
TI ENHANCEMENTS IN BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION FOLLOWING VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heterogeneous chemistry; palmer-station; el-chichon; ozone; antarctica; skin
AB AEROSOLS injected into the stratosphere by large volcanic eruptions may induce ozone destruction through processes including heterogeneous chemical reactions. The effect of ozone reductions on surface ultraviolet irradiation is not obvious, however, because aerosols also increase the reflection of sunlight. Here we use a radiative transfer model to estimate the changes in biologically effective ultraviolet radiation (UV-BE) at the Earth's surface produced by the El Chichon (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991) eruptions. We find that in both cases surface UV-BE intensity can increase because the effect of ozone depletion outweighs the increased scattering.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP VOGELMANN, AM (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT METEOROL,UNIV PK,PA 16802, USA.
NR 39
TC 35
Z9 36
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 47
EP 49
DI 10.1038/359047a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200048
PM 1522884
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DONG, W
   BAIRD, T
   FRYER, JR
   GILMORE, CJ
   MACNICOL, DD
   BRICOGNE, G
   SMITH, DJ
   OKEEFE, MA
   HOVMOLLER, S
AF DONG, W
   BAIRD, T
   FRYER, JR
   GILMORE, CJ
   MACNICOL, DD
   BRICOGNE, G
   SMITH, DJ
   OKEEFE, MA
   HOVMOLLER, S
TI ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY AT 1-A RESOLUTION BY ENTROPY MAXIMIZATION AND LIKELIHOOD RANKING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multisolution method; phase determination; molecular-crystals; maximum-entropy
AB The resolution of electron microscopy may be extended by combining the phase information in microscope images with electron diffraction intensities. A general method for obtaining structural reconstructions at a resolution greater than that of the phase information is demonstrated for crystals of perchlorocoronene. By using entropy maximization methods combined with likelihood ranking, the resolution is extended from 0.32 nm in the microscope images to 0.1 nm in the reconstruction from phase and intensity data.
C1 UNIV GLASGOW,CTR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE,CHEM BLDG,GLASGOW G12 8QQ,SCOTLAND.
   LAB UTILISAT RAYONNEMENT ELECTROMAGNET,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE.
   UNIV GLASGOW,DEPT CHEM,GLASGOW G12 8QQ,SCOTLAND.
   MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,NATL CTR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   UNIV STOCKHOLM,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
   ARIZONA STATE UNIV,CTR SOLID STATE SCI,TEMPE,AZ 85287.
C3 University of Glasgow; University of Glasgow; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Stockholm University; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
NR 22
TC 84
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 605
EP 609
DI 10.1038/355605a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIKUCHI, K
   NAKAHARA, N
   WAKABAYASHI, T
   SUZUKI, S
   SHIROMARU, H
   MIYAKE, Y
   SAITO, K
   IKEMOTO, I
   KAINOSHO, M
   ACHIBA, Y
AF KIKUCHI, K
   NAKAHARA, N
   WAKABAYASHI, T
   SUZUKI, S
   SHIROMARU, H
   MIYAKE, Y
   SAITO, K
   IKEMOTO, I
   KAINOSHO, M
   ACHIBA, Y
TI NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOMERS OF C-78, C-82 AND C-84 FULLERENES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-60
AB FOLLOWING the development of a method for bulk synthesis of C60 and other fullerenes 1, the isolation of higher fullerenes ranging from C76 to C96 has been achieved using chromatographic techniques 2-5. Whereas C60 and C70 have unique, high-symmetry structures 6, theoretical calculations for fullerenes larger than C76 have suggested that each may exist in at least two isomeric forms 7. For C84, 24 isomers have been postulated 7, and for C96 calculations have yielded 196 distinct isomers 8. Diederich et al. 9 have used liquid chromatography and C-13 NMR to identify two isomers of C78, but previous experimental studies of other higher fullerenes 2 have produced ambiguous results. Here we use C-13 NMR to determine the structures of some principal isomers of C78, C82 and C84. We find a third isomer of C78, which was not reported in ref. 9. Characterization of the structures of these larger fullerenes should provide new understanding of the factors determining the stability of hollow carbon clusters.
RP KIKUCHI, K (corresponding author), TOKYO METROPOLITAN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,HACHIOJI,TOKYO 19203,JAPAN.
NR 11
TC 517
Z9 533
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 142
EP 145
DI 10.1038/357142a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEVRIESSMITS, AMM
   BURGERING, BMT
   LEEVERS, SJ
   MARSHALL, CJ
   BOS, JL
AF DEVRIESSMITS, AMM
   BURGERING, BMT
   LEEVERS, SJ
   MARSHALL, CJ
   BOS, JL
TI INVOLVEMENT OF P21RAS IN ACTIVATION OF EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin; phosphorylates; stimulation
AB MANY growth factors upon stimulation of their receptors induce the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, ERKs, also known as MAP kinases 1,2. Several of these growth factors also activate the ras proto-oncogene product, p21ras (Ras), by stimulating the conversion of the inactive GDP-bound form of Ras to the active GTP-bound form 3-6. We have shown that direct introduction of p21ras oncoprotein into cells in the absence of growth factors activates ERKs within five minutes 7, which indicates that normal p21ras may be involved in the activation of ERKs by growth factors. Here we use a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing an interfering mutant of p21ras, Ras(Asn17), to investigate this question. In NIH3T3 cells that overexpress the insulin receptor, this recombinant virus inhibits insulin-induced activation of ERK2 completely, but there is no inhibition of insulin-induced activation of phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase. In rat-1 cells the recombinant virus inhibited ERK2 activity induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) but not by phorbol ester. We conclude that p21ras mediates insulin- and PDGF-induced activation of ERK2.
C1 CHESTER BEATTY LABS,LONDON SW3 6JB,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK
RP DEVRIESSMITS, AMM (corresponding author), UNIV UTRECHT,PHYSIOL CHEM LAB,VONDELLAAN 24A,3521 GG UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
NR 23
TC 388
Z9 398
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 602
EP 604
DI 10.1038/357602a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200058
PM 1608472
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOOKER, D
   ABBOTTBROWN, D
   COZART, P
   DURFEE, S
   HOFFMAN, S
   MATHEWS, AJ
   MILLERROEHRICH, J
   SHOEMAKER, S
   TRIMBLE, S
   FERMI, G
   KOMIYAMA, NH
   NAGAI, K
   STETLER, GL
AF LOOKER, D
   ABBOTTBROWN, D
   COZART, P
   DURFEE, S
   HOFFMAN, S
   MATHEWS, AJ
   MILLERROEHRICH, J
   SHOEMAKER, S
   TRIMBLE, S
   FERMI, G
   KOMIYAMA, NH
   NAGAI, K
   STETLER, GL
TI A HUMAN RECOMBINANT HEMOGLOBIN DESIGNED FOR USE AS A BLOOD SUBSTITUTE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-hemoglobin; escherichia-coli; resolution; fragment
AB THE need to develop a blood substitute is now urgent because of the increasing concern over blood-transmitted viral and bacterial pathogens 1.  Cell-free haemoglobin solutions 2,3 and human haemoglobin synthesized in Escherichia coli 4 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5 have been investigated as potential oxygen-carrying substitutes for red blood cells. But these haemoglobins cannot be used as a blood substitute because (1) the oxygen affinity in the absence of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is too high to allow unloading of enough oxygen in the tissues 6, and (2) they dissociate into alpha-beta dimer 7 that are cleared rapidly by renal filtration 8-10, which can result in long-term kidney damage 7-9.  We have produced a human haemoglobin using an expression vector containing one gene encoding a mutant beta-globin with decreased oxygen affinity and one duplicated, tandemly fused alpha-globin gene. Fusion of the two alpha-globin subunits increases the half-life of this haemoglobin molecule in vivo by preventing its dissociation into alpha-beta dimers and therefore also eliminates renal toxicity.
C1 SOMATOGEN INC,5797 CENT AVE,BOULDER,CO 80301.
   MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 22
TC 272
Z9 324
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 258
EP 260
DI 10.1038/356258a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400064
PM 1552945
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHUMAKOV, I
   RIGAULT, P
   GUILLOU, S
   OUGEN, P
   BILLAUT, A
   GUASCONI, G
   GERVY, P
   LEGALL, I
   SOULARUE, P
   GRINAS, L
   BOUGUELERET, L
   BELLANNECHANTELOT, C
   LACROIX, B
   BARILLOT, E
   GESNOUIN, P
   POOK, S
   VAYSSEIX, G
   FRELAT, G
   SCHMITZ, A
   SAMBUCY, JL
   BOSCH, A
   ESTIVILL, X
   WEISSENBACH, J
   VIGNAL, A
   RIETHMAN, H
   COX, D
   PATTERSON, D
   GARDINER, K
   HATTORI, M
   SAKAKI, Y
   ICHIKAWA, H
   OHKI, M
   LEPASLIER, D
   HEILIG, R
   ANTONARAKIS, S
   COHEN, D
AF CHUMAKOV, I
   RIGAULT, P
   GUILLOU, S
   OUGEN, P
   BILLAUT, A
   GUASCONI, G
   GERVY, P
   LEGALL, I
   SOULARUE, P
   GRINAS, L
   BOUGUELERET, L
   BELLANNECHANTELOT, C
   LACROIX, B
   BARILLOT, E
   GESNOUIN, P
   POOK, S
   VAYSSEIX, G
   FRELAT, G
   SCHMITZ, A
   SAMBUCY, JL
   BOSCH, A
   ESTIVILL, X
   WEISSENBACH, J
   VIGNAL, A
   RIETHMAN, H
   COX, D
   PATTERSON, D
   GARDINER, K
   HATTORI, M
   SAKAKI, Y
   ICHIKAWA, H
   OHKI, M
   LEPASLIER, D
   HEILIG, R
   ANTONARAKIS, S
   COHEN, D
TI CONTINUUM OF OVERLAPPING CLONES SPANNING THE ENTIRE HUMAN CHROMOSOME-21Q
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetic-linkage map; human genome; physical map; yeast; dna; hybridization; construction; markers; bands
AB A continuous array of overlapping clones covering the entire human chromosome 21q was constructed from human yeast artificial chromosome libraries using sequence-tagged sites as landmarks specifically detected by polymerase chain reaction. The yeast artificial chromosome contiguous unit starts with pericentromeric and ends with subtelomeric loci of 21q. The resulting order of sequence-tagged sites is consistent with other physical and genetic mapping data. This set of overlapping clones will promote our knowledge of the structure of this chromosome and the function of its genes.
C1 CTR ETUD POLYMORPHISME HUMAIN,27 RUE JULIETTE DODU,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
   GENETHON,F-91002 EVRY,FRANCE.
   CEA,F-92260 FONTENAY ROSES,FRANCE.
   HOSP DURAN & REYNALS,INST RECERCA ONCOL,E-08907 BARCELONA,SPAIN.
   INST PASTEUR,CNRS,URA 1445,F-75724 PARIS,FRANCE.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,NEUROGENET LAB,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   ELEANOR ROOSEVELT INST,DENVER,CO 80206.
   WISTAR INST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV TOKYO,INST MED SCI,TOKYO 108,JAPAN.
   LAB GENET MOLEC EUCARYOTES,INSERM,U184,STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,CTR MED GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   SAITAMA CANC CTR,RES INST,INA,SAITAMA 362,JAPAN.
C3 CEA; Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL); Hospital Duran i Reynals; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The Wistar Institute; University of Tokyo; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Johns Hopkins University
NR 28
TC 482
Z9 498
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 380
EP 387
DI 10.1038/359380a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400045
PM 1406950
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STODDARD, BL
   KOSHLAND, DE
AF STODDARD, BL
   KOSHLAND, DE
TI PREDICTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF A RECEPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX USING A BINARY DOCKING METHOD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maltose-binding; aspartate; chemoreceptor; chemotaxis
AB TO validate procedures of rational drug design, it is important to develop computational methods that predict binding sites between a protein and a ligand molecule. Many small molecules have been tested using such programs, but examination of protein-protein and peptide-protein interactions has been sparse. We were able to test such applications once the structures of both the maltose-binding protein1 (MBP) and the ligand-binding domain of the aspartate receptor2, which binds MBP, became available. Here we predict the binding site of MBP to its receptor using a 'binary docking' technique in which two MBP octapeptide sequences containing mutations that eliminate maltose chemotaxis are independently docked to the receptor. The peptides in the docked solutions superimpose on their original positions in the structure of MBP and allow the formation of an MBP-receptor complex. The consistency of the computational and biological results supports this approach for predicting protein-protein and peptide-protein interactions.
RP STODDARD, BL (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,DIV BIOCHEM,534 BARKER HALL,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 12
TC 69
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 774
EP 776
DI 10.1038/358774a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900059
PM 1324436
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BASCHE, T
   MOERNER, WE
AF BASCHE, T
   MOERNER, WE
TI OPTICAL MODIFICATION OF A SINGLE IMPURITY MOLECULE IN A SOLID
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glasses; spectroscopy; transitions
AB THE possibility of obtaining information about solids on a truly microscopic scale has stimulated several recent advances in the optical detection and spectroscopy of single impurity centres in solids. For the system composed of pentacene impurity molecules in the crystal p-terphenyl, absorption 1 and fluorescence excitation 2 studies At liquid-helium temperatures have led to direct observations of the lifetime-limited homogeneous linewidth of a single pentacene molecule 3, as well as the surprising observation of spontaneous spectral diffusion in a crystal 4.  Spectral diffusion-changes in the resonance frequency of an impurity molecule with time as a result of structural relaxation processes in the molecular environment-is generally expected in amorphous hosts. We report here the observation of optical spectra of single perylene impurity molecules in a polymeric (polyethylene) host. At 1.5 K, individual perylene molecules show the expected spectral diffusion; furthermore, we observe light-induced changes in resonance frequency (that is, persistent spectral hole-burning 5) for certain single molecules. These observations suggest the possibility of optical storage at the single-molecule level.
C1 IBM CORP,DIV RES,ALMADEN RES CTR,650 HARRY RD,SAN JOSE,CA 95120.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
NR 16
TC 135
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 335
EP 337
DI 10.1038/355335a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CEDERGRENZEPPEZAUER, ES
   LARSSON, G
   NYMAN, PO
   DAUTER, Z
   WILSON, KS
AF CEDERGRENZEPPEZAUER, ES
   LARSSON, G
   NYMAN, PO
   DAUTER, Z
   WILSON, KS
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF A DUTPASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase; tumor necrosis factor; escherichia-coli; resolution; purification; sequence; protein; binding
AB THE enzyme dUTPase catalyses the hydrolysis of dUTP1 and maintains a low intracellular concentration of dUTP so that uracil cannot be incorporated into DNA 2. dUTPase from Escherichia coli is strictly specific for its dUTP substrate 3, the active site discriminating between nucleotides with respect to the sugar moiety as well as the pyrimidine base. Here we report the three-dimensional structure of E. coli dUTPase determined by X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 1.9 angstrom. The enzyme is a symmetrical trimer, and of the 152 amino acid residues in the subunit, the first 136 are visible in the crystal structure. The tertiary structure resembles a jelly-roll fold and does not show the 'classical' nucleotide-binding domain. In the quaternary structure there is a complex interaction between the subunits that may be important in catalysis. This possibility is supported by the location of conserved elements in the sequence.
C1 UNIV LUND,CTR CHEM,DEPT BIOCHEM,S-22100 LUND,SWEDEN.
   DESY,EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,W-2000 HAMBURG 52,GERMANY.
C3 Lund University; Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP CEDERGRENZEPPEZAUER, ES (corresponding author), UNIV STOCKHOLM,WENNER GREN INST,DEPT ZOOL CELL BIOL,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
NR 19
TC 151
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 740
EP 743
DI 10.1038/355740a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400069
PM 1311056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUELER, H
   FISCHER, M
   LANG, Y
   BLUETHMANN, H
   LIPP, HP
   DEARMOND, SJ
   PRUSINER, SB
   AGUET, M
   WEISSMANN, C
AF BUELER, H
   FISCHER, M
   LANG, Y
   BLUETHMANN, H
   LIPP, HP
   DEARMOND, SJ
   PRUSINER, SB
   AGUET, M
   WEISSMANN, C
TI NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR OF MICE LACKING THE NEURONAL CELL-SURFACE PRP PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scrapie prion proteins; embryonic stem-cells; incubation period; molecular-cloning; transgenic mice; cultured-cells; mouse-brain; t-cells; gene; deficient
AB PrP(c) is a host protein anchored to the outer surface of neurons and to a lesser extent of lymphocytes and other cells. The transmissible agent (prion) responsible for scrapie is believed to be a modified form of PrP(c). Mice homozygous for disrupted PrP genes have been generated. Surprisingly, they develop and behave normally for at least seven months, and no immunological defects are apparent. It is now feasible to determine whether mice devoid of PrP(c) can propagate prions and are susceptible to scrapie pathogenesis.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV ZURICH, INST ANAT, CH-8057 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
   F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE & CO LTD, PRTB, CH-4002 BASEL, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PATHOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT NEUROL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Zurich; Roche Holding; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP BUELER, H (corresponding author), UNIV ZURICH, INST MOLEK BIOL 1, CH-8093 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
NR 68
TC 1459
Z9 1636
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 577
EP 582
DI 10.1038/356577a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100039
PM 1373228
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARTELLI, AM
   GILMOUR, RS
   BERTAGNOLO, V
   NERI, LM
   MANZOLI, L
   COCCO, L
AF MARTELLI, AM
   GILMOUR, RS
   BERTAGNOLO, V
   NERI, LM
   MANZOLI, L
   COCCO, L
TI NUCLEAR-LOCALIZATION AND SIGNALING ACTIVITY OF PHOSPHOINOSITIDASE-C-BETA IN SWISS 3T3 CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-c; phospholipase-c; growth-factor; polyphosphoinositides; differentiation; phosphorylation; insulin
AB THE hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP2) is a widespread receptor-coupled signalling system at the plasma membrane of most eukaryotic cells. The existence of an entirely separate nuclear phosphoinositide signalling system is suggested from evidence that purified nuclei synthesize PtdInsP2 and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdInsP) in vitro1 and that a transient decrease in the mass of these lipids occurs when Swiss 3T3 cells are cultured in the presence of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)2-4. These IGF-1-dependent changes in inositol lipids coincide with an increase in nuclear diacylglycerol4 and precede translocation to the nucleus and activation of protein kinase C (refs 5, 6). Circumstantial evidence that links these changes with mitosis comes from the isolation of a 3T3 clone that expresses the type-1 IGF receptor and binds IGF-1 peptide but does not respond mitogenically or show transient mass changes in nuclear inositol lipids7. A key question is how IGF-1 initiates the rapid breakdown of PtdInsP and PtdInsP2 in the nucleus. Here we present evidence that nuclei of 3T3 cells contain the beta-isozyme of phosphoinositidase C, whereas the gamma-isozyme is confined to the cytoplasm and that IGF-1 treatment stimulates exclusively the activity of nuclear phosphoinositidase C.
C1 UNIV BOLOGNA, INST HUMAN ANAT, V IRNERIO 48, I-40126 BOLOGNA, ITALY.
   UNIV FERRARA, INST HUMAN ANAT, I-44100 FERRARA, ITALY.
   UNIV CHIETI, INST HUMAN ANAT, CHIETI, ITALY.
   IST RIZZOLI, CNR, INST CYTOMORPHOL, I-40136 BOLOGNA, ITALY.
   AFRC, INST ANIM PHYSIOL & GENET RES, CAMBRIDGE CB2 4AT, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Bologna; University of Ferrara; G d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute
NR 28
TC 335
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 242
EP 245
DI 10.1038/358242a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700056
PM 1321347
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAN, Y
   POO, MM
AF DAN, Y
   POO, MM
TI QUANTAL TRANSMITTER SECRETION FROM MYOCYTES LOADED WITH ACETYLCHOLINE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscle-cell membrane; neuromuscular-junction; synaptic vesicles; release; receptors; culture; exocytosis
AB IT is well known that transmitter secretion requires specialized secretory organelles, the synaptic vesicles, for the packaging, storage and exocytotic release of the transmitter1,2. Here we report that when acetylcholine (ACh) is loaded into an isolated Xenopus myocyte, there is spontaneous quantal release of ACh from the myocyte which results in activation of its own surface ACh channels and the appearance of membrane currents resembling miniature endplate currents. This myocyte secretion probably reflects Ca2+-regulated exocytosis of ACh-filled cytoplasmic compartments. Furthermore, step depolarization of the myocyte membrane triggers evoked ACh release from the myocyte with a weak excitation-secretion coupling. These findings suggest that quantal transmitter secretion does not require secretory pathways unique to neurons and that the essence of presynaptic differentiation may reside in the provision of transmitter supply and modification of the preexisting secretion pathway.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
NR 30
TC 81
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/359733a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000057
PM 1436036
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EDWARDS, FA
   GIBB, AJ
   COLQUHOUN, D
AF EDWARDS, FA
   GIBB, AJ
   COLQUHOUN, D
TI ATP RECEPTOR-MEDIATED SYNAPTIC CURRENTS IN THE CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenosine-triphosphate; hippocampal slices; dorsal horn; neurons; channels; release; cells
AB UNTIL now, the only well documented, fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain has been glutamate. Although there is evidence for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) acting as a transmitter in the peripheral nervous system1-4, suggestions for such a role in the central nervous system1,5-11 have so far not been supported by any direct evidence. Here we report the recording of evoked and miniature synaptic currents in the rat medial habenula. The fast rise time of the currents showed that they were mediated by a ligand-activated ion channel rather than a second messenger system, thus limiting the known transmitter candidates. Evidence was found for the presence on the cells of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine and ATP receptors, but not for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT3) or glycine receptors. The evoked currents were unaffected by blockers of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid or acetylcholine receptors but were blocked by the ATP receptor-blocker, suramin and the desensitizing ATP receptor-agonist alpha,beta-methylene-ATP. Our evidence identifies for the first time synaptic currents in the brain, mediated directly by ATP receptors.
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT PHARMACOL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 744
Z9 775
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 144
EP 147
DI 10.1038/359144a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400051
PM 1381811
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARSHAK, S
   ALKMIM, FF
   JORDTEVANGELISTA, H
AF MARSHAK, S
   ALKMIM, FF
   JORDTEVANGELISTA, H
TI PROTEROZOIC CRUSTAL EXTENSION AND THE GENERATION OF DOME-AND-KEEL STRUCTURE IN AN ARCHEAN GRANITE GREENSTONE TERRANE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western-australia; tectonics; belt; faults; block
AB ARCHAEAN granite-greenstone terranes 1-3, in which narrow belts of 'greenstone' (ultramafic and mafic volcanics) and overlying sedimentary rocks occur in association with broad provinces of 'granite' (granitic igneous rocks, gneiss and migmatite), have long puzzled geologists because of the lack of any clear modern analogues. Not only is there uncertainty about how the greenstone formed in the first place 4-6, but there is continuing debate about how and when the terranes developed their distinctive structural and metamorphic architecture. Many granite-greenstone terranes display a dome-and-keel geometry, in which belts of supracrustal (volcanic and sedimentary) rocks occur as structural troughs wedged between dome-shaped bodies of the granite-gneiss-migmatite complex. A metamorphic aureole typically occurs in the supracrustals adjacent to their contact with the domes, and the contact itself is a shear zone. Here we report the results of field studies of a granite-greenstone terrane in Brazil, showing that this architecture originated during the Proterozoic, more than 500 million years after extrusion of the greenstone. We suggest that the thermal regime and deformation kinematics necessary to create this architecture could be generated during an episode of crustal extension, when hot basement rocks were transported upwards along a transcrustal normal fault system to the base of the supracrustals.
C1 UNIV FED OURO PRETO,DEPT GEOL,BR-35400 OURO PRETO,MG,BRAZIL.
C3 Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto
RP MARSHAK, S (corresponding author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT GEOL,1301 W GREEN ST,URBANA,IL 61801, USA.
NR 33
TC 77
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 491
EP 493
DI 10.1038/357491a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FITZPATRICK, VD
   PERCIVALSMITH, A
   INGLES, CJ
   KRAUSE, HM
AF FITZPATRICK, VD
   PERCIVALSMITH, A
   INGLES, CJ
   KRAUSE, HM
TI HOMEODOMAIN-INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY OF THE FUSHI-TARAZU POLYPEPTIDE IN DROSOPHILA EMBRYOS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcriptional activation; ultrabithorax proteins; antennapedia; repression; expression; cells; embryogenesis; melanogaster; localization; site
AB THE Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu (ftz) encodes a homeodomain-containing protein, ftz, that can act as a DNA-binding activator of transcription 1-5. In the developing embryo, ftz is expressed in seven stripes 6 which correspond to the even-numbered parasegments 7. These parasegments are missing in ftz- embryos 8. When ftz is expressed throughout blastoderm embryos under the control of a heat-shock promoter, the odd-numbered parasegments are lost 9. This 'anti-ftz' phenotype has been attributed to autoactivation of the endogenous ftz gene by the ectopically expressed protein 10. Here we show that the same phenotype is induced by ectopic expression of a ftz polypeptide containing a deletion in the homeodomain. Thus, ftz can alter gene expression without binding directly to DNA.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,CHARLES H BEST INST,BANTING & BEST DEPT MED RES,TORONTO M5G 1L6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
NR 27
TC 87
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 610
EP 612
DI 10.1038/356610a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100051
PM 1348571
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARESCHAL, M
   FYFE, WS
   PERCIVAL, J
   CHAN, T
AF MARESCHAL, M
   FYFE, WS
   PERCIVAL, J
   CHAN, T
TI GRAIN-BOUNDARY GRAPHITE IN KAPUSKASING GNEISSES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LOWER-CRUSTAL CONDUCTIVITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental-crust; structural zone; archean crust; water; reflection; fluids
AB SURFACE electromagnetic measurements commonly reveal that the intermediate and lower continental crust has an appreciable electrical conductivity, much higher than that found for laboratory analogues of deep-crustal rocks or for upper-crustal rocks either formed at shallow depths or uplifted from deeper levels. Conducting films at grain boundaries are thought to play an important part in enhancing deep-crustal conductivity, with brines and graphite being the main candidates 1. At present, however, there is a lack of direct evidence for such films. Frost et al. 2 have reported an enhancement in conductivity of igneous lower-crustal rocks from the Laramie complex apparently owing to the presence of graphite films, but the possible role of brines was not clear from this work. Here we present a study of the grain surface composition of metamorphic (and one igneous) rocks exhumed from 20 km depth by the Kapuskasing uplift of the Canadian shield 3. We expect these samples to be representative of metamorphic and igneous rocks of the deep Archaean crust. Auger spectroscopy provides evidence for graphite films at grain boundaries, which can account for the present electrical signature of the Kapuskasing crust 4-6. We also detect traces of chlorine, sulphur and iron, which suggest that brines and solid conductors other than graphite may have helped to enhance the conductivity, but their abundance suggests at best a minor role relative to graphite.
C1 UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,DEPT GEOL,LONDON N6A 5B7,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   GEOL SURVEY CANADA,OTTAWA K1A 0E8,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario); Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada
RP MARESCHAL, M (corresponding author), ECOLE POLYTECH,DEPT GENIE MINERAL,CP 6079,SUCCURSALE A,MONTREAL H3C 3A7,QUEBEC,CANADA.
NR 24
TC 85
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 674
EP 676
DI 10.1038/357674a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000065
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FANIDI, A
   HARRINGTON, EA
   EVAN, GI
AF FANIDI, A
   HARRINGTON, EA
   EVAN, GI
TI COOPERATIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN C-MYC AND BCL-2 PROTOONCOGENES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; apoptosis; mice; gene
AB THE bcl-2 proto-oncogene is activated by translocation in a variety of B-lymphoid tumours and synergizes with the c-myc oncogene in tumour progression1. The mechanism of synergy is unclear but bcl-2 expression inhibits apoptosis2-6, a property presumably pertinent to its proto-oncogenic mode of action4. We have shown that the c-myc gene is a potent inducer of apoptosis, in addition to its established role in mitogenesis7. Here we show that expression of the bcl-2 protein, Bcl-2, specifically abrogates c-myc-induced apoptosis without affecting the c-myc mitogenic function. This provides a novel mechanism for oncogene cooperation, of potential importance both in carcinogenesis and in the evolution of drug resistance in tumours.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, BIOCHEM CELL NUCLEUS LAB, 44 LINCOLNS INN FIELDS, LONDON WC2A 3PX, ENGLAND.
C3 Cancer Research UK
NR 16
TC 776
Z9 865
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 554
EP 556
DI 10.1038/359554a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900066
PM 1406976
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PIIROLA, V
   SCALTRITI, F
   COYNE, GV
AF PIIROLA, V
   SCALTRITI, F
   COYNE, GV
TI CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS DEDUCED FROM SUB-ARCSECOND POLARIZATION OBSERVATIONS OF 2 YOUNG STARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular outflows; beta-pictoris; ae-type; objects; clouds; dust
AB HERBIG Ae/Be objects are young stars of intermediate mass (3-5 solar masses) surrounded by reflection nebulae composed of dust and gas remaining from the star-forming cloud1-3. Scattering by dust particles strongly polarizes light from the circumstellar nebula. Using imaging polarimetry in excellent conditions of atmospheric seeing (0.4 arcsec) from the La Palma observatory, we have resolved an optically thick disk around the Herbig Ae/Be object V376 Cassiopeiae. Its effective radius increases from 0.8 arcsec in the near infrared (approximately 1 mum wavelength) to 1.2 arcsec at optical wavelengths (approximately 550 nm) because of the higher opacity of the disk material at shorter wavelengths. The corresponding linear disk radius is 500-750 Au, about an order of magnitude larger than our Solar System. The polarization behaviour within a 0.5-arcsec diameter circle around the companion star V633 Cas suggests the presence of a more compact (<0.2 arcsec) unresolved disk, possibly a protoplanetary disk, around this star. The presence of circumstellar disks around these two pre-main-sequence stars in the same star-forming cloud suggests that such disks may be common features of early stellar evolution.
C1 VATICAN OBSERV, VATICAN CITY 00120, VATICAN.
   UNIV TURKU, TUORLA OBSERV, SF-21500 PIIKKIO, FINLAND.
   OSSERV ASTRON TORINO, I-10025 PINO TORINESE, ITALY.
   UNIV HELSINKI, ASTROPHYS LAB, SF-00100 HELSINKI 10, FINLAND.
C3 Vatican Observatory; University of Turku; University of Turin; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Helsinki
RP PIIROLA, V (corresponding author), UNIV HELSINKI OBSERV, HELSINKI, FINLAND.
NR 18
TC 31
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 399
EP 401
DI 10.1038/359399a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GWYTHER, RL
   GLADWIN, MT
   HART, RHG
AF GWYTHER, RL
   GLADWIN, MT
   HART, RHG
TI A SHEAR-STRAIN ANOMALY FOLLOWING THE LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID california
AB BOREHOLE tensor strain instruments deployed along the San Andreas fault for the past ten years have provided sufficient resolution and stability to sample regional tectonic processes, potentially enhancing earthquake prediction capability. Data obtained from the instrument at San Juan Bautista, in the near-field region of the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (M(s) = 7.1) provide the first opportunity to observe shear strain processes associated with a large earthquake. We previously reported 1 a prominent shear-strain anomaly in those data for more than a year before the earthquake. This anomaly ceased immediately after the earthquake, but, as we report here, a new and higher rate of fault-parallel shear accumulation (2 microstrain per year) was established about four months later and has continued to the present. Associated changes in creep rate are apparent at a number of sites on the surface trace of the fault within 30 km of the strain meter. We propose that the observed strain accumulation results from increased slip around a nearby locked section of the fault, this slip arising from loading by the failed Loma Prieta source region to the north. This model is consistent with suggestions of an increased probability of a moderate earthquake near San Juan Bautista 9,10, and with evidence 12 that interactions between fault regions are important in earthquake processes.
C1 UNIV QUEENSLAND,DEPT PHYS,BRISBANE 4072,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Queensland
NR 12
TC 10
Z9 10
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 142
EP 144
DI 10.1038/356142a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AUSTIN, J
   BUTCHART, N
   SHINE, KP
AF AUSTIN, J
   BUTCHART, N
   SHINE, KP
TI POSSIBILITY OF AN ARCTIC OZONE HOLE IN A DOUBLED-CO2 CLIMATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID middle atmosphere; stratosphere; winter; circulation; depletion; model; vortex; troposphere; hemisphere; evolution
AB Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to cause cooling of the lower stratosphere. This could enhance the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, which convert potential ozone-depleting species to their active forms. In an idealized three-dimensional numerical simulation of the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere, doubling the CO2 concentration leads to the formation of an Arctic ozone hole comparable to that observed over Antarctica, with nearly 100% local depletion of lower-stratospheric ozone.
C1 HADLEY CTR CLIMATE PREDICT & RES,BRACKNELL RG12 2SY,ENGLAND.
   UNIV READING,DEPT METEOROL,READING RG6 2AU,ENGLAND.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; University of Reading
RP AUSTIN, J (corresponding author), METEOROL OFF,LONDON RD,BRACKNELL RB12 2SZ,BERKS,ENGLAND.
NR 34
TC 142
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 221
EP 225
DI 10.1038/360221a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROTARU, M
   BIRCK, JL
   ALLEGRE, CJ
AF ROTARU, M
   BIRCK, JL
   ALLEGRE, CJ
TI CLUES TO EARLY SOLAR-SYSTEM HISTORY FROM CHROMIUM ISOTOPES IN CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rich supernova ejecta; refractory inclusions; compositional classification; meteorite inclusions; ti-50 anomaly; allende; murchison; nucleosynthesis; titanium; silicon
AB The major mineral phases contained in individual carbonaceous chondrite meteorites exhibit both positive and negative anomalies in their Cr-54 abundances. No significant chromium-bearing phase has a terrestrial (solar) chromium isotopic composition. These observations provide evidence that the chromium isotopic composition of the Solar System results from the mixing of several major components with distinct isotopic compositions. The formation of the solar nebula from material carrying different isotopic signatures may provide constraints on nucleosynthetic models.
RP ROTARU, M (corresponding author), INST PHYS GLOBE, GEOCHIM & COSMOCHIM LAB, 4 PL JUSSIEU, F-75252 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
NR 51
TC 150
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 465
EP 470
DI 10.1038/358465a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900038
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOTTONEN, J
   STRAND, A
   SYMERSKY, J
   SWEET, RM
   DANLEY, DE
   GEOGHEGAN, KF
   GERARD, RD
   GOLDSMITH, EJ
AF MOTTONEN, J
   STRAND, A
   SYMERSKY, J
   SWEET, RM
   DANLEY, DE
   GEOGHEGAN, KF
   GERARD, RD
   GOLDSMITH, EJ
TI STRUCTURAL BASIS OF LATENCY IN PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor; crystal-structure; serpins; alpha-1-antitrypsin; model; antithrombin; plakalbumin; refinement; ovalbumin; mutants
AB HuMAN plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 1,2 is the fast-acting inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase 3 and is a member of the serpin family of protease inhibitors 4. Serpins normally form complexes with their target proteases that dissociate very slowly as cleaved species and then fold into a highly stable inactive state 5 in which the residues that flank the scissile bond (P1 and P1'; ref. 6) are separated by about 70 angstrom (refs 7-9). PAI-1 also spontaneously folds into a stable 10 inactive state without cleavage; this state is termed 'latent' because inhibitory activity can be restored through denaturation and renaturation 2,10. Here we report the structure of intact latent PAI-1 determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction to 2.6 angstrom resolution. The three-dimensional structure reveals that residues on the N-terminal side of the primary recognition site are inserted as a central strand of the largest beta-sheet, in positions similar to the corresponding residues in the cleaved form of the serpin alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-PI) 7. Residues C-terminal to the recognition site occupy positions on the surface of the molecule distinct from those of the corresponding residues in cleaved serpins 7-9 or in the intact inactive serpin homologue, ovalbumin 11, and its cleavage product, plakal-bumin 12. The structure of latent PAI-1 is similar to one formed after cleavage in other serpins, and the stability of both latent PAI-1 and cleaved serpins may be derived from the same structural features 13,14.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT BIOCHEM, 5323 HARRY HINES BLVD, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
   BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DEPT BIOL, UPTON, NY 11973 USA.
   PFIZER INC, DIV CENT RES, DEPT MOLEC GENET & PROT CHEM, GROTON, CT 06340 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT INTERNAL MED, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 33
TC 544
Z9 583
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 270
EP 273
DI 10.1038/355270a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400074
PM 1731226
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRAWNER, DA
   ONG, NP
   WANG, ZZ
AF BRAWNER, DA
   ONG, NP
   WANG, ZZ
TI NOVEL FIELD-INDUCED ASYMMETRY IN THE REMANENT MAGNETIZATION OF THE SUPERCONDUCTOR YBA2CU3O7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ba-cu-o; single-crystals; transition; state
AB THE dynamics of trapped vortices of magnetic flux in the high-T(c) oxide superconductors have been much studied1-4, but remain poorly understood; in particular, we have much to learn about vortex 'creep' at low temperatures. Using a scanning Hall micro-probe to measure directly the spatial and temporal variation of the flux density in YBa2Cu3O7 single crystals, we have uncovered a remarkable asymmetry in the magnetization profile, which is induced by the direction of the field (applied normal to the a-b crystal face). The external field imparts a rotation to the vortex motion, which strongly distorts the remanent profile away from the form predicted by conventional critical-state models5. This rotation was not anticipated and, to our knowledge, is not accounted for in existing theories.
C1 CNRS,LAB 2M,F-92220 BAGNEUX,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP BRAWNER, DA (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,JOSEPH HENRY LABS PHYS,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 13
TC 19
Z9 19
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 567
EP 569
DI 10.1038/358567a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHEARER, PM
   MASTERS, TG
AF SHEARER, PM
   MASTERS, TG
TI GLOBAL MAPPING OF TOPOGRAPHY ON THE 660-KM DISCONTINUITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave travel-time; upper-mantle structure; tonga-island-arc; slab penetration; deep earthquakes; 520-km discontinuity; lithospheric slab; northwest pacific; subduction zone; earth structure
AB Long-period precursors to the SS seismic phase are used to produce global maps of topography for the discontinuity at 660 km depth in the upper mantle. These maps indicate discontinuity depth variations of up to 30 km and suggest a correlation between regional depressions in the 660-km discontinuity and subduction zones - a result more consistent with models in which the subducting slabs are deflected horizontally at the discontinuity than with models of unhindered slab penetration into the lower mantle.
RP SHEARER, PM (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 56
TC 230
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 791
EP 796
DI 10.1038/355791a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YILDIRIM, T
   ZHOU, O
   FISCHER, JE
   BYKOVETZ, N
   STRONGIN, RA
   CICHY, MA
   SMITH, AB
   LIN, CL
   JELINEK, R
AF YILDIRIM, T
   ZHOU, O
   FISCHER, JE
   BYKOVETZ, N
   STRONGIN, RA
   CICHY, MA
   SMITH, AB
   LIN, CL
   JELINEK, R
TI INTERCALATION OF SODIUM HETEROCLUSTERS INTO THE C-60 LATTICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperatures
AB INTERCALATION of sodium into C60 has been shown1 to yield a range of compounds NaxC60 (2 < x < 6). Unlike the other alkali-metal-doped compounds, there is no evidence of superconductivity within this range of doping. Furthermore, Na6C60 retains the face-centred-cubic (f.c.c.) structure of undoped C60 whereas the analogous x = 6 phases with K, Rb or Cs are body-centred cubic (b.c.c.)2. Here we report the preparation of sodium-doped C60 with x up to about 10; the structure remains f.c.c. throughout. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data yields a structure with ideal composition Na11C60, in which the octahedral interstitial site contains a nine-atom body-centred cluster of sodium atoms while the tetrahedral sites are singly occupied. Clusters of four to nine sodium atoms in the octahedral site provide sufficient 'chemical pressure' to prevent the low-temperature lattice distortion that occurs when this site is singly occupied, as in Na3C60 (ref. 1). This distortion is thought to suppress superconductivity in the latter compound. Thus we suggest that new sodium-doped superconducting phases may be found in the range 4 < x < 11.
C1 TEMPLE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19122.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV MAT SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   UNIV PENN,DEPT PHYS,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP YILDIRIM, T (corresponding author), UNIV PENN,RES STRUCT MATTER LAB,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA.
NR 13
TC 151
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 568
EP 571
DI 10.1038/360568a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900078
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FARNAN, I
   GRANDINETTI, PJ
   BALTISBERGER, JH
   STEBBINS, JF
   WERNER, U
   EASTMAN, MA
   PINES, A
AF FARNAN, I
   GRANDINETTI, PJ
   BALTISBERGER, JH
   STEBBINS, JF
   WERNER, U
   EASTMAN, MA
   PINES, A
TI QUANTIFICATION OF THE DISORDER IN NETWORK-MODIFIED SILICATE-GLASSES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bond-angle distribution; vitreous silica; o-17 nmr; temperature; dynamics; solids; nuclei; time
AB Local order in silicate glasses has been observed by many experimental techniques to be similar to that in crystalline materials. Details of the intermediate-range order are more elusive, but essential for understanding the lack of long-range symmetry in glasses and the effect of composition on glass structure. Two-dimensional O-17 dynamic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance experiments reveal intermediate-range order in the distribution of inter-tetrahedral (Si-O-Si) bond angles and a high degree of order in the disposition of oxygen atoms around the network-modifying cations.
C1 LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV MAT SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP FARNAN, I (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 32
TC 243
Z9 257
U1 1
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 31
EP 35
DI 10.1038/358031a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100043
PM 1614527
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MANABE, T
   RENNER, P
   NICOLL, RA
AF MANABE, T
   RENNER, P
   NICOLL, RA
TI POSTSYNAPTIC CONTRIBUTION TO LONG-TERM POTENTIATION REVEALED BY THE ANALYSIS OF MINIATURE SYNAPTIC CURRENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frog neuromuscular junction; hippocampal slices; rat hippocampus; perforant path; neurons; transmission; induction; release; transmitter
AB Miniature excitatory synaptic currents were recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices to study the site of the persistent change in synaptic efficacy during long-term potentiation. Induction of long-term potentiation produced a large increase in the amplitude of these currents. Such a change in amplitude suggests an increase in postsynaptic transmitter sensitivity.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 34
TC 311
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 50
EP 55
DI 10.1038/355050a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800045
PM 1346229
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORGAN, MJ
AF MORGAN, MJ
TI SPATIAL-FILTERING PRECEDES MOTION DETECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID random-dot patterns; apparent motion; perception; displacement; frequency; vision; system
AB WHEN we perceive motion on a television or cinema screen, there must be some process that allows us to track moving objects over time: if not, the result would be a conflicting mass of motion signals in all directions. A possible mechanism, suggested by studies of motion displacement in spatially random patterns, is that low-level motion detectors have a limited spatial range, which ensures that they tend to be stimulated over time by the same object 1-3.  This model predicts that the direction of displacement of random patterns cannot be detected reliably above a critical absolute displacement value (D(max)) that is independent of the size or density of elements in the display 1,4,5.  It has been inferred that D(max) is a measure of the size of motion detectors in the visual pathway 1,3.  Other studies, however, have shown that D(max) increases with element size 6-8, in which case the most likely interpretation is that D(max) depends on the probability of false matches between pattern elements following a displacement. These conflicting accounts are reconciled here by showing that D(max) is indeed determined by the spacing between the elements in the pattern, but only after fine detail has been removed by a physiological prefiltering stage: the filter required to explain the data has a similar size to the receptive field of neurons in the primate magnocellular pathway. The model explains why D(max) can be increased by removing high spatial frequencies from random patterns, and simplifies our view of early motion detection.
RP MORGAN, MJ (corresponding author), UNIV EDINBURGH,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,NEUROSCI LAB,1 GEORGE SQ,EDINBURGH EH8 9YL,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
NR 19
TC 104
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 344
EP 346
DI 10.1038/355344a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100065
PM 1731247
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KUMAKHOV, MA
   SHAROV, VA
AF KUMAKHOV, MA
   SHAROV, VA
TI A NEUTRON LENS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray optics
AB SMOOTH hollow glass capillaries can be used to guide neutrons by multiple reflection at grazing angles along the inner walls. Here we show that a concentric arrangement of bent capillaries makes it possible to focus and increase the flux density of a neutron beam-a phenomenon that will have applications in areas such as prompt-gamma activation analysis and neutron depth profiling.
C1 IV KURCHATOV ATOM ENERGY INST,MOSCOW 123182,USSR.
C3 National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute
RP KUMAKHOV, MA (corresponding author), MOSCOW ROENTGER OPT SYST INST,WORLD LAB,MOSCOW 123182,USSR.
NR 10
TC 103
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 390
EP 391
DI 10.1038/357390a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MALICKI, J
   CIANETTI, LC
   PESCHLE, C
   MCGINNIS, W
AF MALICKI, J
   CIANETTI, LC
   PESCHLE, C
   MCGINNIS, W
TI A HUMAN HOX4B REGULATORY ELEMENT PROVIDES HEAD-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION IN DROSOPHILA EMBRYOS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox gene; segmentation; melanogaster; hindbrain
AB LIKE other homeobox genes of the Antennapedia and bithorax complexes (collectively called the HOM complex1,2),  the Drosophila Deformed (Dfd) gene has structural homologues in the Hox/HOX complexes of mouse and humans, one of which is human HOX4B (refs 3, 4). Previous experiments indicated that HOX4B protein can specifically activate the expression of the endogenous Dfd transcription unit in Drosophila embryos and larvae5. We therefore asked whether HOX4B cis-regulatory elements could mimic the function of a Dfd autoregulatory element6-8 in Drosophila embryos. Here we show that a HOX4B upstream element can surprisingly provide expression in a posterior head segment of Drosophila. One possible mechanism for the axial position-specificity of the human element may involve the conservation of a Dfd-specific autoregulatory circuit in both arthropod and chordate lineages. This possibility is supported by the finding that a Drosophila Dfd autoregulatory element supplies spatially localized expression in the hindbrain of mouse embryos9.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,POB 6666,260 WHITNEY AVE,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
   IST SUPER SANITA,DEPT HEMATOL & ONCOL,I-00161 ROME,ITALY.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT GENET,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
C3 Yale University; Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS); Yale University
NR 29
TC 83
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 345
EP 347
DI 10.1038/358345a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400068
PM 1353609
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROSSEINSKY, MJ
   MURPHY, DW
   FLEMING, RM
   TYCKO, R
   RAMIREZ, AP
   SIEGRIST, T
   DABBAGH, G
   BARRETT, SE
AF ROSSEINSKY, MJ
   MURPHY, DW
   FLEMING, RM
   TYCKO, R
   RAMIREZ, AP
   SIEGRIST, T
   DABBAGH, G
   BARRETT, SE
TI STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES OF SODIUM-INTERCALATED C-60
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ALKALI metal fullerides exhibit superconductivity 1-4 at temperatures surpassed only by the copper-oxide-based ceramics. Three types of stoichiometry and structure have been identified: A3C60 (ref. 5) (where A is K or Rb) with A+ cations intercalated in the face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) C60 structure, and A6C60 (ref. 6) or A4C60 (ref. 7) (where A is K, Rb or Cs) with body-centred arrays of C60 molecules. All A3C60 compounds reported so far are superconductors with transition temperatures that increase with unit cell size 8,9. No successful preparation of bulk NaxC60 has been reported, although measurements of electrical conductivity 10 and Raman 11, ESR 11 and photoemission 12 spectra of thin films have given clear indications of NaxC60 formation. Here we report the synthesis and initial characterization of bulk NaxC60 (2 less-than-or-equal-to x less-than-or-equal-to 6) and mixed alkali phases Na2AC60 (where A is K, Rb, or Cs). All of these phases have intercalated f.c.c. structures. The Na6C60 structure has a Na4 Cluster centred on the octahedral site. The Na2AC60 Compounds superconduct for the larger A cations, but a crossover to nonsuperconducting behaviour occurs with decreasing cation size and correlates with a minimum in the unit cell volume.
RP ROSSEINSKY, MJ (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 16
TC 251
Z9 252
U1 2
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 416
EP 418
DI 10.1038/356416a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PALLISTER, JS
   HOBLITT, RP
   REYES, AG
AF PALLISTER, JS
   HOBLITT, RP
   REYES, AG
TI A BASALT TRIGGER FOR THE 1991 ERUPTIONS OF PINATUBO VOLCANO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magma; generation; olivine; liquid
AB THE eruptive products of calc-alkaline volcanos often show evidence for the mixing of basaltic and acid magmas before eruption (see, for example, refs 1, 2). These observations have led to the suggestion 3 that the injection of basaltic magma into the base of a magma chamber (or the catastrophic overturn of a stably stratified chamber containing basaltic magma at its base) might trigger an eruption. Here we report evidence for the mixing of basaltic and dacitic magmas shortly before the paroxysmal eruptions of Pinatubo volcano on 15 June 1991. Andesitic scoriae erupted on 12 June contain minerals and glass with disequilibrium compositions, and are considerably more mafic than the dacitic pumices erupted on 15 June. Differences in crystal abundance and glass composition among the pumices may arise from pre-heating of the dacite magma by the underlying basaltic liquid before mixing. Degassing of this basaltic magma may also have contributed to the climatologically important sulphur dioxide emissions that accompanied the Pinatubo eruptions.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DAVID A JOHNSTON CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA 98661.
   PHILIPPINE NATL OIL CO,MANILA,PHILIPPINES.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP PALLISTER, JS (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 903,DENVER,CO 80225, USA.
NR 19
TC 278
Z9 315
U1 1
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 426
EP 428
DI 10.1038/356426a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OERTER, H
   KIPFSTUHL, J
   DETERMANN, J
   MILLER, H
   WAGENBACH, D
   MINIKIN, A
   GRAF, W
AF OERTER, H
   KIPFSTUHL, J
   DETERMANN, J
   MILLER, H
   WAGENBACH, D
   MINIKIN, A
   GRAF, W
TI EVIDENCE FOR BASAL MARINE ICE IN THE FILCHNER-RONNE ICE SHELF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermohaline circulation; antarctica; beneath
AB THE Filchner-Ronne ice shelf, which drains most of the marine-based portions of the West Antarctic ice sheet, is the largest ice shelf on Earth by volume. The origin and properties of the ice that constitutes this shelf are poorly understood, because a strong reflecting interface within the ice and the diffuse nature of the ice-ocean interface make seismic and radio echo sounding data difficult to interpret1,2. Ice in the upper part of the shelf is of meteoric origin, but it has been proposed2-5 that a basal layer of saline ice accumulates from below. Here we present the results of an analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of an ice core drilled almost to the bottom of the Ronne ice shelf. We observe a change in ice properties at about 150 m depth, which we ascribe to a change from meteoric ice to basal marine ice. The basal ice is very different from sea ice formed at the ocean surface, and we propose a formation mechanism in which ice platelets in the water column accrete to the bottom of the ice shelf.
C1 UNIV HEIDELBERG, INST UMWELTPHYS, W-6900 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   GESELL SCHWERIONENFORSCH GMBH, INST HYDROL, W-8042 NEUHERBERG, GERMANY.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP OERTER, H (corresponding author), ALFRED WEGENER INST POLAR & MARINE RES, POSTFACH 120161, W-2850 BREMERHAVEN, GERMANY.
NR 18
TC 94
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 399
EP 401
DI 10.1038/358399a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FU, R
   DELGENIO, AD
   ROSSOW, WB
   LIU, WT
AF FU, R
   DELGENIO, AD
   ROSSOW, WB
   LIU, WT
TI CIRRUS-CLOUD THERMOSTAT FOR TROPICAL SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES TESTED USING SATELLITE DATA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variability; pacific
AB RAMANATHAN and Collins1 have suggested cirrus clouds associated with tropical convection might act as a 'thermostat' to limit tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to less than 305 K by shielding the ocean from sunlight. Here we use satellite radiance data to test this hypothesis. We find that changes in the properties of cirrus clouds do not seem to be related to changes in SSTs. During the 1987 El Nino event, large-scale perturbations to the radiative effects of cirrus clouds were controlled by changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation rather than directly by SSTs. If they are averaged over the entire tropical Pacific, increases in surface evaporative cooling are stronger than decreases in solar heating owing to cirrus cloud variations. Thus we conclude that there is no 'cirrus cloud thermostat' to tropical SSTs.
C1 NASA,GODDARD INST SPACE STUDIES,NEW YORK,NY 10025.
   NASA,JET PROPULS LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
RP FU, R (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024, USA.
NR 8
TC 101
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 394
EP 397
DI 10.1038/358394a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RISK, MJ
   PEARCE, TH
AF RISK, MJ
   PEARCE, TH
TI INTERFERENCE IMAGING OF DAILY GROWTH BANDS IN MASSIVE CORALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reef; plagioclase; patterns; record; stress
AB CORAL skeletons have been used to monitor a wide range of environmental parameters, including water temperature, insolation, siltation, river runoff and pollutant concentrations1-9. In most cases, interpretation of the coral record relies on a determination of the growth rate. Radiographic techniques9-13, which have been verified by a number of approaches8,14,15, are most commonly used for this purpose, but are restricted to the determination of yearly average growth rates. Interpolation procedures have been used to extract growth rates on shorter timescales, but their accuracy depends on various assumptions about relative growth rates of skeletal bands with different densities9,16. Here we report that reflectance optical microscopy can be used to measure daily growth rates of massive corals. This method should greatly expand the potential use of corals as environmental indicators.
C1 QUEENS UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,KINGSTON K7L 4V1,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 Queens University - Canada
RP RISK, MJ (corresponding author), MCMASTER UNIV,DEPT GEOL,HAMILTON L8S 4M1,ONTARIO,CANADA.
NR 28
TC 30
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 572
EP 573
DI 10.1038/358572a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SLOWEY, NC
   CURRY, WB
AF SLOWEY, NC
   CURRY, WB
TI ENHANCED VENTILATION OF THE NORTH-ATLANTIC SUBTROPICAL GYRE THERMOCLINE DURING THE LAST GLACIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean; circulation; tritium; oxygen; water; deep; he-3; intermediate; climate; record
AB THE ocean's intermediate1-6 and deep7,8 circulation are both known to have differed during the last glaciation from those of today, but little is known about the history of the subtropical gyres. Variations in gyre processes should be closely linked to variations in global climate, as gyre circulation is driven by air-sea interactions and reflects the climate at the ocean surface. The gyres are also a significant reservoir of carbon and nutrients, so that gyre processes affect the distribution of carbon and nutrients in the oceans and thus atmospheric CO2. Here we use measurements of delta-C-13 and delta-O-18 in foraminifera from the Bahamas to produce a detailed reconstruction of nutrient and temperature profiles in the thermocline during the last glaciation. The thermocline of the glacial North Atlantic subtropical gyre lacked the oxygen minimum that is characteristic of the modern ocean, and was depleted in nutrients, indicating greater, more uniform thermocline ventilation at that time. Thus not only intermediate waters1-5 but the entire upper water column within the glacial North Atlantic was depleted of nutrients. Moreover, glacial thermocline waters were cooler, had a steeper temperature gradient and a shallower base. Both the ventilation and the thermal structure of the glacial thermocline are consistent with what is known of the glacial climate9-14.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
NR 46
TC 52
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 665
EP 668
DI 10.1038/358665a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OGAWA, H
   OGURA, N
AF OGAWA, H
   OGURA, N
TI COMPARISON OF 2 METHODS FOR MEASURING DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON IN SEA-WATER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seawater; matter; ocean; ultrafiltration
AB RECENT measurements 1 of the amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in sea water using a high-temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) method have generated intense interest because they indicated concentrations several times greater than those obtained from conventional wet chemical oxidation (WCO) methods 2-4. As dissolved organic matter in the oceans represents one of the major pools of organic matter in the biosphere 5,6, these findings of 'new' DOC have prompted important revisions to models of the oceanic carbon cycle 7-9. A satisfactory explanation for the origin of the 'new' DOC, however, which seems to be chemically refractory 1, biologically labile 10 and of high molecular mass 1, has not been forthcoming. Here we present a comparison of measurements of seawater DOC using the HTCO and WCO methods. We obtain fairly good agreement between the two methods, with the HTCO results being considerably lower than those reported previously 1. Our data suggest that the WCO technique may not fail to detect so much DOC as had been previously supposed, and that any carbon that is missed by this method may be in the low- rather than the high-molecular-mass fraction.
RP OGAWA, H (corresponding author), TOKYO UNIV AGR & TECHNOL,FAC AGR,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & CONSERVAT,3-5-8 SAIWAICHO,FUCHU,TOKYO 183,JAPAN.
NR 20
TC 91
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 696
EP 698
DI 10.1038/356696a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEVIN, AA
   STURZENBECKER, LJ
   KAZMER, S
   BOSAKOWSKI, T
   HUSELTON, C
   ALLENBY, G
   SPECK, J
   KRATZEISEN, C
   ROSENBERGER, M
   LOVEY, A
   GRIPPO, JF
AF LEVIN, AA
   STURZENBECKER, LJ
   KAZMER, S
   BOSAKOWSKI, T
   HUSELTON, C
   ALLENBY, G
   SPECK, J
   KRATZEISEN, C
   ROSENBERGER, M
   LOVEY, A
   GRIPPO, JF
TI 9-CIS RETINOIC ACID STEREOISOMER BINDS AND ACTIVATES THE NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RXR-ALPHA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone; identification; transcription; expression; analogs; cells
AB VITAMIN-A (retinol) and its natural derivatives are required for many physiological processes 1-3.  The activity of retinoids is thought to be mediated by interactions with two subfamilies of nuclear retinoic acid receptors, RAR and RXR. The RARs bind all-trans retinoic acid (t-RA) with high affinity and alter gene expression as a consequence of this direct ligand interaction 4-10.  RXR-alpha is activated by t-RA, yet has little binding affinity for this ligand (ref. 11). t-RA may be converted to a more proximate ligand that directly binds and activates RXR-alpha, and we have developed a method of nuclear receptor-dependent ligand trapping to test this hypothesis. Here we report the identification of a stereoisomer of retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid, which directly binds and activates RXR-alpha. These results suggest a new role for isomerization in the physiology of natural retinoids.
C1 HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC,DEPT MED CHEM,NUTLEY,NJ 07110.
   HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC,DEPT DRUG METAB,NUTLEY,NJ 07110.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA
RP LEVIN, AA (corresponding author), HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC,DEPT TOXICOL & PATHOL,NUTLEY,NJ 07110, USA.
NR 35
TC 1253
Z9 1381
U1 0
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 359
EP 361
DI 10.1038/355359a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100071
PM 1309942
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIRK, JG
   MASTICHIADIS, A
AF KIRK, JG
   MASTICHIADIS, A
TI X-RAY FLARES FROM RUNAWAY PAIR PRODUCTION IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID non-thermal sources; relativistic protons; 3c 273; variability; ultraviolet; injection; emission; ngc-4151; spectra; quasars
AB ACTIVE galactic nuclei (AGNs) exhibit high luminosity with rapid variability, especially in X-ray emission, for which the luminosity can be greater than that of a normal galaxy, and the variability timescale implies an emitting region in some cases smaller than one light hour1. The hard X-ray spectrum of AGNs is nonthermal, probably arising from an electron-positron pair cascade, with some emission reflected off relatively cold matter2,3. Energy can be pumped into a cascade by any process that produces relativistic pairs, but because electrons and positrons are hard to accelerate efficiently, there has been interest in models in which protons are accelerated4,5, and create relativistic electrons on interaction with a local radiation field6-8. Here we show that a sufficient column density of protons can lead to runaway pair production: photons generated by the relativistic pairs are the targets for the protons to produce more pairs. This process can produce X-ray flares with the observed characteristics, and our model predicts the maximum ratio of luminosity to source size ('compactness') as well as their spectrum in the early phases. The same mechanism may also be able to create the knots of synchrotron-radiating pair plasma seen in sources such as 3C273.
RP KIRK, JG (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST NUCL PHYS,W-6900 HEIDELBERG 1,GERMANY.
NR 29
TC 50
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 135
EP 137
DI 10.1038/360135a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MICHIE, CA
   MCLEAN, A
   ALCOCK, C
   BEVERLEY, PCL
AF MICHIE, CA
   MCLEAN, A
   ALCOCK, C
   BEVERLEY, PCL
TI LIFE-SPAN OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS DEFINED BY CD45 ISOFORMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell memory; expression; uchl1; antigen
AB THE lifespan of thymic-derived or T lymphocytes is of particular interest because of their central role in immunological memory. Is the recall of a vaccination or early infection, which may be demonstrated clinically up to 50 years after antigen exposure1, retained by a long-lived cell, or by its progeny? Using the observation that T lymphocyte expression of isoforms of CD45 corresponds with their ability to respond to recall antigens, we have investigated the lifespan of both CD45R0 (the subset containing responders, or 'memory' cells) and CD45RA (the unresponsive, or 'naive' subset) lymphocytes in a group of patients after radiotherapy. Here we report rapid loss of unstable chromosomes from the CD45R0 but not the CD45RA pool. Immunological memory therefore apparently resides in a population with a more rapid rate of division. Differing survival curves for the two subsets are best described by a model in which there is also reversion in vivo from the CD45R0 to the CD45RA phenotype. Expression of CD45R0 in T cells may therefore be reversible.
C1 CHURCHILL HOSP, DEPT ONCOL & RADIOTHERAPY, OXFORD OX3 7LJ, ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD, DEPT ZOOL, OXFORD OX1 3PS, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP MICHIE, CA (corresponding author), UNIV COLL & MIDDLESEX SCH MED, HUMAN TUMOUR IMMUNOL GRP, 91 RIDING HOUSE ST, LONDON W1P 8BT, ENGLAND.
NR 20
TC 602
Z9 676
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 264
EP 265
DI 10.1038/360264a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000053
PM 1436108
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GRIFFITH, JP
   GRIFFITH, DL
   RAYMENT, I
   MURAKAMI, WT
   CASPAR, DLD
AF GRIFFITH, JP
   GRIFFITH, DL
   RAYMENT, I
   MURAKAMI, WT
   CASPAR, DLD
TI INSIDE POLYOMAVIRUS AT 25-A RESOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simian virus-40; minichromosm; invitro; vp1
AB EMPTY capsids and complete virions of polyomavirus crystallize isomorphously 1. Here we use difference Fourier analysis of X-ray diffraction data at 25-angstrom resolution from these crystals to obtain an electron-density map of the inside of the virion. The polyomavirus capsid is built from 72 pentamers of VP1 that form three different types of connections in the T = 7d icosahedral surface lattice 2. Self-assembly of purified recombinant VP1 into capsid-like aggregates 3,4 has shown that switching of the bonding specificity to form the unanticipated 5 non-equivalent connections is an inherent property of the VP1 pentamers. Our map of the inside of the virion displays 72 prongs of electron density extending from the core into the axial cavities of the VP1 pentamers. We identify these prongs with the VP2 and VP3 molecules, which may function to guide the assembly of the highly ordered capsid on the nucleohistone core. The atomic structure of the closely related simian virus-40 capsid has been determined from the high-resolution diffraction data 6. Our polyomavirus map, calculated using all the low-resolution diffraction data, shows no indication of regular order inside the spherical core.
C1 BRANDEIS UNIV,ROSENSTIEL BASIC MED SCI RES CTR,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
   BRANDEIS UNIV,GRAD DEPT BIOCHEM,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University
NR 18
TC 90
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 652
EP 654
DI 10.1038/355652a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700061
PM 1311415
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OWENS, NJP
   GALLOWAY, JN
   DUCE, RA
AF OWENS, NJP
   GALLOWAY, JN
   DUCE, RA
TI EPISODIC ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION TO OLIGOTROPHIC OCEANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB PHYTOPLANKTON production is generally thought to be limited by nitrogen availability over large regions of the ocean, particularly oligotrophic areas. The largest source of nitrogen to these regions is transport from deep waters. Atmospheric deposition is also a source of nitrogen to the oceans 1,2, but previous assessments of these inputs, based on calculations of annual deposition 3,4, suggest that they are of minor importance for oceanic production. Using a nine-year record of nitrogen deposition, we re-evaluate here the contribution of atmospheric nitrogen inputs to the ocean and show that these can contribute to an important proportion of 'new production' during episodic events. Furthermore, as human activities such as fossil-fuel burning contribute significant quantities of inorganic nitrogen to the atmosphere 5,6, we suggest that the atmospheric input of nitrogen to the oceans is a route whereby these activities might directly influence (by increasing) oceanic productivity.
C1 UNIV VIRGINIA,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903.
   TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,COLL GEOSCI & MARITIME STUDIES,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843.
C3 University of Virginia; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP OWENS, NJP (corresponding author), PLYMOUTH MARINE LAB,PROSPECT PL,HOE,PLYMOUTH PL1 3DH,ENGLAND.
NR 12
TC 127
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 397
EP 399
DI 10.1038/357397a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRAUN, R
   WALTERBOS, RAM
   KENNICUTT, RC
AF BRAUN, R
   WALTERBOS, RAM
   KENNICUTT, RC
TI COUNTER-ROTATING GASEOUS DISKS IN THE EVIL EYE GALAXY-NGC4826
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nearby galaxy; central-region; star formation; emission; gas; kinematics; hydrogen
AB SEVERAL elliptical and spheroidal galaxies have been shown, in recent years, to possess kinematically distinct subsystems. These may be in the form of a central stellar component whose rotation is not aligned with the rest of the galaxy1,2, or of a gaseous disk, often at large radius, which is kinematically distinct from the main stellar component3,4. A more unusual case is that of a counter-rotating gaseous component (with some associated stellar absorption) in the inner region of the flattened elliptical NGC4550 5. All these cases are presumed to be signatures of violently interacting systems, which are the result of galaxy mergers or captures, as in NGC7252 6,7. Here we report the discovery of two counter-rotating gaseous disks in the otherwise normal early-type spiral (Sab(s)II; ref. 8) NGC4826. This is the most disk-like galaxy in which any kinematic substructure has yet been found, and our discovery raises the possibility, already suggested by Schweizer7, that even spiral galaxies may have undergone a significant degree of structural evolution due to mergers.
C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003.
   UNIV ARIZONA,STEWARD OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85724.
C3 New Mexico State University; University of Arizona
RP BRAUN, R (corresponding author), NETHERLANDS FDN RES ASTRON,POSTBUS 2,7990 AA DWINGELOO,NETHERLANDS.
NR 24
TC 76
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 442
EP 444
DI 10.1038/360442a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KADLUBAR, FF
AF KADLUBAR, FF
TI DETECTION OF HUMAN DNA CARCINOGEN ADDUCTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensitivity
RP KADLUBAR, FF (corresponding author), US FDA,NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,JEFFERSON,AR 72079, USA.
NR 8
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 189
EP 189
DI 10.1038/360189a0
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200070
PM 1436097
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OBERHAUSER, AF
   MONCK, JR
   BALCH, WE
   FERNANDEZ, JM
AF OBERHAUSER, AF
   MONCK, JR
   BALCH, WE
   FERNANDEZ, JM
TI EXOCYTOTIC FUSION IS ACTIVATED BY RAB3A PEPTIDES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtp-binding protein; peritoneal mast-cells; capacitance measurements; membrane capacitance; synaptic vesicles; gamma-s; transport; endocytosis; secretion; mechanism
AB STUDIES of intracellular traffic in yeast and mammalian systems have implicated members of the Rab family of small GTP-binding proteins as regulators of membrane fusion1-10. We have used the patch clamp technique to measure exocytotic fusion events directly and investigate the role of GTP-binding proteins in regulating exocytosis in mast cells. Intracellular perfusion of mast cells with GTP-gammaS is sufficient to trigger complete exocytotic degranulation in the absence of other intracellular messengers11. Here we show that GTP is a potent inhibitor of GTP-gammaS-induced degranulation, indicating that sustained activation of a GTP-binding protein is sufficient for membrane fusion. We have found that synthetic oligopeptides, corresponding to part of the effector domain of Rab3a12, stimulate complete exocytotic degranulation, similar to that induced by GTP-gammaS. The response is selective for Rab3a sequence and is strictly dependent on Mg2+ and ATP. This suggests that sustained activation of a Rab3 protein causes exocytotic fusion. The peptide response can be accelerated by GDP-betaS, suggesting that Rab3a peptides compete with endogenous Rab3 proteins for a binding site on a target effector protein, which causes fusion on activation.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
RP OBERHAUSER, AF (corresponding author), MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN, DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA.
NR 33
TC 166
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 270
EP 273
DI 10.1038/360270a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000056
PM 1331813
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEINEMANN, SH
   TERLAU, H
   STUHMER, W
   IMOTO, K
   NUMA, S
AF HEINEMANN, SH
   TERLAU, H
   STUHMER, W
   IMOTO, K
   NUMA, S
TI CALCIUM-CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS CONFERRED ON THE SODIUM-CHANNEL BY SINGLE MUTATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional expression; ion permeation; tea blockade; tetrodotoxin; selectivity; saxitoxin; blockers; receptor; muscle; probes
AB THE sodium channel, one of the family of structurally homologous voltage-gated ion channels 1, differs from other members, such as the calcium and the potassium channels, in its high selectivity for Na+. This selectivity presumably reflects a distinct structure of its ion-conducting pore. We have recently identified two clusters of predominantly negatively charged amino-acid residues, located at equivalent positions in the four internal repeats of the sodium channel as the main determinants of sensitivity to the blockers tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin 2. All site-directed mutations reducing net negative charge at these positions also caused a marked decrease in single-channel conductance 2. Thus these two amino-acid clusters probably form part of the extracellular mouth and/or the pore wall of the sodium channel. We report here the effects on ion selectivity of replacing lysine at position 1,422 in repeat III and/or alanine at position 1,714 in repeat IV of rat sodium channel II (ref. 3), each located in one of the two clusters, by glutamic acid, which occurs at the equivalent positions in calcium channels. These amino-acid substitutions, unlike other substitutions in the adjacent regions, alter ion-selection properties of the sodium channel to resemble those of calcium channels. This result indicates that lysine 1,422 and alanine 1,714 are critical in determining the ion selectivity of the sodium channel, suggesting that these residues constitute part of the selectivity filter of the channel.
C1 KYOTO UNIV, FAC MED,DEPT MED CHEM, KYOTO 606, JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV, FAC MED,DEPT MOLEC GENET, KYOTO 606, JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University
RP HEINEMANN, SH (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM, MEMBRANBIOPHYS ABT, W-3400 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.
NR 32
TC 649
Z9 754
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 441
EP 443
DI 10.1038/356441a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000066
PM 1313551
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HORNER, JR
   VARRICCHIO, DJ
   GOODWIN, MB
AF HORNER, JR
   VARRICCHIO, DJ
   GOODWIN, MB
TI MARINE TRANSGRESSIONS AND THE EVOLUTION OF CRETACEOUS DINOSAURS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB FLUCTUATIONS (transgressions and regressions) of intercontinental sea-ways during the Mesozoic Era affected the habitat area of coastal plains by alternately restricting the space during transgressive phases and expanding the space during regressive phases. In western North America a coastal plain stretched along the eastern front of the young Rocky Mountains during most of the Late Cretaceous. Here we report results of a six-year field study of the sediments and dinosaur remains from this coastal plain in Montana that provide evidence that anagenesis characterized dinosaur evolution at this time, and that the evolutionary pulse coincided with a marine transgression.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,MUSEUM PALEONTOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP HORNER, JR (corresponding author), MONTANA STATE UNIV,MUSEUM ROCKIES,BOZEMAN,MT 59717, USA.
NR 7
TC 82
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 59
EP 61
DI 10.1038/358059a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PATEL, NH
   BALL, EE
   GOODMAN, CS
AF PATEL, NH
   BALL, EE
   GOODMAN, CS
TI CHANGING-ROLE OF EVEN-SKIPPED DURING THE EVOLUTION OF INSECT PATTERN-FORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early embryogenesis; embryonic pattern; drosophila embryo; fushi-tarazu; homeo box; expression; segmentation; grasshopper; transcripts; gene
AB THE development of Drosophila is typical of the so-called long germband mode of insect development, in which the pattern of segments is established by the end of the blastoderm stage 1,2. Short germband insects, such as the grasshopper Schistocerca americana, by contrast, generate all or most of their metameric pattern after the blastoderm stage by the sequential addition of segments during caudal elongation 3. This difference is discernible at the molecular level in the pattern of initiation of the segment polarity gene engrailed 4, and the homeotic gene abdominal-A (ref. 5). For example, in both types of insects, engrailed is expressed by the highly conserved germband stage 4,6 in a pattern of regularly spaced stripes, one stripe per segment 7-9. In Drosophila, the complete pattern is visible by the end of the blastoderm stage, although engrailed appears initially in alternate segments in a pair-rule pattern 9,10 that reflects its known control by pair-rule genes such as even-skipped 11-15. In contrast, in the grasshopper, the engrailed stripes appear one at a time after the blastoderm stage as the embryo elongates 4. To address the molecular basis for this difference, we have cloned the grasshopper homologue of the Drosophila pair-rule gene even-skipped and show that it does not serve a pair-rule function in early development, although it does have a similar function in both insects during neurogenesis later in development.
C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON, BALTIMORE, MD 21210 USA.
   RES SCH BIOL SCI, MOLEC NEUROBIOL GRP, CANBERRA, ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Australian National University
RP PATEL, NH (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL, 519 LSA, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 228
Z9 243
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 339
EP 342
DI 10.1038/357339a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200051
PM 1350328
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FLOOD, PR
   DEIBEL, D
   MORRIS, CC
AF FLOOD, PR
   DEIBEL, D
   MORRIS, CC
TI FILTRATION OF COLLOIDAL MELANIN FROM SEA-WATER BY PLANKTONIC TUNICATES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oikopleura-vanhoeffeni; filter; ultrastructure; newfoundland; seawater; ecology; impact; larvae; rates; nets
AB PELAGIC tunicates of the genus Oikopleura produce, live in and pump water through mucous structures termed 'houses'. Because these houses contain filters with submicrometre pores, oikopleurids have been proposed as important consumers of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the sea 1. We present new evidence that they also consume 'dissolved' organic carbon (DOC) in the colloidal size range down to about 0.2-mu-m in diameter. Such colloids are more abundant in the sea than previously believed 2,3, and have an important role in the global flux of carbon. Oikopleurid tunicates have the potential to filter a significant fraction of the water mass every day 1,4, and to repack much of the colloidal DOC into their houses, faecal pellets and bodies. Oikopleurids are also known prey for several fish species 5-7. Thus, we speculate the oikopleurid tunicates to mediate a substantial energy flow, from DOC through a two-step 'food-chain', to fish of commercial interest, by-passing energy-consuming respiration by bacteria and small planktonic protozoa.
C1 MEM UNIV NEWFOUNDLAND,CTR OCEAN SCI,ST JOHNS A1C 5S7,NEWFOUNDLAND,CANADA.
   MEM UNIV NEWFOUNDLAND,DEPT BIOL,ST JOHNS A1C 5S7,NEWFOUNDLAND,CANADA.
C3 Memorial University Newfoundland; Memorial University Newfoundland
RP FLOOD, PR (corresponding author), UNIV BERGEN,INST ANAT,N-5009 BERGEN,NORWAY.
NR 28
TC 108
Z9 120
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 630
EP 632
DI 10.1038/355630a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARADA, K
   MATSUDA, T
   BONEVICH, J
   IGARASHI, M
   KONDO, S
   POZZI, G
   KAWABE, U
   TONOMURA, A
AF HARADA, K
   MATSUDA, T
   BONEVICH, J
   IGARASHI, M
   KONDO, S
   POZZI, G
   KAWABE, U
   TONOMURA, A
TI REAL-TIME OBSERVATION OF VORTEX LATTICES IN A SUPERCONDUCTOR BY ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE dynamic behaviour of the quantized vortices of magnetic flux that penetrate type II superconductors, and specifically their interaction with pinning sites, is a topic of both scientific and technological interest, particularly since the discovery of high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) superconductors1. Until now, however, it has not been possible to study this behaviour in 'real time'. The Bitter technique2, scanning tunnelling microscopy3 and scanning electron microscopy4 have so far provided only static images, whereas a magneto-optical technique that provides time-resolved information5 does not resolve individual vortices. Here we report the real-time observation of vortices in a thin film of niobium, using the technique of Lorentz microscopy6. The coherent and penetrating beam of a recently developed 300-kV field-emission electron microscope6 allows us to observe, at 30 frames per second, the motion of thermally activated vortices, and their response to an applied magnetic field.
C1 UNIV LECCE,DEPT MAT SCI,I-73100 LECCE,ITALY.
   HITACHI LTD,CENT RES LAB,KOKUBUNJI,TOKYO 185,JAPAN.
C3 University of Salento; Hitachi Limited
RP HARADA, K (corresponding author), HITACHI LTD,ADV RES LAB,HATOYAMA,SAITAMA 35003,JAPAN.
NR 17
TC 226
Z9 239
U1 1
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 51
EP 53
DI 10.1038/360051a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EPHRUSSI, A
   LEHMANN, R
AF EPHRUSSI, A
   LEHMANN, R
TI INDUCTION OF GERM-CELL FORMATION BY OSKAR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID posterior determinant nanos; segmentation gene hunchback; drosophila polar granules; maternal gene; anterior pattern; messenger-rna; localization; protein; embryo; plasm
AB The oskar gene directs germ plasm assembly and controls the number of germ cell precursors formed at the posterior pole of the Drosophila embryo. Mislocalization of oskar RNA to the anterior pole leads to induction of germ cells at the anterior. Of the eight genes necessary for germ cell formation at the posterior, only three, oskar, vasa and tudor, are essential at an ectopic site.
C1 MIT,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
NR 41
TC 561
Z9 664
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 387
EP 392
DI 10.1038/358387a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300046
PM 1641021
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MIICK, SM
   MARTINEZ, GV
   FIORI, WR
   TODD, AP
   MILLHAUSER, GL
AF MIICK, SM
   MARTINEZ, GV
   FIORI, WR
   TODD, AP
   MILLHAUSER, GL
TI SHORT ALANINE-BASED PEPTIDES MAY FORM 3(10)-HELICES AND NOT ALPHA-HELICES IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribonuclease-a; proteins; resonance; spectra; analog
AB SHORT alanine peptides, containing 16 or 17 residues, appear to form alpha-helices in aqueous solution1-4. But the main spectroscopic analyses used on helical peptides (circular dichroism5 and nuclear magnetic resonance6-8) cannot distinguish between an alpha-helix (in which the ith residue is hydrogen-bonded to residue i + 4; ref. 9) a nd the next most common peptide helix, the 3(10)-helix10 (i --> i + 3 hydrogen-bonding). To address this problem we have designed single and doubly spin-labelled analogues of alanine-based peptides in which the nitroxide spin label forms an unbranched side chain extending from the sulphur atom of a cysteine residue. Here we report the circular dichroism, Fourier-transform infrared and electron-spin resonance spectra of these peptides under helix-forming conditions. The infrared absorbance gives an amide I' band with a frequency that is substantially different from that observed for alpha-helices. The electron-spin resonance spectra of doubly labelled helices show that the ranking of distances between side chains, around a single turn (residues 4-8), is inconsistent with an alpha-helical structure. Our experiments suggest that the more likely peptide geometry is a 3(10)-helix.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
NR 25
TC 215
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 653
EP 655
DI 10.1038/359653a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400063
PM 1328890
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEE, EYHP
   CHANG, CY
   HU, NP
   WANG, YCJ
   LAI, CC
   HERRUP, K
   LEE, WH
   BRADLEY, A
AF LEE, EYHP
   CHANG, CY
   HU, NP
   WANG, YCJ
   LAI, CC
   HERRUP, K
   LEE, WH
   BRADLEY, A
TI MICE DEFICIENT FOR RB ARE NONVIABLE AND SHOW DEFECTS IN NEUROGENESIS AND HEMATOPOIESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoblastoma gene-product; large t-antigen; cell-cycle; susceptibility gene; transcription factor; mouse embryo; encoded protein; carcinoma-cells; stem-cells; binding
AB The retinoblastoma gene, a prototypic tumour-suppressor gene, encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein (Rb). To understand better the role of Rb in development and in tumorigenesis, mice with an insertional mutation in exon 20 of the Rb-1 locus were generated. Homozygous mutants die before the 16th embryonic day with multiple defects. The haematopoietic system is abnormal; there is a significant increase in the number of immature nucleated erythrocytes. In the nervous system, ectopic mitoses and massive cell death are found, particularly in the hindbrain. All spinal ganglion cells die, but the neural retina is unaffected. Transfer of the human retinoblastoma (RB) mini-transgene into the mutant mice corrects the developmental defects. Thus, Rb is essential for normal mouse development.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, HLTH SCI CTR, INST BIOTECHNOL, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78284 USA.
   CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV, SCH MED, ALZHEIMER RES LAB, CLEVELAND, OH 44106 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, INST MOLEC GENET, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Baylor College of Medicine
RP LEE, EYHP (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS, HLTH SCI CTR, CTR MOLEC MED, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78284 USA.
NR 49
TC 1173
Z9 1312
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 288
EP 294
DI 10.1038/359288a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300045
PM 1406932
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JOHNSEN, SJ
   CLAUSEN, HB
   DANSGAARD, W
   FUHRER, K
   GUNDESTRUP, N
   HAMMER, CU
   IVERSEN, P
   JOUZEL, J
   STAUFFER, B
   STEFFENSEN, JP
AF JOHNSEN, SJ
   CLAUSEN, HB
   DANSGAARD, W
   FUHRER, K
   GUNDESTRUP, N
   HAMMER, CU
   IVERSEN, P
   JOUZEL, J
   STAUFFER, B
   STEFFENSEN, JP
TI IRREGULAR GLACIAL INTERSTADIALS RECORDED IN A NEW GREENLAND ICE CORE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; oxygen; ocean; event
AB THE Greenland ice sheet offers the most favourable conditions in the Northern Hemisphere for obtaining high-resolution continuous time series of climate-related parameters. Profiles of O-18/O-16 ratio along three previous deep Greenland ice cores1-3 seemed to reveal irregular but well-defined episodes of relatively mild climate conditions (interstadials) during the mid and late parts of the last glaciation, but there has been some doubt as to whether the shifts in oxygen isotope ratio were genuine representations of changes in climate, rather than artefacts due to disturbed stratification. Here we present results from a new deep ice core drilled at the summit of the Greenland ice sheet, where the depositional environment and the flow pattern of the ice are close to ideal for core recovery and analysis. The results reproduce the previous findings to such a degree that the existence of the interstadial episodes can no longer be in doubt. According to a preliminary timescale based on stratigraphic studies, the interstadials lasted from 500 to 2,000 years, and their irregular occurrence suggests complexity in the behaviour of the North Atlantic ocean circulation.
C1 CENS, CEA, DSM, MODELISAT CLIMAT & ENVIRONM LAB, F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   UNIV REYKJAVIK, INST SCI, IS-107 REYKJAVIK, ICELAND.
   UNIV BERN, INST PHYS, CH-3012 BERN, SWITZERLAND.
   LAB GLACIOL & GEOPHYS ENVIRONNEMENT, F-38402 ST MARTIN DHERES, FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; University of Iceland; University of Bern
RP JOHNSEN, SJ (corresponding author), UNIV COPENHAGEN, INST GEOPHYS, HARALDSGADE 6, DK-2200 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.
NR 25
TC 1154
Z9 1251
U1 1
U2 184
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 311
EP 313
DI 10.1038/359311a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DIFFLEY, JFX
   COCKER, JH
AF DIFFLEY, JFX
   COCKER, JH
TI PROTEIN DNA INTERACTIONS AT A YEAST REPLICATION ORIGIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclease-sensitive regions; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; chromatin; ars1; purification; initiation; sequences; silencer
AB AN understanding of the protein-DNA interactions in vivo at origins of DNA replication in eukaryotes is essential to delineate the mechanism of initiation of DNA synthesis and its control in the cell cycle 1,2. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a family of sequences known as autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) function as origins of bidirectional DNA replication on plasmids and, in several instances, also in their normal chromosomal location 3. Here we use nucleotide resolution genomic footprinting to investigate the association of proteins with ARS1. Nuclease protection patterns indicate that at least two different cellular factors interact with functional elements in ARS1. The first seems to be ARS-binding factor 1. The second seems to be a novel protein that generates extensive protection over the essential ARS consensus sequence and phased DNaseI-sensitive sites across a functionally important flanking sequence. Hypersensitivity of this region to cleavage by copper phenanthroline indicates that it is under torsional strain, analogous to that produced at transcriptional start sites by assembly of an initiation complex. The protection in situ is similar to that generated by the origin recognition complex (ORC) protein.
RP DIFFLEY, JFX (corresponding author), IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, BLANCHE LANE, POTTERS BAR EN6 3LD, HERTS, ENGLAND.
NR 33
TC 327
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 169
EP 172
DI 10.1038/357169a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200062
PM 1579168
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WOODS, AW
   SELF, S
AF WOODS, AW
   SELF, S
TI THERMAL DISEQUILIBRIUM AT THE TOP OF VOLCANIC CLOUDS AND ITS EFFECT ON ESTIMATES OF THE COLUMN HEIGHT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eruptions
AB SATELLITE images of large volcanic explosions reveal that the tops of volcanic eruption columns are much colder than the surrounding atmosphere 1. We propose that this effect occurs whenever a mixture of hot volcanic ash and entrained air ascends sufficiently high into a stably stratified atmosphere. Although the mixture is initially very hot, it expands and cools as the ambient pressure decreases. We show that cloud-top undercoolings in excess of 20-degrees-C may develop in clouds that penetrate the stratosphere; this is consistent with observations of the 4 April 1982 eruption of El Chichon 1 and the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens 2. Furthermore, from our model results, we predict that for a given cloud-top temperature, variations in the initial temperature of 100-200-degrees-C may correspond to variations in the column height of 5-10 km. We deduce that the present practice of converting satellite-based measurements of the temperature at the top of volcanic eruption columns to estimates of the column height will produce rather inaccurate results and should therefore be discontinued.
C1 UNIV HAWAII MANOA,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,HONOLULU,HI 96822.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa
RP WOODS, AW (corresponding author), INST THEORET GEOPHYS,DEPT APPL MATH & THEORET PHYS,SILVER ST,CAMBRIDGE CB3 9EW,ENGLAND.
NR 19
TC 59
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 628
EP 630
DI 10.1038/355628a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TATSUKA, M
   MITSUI, H
   WADA, M
   NAGATA, A
   NOJIMA, H
   OKAYAMA, H
AF TATSUKA, M
   MITSUI, H
   WADA, M
   NAGATA, A
   NOJIMA, H
   OKAYAMA, H
TI ELONGATION FACTOR-1-ALPHA GENE DETERMINES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TRANSFORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neoplastic transformation; growth-factor; cells; protein; line
AB ELONGATION factor-1-alpha (EF-1-alpha), an essential component of the eukaryotic translational apparatus, is a GTP-binding protein that catalyses the binding of aminoacyl-transfer RNAs to the ribosome1-3. Expression of the EF-1-alpha gene decreases towards the end of the lifespans of mouse and human fibroblasts4,5, but forced expression of EF-1-alpha prolongs the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster6. Eukaryotic initiation factor-4E, another component of the translational machinery, is mitogenic or oncogenic when constitutively expressed in some mammalian cells7-9. Thus, components of the protein synthesis apparatus seem to be involved in the control of cell proliferation. Using expression cloning, we have isolated a complementary DNA clone from a BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast variant, A31-I-13 (ref. 10), which specifies a factor determining the susceptibility of BALB/c 3T3 to chemically and physically induced transformation. Here we report that the factor is EF-1-alpha and that its constitutive expression causes BALB/c 3T3 A31-I-1 (ref. 10), C3H10T1/2 (ref. 11) and Syrian hamster SHOK12 fibroblasts to become highly susceptible to transformation induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and ultraviolet light. EF-1-alpha messenger RNA is also constitutively expressed in a quiescent culture of the highly susceptible variant A31-I-13. We conclude that the removal of regulation of the expression of these components of the translational machinery may predispose cells to become more susceptible to malignant transformation.
C1 OSAKA UNIV,MICROBIAL DIS RES INST,DEPT MOLEC GENET,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   KYOTO PHARMACEUT UNIV,INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL PHARMACEUT SCI,DEPT MOLEC BIOREGULAT,KYOTO 607,JAPAN.
C3 University of Osaka; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
NR 30
TC 163
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 333
EP 336
DI 10.1038/359333a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300061
PM 1383827
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BURBANK, DW
AF BURBANK, DW
TI CAUSES OF RECENT HIMALAYAN UPLIFT DEDUCED FROM DEPOSITED PATTERNS IN THE GANGES BASIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratigraphic model; foreland basins
AB THE hypothesis 1 that late Cenozoic uplift of many of the world's mountain ranges was a response to climate change rather than to tectonic processes is based on the premise that enhanced erosion in an altered climate led to a reduction in both the total mass of a mountain range and its mean elevation. This reduction was coeval with increased regional relief and with passive isostatic uplift of the remaining summits. The hypothesis is difficult to evaluate because both climate and tectonic forces affect uplift in many active ranges. In the absence of sufficient denudational and uplift data from the mountains themselves, depositional patterns in adjacent basins may sometimes be used to distinguish between uplift arising from erosional or from tectonic processes. In foreland basins, uplift of the proximal basin and a reduction or absence of asymmetric subsidence are predicted responses to erosionally driven Uplift 2. Here I show that patterns of sediment accumulation and the position of major rivers in the Neogene Gangetic foreland basin seem to have changed markedly in Plio-Pleistocene times. These changes lend support to the hypothesis that the importance of erosional unloading has increased in the Himalayas during the past 4 Myr.
RP BURBANK, DW (corresponding author), UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT GEOL SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089, USA.
NR 31
TC 245
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 680
EP 683
DI 10.1038/357680a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000067
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOWNDES, NF
   JOHNSON, AL
   BREEDEN, L
   JOHNSTON, LH
AF LOWNDES, NF
   JOHNSON, AL
   BREEDEN, L
   JOHNSTON, LH
TI SWI6 PROTEIN IS REQUIRED FOR TRANSCRIPTION OF THE PERIODICALLY EXPRESSED DNA-SYNTHESIS GENES IN BUDDING YEAST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; fission yeast; regulators
AB IN budding yeast many genes are expressed under cell-cycle control in late G1. These include a large group of DNA synthesis genes 1, the HO gene 2 involved in mating-type switching, CTS1 (chitinase) 3 and also CLN1 and CLN2 (ref. 4) encoding G1 cyclins. Two factors, encoded by the SWI4 and SWI6 genes, are required for HO (ref. 5), CLN (refs 6, 7) and CTS1 (ref. 3) gene expression and, at least in the HO promoter, bind to CACGA4 upstream sequences 5,7-9 (CCBs). This motif is not found upstream of the DNA synthesis genes, which instead have a hexamer element, ACGCGT 1 (MCB), an MluI restriction site, that is recognized by a cell-cycle regulated transcription complex DSC1 (ref. 1). This MluI-activation system consisting of the MCBs and DSC1 is conserved in fission yeast where a DSC1-like complex controls the cdc22+ ribonucleotide reductase gene 10. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc10+ gene encodes a component of DSC1 (ref. 10) and, significantly, this has homology with both the Swi4 and Swi6 proteins 8,11. Here we show that Swi6 is an essential component of DSC1 and that deletion of SWI6 impairs the cell-cycle regulation of the DNA synthesis genes, as well as CLN1 and CLN2. Thus Swi6 is the common factor in regulation of all the above genes and may therefore be responsible for the timing of their expression in late G1.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,YEAST GENET LAB,RIDGEWAY,MILL HILL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98104.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
NR 23
TC 151
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 505
EP 508
DI 10.1038/357505a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200066
PM 1608450
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, LF
   MAZZALI, PA
AF WANG, LF
   MAZZALI, PA
TI DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT OF A RING-LIKE STRUCTURE IN THE SUPERNOVA-1987A NEBULA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sn-1987a
AB CONTINUING observations of the nebula around SN1987A, which is about 3 arcseconds across, show it to be surprisingly regular. The brightest part of it is a highly axisymmetric structure, perhaps a simple ring 1-4. This structure, which may be related to similar structures in planetary nebulae and around Wolf-Rayet stars, poses a challenge for current nebular formation theories. Here we discuss the formation of an axisymmetric nebula in terms of the interaction between the slow wind ejected by the progenitor of SN1987A while it was a red supergiant (RSG) and the subsequent fast wind produced by the same star after it had evolved into a blue supergiant (BSG). In our model, an initial small asymmetry in the RSG wind, due to rotation of the red giant, is amplified by the action of the fast BSG wind. Structures that are significantly axisymmetric, and perhaps even ring-like, can be produced. We suggest that such phenomena should be common in the formation of nebulae, as evidenced by the fact that only a small fraction of the observed circumstellar nebulae appear to be spherically symmetric.
C1 UNIV SCI & TECHNOL CHINA,CTR ASTROPHYS,HEFEI,PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS
RP WANG, LF (corresponding author), EUROPEAN SO OBSERV,KARL SCHWARZSCHILD STR 2,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
NR 15
TC 62
Z9 63
U1 2
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/355058a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAIN, JD
   SWITZER, C
   CHAMBERLIN, AR
   BENNER, SA
AF BAIN, JD
   SWITZER, C
   CHAMBERLIN, AR
   BENNER, SA
TI RIBOSOME-MEDIATED INCORPORATION OF A NONSTANDARD AMINO-ACID INTO A PEPTIDE THROUGH EXPANSION OF THE GENETIC-CODE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-specific incorporation; enzymatic incorporation; protein-synthesis; escherichia-coli; base pair; rna; dna; analog; stop
AB ONE serious limitation facing protein engineers is the availability of only 20 'proteinogenic' amino acids encoded by natural messenger RNA. The lack of structural diversity among these amino acids restricts the mechanistic and structural issues that can be addressed by site-directed mutagenesis. Here we describe a new technology for incorporating non-standard amino acids into polypeptides by ribosome-based translation. In this technology, the genetic code is expanded through the creation of a 65th codon-anticodon pair from unnatural nucleoside bases having non-standard hydrogen-bonding patterns 1,2. This new codon-anticodon pair efficiently supports translation in vitro to yield peptides containing a non-standard amino acid. The versatility of the ribosome as a synthetic tool offers new possibilities for protein engineering, and compares favourably with another recently described approach in which the genetic code is simply rearranged to recruit stop codons to play a coding role 3-9.
C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT CHEM,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521.
   SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,ORGAN CHEM LAB,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP BAIN, JD (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT CHEM,IRVINE,CA 92717, USA.
NR 27
TC 282
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 81
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 537
EP 539
DI 10.1038/356537a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100064
PM 1560827
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU POTRYKUS, I
AF POTRYKUS, I
TI MICRO-TARGETING OF MICROPROJECTILES TO TARGET AREAS IN THE MICROMETER RANGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transgenic plants; transformation
RP POTRYKUS, I (corresponding author), SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,INST PFLANZENWISSENSCH,ENTWICKLUNGSBIOL PFLANZEN,UNIV STR 2,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 11
TC 8
Z9 10
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 568
EP 569
DI 10.1038/355568a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600067
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARTIN, P
   LEWIS, J
AF MARTIN, P
   LEWIS, J
TI ACTIN CABLES AND EPIDERMAL MOVEMENT IN EMBRYONIC WOUND-HEALING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning electron-microscopy; epithelial-cells; gene-expression; migration; xenopus; visualization; microfilament; morphogenesis; culture
AB SKIN wounds in embryos heal rapidly and perfectly. Even though the epidermis appears to be stretched taut over the surface of a structure such as a growing limb bud, its response to wounding is to close over the lesion, rather than to gape more widely. In adult wounds, the epidermis seems to migrate by means of lamellipodia, crawling over the exposed connective tissue1-5. But in embryonic wounds we do not see lamellipodia. The epidermis at the edge of the wound looks smooth, as though under a circumferential tension. Here we show that a cable of filamentous actin appears to run continuously around most of the wound margin.  It is confined to the single row of basal cells at the free edge of the epidermis. We suggest that the actin cable acts as a contractile 'purse string' to close up the embryonic wound.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT ZOOL,IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,DEV BIOL UNIT,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
RP MARTIN, P (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT HUMAN ANAT,OXFORD OX1 3QX,ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 412
Z9 463
U1 3
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 179
EP 183
DI 10.1038/360179a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200067
PM 1436096
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PAIGE, DA
AF PAIGE, DA
TI THE THERMAL-STABILITY OF NEAR-SURFACE GROUND ICE ON MARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subsurface; water
AB THE existence of subsurface water ice on Mars has been predicted in several theoretical studies 1-5, but there are no definitive observations of its present distribution. Geomorphic features on the surface of Mars have been widely interpreted as evidence for the presence of ground ice 6-12, but many of these features are found at near-equatorial latitudes, where thermal models have predicted that near-surface water ice should not be stable under present climate conditions 3,13,14. Here I present the results of thermal calculations which show that observed geographic variations in the thermal and reflectance properties of martian soils significantly affect subsurface temperatures. My results indicate that in certain regions, ground-ice deposits could exist much closer to the surface, and much closer to the equator, than previously thought. In the future, these deposits could be a valuable resource for human exploration 15.
RP PAIGE, DA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024, USA.
NR 32
TC 122
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 43
EP 45
DI 10.1038/356043a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIMONS, M
   EDELMAN, ER
   DEKEYSER, JL
   LANGER, R
   ROSENBERG, RD
AF SIMONS, M
   EDELMAN, ER
   DEKEYSER, JL
   LANGER, R
   ROSENBERG, RD
TI ANTISENSE C-MYB OLIGONUCLEOTIDES INHIBIT INTIMAL ARTERIAL SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELL ACCUMULATION INVIVO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fibroblast growth-factor; vascular injury; proliferation; heparin; angioplasty; expression; antibody
AB SYNTHETIC antisense oligonucleotides have been used to dissect gene function in vitro. Technical difficulties prevented the use of this approach for investigating the effect of gene products in vivo. Here we report the use of local delivery of antisense c-myb oligonucleotide to suppress intimal accumulation of rat carotid arterial smooth muscle cells. Our results suggest that antisense oligonucleotides can be used to define the in vivo biological role of specific macromolecules in the blood vessel wall and could potentially serve as a new class of therapeutic agents for cardiovascular disorders.
C1 MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,DIV HLTH SCI TECHNOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   HARVARD UNIV,BETH ISRAEL HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
NR 24
TC 685
Z9 850
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/359067a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200055
PM 1522889
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOHANTYHEJMADI, P
   DUTTA, SK
   MAHAPATRA, P
AF MOHANTYHEJMADI, P
   DUTTA, SK
   MAHAPATRA, P
TI LIMBS GENERATED AT SITE OF TAIL AMPUTATION IN MARBLED BALLOON FROG AFTER VITAMIN-A TREATMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regenerating axolotl limb; retinoic acid; local application; tadpoles
AB NIAZI and Saxena 1 first observed that vitamin A has an inhibitory and modifying influence on tail regeneration in Bufo andersonii tadpoles. A positive relationship was later found between the inhibiting influence of vitamin A and the developmental stage of the regenerating tail in the same species 2. There have been several subsequent reports 3-7 on the effects of vitamin A and its derivatives on limb development and regeneration. Thus in regenerating amphibian limbs, application of retinoids produces pattern duplication in the proximodistal and anteroposterior axes of the limb 3,8,9, and local application of retinoic acid to the anterior side of developing chick limbs causes duplications in the anteroposterior axis of limb 10,11. Here we show that vitamin A can cause limb development when applied to amputated tail stumps of the tadpoles of the marbled balloon frog Uperodon systoma (Anura Microhylidae). This is the first report of homeotic transformation mediated through vitamin A in vertebrates.
RP MOHANTYHEJMADI, P (corresponding author), UTKAL UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, BHUBANESWAR 751004, ORISSA, INDIA.
NR 13
TC 114
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 352
EP 353
DI 10.1038/355352a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100068
PM 1731249
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LYLE, MW
   PRAHL, FG
   SPARROW, MA
AF LYLE, MW
   PRAHL, FG
   SPARROW, MA
TI UPWELLING AND PRODUCTIVITY CHANGES INFERRED FROM A TEMPERATURE RECORD IN THE CENTRAL EQUATORIAL PACIFIC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A SERIES of C-37-39 alkenones synthesized by prymnesiophyte algae is commonly preserved in marine sediments, and can be used for estimating past sea surface temperatures (SSTs) 1,2. Here we present an alkenone analysis of sediments taken from the central equatorial Pacific Ocean (core W8402A-14GC; 0-degrees 57' N, 138-degrees 57' W) which shows that SST varied slightly (< 2-degrees-C) but coherently with Milankovitch insolation cycles over the past 250 kyr. The in-phase response of the SST to the precessional component of insolation indicates that this part of the SST time series may be driven by changes in local trade-wind strength, and the longer 100-kyr eccentricity component indicates a response to basin-wide South Pacific winds. Using a simple heat-balance model, we use our palaeotemperature record to constrain the upwelling rates that have occurred in the past. Similar SST records from the eastern Pacific could constrain the horizontal advection component of the SST record and allow for better estimates of upwelling. Upwelling and palaeoproductivity then could be compared to determine whether changes in equatorial nutrient levels actually cause equivalent changes in productivity.
C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEANOG,CORVALLIS,OR 97331.
C3 Oregon State University
RP LYLE, MW (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,BOREHOLE RES GRP,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 16
TC 112
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 812
EP 815
DI 10.1038/355812a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EVANS, DJ
   ROBERTS, B
AF EVANS, DJ
   ROBERTS, B
TI INTERPRETATION OF SOLAR-CYCLE VARIABILITY IN HIGH-DEGREE P-MODE FREQUENCIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromospheric magnetic-field; f-modes; oscillations
AB RECENTLY Libbrecht and Woodard 1 and Elsworth et al. 2 have demonstrated that the frequencies of solar acoustic p-mode oscillations vary significantly over the solar cycle. We have previously suggested that cyclic variations in the magnetic activity of the Sun could modulate the p-mode frequencies in a similar way. In particular, we investigated 3-5 simple models of the 'magnetic canopy', which permeates the solar atmosphere and overlies all of the Sun's surface, to determine its influence on p-mode frequencies. Here we make a comparison of our model predictions with the observations of Libbrecht and Woodard. We find that, despite the simplicity of our model, we are able to obtain good agreement with the observed frequency shifts for modes of frequency less than 4 mHz, through a mechanism in which an increasing magnetic field induces 'stiffening' of the Sun's chromosphere. Above this frequency there is clearly something missing from our model. We speculate that the behaviour above 4 mHz is related to a cutoff frequency in the solar atmosphere, above which waves are trapped only partially.
C1 UNIV ST ANDREWS,DEPT MATH & COMPUTAT SCI,ST ANDREWS KY16 9SS,FIFE,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP EVANS, DJ (corresponding author), QUEEN MARY & WESTFIELD COLL,SCH MATH SCI,ASTRON UNIT,MILE END RD,LONDON E1 4NS,ENGLAND.
NR 16
TC 33
Z9 33
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 230
EP 232
DI 10.1038/355230a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WHEELER, CJ
   VONHOEGEN, P
   PARNES, JR
AF WHEELER, CJ
   VONHOEGEN, P
   PARNES, JR
TI AN IMMUNOLOGICAL ROLE FOR THE CD8 BETA-CHAIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine-protein-kinase; major histocompatibility complex; t-cell receptor; mhc class; monoclonal-antibody; alpha-3 domain; lymphocytes-t; expression; molecules; p56lck
AB MATURE T cells can be functionally divided into two categories distinguished by surface expression of either CD4 or CD8, which in turn corresponds to restriction by and binding to class II or class I major histocompatibility complex proteins, respectively 1-8. CD8 can be expressed as a homodimer of the alpha-chain, or as a heterodimer of alpha- and beta-chains on human and mouse T cells, although most peripheral T cells seem to express CD8-alpha-beta heterodimers exclusively (reviewed in ref. 9). Functional characterization of CD8 has focused primarily on the effect of the alpha-chain, which enhances or reconstitutes T-cell responses in homodimeric form 10,11 and may play a specific role in thymic selection 12-14. In contrast, no role has been ascribed to CD8-beta or alpha-beta heterodimers specifically. Here we show that CD8-alpha-beta transfectants produce more interleukin-2 than CD8-alpha transfectants in response to specific stimuli. Increased interleukin-2 is also observed in cells expressing hybrid CD8-beta-alpha molecules (extracellular CD8-beta plus CD8-alpha transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions) on their surface. These results indicate that external portions of CD8-beta could be critical and that they may act independently of CD8-alpha in mediating their augmentation effect.
C1 STANFORD UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT MED, DIV IMMUNOL & RHEUMATOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
NR 33
TC 80
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 247
EP 249
DI 10.1038/357247a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500056
PM 1534146
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOFFMAN, KA
AF HOFFMAN, KA
TI DIPOLAR REVERSAL STATES OF THE GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD AND CORE MANTLE DYNAMICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID french-polynesia; transition geometry; polarity transition; volcanic islands; records; sequence; equatorial; sediments; geodynamo; matuyama
AB Palaeomagnetic records from lavas suggest that at least two specific inclined dipolar field configurations have dominated the reversal process for the past ten million years. These long-lived states provide a way to explain directional rebounds, aborted reversals and the recording in sediments of what appear to be preferred longitudinal paths of the virtual geomagnetic pole. The polar orientations correlate with near-radial flux concentrations recognizable when today's field is stripped of its axial dipole, and with lower-mantle seismic anomalies, suggesting a tie to deep-Earth dynamics.
RP HOFFMAN, KA (corresponding author), CALIF POLYTECH STATE UNIV SAN LUIS OBISPO,DEPT PHYS,SAN LUIS OBISPO,CA 93407, USA.
NR 35
TC 138
Z9 142
U1 1
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 789
EP 794
DI 10.1038/359789a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIM, JS
   REES, DC
AF KIM, JS
   REES, DC
TI CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE NITROGENASE MOLYBDENUM IRON PROTEIN FROM AZOTOBACTER-VINELANDII
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-subunit; mofe protein; cofactor; nifd; dinitrogenase; resolution; refinement; evolution; mechanism; fixation
AB The crystal structure of the nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein from Azotobacter vinelandii has been determined at 2.7 angstrom resolution. The alpha- and beta-subunits in this alpha2beta2 tetramer have similar polypeptide folds. The FeMo-cofactor is completely encompassed by the alpha-subunit, whereas the P-cluster pair occurs at the interface between alpha- and beta-subunits. Structural similarities are apparent between nitrogenase and other electron transfer systems, including hydrogenases and the photosynthetic reaction centre.
C1 CALTECH, DIV CHEM & CHEM ENGN 14775CH, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
NR 44
TC 624
Z9 679
U1 5
U2 157
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 553
EP 560
DI 
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900074
PM 25989647
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHARPTON, VL
   DALRYMPLE, GB
   MARIN, LE
   RYDER, G
   SCHURAYTZ, BC
   URRUTIAFUCUGAUCHI, J
AF SHARPTON, VL
   DALRYMPLE, GB
   MARIN, LE
   RYDER, G
   SCHURAYTZ, BC
   URRUTIAFUCUGAUCHI, J
TI NEW LINKS BETWEEN THE CHICXULUB IMPACT STRUCTURE AND THE CRETACEOUS TERTIARY BOUNDARY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glasses; mexico; haiti; age
AB THE 200-km-diameter Chicxulub structure1-3 in northern Yucatan, Mexico has emerged as the prime candidate for the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary impact crater3-6. Concentric geophysical anomalies associated with enigmatic occurrences of Upper Cretaceous breccias and andesitic rocks led Penfield and Camargo1 to suspect that this structure was a buried impact basin. More recently, the discovery of shocked quartz grains in a Chicxulub breccia3, and chemical similarities between Chicxulub rocks and K/T tektite-like glasses3-6 have been advanced as evidence that the Chicxulub structure is a K/T impact site. Here we present evidence from core samples that Chicxulub is indeed a K/T source crater, and can apparently account for all the evidence of impact distributed globally at the K/T boundary without the need for simultaneous multiple impacts or comet showers. Shocked breccia clasts found in the cores are similar to shocked lithic fragments found worldwide in the K/T boundary ejecta layer7,8. The Chicxulub melt rocks that we studied contain anomalously high levels of iridium (up to 13.5 parts per 10(9)), also consistent with the iridium-enriched K/T boundary layer9. Our best estimate of the crystallization age of these melt rocks, as determined by 40Ar/39Ar analyses, is 65.2 +/- 0.4 (1sigma) Myr, in good agreement with the mean plateau age of 64.98 +/- 0.05 Myr recently reported10. Furthermore, these melt rocks acquired a remanent magnetization indicating that they cooled during an episode of reversed geomagnetic polarity. The only such episode consistent with 40Ar/39Ar constraints is chron 29R, which includes the K/T boundary.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA.
   NATL AUTONOMOUS UNIV MEXICO, INST GEOFIS, MEXICO CITY 04510, DF, MEXICO.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP SHARPTON, VL (corresponding author), LUNAR & PLANETARY INST, 3600 BAY AREA BLVD, HOUSTON, TX 77058 USA.
NR 30
TC 229
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 819
EP 821
DI 10.1038/359819a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KLEIJMEER, MJ
   KELLY, A
   GEUZE, HJ
   SLOT, JW
   TOWNSEND, A
   TROWSDALE, J
AF KLEIJMEER, MJ
   KELLY, A
   GEUZE, HJ
   SLOT, JW
   TOWNSEND, A
   TROWSDALE, J
TI LOCATION OF MHC-ENCODED TRANSPORTERS IN THE ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM AND CIS-GOLGI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-i molecules; hla-b antigens; major histocompatibility complex; t-cells; influenza nucleoprotein; region; biosynthesis; recognition; association; peptides
AB IMMUNE recognition of intracellular proteins is mediated by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules that present short peptides to cytotoxic T cells 1-4. Evidence suggests that peptides arise by cleavage of proteins in the cytoplasm and are transported by a signal-independent mechanism into a pre-Golgi region of the cell, where they take part in the assembly of class I heavy chains with beta-2-microglobulin (reviewed in refs 5-7). Analysis of cells that have defects in class I molecule assembly and antigen presentation 8-14  has shown that this phenotype can result from mutations in either of the two ABC transporter genes located in the class II region of the MHC 15-22. This suggested that the protein complex encoded by these two genes 20,22 transports peptides from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we report additional evidence by showing that the transporter complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and is probably oriented with its ATP-binding domains in the cytosol.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,HUMAN IMMUNOGENET LAB,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOLEC MED,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
C3 Cancer Research UK; University of Oxford
RP KLEIJMEER, MJ (corresponding author), UNIV UTRECHT,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
NR 41
TC 197
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 342
EP 344
DI 10.1038/357342a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200052
PM 1589036
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAUGAN, PM
   DRANGE, H
AF HAUGAN, PM
   DRANGE, H
TI SEQUESTRATION OF CO2 IN THE DEEP OCEAN BY SHALLOW INJECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bubbles
AB To alleviate the increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas, Marchetti 1 proposed that CO2 might be separated from flue gases and injected into the oceans. This, and subsequent studies 2-5, emphasized the need to inject the gas at great depths or in sinking currents to avoid rapid outgassing to the atmosphere. Here we show that, to the contrary, the increase in water density that results from CO2 dissolution may be sufficient to transport the dissolved gas to lower depths even for shallow injection (in the upper 200-400 m of the ocean). If the CO2 is injected near the shore, gravity currents will carry the dense, CO2-rich waters along the bottom slope towards deep water. Shallow injection near the shore will be less expensive in terms of energy and capital than deep-ocean injection. We suggest that the coast of Norway, in the vicinity of existing oil and gas fields and of planned gas power plants, provides an example of a region where the negative buoyancy of CO2-enriched sea water would transport the gas from emission sites to the deep ocean. The effect of such measures on marine life downstream of the injection point remains to be evaluated.
RP HAUGAN, PM (corresponding author), NANSEN ENVIRONM & REMOTE SENSING CTR,EDVARD GRIEGS VEI 3A,N-5037 SOLHEIMSVIK,NORWAY.
NR 27
TC 133
Z9 143
U1 2
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 318
EP 320
DI 10.1038/357318a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAMMITT, JK
   LEMPERT, RJ
   SCHLESINGER, ME
AF HAMMITT, JK
   LEMPERT, RJ
   SCHLESINGER, ME
TI A SEQUENTIAL-DECISION STRATEGY FOR ABATING CLIMATE CHANGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature
AB CURRENT debate on policies for limiting climate change due to greenhouse-gas emissions focuses on whether to take action now or later, and on how stringent any emissions reductions should be in the near and long term. Any reductions policies implemented now will need to be revised later as scientific understanding of climate change improves. Here we consider the effects of a sequential-decision strategy (Fig. 1) consisting of a near-term period (1992-2002) during which either moderate emissions reductions (achieved by energy conservation only) or aggressive reductions (energy conservation coupled with switching to other fuel sources) are begun, and a subsequent long-term period during which a least-cost abatement policy is followed to limit global mean temperature change to an optimal target DELTA-T*. For each policy we calculate the global mean surface temperature change DELTA-T(t) using a simple climate/ocean model for climate sensitivities DELTA-T2x (the response to doubled CO2 concentrations) of 4.5, 2.5, 1.5 and 0.5-degrees-C. The policy beginning with moderate reductions is less expensive than that with aggressive reductions if DELTA-T* > 2.9, 2.1, 1.5 and 0.9-degrees-C respectively; otherwise, the aggressive-reductions policy is cheaper. We suggest that this approach should assist in choosing realistic targets and in determining how best to implement emissions reductions in the short and long term.
C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,URBANA,IL 61801.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP HAMMITT, JK (corresponding author), RAND CORP,1700 MAIN ST,SANTA MONICA,CA 90407, USA.
NR 18
TC 101
Z9 108
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 315
EP 318
DI 10.1038/357315a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SLEMR, F
   LANGER, E
AF SLEMR, F
   LANGER, E
TI INCREASE IN GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS OF MERCURY INFERRED FROM MEASUREMENTS OVER THE ATLANTIC-OCEAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace-metals; lakes; air; contamination; deposition; pollution; sediments; ozone
AB ANTHROPOGENIC processes, such as coal burning, waste incineration and ore refining, are believed to contribute to the emission of mercury into the atmosphere 1-5. The atmospheric concentration of mercury should therefore have increased as a consequence of increases in anthropogenic emissions 3. Indeed, analyses of dated soil 6, peat bog 7,8 and lake-sediment records 8-13 indicate that the deposition of atmospheric mercury may have doubled since the beginning of the nineteenth century. But such an increase in atmospheric mercury concentrations has so far not been detected in ice-core records 14,15 (perhaps because of problems with contamination), and is not consistent with most mercury budgets 2,4,5,16,17, in which natural sources are thought to dominate. Here we present measurements of total gaseous mercury over the Atlantic Ocean for 1977-90, which show that atmospheric concentrations of mercury have in fact increased by 1.46 +/- 0.17% per year in the Northern Hemisphere, and by 1.17 +/- 0.16% per year in the Southern Hemisphere. These rates of increase are consistent with the results of the soil, peat bog and lake-sediment analyses, and lead us to suggest that anthropogenic, rather than natural, sources are at present more important in the mercury cycle.
RP SLEMR, F (corresponding author), FRAUNHOFER INST ATMOSPHAR UMWELTFORSCH,KREUZECKBAHNSTR 19,W-8100 GARMISCH PARTENKIR,GERMANY.
NR 41
TC 240
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 434
EP 437
DI 10.1038/355434a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000065
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAUER, PH
   MULLER, S
   PUZICHA, M
   PIPPIG, S
   OBERMAIER, B
   HELMREICH, EJM
   LOHSE, MJ
AF BAUER, PH
   MULLER, S
   PUZICHA, M
   PIPPIG, S
   OBERMAIER, B
   HELMREICH, EJM
   LOHSE, MJ
TI PHOSDUCIN IS A PROTEIN KINASE-A-REGULATED G-PROTEIN REGULATOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-adrenergic-receptor; adenylate-cyclase; purification; bovine; desensitization; phosphoprotein; transducin; component; arrestin; complex
AB SIGNAL transduction by G-protein-coupled receptors is regulated by various mechanisms acting at the receptor level; those studied most thoroughly are from the beta-adrenergic receptor/G(s)/adenylyl cyclase system 1-3. We report here a regulatory mechanism occurring at the level of the G proteins themselves. A protein with M(r) 33,000 that inhibits G(s)-GTPase activity was purified from bovine brain. This protein is very similar or identical to phosducin, a protein previously thought to be specific for retina and pineal gland 4-8. Recombinant phosducin inhibited the GTPase activity of several G proteins, and also inhibited G(s)-mediated adenylyl cyclase activation. Blockade of its inhibitory effects by protein kinase A suggests that phosducin may be part of a complex regulatory network controlling G-protein-mediated signalling.
C1 UNIV WURZBURG,DEPT PHYSIOL CHEM,W-8700 WURZBURG,GERMANY.
C3 University of Wurzburg
RP BAUER, PH (corresponding author), UNIV MUNICH,MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,MOLEC BIOL LAB,W-8033 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 187
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 73
EP 76
DI 10.1038/358073a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100057
PM 1319556
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DURAN, CA
   GAMMEL, PL
   WOLFE, R
   FRATELLO, VJ
   BISHOP, DJ
   RICE, JP
   GINSBERG, DM
AF DURAN, CA
   GAMMEL, PL
   WOLFE, R
   FRATELLO, VJ
   BISHOP, DJ
   RICE, JP
   GINSBERG, DM
TI REAL-TIME IMAGING OF THE MAGNETIC-FLUX DISTRIBUTION IN SUPERCONDUCTING YBA2CU3O7-DELTA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID twin boundary
AB THE magnetic response of the high-transition-temperature oxide superconductors to an applied field is related to two technologically important issues in these materials: their finite resistivities well below the superconducting transition and their critical currents. In addition, the scientifically interesting issues of pinning, melting, vortex glass behaviour and vortex liquids 1 can be probed by studying the time dependence of the magnetization. Most techniques used to probe the magnetization of superconductors represent averages over the entire volume of the sample. This precludes the study of defects, and also raises the question of whether the observed behaviour is intrinsic or is dominated by defects. On the other hand, spatially resolved techniques such as magnetic decoration or scanned probe microscopy are usually too slow to allow studies of the dynamics of these systems. Here we demonstrate a technique for real-time, spatially resolved imaging of flux dynamics in superconductors with a wide variety of sample morphologies. Following earlier work 2-6, we place a wafer of a magneto-optical material-in this case, a doped garnet film-in contact with a superconducting sample in a polarizing light microscope. The spatial and temporal resolution afforded by the high-quality garnet film allows us to investigate the effect of defects (specifically, twin planes) on the magnetic response of the superconductor.
C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PHYS,URBANA,IL 61801.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP DURAN, CA (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 13
TC 126
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 474
EP 476
DI 10.1038/357474a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GRUNDER, S
   THIEMANN, A
   PUSCH, M
   JENTSCH, TJ
AF GRUNDER, S
   THIEMANN, A
   PUSCH, M
   JENTSCH, TJ
TI REGIONS INVOLVED IN THE OPENING OF CIC-2 CHLORIDE CHANNEL BY VOLTAGE AND CELL-VOLUME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inactivation; mechanisms; expression
AB REGULATION of cell volume is essential for every cell and is accomplished by the regulated loss or gain of intracellular ions or other osmolytes1-4. Regulatory volume decrease often involves the parallel activation of potassium and chloride channels5-10. Overexpression of P-glycoprotein leads to volume-activated Cl-currents11,12 but its physiological importance for volume regulation is unclear13.  ClC-2 is a ubiquitously expressed Cl- channel14 activatable by non-physiologically strong hyperpolarization. We now show that ClC-2 can be activated by extracellular hypotonicity, which suggests that it has a widespread role in volume regulation. Domains necessary for activation by both voltage and volume are localized to the amino terminus. Mutations in an 'essential' region lead to constitutively open channels unresponsive to medium tonicity, whereas deletions in a 'modulating' region produce partially opened channels responsive to both hypo- and hypertonicity. These domains can be transplanted to different regions of the protein without loss of function.
C1 UNIV HAMBURG,ZMNH,CTR MOLEC NEUROBIOL,MARTINISTR 52,W-2000 HAMBURG 20,GERMANY.
C3 University of Hamburg
RP JENTSCH, TJ (corresponding author), UNIV HAMBURG,ZMNH,CTR MOLEC NEUROBIOL,MARTINISTR 52,W-2000 HAMBURG 20,GERMANY.
NR 28
TC 391
Z9 424
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 759
EP 762
DI 10.1038/360759a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200040
PM 1334533
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOGGRIDGE, GD
   RAYMENT, T
   ORMEROD, RM
   MORRIS, MA
   LAMBERT, RM
AF MOGGRIDGE, GD
   RAYMENT, T
   ORMEROD, RM
   MORRIS, MA
   LAMBERT, RM
TI SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF A CATALYST SURFACE IN A REACTIVE ATMOSPHERE AT HIGH-PRESSURE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water-gas shift; methanol synthesis; insitu; oxygen
AB A PRINCIPAL objective in the study of heterogeneous catalysis is the determination of the structure and composition of solid surfaces under reaction conditions. Most applicable spectroscopic methods achieve surface sensitivity by detecting ejected electrons which have very short mean free paths in the solid1. But such measurements must be carried out in vacuum, whereas catalytic reactions are typically carried out at pressures of at least one atmosphere. Although such a gas environment can be penetrated by X-rays or neutrons, these probe the bulk properties of solids rather than their surf ace properties2-6. Here, we describe how a catalyst sample and its gas environment may be configured so as to constitute a photocathode ionization detector7. By monitoring the ionization cascade rather than photon absorption, we show that X-ray absorption spectroscopy can be used to examine monolayer amounts of adsorbate on the surface of a practical catalyst at one atmosphere pressure. The wider application of this technique to complex systems in a variety of environments has considerable potential for the study of heterogeneous catalysis, and may be extended to other areas of interfacial science.
C1 ICI PLC,KATALCO R&T GRP,BILLINGHAM TS23 1LB,CLEVELAND,ENGLAND.
RP MOGGRIDGE, GD (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT CHEM,LENSFIELD RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1EW,ENGLAND.
NR 13
TC 28
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 658
EP 660
DI 10.1038/358658a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIRCHNER, JW
   DILLON, PJ
   LAZERTE, BD
AF KIRCHNER, JW
   DILLON, PJ
   LAZERTE, BD
TI PREDICTED RESPONSE OF STREAM CHEMISTRY TO ACID LOADING TESTED IN CANADIAN CATCHMENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central ontario; birkenes catchment; aqueous aluminum; acidification; waters; norway; deposition; snowmelt; model
AB SHORT-TERM acidification of lakes and streams can cause biological damage by lowering pH and increasing concentrations of inorganic aluminium1-4. Storms laden with acids and sea salts, rapid melting of acidic snow and remobilization of acids stored in catchment soils can cause episodes of acidification lasting from hours to months. These episodes can help to reveal the mechanisms that regulate catchment runoff chemistry5-8. Here we use extreme, climatically triggered acidification episodes in 18 intensively monitored streams in Canada to test a geochemical theory8 that predicts the chemical response of catchments to changes in acid loading. At all 18 catchments, changes in base cation (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+) concentrations offset about 75-95% of the observed changes in acid anion (SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, OA-) levels; increases in hydrogen and aluminium ions and decreases in bicarbonate accounted for the remaining 5-25%. In response to equal acid anion increases, however, some catchments released over 35 times more H+ or 50 times more inorganic aluminium than others. The observed chemical responses to shifts in acid anion loading agreed with a priori geochemical predictions derived8 from the chemical composition of runoff, indicating that catchment vulnerability to acidification can be assessed, in advance, directly from surveys of lake and stream chemistry.
C1 ONTARIO MINIST ENVIRONM,DORSET RES CTR,DORSET P0A 1E0,ONTARIO,CANADA.
RP KIRCHNER, JW (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 31
TC 21
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 478
EP 482
DI 10.1038/358478a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARRIS, RA
   SIMPSON, RW
AF HARRIS, RA
   SIMPSON, RW
TI CHANGES IN STATIC STRESS ON SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA FAULTS AFTER THE 1992 LANDER EARTHQUAKE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID san-andreas fault; strike-slip; sequence; valley; hills; zone
AB THE magnitude 7.5 Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992 was the largest earthquake to strike California in 40 years. The slip that occurs in such an earthquake would be expected to induce large changes in the static stress on neighbouring faults; these changes in stress should in turn affect the likelihood of future earthquakes. Stress changes that load faults towards failure have been cited as the cause of small1-5, moderate6 and large7 earthquakes; conversely, those that relax neighbouring faults have been related to a decrease in seismicity5. Here we use an elastic half-space model8 to estimate the stress changes produced by the Landers earthquake on selected southern California faults, including the San Andreas. We find that the estimated stress changes are consistent with the triggering of four out of the five aftershocks with magnitude greater than 4.5, and that the largest changes (1-10 bar), occurring on part of the San Bernardino segment of the San Andreas fault, may have decreased the time to the next magnitude 8 earthquake by about 14 years.
RP HARRIS, RA (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA.
NR 23
TC 260
Z9 293
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 251
EP 254
DI 10.1038/360251a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HODGSON, A
   MORYL, J
   TRAVERSARO, P
   ZHAO, H
AF HODGSON, A
   MORYL, J
   TRAVERSARO, P
   ZHAO, H
TI ENERGY-TRANSFER AND VIBRATIONAL EFFECTS IN THE DISSOCIATION AND SCATTERING OF D(2) FROM CU(111)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-surfaces; adsorption; hydrogen; h-2
AB ACTIVATED surface dissociation of adsorbed molecules is of basic importance to surface chemistry, but in only a few systems are details of the molecule-surface potential-energy surface well understood. Central to this problem are the processes of energy disposal and transfer during the molecule-surface collision and the manner in which molecular motions (translational, rotational and vibrational) are channelled into the dissociative coordinate. The dissociation of hydrogen and deuterium molecules on a copper surface provides a prototypical system for studying these processes. Here we describe measurements of the scattering of D2 from a Cu(111) surface as a function of incident translational energy, angle and vibrational state of the incoming molecules. Molecules in the ground and first excited vibrational levels show very different translational-energy thresholds for removal (0.6 and 0.35 eV respectively). At higher incident energies, efficient transfer of translational to vibrational energy occurs in those ground-state D2 molecules that survive the collision without dissociating. These data will allow a better test of the various potential-energy curves that have been proposed for this system in the dissociative region.
C1 UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT CHEM,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP HODGSON, A (corresponding author), UNIV LIVERPOOL,SURFACE SCI RES CTR,POB 147,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,ENGLAND.
NR 18
TC 90
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 501
EP 504
DI 10.1038/356501a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SOLOMON, S
   ALBRITTON, DL
AF SOLOMON, S
   ALBRITTON, DL
TI TIME-DEPENDENT OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIALS FOR SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM FORECASTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratospheric ozone
AB Assessments of long-term ozone depletion by CFCs have relied on their relative effects as quantified by ozone depletion potentials (ODPs). These long-term ODPs, based on steady-state atmospheric impacts, are not appropriate for making shorter-term (decade-scale) forecasts. Time-dependent ODPs, derived using an empirical approach, show that some of the hydrochlorofluorocarbons proposed as replacements for CFCs may induce significant ozone destruction in the short term.
RP SOLOMON, S (corresponding author), NOAA,AERON LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA.
NR 14
TC 92
Z9 99
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 33
EP 37
DI 10.1038/357033a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IINO, M
   ENDO, M
AF IINO, M
   ENDO, M
TI CALCIUM-DEPENDENT IMMEDIATE FEEDBACK-CONTROL OF INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE-INDUCED CA2+ RELEASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smooth-muscle cells; channels; trisphosphate; oscillations; phosphates; cerebellum
AB THE temporal and spatial distribution of increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration is an important factor in cellular signal transduction1. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) plays a key part in agonist-induced Ca2+ release1, which can take place abruptly2 and in a confined space3 by a mechanism that is not fully understood. Here we analyse the kinetics of InsP3-induced Ca2+ release following flash photolysis4-7 of Caged InsP3 or caged Ca2+, and demonstrate that Ca2+-dependent immediate feedback control is an important determinant of the time course of Ca2+ release. The positive feedback mechanism is also important for the 'loading dependence' of InsP3-induced Ca2+ release8. Furthermore, our results support the operation of positive cooperativity in channel opening9 and feedback control augments the steep InsP3 concentration-Ca2+ release relation. These inherent properties of InsP3-induced Ca2+ release are expected to give rise to temporally abrupt and/or spatially confined Ca2+ release within the cell.
RP IINO, M (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO, FAC MED, DEPT PHARMACOL, BUNKYO KU, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
NR 24
TC 267
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 76
EP 78
DI 10.1038/360076a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700059
PM 1331809
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DERRICK, JP
   WIGLEY, DB
AF DERRICK, JP
   WIGLEY, DB
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF A STREPTOCOCCAL PROTEIN-G DOMAIN BOUND TO AN FAB FRAGMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding domain; igg; recognition; refinement; sites
AB PROTEIN G is a cell-surface protein from Streptococcus1,2 which binds to IgG molecules from a wide range of species with an affinity comparable to that of antigen3,4. The high affinity of protein G for the Fab portion of IgG poses a particular challenge in molecular recognition, given the variability of heavy chain subclass, light chain type and complementarity-determining regions. Here we report the crystal structure of a complex between a protein G domain and an immunoglobulin Fab fragment. An outer beta-strand in the protein G domain forms an antiparallel interaction with the last beta-strand in the constant heavy chain domain of the immunoglobulin, thus extending the beta-sheet into the protein G. The interaction between secondary structural elements in Fab and protein G provides an ingenious solution to the problem of maintaining a high affinity for many different IgG molecules. The structure also contrasts with Fab-antigen complexes, in which all contacts with antigen are mediated by the variable regions of the antibody, and to our knowledge provides the first details of interaction of the constant regions of Fab with another protein.
C1 UNIV YORK, DEPT CHEM, YORK YO1 5DD, N YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.
C3 University of York - UK
RP DERRICK, JP (corresponding author), UNIV LEICESTER, DEPT BIOCHEM, LEICESTER LE1 7RH, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 19
TC 164
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 752
EP 754
DI 10.1038/359752a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000064
PM 1436040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BLECHA, A
   SCHALLER, G
   MAEDER, A
AF BLECHA, A
   SCHALLER, G
   MAEDER, A
TI FAST PULSATIONS IN A WOLF-RAYET STAR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID massive stars; instability; photometry; evolution
AB IN 1930 Eddington suggested1 that pulsations in stars, particularly in Cepheid variables, might be due to a feedback between core temperature and nuclear energy generation rate, which he called the epsilon-mechanism. However, Cepheid pulsation, with a typical period of a few days, is now known to be due to a feedback between temperature and opacity, the kappa-mechanism2. It has been suggested that Wolf-Rayet stars, the stripped cores of highly evolved stars, might be susceptible to instability by the epsilon-mechanism on a characteristic timescale of tens of minutes3-7, and that this instability might drive powerful stellar winds which could be responsible for huge mass-loss; Wolf-Rayet stars with initial masses of > 30 M. nearly evaporate in their entirety8. Here we report the detection of a 627-second periodicity in the WN8 star HD96548 (also known as WR40; ref. 9). Over an observing period of 150 minutes a peak-to-peak variation of 0.005 magnitude was established, and there is some evidence of a first overtone. Theoretical models of WR structure indicate that this periodicity is consistent with the fundamental radial mode, and that it could be partly driven by the epsilon-mechanism.
RP BLECHA, A (corresponding author), OBSERV GENEVA,CHEMIN MAILLETTES 51,CH-1290 SAUVERNY,SWITZERLAND.
NR 25
TC 29
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 320
EP 321
DI 10.1038/360320a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GIMBLE, FS
   THORNER, J
AF GIMBLE, FS
   THORNER, J
TI HOMING OF A DNA ENDONUCLEASE GENE BY MEIOTIC GENE CONVERSION IN SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-specific endonuclease; intron-encoded proteins; double-strand-break; ribosomal-rna gene; adenosine-triphosphatase; yeast; subunit; recombination; transcription; purification
AB An unusual protein splicing reaction joins the N-terminal segment (A) and the C-terminal segment (C) of the 119K primary translation product (ABC) of the yeast VMA1 gene to yield a 69K vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit (AC) and an internal 50K polypeptide (B). This 50K protein is a site-specific DNA endonuclease that shares 34% identity with the homothallic switching endonuclease. The site cleaved by the VMA1-derived endonuclease exists in a VMA1 allele that lacks the derived endonuclease segment of the open reading frame. Cleavage at this site only occurs during meiosis and initiates 'homing', a genetic event that converts a VMA1 allele lacking the endonuclease coding sequence into one that contains it.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL, DIV BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL, ROOM 401, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 50
TC 251
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 301
EP 306
DI 10.1038/357301a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200037
PM 1534148
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOLAIT, SJ
   OCARROLL, AM
   MCBRIDE, OW
   KONIG, M
   MOREL, A
   BROWNSTEIN, MJ
AF LOLAIT, SJ
   OCARROLL, AM
   MCBRIDE, OW
   KONIG, M
   MOREL, A
   BROWNSTEIN, MJ
TI CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A VASOPRESSIN V2 RECEPTOR AND POSSIBLE LINK TO NEPHROGENIC DIABETES-INSIPIDUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arginine-vasopressin; messenger-rnas; binding-sites; localization; dna; amplification; antagonists; expression; primer; potent
AB THE antidiuretic effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) is mediated by renal-type (V2) receptors linked to adenylyl cyclase 1. We report here the cloning of the rat kidney V2 AVP receptor complementary DNA that encodes a 370-amino-acid protein with a transmembrane topography characteristic of G protein-coupled receptors, and with similarity to the V1a (hepatic) AVP receptor 2 in its seven membrane-spanning domains. Expression of the cloned cDNA in mammalian cells showed specific ligand binding and activity characteristic of the native V2 AVP receptor. The receptor messenger RNA is detected only in the kidney. The human V2 receptor gene has been localized to the long arm of the X chromosome close to the locus for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by renal resistance to the antidiuretic action of AVP 3-6.
C1 NIMH,CELL BIOL LAB,BLDG 36,ROOM 3A-17,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   GRP NEUROBIOCHIM CELLULAIRE & MOLEC,F-75006 PARIS,FRANCE.
   NCI,CHEM LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
NR 28
TC 498
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 336
EP 339
DI 10.1038/357336a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200050
PM 1534150
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MACAYEAL, DR
AF MACAYEAL, DR
TI IRREGULAR OSCILLATIONS OF THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE-SHEET
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stream-b; oxygen isotopes; sea-level; beneath; flow; deformation; model; sediment; history; shelf
AB Model simulations of the West Antarctic ice sheet suggest that sporadic, perhaps chaotic, collapse (complete mobilization) of the ice sheet occurred throughout the past one million years. The irregular behaviour is due to the slow equilibration time of the distribution of basal till, which lubricates ice-sheet motion. This nonlinear response means that predictions of future collapse of the ice sheet in response to global warming must take into account its past history, and in particular whether the present basal till distribution predisposes the ice sheet towards rapid change.
RP MACAYEAL, DR (corresponding author), UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT GEOPHYS SCI,5734 S ELLIS AVE,CHICAGO,IL 60637, USA.
NR 26
TC 164
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 29
EP 32
DI 10.1038/359029a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WATKINS, DI
   MCADAM, SN
   LIU, XM
   STRANG, CR
   MILFORD, EL
   LEVINE, CG
   GARBER, TL
   DOGON, AL
   LORD, CI
   GHIM, SH
   TROUP, GM
   HUGHES, AL
   LETVIN, NL
AF WATKINS, DI
   MCADAM, SN
   LIU, XM
   STRANG, CR
   MILFORD, EL
   LEVINE, CG
   GARBER, TL
   DOGON, AL
   LORD, CI
   GHIM, SH
   TROUP, GM
   HUGHES, AL
   LETVIN, NL
TI NEW RECOMBINANT HLA-B ALLELES IN A TRIBE OF SOUTH-AMERICAN AMERINDIANS INDICATE RAPID EVOLUTION OF MHC CLASS-I LOCI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase chain-reaction; mechanisms; molecules; amplification; polymorphism; sequences; antigens; cloning; genes
AB EVIDENCE suggests that the New World was colonized only 11,000-40,000 years ago by Palaeo-Indians 1. The descendants of these Palaeo-Indians therefore provide a unique opportunity to study the effects of selection on major histocompatibility complex class I genes over a short period. Here we analyse the class I alleles of the Waorani of South America and the Zuni of North America. Four of the Waorani HLA-B alleles were new functional variants which could be accounted for by intralocus recombination. In contrast, all of the Zuni HLA-A and -B molecules were present in caucasians and orientals. This suggests that the new Waorani HLA-B variants arose in South America. The description of four new HLA-B alleles in the Waorani and another five new HLA-B alleles from two other tribes of South American Amerindians 2 indicates that the HLA-B locus can evolve rapidly in isolated populations. These studies underline the importance of gathering genetic data on endangered native human populations 3.
C1 BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,COLL VET MED,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843.
   UNIV NEW MEXICO,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131.
   PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,MUELLER LAB 208,UNIV PK,PA 16802.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; University of New Mexico; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP WATKINS, DI (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,NEW ENGLAND REG PRIMATE RES CTR,1 PINE HILL DR,SOUTHBOROUGH,MA 01772, USA.
NR 37
TC 251
Z9 257
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 329
EP 333
DI 10.1038/357329a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200048
PM 1589035
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOHAMMADI, M
   DIONNE, CA
   LI, W
   LI, N
   SPIVAK, T
   HONEGGER, AM
   JAYE, M
   SCHLESSINGER, J
AF MOHAMMADI, M
   DIONNE, CA
   LI, W
   LI, N
   SPIVAK, T
   HONEGGER, AM
   JAYE, M
   SCHLESSINGER, J
TI POINT MUTATION IN FGF RECEPTOR ELIMINATES PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL HYDROLYSIS WITHOUT AFFECTING MITOGENESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipase-c-gamma; fibroblast growth-factor; stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation; pdgf receptor; egf receptor; signal transduction; binding-site; kinase; expression; association
AB STIMULATION of growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinase activity is followed by rapid receptor dimerization, tyrosine autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of signalling molecules such as phospholipase C(gamma)(PLC-gamma) and the ras GTPase-activating protein1,2. PLC-gamma and GTPase-activating protein bind to specific tyrosine-phosphorylated regions in growth factor receptors3-9 through their src-homologous SH2 domains7,8,10,11. Growth factor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma is essential for stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in vitro12 and in vivo13. We have shown that a short phosphorylated peptide containing tyrosine at position 766 from a conserved region14-18 of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor is a binding site for the SH2 domain of PLC-gamma (ref. 8). Here we show that an FGF receptor point mutant in which Tyr 766 is replaced by a phenylalanine residue (Y766F) is unable to associate with and tyrosine-phosphorylate PLC-gamma or to stimulate hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol. Nevertheless, the Y766F FGF receptor mutant can be autophosphorylated, and can phosphorylate several cellular proteins and stimulate DNA synthesis. Our data show that phosphorylation of the conserved Tyr 766 of the FGF receptor is essential for phosphorylation of PLC-gamma and for hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol, but that elimination of this hydrolysis does not affect FGF-induced mitogenesis.
C1 RHONE POULENC RORER CENT RES,COLLEGEVILLE,PA 19426.
RP MOHAMMADI, M (corresponding author), NYU MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,550 1ST AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10016, USA.
NR 34
TC 398
Z9 446
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 681
EP 684
DI 10.1038/358681a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200058
PM 1379698
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAYLOR, TN
   REMY, W
   HASS, H
AF TAYLOR, TN
   REMY, W
   HASS, H
TI PARASITISM IN A 400-MILLION-YEAR-OLD GREEN-ALGA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhynie chert
AB SEVERAL stages of a parasitic fungus were found in the cells of the alga Palaeonitella in thin sections of macroplants in the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert. Some of the algal cells are greatly enlarged indicating a host response. The fungi include encysted zoospores on the algal cell wall, penetration of the host cell wall, and transfer of the fungal protoplast and the mature zoosporangium with discharge tube. Here we document evidence of plasmodiophoromycetes in the fossil record and demonstrate that this type of parasitic interaction with a modern host response was well established in freshwater palaeoecosystems at least 400 million years ago.
C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,BYRD POLAR RES CTR,COLUMBUS,OH 43210.
   UNIV MUNSTER,FORSCHUNGSSTELLE PALAOBOT,W-4400 MUNSTER,GERMANY.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Munster
RP TAYLOR, TN (corresponding author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT BIOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA.
NR 7
TC 34
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 493
EP 494
DI 10.1038/357493a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DENNING, GM
   ANDERSON, MP
   AMARA, JF
   MARSHALL, J
   SMITH, AE
   WELSH, MJ
AF DENNING, GM
   ANDERSON, MP
   AMARA, JF
   MARSHALL, J
   SMITH, AE
   WELSH, MJ
TI PROCESSING OF MUTANT CYSTIC-FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR IS TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cftr chloride channel; intracellular-transport; r-domain; gene; identification; expression; cells; phosphorylation; exercise
AB CYSTIC fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a plasma membrane Cl- channel regulated by cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation and by intracellular ATP1-7. Mutations in CFTR cause cystic fibrosis8-10 partly through loss of cAMP-regulated Cl- permeability from the plasma membrane of affected epithelia11,12. The most common mutation in cystic fibrosis is deletion of phenylalanine at residue 508 (CFTR-DELTA-F508) (ref. 10). Studies on the biosynthesis13,14 and localization15 of CFTR-DELTA-F508 indicate that the mutant protein is not processed correctly and, as a result, is not delivered to the plasma membrane. These conclusions are consistent with earlier functional studies which failed to detect cAMP-stimulated Cl- channels in cells expressing CFTR-DELTA-F508 (refs 16, 17). Chloride channel activity was detected, however, when CFTR-DELTA-F508 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes18, Vero cells19 and Sf9 insect cells20. Because oocytes and Sf9 cells are typically maintained at lower temperatures than mammalian cells, and because processing of nascent proteins can be sensitive to temperature21, we tested the effect of temperature on the processing of CFTR-DELTA-F508. Here we show that the processing of CFTR-DELTA-F508 reverts towards that of wild-type as the incubation temperature is reduced. When the processing defect is corrected, cAMP-regulated Cl- channels appear in the plasma membrane. These results reconcile previous contradictory observations and suggest that the mutant most commonly associated with cystic fibrosis is temperature-sensitive.
C1 UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
   GENZYME CORP,FRAMINGHAM,MA 01701.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; Sanofi-Aventis; Genzyme Corporation
RP DENNING, GM (corresponding author), UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT INTERNAL MED,IOWA CITY,IA 52242, USA.
NR 25
TC 1108
Z9 1233
U1 3
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 761
EP 764
DI 10.1038/358761a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900055
PM 1380673
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BANKMANN, M
   PRAKASH, L
   PRAKASH, S
AF BANKMANN, M
   PRAKASH, L
   PRAKASH, S
TI YEAST RAD14 AND HUMAN XERODERMA-PIGMENTOSUM GROUP-A DNA-REPAIR GENES ENCODE HOMOLOGOUS PROTEINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyrimidine dimer removal; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; functional-analysis; escherichia-coli; excision; mutants; sequence; complementation; recombination; incision
AB XERODERMA pigmentosum (XP), a human autosomal recessive disorder, is characterized by extreme sensitivity to sunlight and high incidence of skin cancers. XP cells are defective in the incision step of excision repair of DNA damaged by ultraviolet light. Cell fusion studies have defined seven XP complementation groups, XP-A to XP-G (refs 1,2). Similar genetic complexity of excision repair is observed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutations in any one of five yeast genes, RAD1, RAD2, RAD3, RAD4, and RAD10, cause a total defect in incision and an extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet light 3. Here we report the characterization of the yeast RAD14 gene. The available rad14 point mutant is only moderately ultraviolet-sensitive, and it performs a substantial amount of incision of damaged DNA 4,5. Our studies with the rad14 deletion (DELTA) mutation indicate an absolute requirement of RAD14 in incision. RAD14 encodes a highly hydrophilic protein of 247 amino acids containing zinc-finger motifs, and it is similar to the protein encoded by the human XPAC gene that complements XP group A cell lines 6.
C1 UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT BIOL,RIVER CAMPUS STN,ROCHESTER,NY 14627.
   UNIV ROCHESTER,SCH MED,DEPT BIOPHYS,ROCHESTER,NY 14642.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Rochester
NR 23
TC 105
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 555
EP 558
DI 10.1038/355555a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600062
PM 1741034
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SANDERS, RH
AF SANDERS, RH
TI THE CASE AGAINST A MASSIVE BLACK-HOLE AT THE GALACTIC-CENTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinematics; galaxy
AB MANY of the compact near-infrared sources observed in the central parsec of our Galaxy have been shown to be very massive, luminous blue stars with strong helium lines and fast winds, perhaps similar to Wolf-Rayet stars1-3; and the complex near-infrared source IRS16, which appears to be the central concentration of such sources, has now been shown3 to consist of about 20 luminous blue stars, not 100 main-sequence stars, as had been suggested earlier4. These young blue stars, rather than any object associated with the nearby compact radio source SgrA* (ref. 8), may be the predominant source of ionizing radiation1 and hydrodynamic activity5-7 in the inner two parsecs of the Galaxy. An earlier argument4  that the distribution of IRS16 components precludes the existence of a million-solar-mass black hole at or near SgrA* remains valid even if there are fewer than two dozen stars in IRS16. Here I argue further that the presence of young stars in this region is incompatible with the presence of a giant black hole or any other centrally condensed mass, because tidal forces would have inhibited star formation.
RP SANDERS, RH (corresponding author), UNIV GRONINGEN,KAPTEYN ASTRON INST,9700 AV GRONINGEN,NETHERLANDS.
NR 21
TC 48
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 131
EP 132
DI 10.1038/359131a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAKER, RD
   SCHUBERT, G
AF BAKER, RD
   SCHUBERT, G
TI CELLULAR CONVECTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF VENUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID compressible convection; cloud patterns; waves
AB AMONG the most intriguing features of the atmosphere of Venus is the presence of cellular structures near and downwind of the subpolar point. Ultraviolet images from the Mariner 10 and Pioneer Venus missions at cloud-top heights of 60-70 km indicate that these cells are chiefly found only during the afternoon at low latitudes, with dark-rimmed cells having horizontal scales of roughly 500-1,000 km, and bright-rimmed cells having horizontal scales of roughly 200-500 km (refs 1, 2). Images of the subsolar region from the recent Galileo flyby of Venus confirm these earlier observations-cellular features with horizontal scales of 250-1,000 km have been observed 3 (Fig. 1a, b). It has been suggested that the structures are atmospheric convection cells 2-5, and, in fact, numerical simulations of three-dimensional compressible convection produce features reminiscent of the cellular structures found in the subsolar Venus atmosphere (Fig. 1 c) 6. There has been some difficulty, however, in accounting for the sizes of these structures. The convection cells were thought to be located in a neutrally stable cloud layer, roughly 50 km above the surface, with a thickness of only a few kilometres. So broad and thin a convection cell would pose a severe challenge to the dynamics of convection. Here we propose that strongly penetrative convection into the stable regions above and below the neutrally stable cloud layer coupled with penetrative convection from the surface increases the vertical dimensions of the cells, thereby helping to explain their large horizontal extent.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP BAKER, RD (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024, USA.
NR 20
TC 15
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 710
EP 712
DI 10.1038/355710a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CASEY, WH
   WESTRICH, HR
AF CASEY, WH
   WESTRICH, HR
TI CONTROL OF DISSOLUTION RATES OF ORTHOSILICATE MINERALS BY DIVALENT METAL OXYGEN BONDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanism
AB COMMON rock- and soil-forming minerals are complicated structures of varying composition. Despite some encouraging progress 1,2 there is as vet no comprehensive rationale for predicting the dissolution rates of these minerals. Here we test the hypothesis 3 that dissolution rates of compositionally distinct orthosilicate minerals scale in a fashion similar to rates of water exchange around the corresponding dissolved, divalent cation. Although dissolution rates span several orders of magnitude, the hypothesis is sustained. Minerals containing alkaline-earth cations dissolve at rates that correlate with ionic size, whereas minerals containing first-row transition metals dissolve at rates that vary with the number of cation d-electrons. Both types of behaviour are consistent with the control of dissolution rate by the character of the bonds between the divalent cation and neighbouring oxygen atoms. This result supports the proposed link 3-6 between the mechanisms of mineral dissolution and the mechanisms by which a dissolved metal exchanges ligands. With this link it may be possible to predict dissolution rates for other nearly isostructural minerals that vary in composition.
C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,GEOCHEM RES,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
RP CASEY, WH (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA.
NR 15
TC 146
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 157
EP 159
DI 10.1038/355157a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KUO, CJ
   CHUNG, JK
   FIORENTINO, DF
   FLANAGAN, WM
   BLENIS, J
   CRABTREE, GR
AF KUO, CJ
   CHUNG, JK
   FIORENTINO, DF
   FLANAGAN, WM
   BLENIS, J
   CRABTREE, GR
TI RAPAMYCIN SELECTIVELY INHIBITS INTERLEUKIN-2 ACTIVATION OF P70 S6 KINASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptidyl-prolyl isomerase; immunosuppressant fk506; macrolides fk-506; distinct; protein; cloning; enzyme; cells
AB THE macrolide rapamycin induces cell cycle G1 arrest in yeast and in mammalian cells 1-3, which suggests that an evolutionarily conserved, rapamycin-sensitive pathway may regulate entry into S phase. In mammals, rapamycin inhibits interleukin-2 receptor-induced S phase entry and subsequent T-cell proliferation 4-6, resulting in immunosuppression. Here we show that interleukin-2 selectively stimulates the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase but not the erk-encoded MAP kinases and rsk-encoded S6 kinases 7,8. Rapamycin completely and rapidly inhibits interleukin-2-induced phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase at concentrations comparable to those blocking S phase entry of T cells (0.05-0.2 nM). The structurally related macrolide FK506 competitively antagonizes the actions of rapamycin, indicating that these effects are mediated by FKBP, which binds the transition-state mimic structure common to both rapamycin and FK506 (refs 4, 6, 9-11). The selective blockade of the p70 S6 kinase activation cascade by the rapamycin-FKBP complex implicates this signalling pathway in the regulation of T cell entry into S phase.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELLULAR & MOLEC PHYSIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP KUO, CJ (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,BECKMAN CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,MOLEC & GENET MED UNIT,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 23
TC 593
Z9 650
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 70
EP 73
DI 10.1038/358070a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100056
PM 1614535
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BALEJA, JD
   MARMORSTEIN, R
   HARRISON, SC
   WAGNER, G
AF BALEJA, JD
   MARMORSTEIN, R
   HARRISON, SC
   WAGNER, G
TI SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE DNA-BINDING DOMAIN OF CD2-GAL4 FROM SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory protein; gal4 protein; yeast; coordination
AB THE GAL4 protein activates transcription of the genes required for galactose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1. The protein, consisting of 881 amino acids, is dimeric when bound to one of the approximately twofold symmetrical DNA sites present in the galactose upstream activating sequence (UAS(G)) 2-5. Here we use two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy to determine the structure of an amino-terminal fragment of GAL4 (residues 1-65). This fragment, a monomer in solution, binds as a dimer specifically to UAS(G)-containing DNA. Residues 9-40 form a well defined, compact globular cluster, whereas residues 1-8 and 41-66 show considerable conformational mobility in the absence of DNA. The compact domain contains a motif in which six cysteines, located on two symmetrically related helix/extended strand units connected by a long loop, coordinate two central zinc ions, forming a bimetal-thiolate cluster 6-11. The zincs were replaced by NMR-active Cd-113 in most of our work and structural parameters are therefore derived from the Cd2-protein. The structure obtained for the GAL4 DNA-binding domain represents a novel DNA-binding motif. Essentially the same conformation is observed for the compact domain in solution using NMR techniques as was seen for the central core of the N-terminal fragment bound to DNA using crystallographic techniques 12. Thus, the core of the DNA-binding domain changes little upon binding DNA.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOLEC PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University
NR 26
TC 125
Z9 134
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 450
EP 453
DI 10.1038/356450a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000070
PM 1557130
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCLAREN, AS
   WALSH, JE
   BOURKE, RH
   WEAVER, RL
   WITTMANN, W
AF MCLAREN, AS
   WALSH, JE
   BOURKE, RH
   WEAVER, RL
   WITTMANN, W
TI VARIABILITY IN SEA-ICE THICKNESS OVER THE NORTH-POLE FROM 1977 TO 1990
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arctic basin
AB CHANGES in the thickness of polar sea-ice have the potential to provide a signal of climate change, but attempts to identify trends must take into account the range of natural variability. Here we present an analysis of measurements of the subsurface ice thickness (draft) of sea-ice around the North Pole made from 1977 to 1990. These data were collected during six submarine cruises in late April/early May of 1977, 1979, 1986, 1987, 1988 and 1990, and represent the most extensive dataset so far for ice draft in the central Arctic at the same season and location. The results reveal considerable interannual variability both in mean ice draft (+/-1.0 m) and in open-water extent (+/-2.5%). This variability limits the confidence that can be placed in any apparent trends observed for sea-ice thickness or type since the late 1970s, and illustrates the need for a reliable baseline against which to assess future trends.
C1 SCI SERV INC,WASHINGTON,DC 20036.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,URBANA,IL 61801.
   USN,POSTGRAD SCH,DEPT OCEANOG,MONTEREY,CA 93943.
   UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; Naval Postgraduate School; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP MCLAREN, AS (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 9
TC 23
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 224
EP 226
DI 10.1038/358224a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KATZ, A
   WU, DQ
   SIMON, MI
AF KATZ, A
   WU, DQ
   SIMON, MI
TI SUBUNITS-BETA-GAMMA OF HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEIN ACTIVATE BETA-2 ISOFORM OF PHOSPHOLIPASE-C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenylyl cyclase; receptor
AB THE activation of heterotrimeric G proteins results in the exchange of GDP bound to the alpha-subunit for GTP and the subsequent dissociation of a complex of the beta- and gamma-subunits (G(betagamma)). The alpha-subunits of different G proteins interact with a variety of effectors1-7, but less is known about the function of the free G(betagamma) complex. G(betagamma) has been implicated in the activation of a cardiac potassium channel8, a retinal phospholipase A2 (ref. 9) and a specific receptor kinase10, and in vitro reconstitution experiments indicate that the G(betagamma) complex can act with G(alpha) subunit to modulate the activity of different isoforms of adenylyl cyclase11. Of two phospholipase activities that can be separated in extracts of HL-60 cells, purified G(betagamma) is found to activate one of them12.  Here we report that in co-transfection assays G(betagamma) subunits specifically activate the beta2 and not the beta1 isoform of phospholipase, which acts on phosphatidylinositol. We use transfection assays to show also that receptor-mediated release of G(betagamma) from G proteins that are sensitive to pertussis toxin can result in activation of the phospholipase. This effect may be the basis of the pertussis-toxin-sensitive phospholipase C activation seen in some cell systems (reviewed in refs 13 and 14).
C1 CALTECH,DIV BIOL,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
NR 30
TC 477
Z9 524
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 686
EP 689
DI 10.1038/360686a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200061
PM 1465134
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARTIN, AP
   NAYLOR, GJP
   PALUMBI, SR
AF MARTIN, AP
   NAYLOR, GJP
   PALUMBI, SR
TI RATES OF MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA EVOLUTION IN SHARKS ARE SLOW COMPARED WITH MAMMALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence evolution; tempo; mode
AB THE rate of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) evolution has been carefully calibrated only in primates 1. Similarity between the primate calibration and rates estimated for other vertebrates 2-4 has led to widespread assumption of a constant molecular clock in vertebrates even though this has never been rigorously tested 5. We report here the examination of mtDNA sequence variation for 13 species of sharks from two orders that are well represented in the fossil record to test the constancy hypothesis. Nucleotide substitution rates in the cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I genes in sharks are seven- to eightfold slower than in primates or ungulates. This difference in substitution rate cannot be explained by nucleotide composition bias, codon-usage bias, selection, or choice of genes sequenced, and was confirmed by comparing species recently separated by the rise of the Isthmus of Panama. Such differences in mtDNA substitution rates among taxa indicate that it is inappropriate to use a calibration for one group to estimate divergence times or demographic parameters for another group. High-resolution studies of molecular evolutionary rates require taxon-specific calibrations.
C1 UNIV HAWAII,KEWALO MARINE LAB,HONOLULU,HI 96822.
   UNIV HAWAII,DEPT ZOOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822.
   AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL,NEW YORK,NY 10002.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii System; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
NR 30
TC 463
Z9 520
U1 0
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 153
EP 155
DI 10.1038/357153a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200056
PM 1579163
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RICHER, HB
   FAHLMAN, GG
AF RICHER, HB
   FAHLMAN, GG
TI LOW-MASS STARS IN THE SPHEROID OF OUR GALAXY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID luminosity function; galactic structure; globular-clusters; counts; photometry; disk
AB The number of stars in the spheroid of our Galaxy appears to increase steeply for smaller masses, with no evidence of a turnover in a simple power-law distribution down to 0.14 M., the limit of detectability. The measured rotation curve of the Galaxy at the Sun suggests that the mass function cannot be extended beyond 0.05 M., in which case low-mass stars fall an order of magnitude short of being able to supply the galactic dark matter.
C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT GEOPHYS & ASTRON,VANCOUVER V6T 1Z4,BC,CANADA.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP RICHER, HB (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST ASTRON,MADINGLEY RD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 67
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 383
EP 386
DI 10.1038/358383a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LARRALDE, H
   TRUNFIO, P
   HAVLIN, S
   STANLEY, HE
   WEISS, GH
AF LARRALDE, H
   TRUNFIO, P
   HAVLIN, S
   STANLEY, HE
   WEISS, GH
TI TERRITORY COVERED BY N DIFFUSING PARTICLES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disordered media; lattices
AB THE number of distinct sites visited by a random walker after t steps is of great interest 1-21, as it provides a direct measure of the territory covered by a diffusing particle. Thus, this quantity appears in the description of many phenomena of interest in ecology 13-16, metallurgy 5-7, chemistry 17,18 and physics 19-22. Previous analyses have been limited to the number of distinct sites visited by a single random walker 19-22, but the (nontrivial) generalization to the number of distinct sites visited by N walkers is particularly relevant to a range of problems-for example, the classic problem in mathematical ecology of defining the territory covered by N members of a given species 13-16. Here we present an analytical solution to the problem of calculating S(N)(t), the mean number of distinct sites visited by N random walkers on a d-dimensional lattice, for d = 1, 2, 3 in the limit of large N. We confirm the analytical arguments by Monte Carlo and exact enumeration methods. We find that there are three distinct time regimes, and we determine SN(t) in each regime. Moreover, we also find a remarkable transition, for dimensions greater-than-or-equal-to 2, in the geometry of the set of visited sites. This set initially grows as a disk with a relatively smooth surface until it reaches a certain size, after which the surface becomes increasingly rough.
C1 BOSTON UNIV, DEPT PHYS, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
   NIH, DIV COMP RES & TECHNOL, PHYS SCI LAB, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Boston University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
RP LARRALDE, H (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV, CTR POLYMER STUDIES, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
NR 25
TC 98
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 423
EP 426
DI 10.1038/355423a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAKAZAWA, E
   FREY, FA
   SHIMIZU, N
   OBATA, M
   BODINIER, JL
AF TAKAZAWA, E
   FREY, FA
   SHIMIZU, N
   OBATA, M
   BODINIER, JL
TI GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR MELT MIGRATION AND REACTION IN THE UPPER MANTLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peridotite
AB THE segregation of melts from the Earth's upper mantle into the crust is an important process in the chemical evolution of the crust-mantle system. The processes of melt formation and migration in the upper mantle are inadequately understood, but some important characteristics of these processes can be inferred from upper-mantle rocks exposed at the Earth's surface. The Horoman peridotite body in northern Japan is a layered upper-mantle rock. The major-element compositions of the layers are consistent with their formation as residues from varying extents of melting; however, abundances of rare-earth elements (REE) require additional processes to have occurred1, such as post-melting enrichment (metasomatism) resulting from reaction with a migrating fluid phase. We report here that chondrite-normalized REE patterns in clinopyroxenes show abrupt changes in slope, which vary with stratigraphic position and rock type. These data can be modelled by chromatographic fractionation as melts migrated through and interacted with peridotite, creating compositional heterogeneities in the upper mantle. In the Horoman peridotite these heterogeneities occur on a scale length of tens of metres.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
   KUMAMOTO UNIV, DEPT GEOL, KUMAMOTO 860, JAPAN.
   UNIV MONTPELLIER SCI & TECH 2, CTR GEOL & GEOPHYS, CNRS, F-34095 MONTPELLIER, FRANCE.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Kumamoto University; Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP TAKAZAWA, E (corresponding author), MIT, DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 17
TC 162
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/359055a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CLARK, SG
   STERN, MJ
   HORVITZ, HR
AF CLARK, SG
   STERN, MJ
   HORVITZ, HR
TI C-ELEGANS CELL-SIGNALING GENE SEM-5 ENCODES A PROTEIN WITH SH2 AND SH3 DOMAINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; vulvar induction; phospholipase-c; cytoplasmic protein; sequence; src; similarity; lineages; oncogene; homology
AB THE induction of the hermaphrodite vulva 1 and the migration of the sex myoblast 2,3 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are both controlled by intercellular signalling. The gonadal anchor cell induces formation of the vulva from nearby hypodermal cells 4, and a set of somatic gonadal cells attract the migrating sex myoblasts to their final positions 2. Many genes required for vulval induction have been identified 1, including the let-23 receptor tyrosine kinase gene 5-7 and the let-60 ras gene 8-10. We report here the identification and characterization of a new gene, sem-5 (sem, sex muscle abnormal), that acts both in vulval induction and in sex myoblast migration. On the basis of its DNA sequence, sem-5 encodes a novel 228-amino-acid protein which consists almost entirely of one SH2 (SH, src homology region) and two SH3 domains. SH2 and SH3 domains are present in many signalling proteins regulated by receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases 11. Mutations that impair sem-5 activity alter residues that are highly conserved among different SH2 and SH3 domains. Our results indicate that the sem-5 gene encodes a novel protein that functions in at least two distinct cell-signalling processes.
RP CLARK, SG (corresponding author), MIT,DEPT BIOL,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,ROOM 56-629,77 MASSACHUSETTS AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 42
TC 583
Z9 646
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 340
EP 344
DI 10.1038/356340a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400065
PM 1372395
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCLAUGHLIN, SK
   MCKINNON, PJ
   MARGOLSKEE, RF
AF MCLAUGHLIN, SK
   MCKINNON, PJ
   MARGOLSKEE, RF
TI GUSTDUCIN IS A TASTE-CELL-SPECIFIC G-PROTEIN CLOSELY RELATED TO THE TRANSDUCINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid sequence; cyclic-gmp phosphodiesterase; gtp-binding protein; rod outer segments; alpha-subunit; adenylate-cyclase; inhibitory subunit; adenosine receptor; elongation-factors; pertussis toxin
AB A novel G protein alpha-subunit (alpha-gustducin) has been identified and cloned from taste tissue. Alpha-gustducin messenger RNA is expressed in taste buds of all taste papillae (circumvallate, foliate and fungiform); it is not expressed in non-sensory portions of the tongue, nor is it expressed in the other tissues examined. Alpha-gustducin most closely resembles the transducins (the rod and cone photoreceptor G proteins), suggesting that gustducin's role in taste transduction is analogous to that of transducin in light transduction.
C1 ROCHE RES CTR, ROCHE INST MOLEC BIOL, NUTLEY, NJ 07110 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA
NR 60
TC 565
Z9 631
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 563
EP 569
DI 10.1038/357563a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200044
PM 1608467
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KITAMURA, D
   RAJEWSKY, K
AF KITAMURA, D
   RAJEWSKY, K
TI TARGETED DISRUPTION OF MU-CHAIN MEMBRANE EXON CAUSES LOSS OF HEAVY-CHAIN ALLELIC EXCLUSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-b-cells; gene rearrangement; immunoglobulin-mu; antibody; recombination; inhibition; activation; expression; generation; maturation
AB BURNET'S clonal selection theory 1 suggests that each B lymphocyte is committed to a single antibody specificity. This is achieved by a programme of somatic rearrangements of the gene segments encoding antibody variable (V) regions, in the course of B-cell development 2,3 . Evidence from immunoglobulin-transgenic mice and immunoglobulin-gene-transfected transformed pre-B cells suggests that the membrane form of the immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain of class-mu (mu-m), expressed from a rearranged H-chain (IgH) locus, may signal allelic exclusion of the homologous IgH locus in the cell 4-6 and initiation of light (L)-chain gene rearrangement in the Ig-kappa loci 6. We report here that targeted disruption of the membrane exon of the mu-chain indeed results in the loss of H-chain allelic exclusion. But, some kappa-chain gene rearrangement is still observed in the absence of mu-m expression.
C1 UNIV COLOGNE,INST GENET,WEYERTAL 121,W-5000 COLOGNE 41,GERMANY.
C3 University of Cologne
NR 34
TC 337
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 154
EP 156
DI 10.1038/356154a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100060
PM 1545868
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MILLER, DM
   SHEN, MM
   SHAMU, CE
   BURGLIN, TR
   RUVKUN, G
   DUBOIS, ML
   GHEE, M
   WILSON, L
AF MILLER, DM
   SHEN, MM
   SHAMU, CE
   BURGLIN, TR
   RUVKUN, G
   DUBOIS, ML
   GHEE, M
   WILSON, L
TI C-ELEGANS UNC-4 GENE ENCODES A HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN THAT DETERMINES THE PATTERN OF SYNAPTIC INPUT TO SPECIFIC MOTOR NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; transposable element; nervous-system; cell lineages; drosophila; homeobox; expression; product
AB THE creation of neural circuits depends on the formation of synapses between specific sets of neurons. Little is known, however, of the molecular mechanisms governing synaptic choice. A mutation in the unc-4 gene alters the pattern of synaptic input to one class of motor neurons in the Caenorhabditis elegans ventral nerve cord. In unc-4(e120), the presynaptic partners of VA motor neurons are replaced with interneurons appropriate to motor neurons of the VB class. This change in neural specificity is not accompanied by any detectable effects on neuronal morphology or process extension 1,2. We show that the absence of a functional unc-4 gene product accounts for the mutant phenotype. The unc-4 gene encodes a homeodomain protein and thus is likely to function as a transcription factor. The limited effect of the unc-4 null mutation on cell fate may mean that unc-4 regulates the expression of a small number of target genes and that the products of these genes are directly involved in the choice of synaptic partners.
C1 MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02114.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP MILLER, DM (corresponding author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT CELL BIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA.
NR 40
TC 165
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 841
EP 845
DI 10.1038/355841a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600061
PM 1347150
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DONEHOWER, LA
   HARVEY, M
   SLAGLE, BL
   MCARTHUR, MJ
   MONTGOMERY, CA
   BUTEL, JS
   BRADLEY, A
AF DONEHOWER, LA
   HARVEY, M
   SLAGLE, BL
   MCARTHUR, MJ
   MONTGOMERY, CA
   BUTEL, JS
   BRADLEY, A
TI MICE DEFICIENT FOR P53 ARE DEVELOPMENTALLY NORMAL BUT SUSCEPTIBLE TO SPONTANEOUS TUMORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle control; wild-type p53; monoclonal-antibody; t-antigen; sv40-transformed cells; transformed-cells; proto-oncogene; mouse; gene; expression
AB Mutations in the p53 tumour-suppressor gene are the most frequently observed genetic lesions in human cancers. To investigate the role of the p53 gene in mammalian development and tumorigenesis, a null mutation was introduced into the gene by homologous recombination in murine embryonic stem cells. Mice homozygous for the null allele appear normal but are prone to the spontaneous development of a variety of neoplasms by 6 months of age. These observations indicate that a normal p53 gene is dispensable for embryonic development, that its absence predisposes the animal to neoplastic disease, and that an oncogenic mutant form of p53 is not obligatory for the genesis of many types of tumours.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, CTR COMPARAT MED, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, INST MOLEC GENET, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP DONEHOWER, LA (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED, DIV MOLEC VIROL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
NR 52
TC 4177
Z9 4822
U1 2
U2 220
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 215
EP 221
DI 10.1038/356215a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400048
PM 1552940
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARTWIG, JH
   THELEN, M
   ROSEN, A
   JANMEY, PA
   NAIRN, AC
   ADEREM, A
AF HARTWIG, JH
   THELEN, M
   ROSEN, A
   JANMEY, PA
   NAIRN, AC
   ADEREM, A
TI MARCKS IS AN ACTIN FILAMENT CROSS-LINKING PROTEIN REGULATED BY PROTEIN-KINASE-C AND CALCIUM CALMODULIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prominent cellular substrate; molecular-cloning; phorbol esters; 87-kda protein; growth-factors; phosphorylation; brain; myristoylation; purification; expression
AB AGONISTS that stimulate protein kinase C (PKC) induce profound changes in cell morphology correlating with the reorganization of submembranous actin 1,2, but no direct connection between PKC and actin assembly has been identified 3. The myristoylated, alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) binds calmodulin 4,5 and is a predominant, specific substrate of PKC which is phosphorylated during macrophage and neutrophil activation 6-8, growth factor-dependent mitogenesis 9,10 and neurosecretion 11,12; it is redistributed from plasma membrane to cytoplasm when phosphorylated 13-15 and is involved in leukocyte motility 14,15. Here we report that MARCKS is a filamentous (F) actin crosslinking protein, with activity that is inhibited by PKC-mediated phosphorylation and by binding to calcium-calmodulin. MARCKS may be a regulated crossbridge between actin and the plasma membrane, and modulation of the actin crosslinking activity of the MARCKS protein by calmodulin and phosphorylation represents a potential convergence of the calcium-calmodulin and PKC signal transduction pathways in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,1230 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOLEC PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT ANAT & CELLULAR BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Rockefeller University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 31
TC 683
Z9 753
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 618
EP 622
DI 10.1038/356618a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100054
PM 1560845
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRUCHTER, AS
   BOOKBINDER, J
   GARCIA, MR
   BAILYN, CD
AF FRUCHTER, AS
   BOOKBINDER, J
   GARCIA, MR
   BAILYN, CD
TI X-RAYS FROM THE ECLIPSING PULSAR 1957+20
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID millisecond pulsar; binary pulsar; psr1957+20; evolution; companion; psr-1957+20; terzan-5
AB Two examples of eclipsing pulsars, PSRs 1957 + 20 and 1744 - 25, have been discovered and studied1-7. In these systems, radiation from a pulsar drives a particle wind from a low-mass degenerate companion, creating an outflow which eclipses the radio pulsar once each orbital period. Ultimately the secondaries in both of these systems may be eroded away entirely, but the process by which the radiative wind ablates the smaller star remains controversial. Here we report the detection of soft X-rays, of approximately 1 keV energy, from PSR1957 + 20. This high-energy radiation, also observed by Kulkarni et al.8, should be a valuable diagnostic of the wind in this recycled pulsar system. Possible sources of the X-ray emission are the interstellar nebula driven by the pulsar wind, the interaction between the pulsar and its evaporating companion, and the pulsar itself. The small apparent size of the X-ray object argues against the first of these possibilities, and suggests that the X-rays are produced within the binary.
C1 HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
C3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Yale University
RP FRUCHTER, AS (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ASTRON,BERKELEY,CA 94709, USA.
NR 27
TC 25
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 303
EP 304
DI 10.1038/359303a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CARMAN, GJ
   WELCH, L
AF CARMAN, GJ
   WELCH, L
TI 3-DIMENSIONAL ILLUSORY CONTOURS AND SURFACES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subjective contours; perception; depth; interpolation
AB UNDER general viewing conditions, objects are often partially camouflaged, obscured or occluded, thereby limiting information about their three-dimensional position, orientation and shape to incomplete and variable image cues. When presented with such partial cues, observers report perceiving 'illusory' contours and surfaces (forms) in regions having no physical image contrast1-7. Here we report that three-dimensional illusory forms share three fundamental properties with 'real' forms: (1) the same forms are perceived using either stereo or motion parallax cues (cue invariance8,9); (2) they retain their shape over changes in position and orientation relative to an observer (view stability10); and (3) they can take the shape of general contours and surfaces in three dimensions11 (morphic generality). We hypothesize that illusory contours and surfaces are manifestations of a previously unnoticed visual process which constructs a representation of three-dimensional position, orientation and shape of objects from available image cues.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP CARMAN, GJ (corresponding author), SALK INST VCL,POB 85800,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186, USA.
NR 31
TC 41
Z9 43
U1 1
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 585
EP 587
DI 10.1038/360585a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900085
PM 1461281
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KANO, M
   REXHAUSEN, U
   DREESSEN, J
   KONNERTH, A
AF KANO, M
   REXHAUSEN, U
   DREESSEN, J
   KONNERTH, A
TI SYNAPTIC EXCITATION PRODUCES A LONG-LASTING REBOUND POTENTIATION OF INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC SIGNALS IN CEREBELLAR PURKINJE-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gabaa receptor function; patch-clamp; term depression; plasticity; dendrites; synapses; neurons; invitro; slices; rat
AB PERSISTENT changes in synaptic efficacy are thought to underlie the formation of learning and memory in the brain 1. High-frequency activation of an afferent excitatory fibre system can induce long-term potentiation 2,3, and conjunctive activation of two distinct excitatory synaptic inputs to the cerebellar Purkinje cells can lead to long-term depression of the synaptic activity of one of the inputs 4. Here we report a new form of neural plasticity in which activation of an excitatory synaptic input can induce a potentiation of inhibitory synaptic signals to the same cell. In cerebellar Purkinje cells stimulation of the excitatory climbing fibre synapses is followed by a long-lasting (up to 75 min) potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (i.p.s.cs), a phenomenon that we term rebound potentiation. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in combination with fluorometric video imaging of intracellular calcium ion concentration, we find that a climbing fibre-induced transient increase in postsynaptic calcium concentration triggers the induction of rebound potentiation: Because the response of Purkinje cells to bath-applied exogenous GABA is also potentiated after climbing fibre-stimulation with a time course similar to that of the rebound potentiation of i.p.s.cs, we conclude that the potentiation is caused by a calcium-dependent upregulation of postsynaptic GABA(A) receptor function. We propose that rebound potentiation is a mechanism by which in vivo block of climbing fibre activity induces an increase in excitability in Purkinje cells 5,6. Moreover, rebound potentiation of i.p.s.cs is a cellular mechanism which, in addition to the long-term depression of parallel fibre synaptic activity 4, may have an important role for motor learning in the cerebellum.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM,FASSBERG,W-3400 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 32
TC 321
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 601
EP 604
DI 10.1038/356601a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100048
PM 1313949
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIXMA, TK
   PRONK, SE
   KALK, KH
   VANZANTEN, BAM
   BERGHUIS, AM
   HOL, WGJ
AF SIXMA, TK
   PRONK, SE
   KALK, KH
   VANZANTEN, BAM
   BERGHUIS, AM
   HOL, WGJ
TI LACTOSE BINDING TO HEAT-LABILE ENTEROTOXIN REVEALED BY X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxin b-subunit; cholera-toxin; escherichia-coli; bacterial toxins; ganglioside gm1; receptor; proteins; membrane; association; refinement
AB RECOGNITION of the oligosaccharide portion of ganglioside G(M1) in membranes of target cells by the heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli is the crucial first step in its pathogenesis, as it is for the closely related cholera toxin 1-3. These toxins have five B subunits, which are essential for G(M1) binding, and a single A subunit, which needs to be nicked by proteolysis and reduced, yielding an A1-'enzyme' and an A2-'linker' peptide. A1 is translocated across the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, possibly after endocytosis 4,5, upon which it ADP-ribosylates the G protein G(s-alpha) (reviewed in refs 2, 3, 6). The mechanism of binding and translocation of these toxins has been extensively investigated 1,2,7-20, but how the protein is orientated on binding is still not clear 10-12,18. Knowing the precise arrangement of the ganglioside binding sites of the toxins will be useful for designing drugs against the diarrhoeal diseases caused by organisms secreting these toxins and in the development of oral vaccines against them 21,22. We present here the three-dimensional structure of the E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin complexed with lactose. This reveals the location of the binding site of the terminal galactose of G(M1), which is consistent with toxin binding to the target cell with its A1 fragment pointing away from the membrane. A small helix is identified at the carboxy terminus of A2 which emerges through the central pore of the B subunits and probably comes into contact with the membrane upon binding, whereas the A1 subunit is flexible with respect to the B pentamer.
RP SIXMA, TK (corresponding author), UNIV GRONINGEN, BIOSON RES INST, DEPT CHEM, NIJENBORGH 16, 9747 AG GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS.
NR 36
TC 192
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 561
EP 564
DI 10.1038/355561a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600064
PM 1741035
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BALASUBRAMANIAN, MK
   HELFMAN, DM
   HEMMINGSEN, SM
AF BALASUBRAMANIAN, MK
   HELFMAN, DM
   HEMMINGSEN, SM
TI A NEW TROPOMYOSIN ESSENTIAL FOR CYTOKINESIS IN THE FISSION YEAST S-POMBE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-division cycle; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genetic-control; f-actin; proteins; muscle
AB MUTATIONS in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc8 gene impair cytokinesis1. Here we clone cdc8+ and find that it encodes a novel tropomyosin. Gene disruption results in lethal arrest of the cell cycle, but spore germination, cell growth, DNA replication and mitosis are all unaffected. Haploid cdc8 gene disruptants are rescued by expression of a fibroblast tropomyosin complementary DNA. Immunofluorescence microscopy of wild type and cdc8 gene distruptants indicates that cdc8 tropomyosin is present in two distinct cellular distributions: in dispersed patches, and during cytokinesis as a transient medial band. Collectively these results indicate that cdc8 tropomyosin has a specialized role which, we suggest, is to form part of the F-actin contractile ring at cytokinesis. These results establish the basis for further genetic studies of cytokinesis and of contractile protein function in S. pombe.
C1 NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA, INST PLANT BIOTECHNOL, SASKATOON S7N 0W9, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA.
   UNIV SASKATCHEWAN, DEPT MICROBIOL, SASKATOON S7N 0W0, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA.
C3 National Research Council Canada; University of Saskatchewan
NR 22
TC 209
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 84
EP 87
DI 10.1038/360084a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700062
PM 1436080
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVIS, SJ
   SCHOCKMEL, GA
   SOMOZA, C
   BUCK, DW
   HEALEY, DG
   RIEBER, EP
   REITER, C
   WILLIAMS, AF
AF DAVIS, SJ
   SCHOCKMEL, GA
   SOMOZA, C
   BUCK, DW
   HEALEY, DG
   RIEBER, EP
   REITER, C
   WILLIAMS, AF
TI ANTIBODY AND HIV-1 GP120 RECOGNITION OF CD4 UNDERMINES THE CONCEPT OF MIMICRY BETWEEN ANTIBODIES AND RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human immunodeficiency virus; idiotypic antibody; reovirus receptor; membrane-protein; cell-surface; identification; expression; diversity; antigen; binding
AB IT has been proposed that antibodies can mimic the binding of a receptor to its ligand and that anti-idiotype antibodies raised against such antibodies can be used to identify the receptor 1-3. A large number of antibodies have been raised against CD4, the receptor on T cells for the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of the human immunodeficiency virus, and the site at which gp120 binds to CD4 has been delineated 4. It has therefore become possible to contrast the fine specificities of a natural ligand (gp120) and antibodies that interact with the receptor at the same site. Here we report that out of a panel of 225 anti-CD4 antibodies, only one showed fine binding specificity that was broadly like that of gp120, but the evidence was against this being an exact mimic. Thus the data indicate that the production of antibody mimics will occur very rarely or not at all and that the anti-idiotype approach is unlikely to be useful. This contention is supported by a review of the results of attempts to use this approach. Taking strict criteria for success, there is no example for which the anti-idiotype approach has led to the discovery of a previously undescribed receptor or other protein of interest.
C1 BIOTECH RESOURCES INC,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78249.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT PATHOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QP,ENGLAND.
   UNIV MUNICH,INST IMMUNOL,W-8000 MUNICH 2,GERMANY.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Munich
RP DAVIS, SJ (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,SIR WILLIAM DUNN SCH PATHOL,MRC,CELLULAR IMMUNOL UNIT,OXFORD OX1 3RE,ENGLAND.
NR 31
TC 66
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 76
EP 79
DI 10.1038/358076a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100058
PM 1614536
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WALLACE, JM
AF WALLACE, JM
TI EFFECT OF DEEP CONVECTION ON THE REGULATION OF TROPICAL SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE distribution of tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is negatively skewed: a 'warm pool' with SSTs greater than 300.5 K covers roughly half the tropical oceans (15-degrees-N to 15-degrees-S), whereas SSTs as low as 293 K are observed in regions of equatorial and coastal upwelling and persistent stratus cloud cover 1. SSTs are thus within 2-3 K of the highest values over a large area of the tropical ocean, leading some authors to suggest that some physical process may act to limit SSTs to below about 303 K. Ramanathan and Collins 2 have proposed a 'thermostat' mechanism in which ocean warming produces enhanced deep convection, leading to the formation of extensive cirrus cloud canopies which shield the troposphere and ocean surface from incoming solar radiation. Here I suggest that a mechanism of this sort may not be required to explain the SST distribution. I argue that large-scale dynamical processes will act to maintain uniform tropical tropospheric temperatures to within about 2 K, and that, in the absence of horizontal temperature contrasts in the atmosphere, a negatively skewed SST frequency distribution is bound to develop through equilibration between the atmosphere and spatially varying SSTs. In addition, although cirrus clouds reduce the solar insolation at the Earth's surface in regions of deep convection, they would not necessarily prevent SSTs from exceeding 305 K in the face of extensive greenhouse warming.
RP WALLACE, JM (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 9
TC 148
Z9 165
U1 2
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 230
EP 231
DI 10.1038/357230a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRADDICK, O
   ATKINSON, J
   HOOD, B
   HARKNESS, W
   JACKSON, G
   VARGHAKHADEM, F
AF BRADDICK, O
   ATKINSON, J
   HOOD, B
   HARKNESS, W
   JACKSON, G
   VARGHAKHADEM, F
TI POSSIBLE BLINDSIGHT IN INFANTS LACKING ONE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual function; field; children; nucleus
AB PATIENTs with damage to the striate cortex have a subjectively blind region of the visual field, but may still be able to detect and localize targets within this region1,2. But the relative roles in this 'blindsight' of subcortical neural systems, and of pathways to extra-striate visual areas, have been uncertain3. Here we report results on two infants in whom one cerebral hemisphere, including both striate and extra-striate visual cortex, needed surgical removal in their first year. Single conspicuous targets in the half-field contralateral to the lesion could elicit fixations, implying detection and orienting by a subcortical system. In contrast, binocular optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), for which a subcortical pathway has often been thought adequate, showed a marked asymmetry. In normal neonates, fixation shifts and OKN have both been taken to reflect subcortical control4; our results are consistent with subcortical control for fixation but not for OKN.
C1 INST CHILD HLTH, LONDON WC1, ENGLAND.
   HOSP SICK CHILDREN, LONDON WC1N 3JH, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust
RP BRADDICK, O (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT EXPTL PSYCHOL, VISUAL DEV UNIT, DOWNING ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EB, ENGLAND.
NR 21
TC 104
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 461
EP 463
DI 10.1038/360461a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700059
PM 1448169
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEHMANN, PV
   FORSTHUBER, T
   MILLER, A
   SERCARZ, EE
AF LEHMANN, PV
   FORSTHUBER, T
   MILLER, A
   SERCARZ, EE
TI SPREADING OF T-CELL AUTOIMMUNITY TO CRYPTIC DETERMINANTS OF AN AUTOANTIGEN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental allergic encephalomyelitis; myelin basic-protein; encephalitogenic epitopes; vaccination; specificity; receptors; peptides
AB IMMUNIZATION with myelin basic protein (MBP) induces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a prototype of CD4+ T-cell mediated autoimmune disease. In rodents, MBP-reactive T-cell clones are specific for a single, dominant determinant on MBP and use a highly restricted number of T-cell receptor genes 1-3. Accordingly, EAE has been prevented by various receptor-specific treatments 1-8, suggesting similar strategies may be useful for therapy of human autoimmune disease. Here we report that in (SJL x B10.PL)F1 mice, immune dominance of a single determinant, MBP: Ac1-11, is confined to the inductive phase of EAE. In mice with chronic EAE, several additional determinants of MBP in peptides 35-47, 81-100 and 121-140 recall proliferative responses. Most importantly, reactivity to the latter determinants was also detected after induction of EAE with MBP peptide Ac1-11 alone; this demonstrates priming by endogenous MBP determinants. Thus, determinants of MBP that are cryptic 9-11 after primary immunization can become immunogenic in the course of EAE. Diversification of the autoreactive T-cell repertoire due to 'determinant spreading' has major implications for the pathogenesis of, and the therapeutic approach to, T-cell driven autoimmune disease.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT MICROBIOL & MOLEC GENET, 405 HILGARD AVE, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
NR 23
TC 1088
Z9 1194
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 155
EP 157
DI 10.1038/358155a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300053
PM 1377368
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YAPP, CJ
   POTHS, H
AF YAPP, CJ
   POTHS, H
TI ANCIENT ATMOSPHERIC CO2 PRESSURES INFERRED FROM NATURAL GOETHITES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stable-isotopic composition; carbon-dioxide; basin
AB THE role of changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in controlling global temperature can be investigated by examining variations in both CO2 and climate preserved in the Earth's geological record. A model of the Earth's carbon cycle over the past 570 Myr suggests that, compared to its present value, the partial pressure of CO2 (P(CO2)) may have been ah order of magnitude higher in the early Palaeozoic, and about 4-6 times higher in the middle Mesozoic 1,2.  Cerling 3 used carbon isotope ratios in soil carbonate minerals to constrain atmospheric P(CO2) in portions of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Studies of the common mineral goethite (alpha-FeOOH) have shown that it contains small quantities of a carbonate component (Fe(CO3)OH), the concentration and carbon isotope content of which preserves a record of ambient P(CO2) at the time of formation 4-7.  Here we present data for goethites from an ironstone in the Upper Ordovician Neda Formation (Wisconsin, USA) 8, which suggest that 440 Myr ago atmospheric P(CO2) was approximately 16 times higher than today. However, this enhanced level of atmospheric CO2 does not seem to have been accompanied by unusually warm temperatures in the tropics, and in fact may have been contemporaneous with high-latitude continental glaciation on Gondwanaland 9,10.
RP YAPP, CJ (corresponding author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT GEOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA.
NR 20
TC 155
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 342
EP 344
DI 10.1038/355342a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100064
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BALDWIN, CT
   HOTH, CF
   AMOS, JA
   DASILVA, EO
   MILUNSKY, A
AF BALDWIN, CT
   HOTH, CF
   AMOS, JA
   DASILVA, EO
   MILUNSKY, A
TI AN EXONIC MUTATION IN THE HUP2 PAIRED DOMAIN GENE CAUSES WAARDENBURG SYNDROME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID syndrome type-i; mouse; dna; box
AB HERE We report the identification and characterization of a gene defect causing Waardenburg's syndrome with hearing loss in a large Brazilian family. This demonstrates a mutation causing Waardenburg's syndrome as well as a mutation causing a form of congenital deafness. The mutation was found in the HuP2 gene, a member of the paired domain family of proteins that bind DNA and regulate gene expression 1. The mutation occurred in 100% of the cases with the disease in this family and was absent in a random sample of 50 unrelated control subjects. Identification of the Waardenburg's syndrome gene and future characterization of its gene product is likely to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder and may allow prevention of deafness of this type.
C1 BOSTON UNIV, SCH MED, CTR HUMAN GENET, 80 E CONCORD ST, BOSTON, MA 02118 USA.
   BOSTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PEDIAT, BOSTON, MA 02118 USA.
   FED UNIV PUERNAMBUCO, INST MATERNOINFANTIL PERNAMBUCO, RECIFE, PE, BRAZIL.
   FED UNIV PUERNAMBUCO, DEPT GENET, RECIFE, PE, BRAZIL.
C3 Boston University; Boston University
NR 22
TC 432
Z9 451
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 637
EP 638
DI 10.1038/355637a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700055
PM 1347149
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BIRNBAUMER, M
   SEIBOLD, A
   GILBERT, S
   ISHIDO, M
   BARBERIS, C
   ANTARAMIAN, A
   BRABET, P
   ROSENTHAL, W
AF BIRNBAUMER, M
   SEIBOLD, A
   GILBERT, S
   ISHIDO, M
   BARBERIS, C
   ANTARAMIAN, A
   BRABET, P
   ROSENTHAL, W
TI MOLECULAR-CLONING OF THE RECEPTOR FOR HUMAN ANTIDIURETIC-HORMONE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; dna; protein; probes; gene; cdna
AB ANTIDIURESIS, the recovery of water from the lumen of the renal collecting tubule, is regulated by the hypothalamic release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which binds to specific receptors on renal collecting tubule cells, stimulates adenylyl cyclase and promotes the cyclic AMP-mediated incorporation of water pores into the luminal surface of these cells 1-3. We report here the isolation of the human ADH receptor gene using a genomic expression cloning approach 4. The gene was used to clone the complementary DNA from a human renal library. The deduced amino-acid sequence of the receptor yields a hydropathy profile characteristic of receptors with seven putative transmembrane regions. This and the comparison with other cloned receptors indicates that the ADH receptor is a member of the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors.
RP BIRNBAUMER, M (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 23
TC 493
Z9 510
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 333
EP 335
DI 10.1038/357333a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200049
PM 1534149
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOUVIER, M
   SZATKOWSKI, M
   AMATO, A
   ATTWELL, D
AF BOUVIER, M
   SZATKOWSKI, M
   AMATO, A
   ATTWELL, D
TI THE GLIAL-CELL GLUTAMATE UPTAKE CARRIER COUNTERTRANSPORTS PH-CHANGING ANIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat-brain; aspartate; receptors; cotransport; calibration; cerebellum; transport; potassium; release; neurons
AB UPTAKE into glial cells helps to terminate glutamate's neurotransmitter action and to keep its extracellular concentration, [Glu]o, below neurotoxic levels. The accumulative power of the uptake carrier stems from its transport of inorganic ions such as sodium (into the cell) and potassium (out of the cell)1-3. There is controversy over whether the carrier also transports a proton (or pH-changing anion)4,5. Here we show that the carrier generates an alkalinization outside and an acidification inside glial cells, and transports anions out of the cells, suggesting that there is a carrier cycle in which two Na+ accompany each glutamate anion into the cell, while one K+ and one OH- (or HCO3-) are transported out. This stoichiometry predicts a minimum [Glu]o of 0.6 muM normally (tonically activating presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic NMDA receptors), and 370 muM during brain anoxia (high enough to kill neurons). Transport of OH-/HCO3- on the uptake carrier generates significant pH changes, and may provide a mechanism for neuron-glial interaction.
C1 IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,ST MARYS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,LONDON W2 1PG,ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London
RP BOUVIER, M (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT PHYSIOL,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 346
Z9 369
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 471
EP 474
DI 10.1038/360471a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700062
PM 1448171
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ASO, T
   VASAVADA, HA
   KAWAGUCHI, T
   GERMINO, FJ
   GANGULY, S
   KITAJIMA, S
   WEISSMAN, SM
   YASUKOCHI, Y
AF ASO, T
   VASAVADA, HA
   KAWAGUCHI, T
   GERMINO, FJ
   GANGULY, S
   KITAJIMA, S
   WEISSMAN, SM
   YASUKOCHI, Y
TI CHARACTERIZATION OF CDNA FOR THE LARGE SUBUNIT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION-FACTOR TFIIF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna polymerase-ii; activator; sequences; gene
AB AT least six chromatographically resolvable general transcription factors may participate in accurate initiation by RNA polymerase II in HeLa cell-derived systems 1-3. TFIIF (also termed FC, RAP30/74 and beta/gamma) can bind directly to RNA polymerase II in solution 4-6 and decrease the affinity of RNA polymerase II for nonspecific DNA 7. From studies on the kinetics of transcription initiation 1, on the composition of transcription initiation complexes fractionated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis 8, and on template competition experiments 9, TFIIF is known to act at an intermediate stage in initiation complex formation. It acts after TFIID firmly associates with DNA, but coincidentally with or immediately after RNA polymerase II binding to DNA, and before the recruitment of factor TFIIE. TFIIF may 6 or may not 4,5 have DNA helicase activity. The small subunit (RAP30) of TFIIF has been cloned 6 and shows some amino-acid sequence homology to bacterial-sigma-factors. We have partially sequenced the RAP74 protein from purified HeLa cells, cloned its complementary DNA and shown that its translation product can interact with RAP30 in vitro as well as in vivo. The cDNA predicts an amino-acid sequence that lacks obvious DNA or RNA helicase motifs. It has regions rich in charged amino acids, including segments containing a higher content of acidic amino acids than are found in strong transcriptional activators such as VP16 (ref. 10).
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,333 CEDAR ST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   TOKYO MED & DENT UNIV,MED RES INST,DEPT MED,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   TOKYO MED & DENT UNIV,MED RES INST,DEPT MOLEC GENET,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 Yale University; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU)
NR 19
TC 76
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 461
EP 464
DI 10.1038/355461a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000074
PM 1734283
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GUSTAFSSON, G
   CAO, Y
   TREACY, GM
   KLAVETTER, F
   COLANERI, N
   HEEGER, AJ
AF GUSTAFSSON, G
   CAO, Y
   TREACY, GM
   KLAVETTER, F
   COLANERI, N
   HEEGER, AJ
TI FLEXIBLE LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES MADE FROM SOLUBLE CONDUCTING POLYMERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE recent fabrication of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from conjugated polymers 1,2 demonstrates the technological potential of this class of electronic materials. A variety of colours are possible, because the wavelength of luminescence emission can be chemically tuned during synthesis 1-4. In addition, the mechanical properties of polymers suggest that light-emitting structures can be made that are more flexible than their inorganic counterparts, provided appropriate materials can be found for the substrate and electrodes. Here we report the fabrication of a fully flexible LED using poly(ethylene terephthalate) as the substrate, soluble polyaniline as the hole-injecting electrode, a substituted poly(1,4-phenylene-vinylene) as the electroluminescent layer and calcium as the electron-injecting top contract. The structure is mechanically robust and may be sharply bent without failure. The LED is easily visible under room lighting and has an external quantum efficiency of about 1%. With a turn-on voltage for light emission of 2-3 V, the 'plastic' LED demonstrates that this unique combination of optical, electrical and mechanical properties can be used to make novel structures that are compatible with conventional devices.
RP GUSTAFSSON, G (corresponding author), UNIAX CORP,5375 OVERPASS RD,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93111, USA.
NR 12
TC 2428
Z9 2899
U1 9
U2 744
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 477
EP 479
DI 10.1038/357477a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BORGIA, A
   FERRARI, L
   PASQUARE, G
AF BORGIA, A
   FERRARI, L
   PASQUARE, G
TI IMPORTANCE OF GRAVITATIONAL SPREADING IN THE TECTONIC AND VOLCANIC EVOLUTION OF MOUNT ETNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mt etna
AB THE interaction between gravity and thermal effects largely determines the structural and magmatic evolution of volcanic constructs at scales spanning several orders of magnitude, from small cones to the oceanic crust 1-3. Although gravitational spreading is a direct consequence of this interaction and a fundamental process in volcano growth, it is rarely recognized as such. Here we describe a striking example of this process, at Etna volcano, in Italy. The volcano and its clay-rich substratum are slowly spreading towards the east and south, driven by gravity. Spreading produces extensional structures in the summit region and compressional structures at the base of the volcano. Eastward movement of the volcanic edifice over a stationary magma supply may be the cause of an apparent westward migration of volcanic activity. As gravitational spreading seems to control the location and magnitude of shallow seismicity and flank eruptions, an appreciation of its effects could become an essential element of future volcanic hazard evaluation. Our model proposed here for Etna may also be relevant to a reinterpretation of the geological history of a number of other volcanoes.
C1 UNIV MILAN,DIPARTIMENTO SCI TERRA,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY.
C3 University of Milan
RP BORGIA, A (corresponding author), OPEN UNIV,DEPT EARTH SCI,MILTON KEYNES MK7 6AA,BUCKS,ENGLAND.
NR 33
TC 324
Z9 325
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 231
EP 235
DI 10.1038/357231a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OLIVE, KA
   SCHRAMM, DN
AF OLIVE, KA
   SCHRAMM, DN
TI ASTROPHYSICAL LI-7 AS A PRODUCT OF BIG-BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY SPALLATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-deficient dwarfs; lithium abundance; halo dwarfs; primordial nucleosynthesis; stellar evolution; stars; beryllium; elements; standard; sample
AB RECENTLY measured abundances of beryllium1-4 and boron5 in a number of hot population II halo stars are orders of magnitude above the predicted abundances of those elements from standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis6. Be and B do not, however, show a plateau of constant abundance over a wide range of low metallicities and high temperatures, as is the case for Li-7 (refs 7-15). The implication is that the Li-7 abundance is largely primordial, whereas the Be and B abundances are due to galactic cosmic ray (GCR) spallation reactions16-22 on top of a much smaller Big Bang component23. But GCR spallation should also produce Li-7. As a consistency check on the combination of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and GCR spallation, we use the Be and B data to subtract from the measured Li-7 abundance an estimate of the amount generated by GCR spallation21,22 for each star in the sample, and then add to this baseline an estimate of the metallicity-dependent augmentation of Li-7, due to spallation. The slightly reduced primordial Li-7 abundance is still consistent with Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and a single GCR spallation model can fit the Be, B and corrected Li-7 abundances for all the stars in the sample.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 University of Chicago
RP OLIVE, KA (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH PHYS & ASTRON,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA.
NR 35
TC 53
Z9 54
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 439
EP 442
DI 10.1038/360439a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DOHERTY, P
   MOOLENAAR, CECK
   ASHTON, SV
   MICHALIDES, RJAM
   WALSH, FS
AF DOHERTY, P
   MOOLENAAR, CECK
   ASHTON, SV
   MICHALIDES, RJAM
   WALSH, FS
TI THE VASE EXON DOWN-REGULATES THE NEURITE GROWTH-PROMOTING ACTIVITY OF NCAM-140
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-adhesion molecule; n-cam; homophilic binding; nervous-system; muscle; outgrowth; mechanism; brain
AB AXONAL growth, guidance and synapse formation are controlled by receptors on neuronal growth cones that can recognize positive and inhibitory cues in the local microenvironment 1-3 . Four well characterized receptor systems are known that recognize the growth-promoting activities associated with the extracellular matrix and the membranes of cells such as astrocytes, muscle cells and Schwann cells; these are the integrins 4 and the homophilically binding cell adhesion molecules neural-cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), N-cadherin and L1 (refs 5-12). Alternative splicing generates 20-30 isoforms of NCAM and these can also be differentially glycosylated 13. There are two sites where alternative splicing changes the extracellular structure of membrane-bound NCAM and one of these (the MSD1 region) does not obviously affect function 6. Here we report that the variable alternatively spliced exon (VASE) in immunoglobulin domain 4 downregulates the neurite outgrowth-promoting activity of NCAM. The high level of VASE expression in the adult central as compared with peripheral nervous system 21 could contribute to the poor regenerative capacity of the former.
C1 NETHERLANDS CANC INST,DEPT TUMOR BIOL,1066 CX AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP DOHERTY, P (corresponding author), UNITED MED & DENT SCH GUYS & ST THOMAS HOSP,GUYS HOSP,DEPT EXPTL PATHOL,LONDON BRIDGE,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 791
EP 793
DI 10.1038/356791a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600049
PM 1574117
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MANNING, CJ
   WAKELAND, EK
   POTTS, WK
AF MANNING, CJ
   WAKELAND, EK
   POTTS, WK
TI COMMUNAL NESTING PATTERNS IN MICE IMPLICATE MHC GENES IN KIN RECOGNITION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; mating preferences; systems
AB HOUSE mice (Mus musculus domesticus) form communal nests and appear to nurse each other's pups indiscriminately. Communal nesting probably functions to reduce infanticide1, but it also makes females vulnerable to exploitation if nursing partners fail to provide their fair share of care. Kinship theory predicts that females will preferentially form communal nests with relatives to minimize exploitation and further increase inclusive fitness2-4. Here we provide evidence from seminatural populations that females prefer communal nesting partners that share allelic forms of major histocompatibility complex genes. Such behaviour would lead to the selection of close relatives as communal nesting partners5-7. Although criteria for the demonstration of kin recognition are currently embroiled in controversy8,9, this is the first vertebrate study to meet Grafen's restrictive requirements8,10: discrimination is based on genetic similarity at highly polymorphic loci, incidental correlations due to relatedness are experimentally controlled, and strong reasons exist for expecting the assayed behaviour to be kin-selected.
C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT PSYCHOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP MANNING, CJ (corresponding author), UNIV FLORIDA,CTR MAMMALIAN GENET,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610, USA.
NR 25
TC 209
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 581
EP 583
DI 10.1038/360581a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900083
PM 1461279
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GLOVER, PWJ
   VINE, FJ
AF GLOVER, PWJ
   VINE, FJ
TI ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY OF CARBON-BEARING GRANULITE AT RAISED TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental-crust; rocks; water
AB IT has long been recognized that the electrical conductivity of the lower continental crust is anomalously high. Both pore-saturating brines1-5 and conducting films of carbon at grain boundaries6-10 have been proposed to explain this, but the evidence remains inconclusive. Here we report measurements of electrical conductivity at high temperatures and pressures11-13 on samples of carbon-bearing and carbon-free granulites with a range of electrolyte saturations. The application of pressure to nominally dry carbon-free samples reduces the electrical conductivity as a result of a progressive reduction in pore connectivity, whereas the carbon-bearing samples how an increase in conductivity under the same conditions-an effect that we ascribe to reconnection of carbon conduction pathways during compaction. Moreover, we find a greater increase in conductivity with temperature for the carbon-bearing samples. In the light of work indicating that the abundance of carbon in high-grade rocks has been underestimated in the past7,8, our results provide strong evidence for the role of carbon in lower-crustal conductivity.
C1 UNIV E ANGLIA,SCH ENVIRONM SCI,NORWICH NR4 7TJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
C3 University of East Anglia
RP GLOVER, PWJ (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT GEOL SCI,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
NR 16
TC 79
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 723
EP 726
DI 10.1038/360723a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200028
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIM, TT
   NICKELS, TB
AF LIM, TT
   NICKELS, TB
TI INSTABILITY AND RECONNECTION IN THE HEAD-ON COLLISION OF 2 VORTEX RINGS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ONE mechanism by which fluid flows increase their complexity is through the instability of vortex filaments. When an instability brings vortex filaments of opposite circulation together, the filaments may break and rejoin in a process known as reconnection. This process of instability and reconnection leads to some fundamental changes in the topology of flows. Here we present experimental observations of a special type of instability in which two colliding vortex rings become unstable and reconnect to form a series of smaller rings. Although this phenomenon was briefly noted more than a decade ago 1, no detailed observations were made, and little is known about the mechanisms involved. We have used coloured dyes to reveal the detailed structure of the small rings and many other features, including a short-wavelength instability around the circumference of the colliding rings. At high Reynolds number, collision leads to a turbulent cloud, with the occasional appearance of small rings.
RP LIM, TT (corresponding author), UNIV MELBOURNE,DEPT MECH & MFG ENGN,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA.
NR 10
TC 123
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 225
EP 227
DI 10.1038/357225a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAGAN, I
   YANAGIDA, M
AF HAGAN, I
   YANAGIDA, M
TI KINESIN-RELATED CUT7 PROTEIN ASSOCIATES WITH MITOTIC AND MEIOTIC SPINDLES IN FISSION YEAST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID schizosaccharomyces-pombe; monoclonal-antibody; electron-microscopy; nuclear division; cultured-cells; drosophila; gene; mutation; mitosis; identification
AB SEVERAL mitotic and meiotic gene products are related to the microtubule motor kinesin, providing insight into the molecular basis of the complex motile events responsible for spindle formation and function 1. Of these genes, three have been shown to affect spindle structure when mutated 2-6. The most severe phenotype is seen in Aspergillus nidulans bimC and Schizosaccharomyces pombe cut7 mutants. In both fungi the intranuclear spindle is bipolar, with microtubules that emanate from spindle pole bodies at either pole, interdigitating in a central overlap zone. In bimC and cut7 mutants, microtubule interdigitation does not appear to take place, instead two unconnected half spindles form and chromosome separation fails 2,6,7. Here we report that cut7 protein concentrates on or near the spindle pole bodies throughout mitotic and meiotic nuclear division and associates with mitotic spindle microtubules in a stage-specific manner, associating with the mid-anaphase B midzone. In cut7ts mutants, spindle pole bodies stain but mitotic microtubules do not.
RP HAGAN, I (corresponding author), KYOTO UNIV, FAC SCI, DEPT BIOPHYS, SAKYO KU, KYOTO 606, JAPAN.
NR 32
TC 229
Z9 254
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 74
EP 76
DI 10.1038/356074a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200060
PM 1538784
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OREMLAND, RS
   CULBERTSON, CW
AF OREMLAND, RS
   CULBERTSON, CW
TI IMPORTANCE OF METHANE-OXIDIZING BACTERIA IN THE METHANE BUDGET AS REVEALED BY THE USE OF A SPECIFIC INHIBITOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric methane; oxidation; sediments; acetylene; reduction; increase; lake
AB METHANE is a greenhouse gas whose concentration in the atmosphere is increasing 1-3. Much of this methane is derived from the metabolism of methane-generating (methanogenic) bacteria 4,5, and over the past two decades much has been learned about the ecology of methanogens; specific inhibitors of methanogenesis, such as 2-bromoethanesulphonic acid, have proved useful in this regard 6. In contrast, although much is known about the biochemistry of methane-oxidizing (methanotrophic) bacteria 7, ecological investigations have been hampered by the lack of an analogous specific inhibitor 6. Methanotrophs limit the flux of methane to the atmosphere from sediments 8,9 and consume atmospheric methane 10, but the quantitative importance of methanotrophy in the global methane budget is not well known 5. Methylfluoride (CH3F) is known to inhibit oxygen consumption by Methylococcus capsulatus 11, and to inhibit the oxidation of (CH4)-C-14 to (CO2)-C-14, by endosymbionts in mussel gill tissues 12. Here we report that methylfluoride (MF) inhibits the oxidation of methane by methane monooxygenase, and by using methylfluoride in field investigations, we find that methanotrophic bacteria can consume more than 90% of the methane potentially available.
RP OREMLAND, RS (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA.
NR 20
TC 166
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 91
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 421
EP 423
DI 10.1038/356421a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RAYCHAUDHURI, D
   PARK, JT
AF RAYCHAUDHURI, D
   PARK, JT
TI ESCHERICHIA-COLI CELL-DIVISION GENE FTSZ ENCODES A NOVEL GTP-BINDING PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bud site selection; molecular characterization; biochemical-property; yeast; sequence; membrane; product; superfamily; mutations; mutants
AB ESCHERICHIA COLI divides by forming a septum across the middle of the cell. The biochemical mechanism underlying this process is unknown. Genetic evidence suggests that of all the fts (filamentation temperature sensitive) genes1,2 involved in E. coli cell division, ftsZ plays a central role at the earliest known step of septation3-5. Here we show that FtsZ protein binds GTP in vitro using unusual sequence elements6-8. In contrast, such binding to the product of the conditional-lethal ftsZ84 allele is impaired. purified FtsZ displays a Mg2+-dependent GTPase activity which is markedly reduced in the FtsZ84 protein. FtsZ copurifies with near stoichiometric amounts of noncovalently-bound GDP, implying the presence of a GTPase cycle in vivo, similar to that known for signal-transducing GTP-binding proteins8,9. We also show that a small fraction of FtsZ exists as a distinct membrane-associated species that binds GTP. The membrane association of FtsZ and the known ability of GTPases to act as molecular switches8,9 implicate FtsZ in a GTP-activated signal transduction pathway that may regulate the start of septation in E. coli.
RP RAYCHAUDHURI, D (corresponding author), TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & MICROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA.
NR 38
TC 374
Z9 435
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 251
EP 254
DI 10.1038/359251a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400066
PM 1528267
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SEUBERT, P
   VIGOPELFREY, C
   ESCH, F
   LEE, M
   DOVEY, H
   DAVIS, D
   SINHA, S
   SCHLOSSMACHER, M
   WHALEY, J
   SWINDLEHURST, C
   MCCORMACK, R
   WOLFERT, R
   SELKOE, D
   LIEBERBURG, I
   SCHENK, D
AF SEUBERT, P
   VIGOPELFREY, C
   ESCH, F
   LEE, M
   DOVEY, H
   DAVIS, D
   SINHA, S
   SCHLOSSMACHER, M
   WHALEY, J
   SWINDLEHURST, C
   MCCORMACK, R
   WOLFERT, R
   SELKOE, D
   LIEBERBURG, I
   SCHENK, D
TI ISOLATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF SOLUBLE ALZHEIMERS BETA-PEPTIDE FROM BIOLOGICAL-FLUIDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid precursor protein; disease; mutation; gene; cleavage; cells
AB CEREBRAL deposition of the beta-amyloid peptide (A-beta) is an invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease. Since the original isolation and characterization of A-beta (ref. 1) and the subsequent cloning of its precursor protein2-5, no direct evidence for the actual production of discrete A-beta has been reported6-11. Here we investigate whether A-beta is present in human biological fluids using antibodies specific for an epitope within A-beta that spans the site of normal constitutive cleavage12,13. These antibodies were used to construct a sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that detects A-beta in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and conditioned medium of human mixed-brain cells grown in vitro (see also ref. 14). By affinity chromatography, we have purified and sequenced A-beta and a novel A-beta fragment from human cerebrospinal fluid and conditioned medium of human mixed-brain cell cultures. These findings demonstrate that A-beta is produced and released both in vivo and in vitro. These observations offer new opportunities for developing diagnostic tests for Alzheimer's disease and therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the cerebral deposition of A-beta.
C1 ATHENA NEUROSCI INC, 800F GATEWAY BLVD, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT NEUROL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, PROGRAM NEUROSCI, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HYBRITECH INC, SAN DIEGO, CA 92196 USA.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP, CTR NEUROL DIS, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
NR 27
TC 1694
Z9 2009
U1 0
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 325
EP 327
DI 10.1038/359325a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300058
PM 1406936
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SVERJENSKY, DA
   MOLLING, PA
AF SVERJENSKY, DA
   MOLLING, PA
TI A LINEAR FREE-ENERGY RELATIONSHIP FOR CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AND AQUEOUS IONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermodynamic property; co2-h2o solutions; association constants; gibbs energy; prediction; minerals; 90-degrees-c; 80-degrees-c; solubility; elements
AB QUANTITATIVE chemical modelling of geochemical, environmental and industrial processes is often severely limited because of large gaps in experimentally derived thermodynamic databases for Gibbs free energies of crystalline solids and aqueous ions. Methods proposed previously for estimation of the free energies or enthalpies of formation of crystalline solids 1-9 are subject to large uncertainties, typically greater than +/- 5-10 kcal mol-1. Here we present an empirically based linear free energy equation 10 applicable to cations of any charge, radius or chemical type, which allows estimates of the free energies of solids with uncertainties of less than +/- 1 kcal mol-1. Our equation is analogous to the linear free energy relations of Hammett and others 11,12 for aqueous organic reactions, but applies instead to crystalline solids. We apply our equation to experimentally derived standard Gibbs free energies of formation of isostructural families of divalent oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. This new level of accuracy for predicting free energies of crystalline solids opens up opportunities for chemical modelling of many processes not previously amenable to thermodynamic analysis.
C1 UNOCAL CORP, UNOCAL GEOTHERMAL DIV, SANTA ROSA, CA 95406 USA.
RP SVERJENSKY, DA (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY PHYS, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA.
NR 36
TC 98
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 231
EP 234
DI 10.1038/356231a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MELLOR, RB
   RONNENBERG, J
   CAMPBELL, WH
   DIEKMANN, S
AF MELLOR, RB
   RONNENBERG, J
   CAMPBELL, WH
   DIEKMANN, S
TI REDUCTION OF NITRATE AND NITRITE IN WATER BY IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrous-oxide reductase; forma sp-denitrificans; nadh; electron
AB NITRATE, a common and serious contaminant of ground water, is removed at present either by physicochemical methods that do not degrade it, or via degradation by microorganisms, which is a slow process 1. We report here a rapid and efficient process for nitrate removal which involves catalytic reduction by immobilized enzymes. The reduction is driven by an electrical current, and results in complete conversion of nitrate to N2 without residues. Our electro-bioreactor was constructed by co-immobilizing the enzymes (purified NADH:nitrate reductase from Zea mays 2 and crude nitrite reductase and N2O reductase from Rhodopseudomonas 3) with electron-carrying dyes in a polymer matrix, which was then attached in thin layers to the surface of the cathode. Nitrate-laden water is pumped past the anode and through the active matrix on the cathode while a low voltage is applied, resulting in two-stage nitrate reduction to N2, via nitrite. The enzyme activity is higher in the co-immobilized state than in free solution. In principle, such electro-bioreactors could be developed for removal of other water contaminants such as pesticides, if appropriate enzymes and cofactors can be identified.
C1 MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV, PHYTOTECHNOL RES CTR, HOUGHTON, MI 49931 USA.
C3 Michigan Technological University
RP MELLOR, RB (corresponding author), MOBITEC GMBH, WAGENSTIEG 5, W-3400 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.
NR 18
TC 155
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 138
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 717
EP 719
DI 10.1038/355717a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DIAMOND, JM
AF DIAMOND, JM
TI BOTANY - HORRIBLE PLANT-SPECIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP DIAMOND, JM (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024, USA.
NR 3
TC 13
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 627
EP 628
DI 10.1038/360627a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200025
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BLOCKI, FA
   SCHLIEVERT, PM
   WACKETT, LP
AF BLOCKI, FA
   SCHLIEVERT, PM
   WACKETT, LP
TI RAT-LIVER PROTEIN LINKING CHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DETOXIFICATION SYSTEMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glutathione s-transferases; migration inhibitory factor; cell hybridoma clone; macrophage-migration; mechanisms; acid
AB MAMMALS have separate enzymatic and cellularly mediated detoxification systems. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) protect against xenobiotic chemicals which continuously enter the body, largely through mucous membranes1-5. These enzymes catalyse the conjugation of glutathione with a wide variety of electrophilic compounds rendering them non-toxic. Mammals also mount a cellular immunological response on entry of foreign cells, viruses or macromolecules into the body6-8. T lymphocytes mobilize at the site of foreign body entry and secrete protein messengers called lymphokines. Secondary to T lymphocytes, macrophages concentrate at the infection site and function in antigen processing and phagocytosis. In vitro, macrophage movement is arrested by one class of lymphokines known as macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIFs). We report here the purification of milligram quantities of a unique multifunctional protein from rat liver which links enzymatic and immunological detoxification systems. This protein actuates both GST and MIF activity and matches the primary structure of a human MIF9 in 25 out of 26 amino-terminal amino acids. Primary structure comparisons revealed significant similarity between GSTs and MIF. The glutathione affinity chromatography purification described here yields a 100-fold increase in obtaining MIF9-11 and will aid understanding of its precise biological function.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT MICROBIOL,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
   UNIV MINNESOTA,GRAY FRESHWATER BIOL INST,NAVARRE,MN 55392.
   UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT BIOCHEM,NAVARRE,MN 55392.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota System
NR 28
TC 79
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 269
EP 270
DI 10.1038/360269a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000055
PM 1436109
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHNEIDER, A
   MONTAGUE, P
   GRIFFITHS, I
   FANARRAGA, M
   KENNEDY, PGE
   BROPHY, P
   NAVE, KA
AF SCHNEIDER, A
   MONTAGUE, P
   GRIFFITHS, I
   FANARRAGA, M
   KENNEDY, PGE
   BROPHY, P
   NAVE, KA
TI UNCOUPLING OF HYPOMYELINATION AND GLIAL-CELL DEATH BY A MUTATION IN THE PROTEOLIPID PROTEIN GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jimpy mutant mouse; messenger-rna; myelin; mice; expression; plp; oligodendrocytes; backgrounds; membranes; defect
AB PROTEOLIPID protein (PLP; M(r) 30,000) is a highly conserved major polytopic membrane protein in myelin but its cellular function remains obscure. Neurological mutant mice can often provide model systems for human genetic disorders. Mutations of the X-chromosome-linked PLP gene are lethal, identified first in the jimpy mouse1,2 and subsequently in patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease3,4. The unexplained phenotype of these mutations includes degeneration and premature cell death of oligodendrocytes with associated hypomyelination5. Here we show that a new mouse mutant rumpshaker6 is defined by the amino-acid substitution Ile-to-Thr at residue 186 in a membrane-embedded domain of PLP. Surprisingly, rumpshaker mice, although myelin-deficient, have normal longevity and a full complement of morphologically normal oligodendrocytes7. Hypomyelination can thus be genetically separated from the PLP-dependent oligodendrocyte degeneration. We suggest that PLP has a vital function in glial cell development, distinct from its later role in myelin assembly, and that this dichotomy of action may explain the clinical spectrum8 of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.
C1 UNIV HEIDELBERG, ZENTRUM MOLEK BIOL, W-6900 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   UNIV GLASGOW, APPL NEUROBIOL GRP, GLASGOW G61 1QH, SCOTLAND.
   UNIV STIRLING, DEPT BIOL & MOLEC SCI, STIRLING FK9 4LA, SCOTLAND.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University of Glasgow; University of Stirling
NR 32
TC 184
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 758
EP 761
DI 10.1038/358758a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900054
PM 1380672
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CLARK, SW
   MEYER, DI
AF CLARK, SW
   MEYER, DI
TI CENTRACTIN IS AN ACTIN HOMOLOG ASSOCIATED WITH THE CENTROSOME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-tubulin; aspergillus-nidulans; binding proteins; identification; construction; expression; component; rna; translocation; membrane
AB ACTIN is one of the most ubiquitous, abundant and well-conserved proteins of eukaryotes, participating in many crucial cellular processes including the maintenance of cell shape, motility and cell division1,2. Actins from the most divergent sources still share amino-acid identities in excess of 70% (ref. 3). This may well explain why low-abundance homologues of actin have been difficult to isolate. Genes encoding distant relatives of actin in budding and fission yeast have now been cloned3,4. We report here the discovery of a vertebrate actin-like protein, which we name centractin. A full-length complementary DNA clone was isolated whose sequence reveals amino-acid identities with actin of over 50%, increasing to more than 70% when conservative amino-acid changes are considered. Northern analysis and western blotting indicate a ubiquitous tissue and species distribution. Morphological and biochemical criteria show that centractin is associated with centrosomes.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   MOLEC BIOL INST,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
NR 35
TC 162
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 246
EP 250
DI 10.1038/359246a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400065
PM 1356230
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GLUYAS, J
   COLEMAN, M
AF GLUYAS, J
   COLEMAN, M
TI MATERIAL FLUX AND POROSITY CHANGES DURING SEDIMENT DIAGENESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID concretions; compaction; burial; carbon
AB UNDERSTANDING the changes in porosity that occur during burial of sediments is of importance both in modelling fluid flow in sedimentary basins and for prediction of petroleum reservoir quality. When deposited, up to 50% of the volume of sands is intergranular pore space. Porosity generally decreases with depth because of compaction and precipitation of diagenetic minerals, but some sandstones retain an anomalously high porosity. Whether this is due to dissolution and removal of material or to its local redistribution is not clear. We originally intended to quantify losses of major chemical components during burial of a complete sedimentary unit. We have investigated ten reservoir sandstones, of Permian to Tertiary age, from oilfields worldwide. These show consistent results, and here we present detailed data from four of them. We found that the silica content of these sandstones actually increased, by 220 to 350 kg m-3, following compaction. No statistically significant changes were observed for aluminium, potassium or sodium. The flux of silica cannot be modelled satisfactorily using currently accepted values of permeability, silica solubility and flow rates, posing a challenge for existing models of fluid flow and ore emplacement.
C1 UNIV READING,POSTGRAD RES INST SEDIMENTOL,READING RG6 2AB,BERKS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Reading
RP GLUYAS, J (corresponding author), BP RES CTR,SUNBURY TW16 7LN,MIDDX,ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 79
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 52
EP 54
DI 10.1038/356052a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEE, RH
AF LEE, RH
TI PROTEIN MODEL-BUILDING USING STRUCTURAL HOMOLOGY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structure alignment; design
AB Homology modelling software can predict the structure of a newly sequenced protein by incorporating conformational similarity information from related proteins for which atomic coordinates are known. Models built using structural data are more reliable than those based on sequence alignments alone.
RP LEE, RH (corresponding author), BIOSYM TECHNOL INC,HOMOL PROGRAM,9685 SCRANTON RD,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121, USA.
NR 15
TC 13
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 543
EP 544
DI 10.1038/356543a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100066
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HELMS, JB
   ROTHMAN, JE
AF HELMS, JB
   ROTHMAN, JE
TI INHIBITION BY BREFELDIN-A OF A GOLGI MEMBRANE ENZYME THAT CATALYZES EXCHANGE OF GUANINE-NUCLEOTIDE BOUND TO ARF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adp-ribosylation factor; gtp-binding-protein; coated vesicles; transport; complex; identification; purification; endosm; cofactor; cells
AB A WIDE variety of membrane transformations important in intracellular transport are inhibited by the fungal metabolite brefeldin A (refs 1-4), implying that the target for this drug is central to the formation and maintenance of subcellular compartments5. Brefeldin A added to cells causes the rapid and reversible dissociation of a Golgi-associated peripheral membrane protein (M(r) 110,000)6 which was found to be identical to one of the subunits of the coat of Golgi-derived (non-clathrin) coated vesicles, beta-COP7,8, implying that brefeldin A prevents transport by blocking the assembly of coats and thus the budding of enclosed vesicles9. In addition to the coatomer (a cytosol-derived complex of seven polypeptide chains, one of which is beta-COP10), the non-clathrin (COP) coat of Golgi-derived vesicles contains stoichiometric amounts of a small (M(r) approximately 20,000) GTP-binding protein, the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)11. Binding of ARF to Golgi membranes is necessary before coatomer/beta-COP can bind these membranes (ref. 12; and D. J. Palmer et al., manuscript submitted), so the primary effect of brefeldin A seems to be on the reaction responsible for ARF binding. Indeed, like beta-COP, ARF is dissociated from the Golgi complex by treatment with brefeldin A and brefeldin A prevents ARF from associating in vitro13, but the mechanism of this action by brefeldin A has been unclear. Here we report the discovery of an enzyme in a Golgi-enriched fraction that catalyses guanine nucleotide (GDP-GTP) exchange on ARF-1 protein, and which is inhibited by brefeldin A. We suggest that activation of ARF proteins for membrane localization by compartmentalized exchange enzymes is in general the first committed step in membrane transformation pathways.
RP HELMS, JB (corresponding author), SLOAN KETTERING MEM CANC CTR, ROCKEFELLER RES LAB, PROGRAM CELLULAR BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
NR 31
TC 671
Z9 746
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 352
EP 354
DI 10.1038/360352a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000054
PM 1448152
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TINSLEY, JM
   BLAKE, DJ
   ROCHE, A
   FAIRBROTHER, U
   RISS, J
   BYTH, BC
   KNIGHT, AE
   KENDRICKJONES, J
   SUTHERS, GK
   LOVE, DR
   EDWARDS, YH
   DAVIES, KE
AF TINSLEY, JM
   BLAKE, DJ
   ROCHE, A
   FAIRBROTHER, U
   RISS, J
   BYTH, BC
   KNIGHT, AE
   KENDRICKJONES, J
   SUTHERS, GK
   LOVE, DR
   EDWARDS, YH
   DAVIES, KE
TI PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF DYSTROPHIN-RELATED PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID becker muscular-dystrophy; skeletal-muscle; neuromuscular-junctions; mdx mice; sequence; expression; membrane
AB DYSTROPHIN-RELATED protein (DRP or 'utrophin'1) is localized in normal adult muscle primarily at the neuromuscular junction2-4. In the absence of dystrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, DRP is also present in the sarcolemma3-7. DRP is expressed in fetal and regenerating muscle and may play a similar role to dystrophin in early development3,7-9, although it remains to be determined whether DRP can functionally replace dystrophin in adult tissue. Previously we described a 3.5-kilobase complementary DNA clone that exhibits 80 per cent homology to the C-terminal domain of dystrophin10. This sequence identifies a 13-kilobase transcript that maps to human chromosome 6 (refs 2, 11). Antibodies raised against the gene product identify a polypeptide with a relative molecular mass of about 400K in all tissues examined7,8,12. To investigate the relationship between DRP and dystrophin in more detail, we have cloned and sequenced the whole DRP cDNA. Homology between DRP and dystrophin extends over their entire length, suggesting that they derive from a common ancestral gene. Comparative analysis of primary sequences highlights regions of functional importance, including those that may mediate the localization of DRP and dystrophin in the muscle cell.
C1 JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOLEC MED,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
   MRC,HUMAN BIOCHEM GENET LAB,GALTON LAB,LONDON NW1 2HE,ENGLAND.
   MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; University of London; University College London; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 24
TC 375
Z9 421
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 591
EP 593
DI 10.1038/360591a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900087
PM 1461283
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORRIS, RE
   HARRISON, WTA
   NICOL, JM
   WILKINSON, AP
   CHEETHAM, AK
AF MORRIS, RE
   HARRISON, WTA
   NICOL, JM
   WILKINSON, AP
   CHEETHAM, AK
TI DETERMINATION OF COMPLEX STRUCTURES BY COMBINED NEUTRON AND SYNCHROTRON X-RAY-POWDER DIFFRACTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structures
AB THE feasibility of determining crystal structures from powder diffraction data has improved substantially during the past decade. Early work using laboratory X-ray data1,2 has been followed by studies that take advantage of the higher resolution provided by synchrotron X-ray3 and neutron4 diffraction instrumentation. Other advances have been made in the computational aspects of the problem5,6. Nevertheless, there has remained a disparity between the complexity of structures that can be solved, ab initio, from powder data, and those that can in principle be refined by the Rietveld profile method7. For example, refinements with up to 34 atoms8 and 132 positional parameters9 have been reported, but the most complex unknown structure to be solved from powder data contains only 17 atoms in the asymmetric unit cell10. Here we describe the solution and refinement of Ga2(HPO3)3.4H2O, a novel framework structure with 29 atoms in the asymmetric unit cell and 117 structural parameters, by the combined use of synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction. Exploiting the complementary nature of these techniques further extends the power of powder diffraction for structure determination.
C1 UNIV HOUSTON,DEPT CHEM,HOUSTON,TX 77204.
   NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV REACTOR RADIAT,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899.
   UNIV MARYLAND,COLL PK,MD 20742.
C3 University of Houston System; University of Houston; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP MORRIS, RE (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT MAT,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106, USA.
NR 23
TC 54
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 519
EP 522
DI 10.1038/359519a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OVERNEY, RM
   MEYER, E
   FROMMER, J
   BRODBECK, D
   LUTHI, R
   HOWALD, L
   GUNTHERODT, HJ
   FUJIHIRA, M
   TAKANO, H
   GOTOH, Y
AF OVERNEY, RM
   MEYER, E
   FROMMER, J
   BRODBECK, D
   LUTHI, R
   HOWALD, L
   GUNTHERODT, HJ
   FUJIHIRA, M
   TAKANO, H
   GOTOH, Y
TI FRICTION MEASUREMENTS ON PHASE-SEPARATED THIN-FILMS WITH A MODIFIED ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID langmuir-blodgett-films; air-water-interface; shear property; scale friction; tungsten tip; spectroscopy; transitions; monolayers; resolution; surface
AB THE study of chemical phase separation in multicomponent thin organic films typically involves the addition of a dye which is selectively more soluble in one of the phases, thereby making it possible to probe the domain structures by fluorescence microscopy1-4. The resolution of this approach is generally limited to tens of micrometres. The atomic force microscope, on the other hand, has recently proved useful for imaging organic thin films down to the atomic scale5-9, but this technique provides details of the overall film topography, rather than the chemical composition. Here we show that the recently developed friction force microscope10-13, which simultaneously measures both the normal and lateral forces on the scanning tip, can be used to image and identify compositional domains with a resolution of approximately 5 angstrom. Although the topography of the individual domains can be imaged with a standard atomic force microscope, it is the additional information provided by the friction measurement that allows them to be chemically differentiated.
C1 IBM CORP,ALMADEN RES CTR,SAN JOSE,CA 91520.
   TOKYO INST TECHNOL,DEPT BIOMOLEC ENGN,MIDORI KU,YOKOHAMA,KANAGAWA 227,JAPAN.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP OVERNEY, RM (corresponding author), UNIV BASEL,INST PHYS,KLINGELBERGSTR 82,CH-4056 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 39
TC 496
Z9 529
U1 1
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 133
EP 135
DI 10.1038/359133a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KESKAR, NR
   CHELIKOWSKY, JR
AF KESKAR, NR
   CHELIKOWSKY, JR
TI NEGATIVE POISSON RATIOS IN CRYSTALLINE SIO2 FROM 1ST-PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE Poisson ratio of a solid characterizes its response to uniaxial stress. It is defined as the negative ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain. Normally, this ratio is positive, as most solids expand in the transverse direction when subjected to a uniaxial compression. Although a negative Poisson ratio is not forbidden by thermodynamics, it is rare in crystalline solids: the results of recent experiments1 which observed a negative Poisson ratio in alpha-cristobalite were therefore unexpected. We have investigated the elastic behaviour of alpha-cristobalite and other forms of silica with first-principles calculations and classical interatomic potentials. Our calculations reproduce the negative Poisson ratio in alpha-cristobalite, and predict that alpha-quartz, the most common form of crystalline silica, will also exhibit a negative Poisson ratio under large uniaxial tension. We attribute the occurrence of a negative Poisson ratio in low-density silica polymorphs to the high rigidity of the SiO4 tetrahedra.
RP KESKAR, NR (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA,MINNESOTA SUPERCOMP INST,DEPT CHEM ENGN & MAT SCI,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA.
NR 15
TC 199
Z9 217
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 222
EP 224
DI 10.1038/358222a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GOLDSTEIN, B
AF GOLDSTEIN, B
TI INDUCTION OF GUT IN CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS EMBRYOS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Two types of developmental events can cause an embryonic cell to adopt a fate different from that of its neighbours: during a cell division particular contents may be segregated to only one daughter cell and cells may experience different external cues, commonly in the form of inductive cell interactions. Work on development in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans suggests that most cell fates are specified without a need for cell interactions. In particular, the gut cell lineage of C. elegans has been used as a primary example of specification by differential segregation of determinants 1. Here I re-examine the role of induction in gut specification by isolating early blastomeres. In C. elegans, the gut derives from all the progeny of a single blastomere (E) of the eight-cell stage 2. When a gut precursor cell (EMS) is isolated during the first half of the four-cell stage, gut does not differentiate. Gut differentiation is rescued by recombining EMS with its posterior neighbour (P2), but not by recombining EMS with one or both of the other two cells of the four-cell stage. These results demonstrate that P2 induces EMS to form gut in C. elegans.
RP GOLDSTEIN, B (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS,DEPT ZOOL,CTR DEV BIOL,AUSTIN,TX 78712, USA.
NR 12
TC 190
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 255
EP 257
DI 10.1038/357255a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500059
PM 1589023
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KARLHOFER, FM
   RIBAUDO, RK
   YOKOYAMA, WM
AF KARLHOFER, FM
   RIBAUDO, RK
   YOKOYAMA, WM
TI MHC CLASS-I ALLOANTIGEN SPECIFICITY OF LY-49+ IL-2-ACTIVATED NATURAL-KILLER-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoclonal-antibody; expression; antigen; identification; receptor; gene; molecules; susceptibility; recognition; resistance
AB THE molecular basis of target cell recognition by CD3- natural killer (NK) cells is poorly understood, despite the ability of NK cells to lyse specific tumour cells 1,2. In general, target cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen expression correlates with resistance to NK cell-mediated lysis 3-9, possibly because NK cell-surface molecules engage MHC class I antigens and consequently deliver inhibitory signals 3,4. Natural killer cell allospecificity involves the MHC class I peptide-binding cleft 10, and further understanding of this allospecificity should provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of NK cell recognition. The Ly-49 cell surface molecule is expressed by 20% of CD3- NK cells 11 in C57BL/6 mice (H-2b). Here we show that C57BL/6-derived, interleukin-2-activated NK cells expressing Ly-49 do not lyse target cells displaying H-2d or H-2k despite efficient spontaneous lysis by Ly-49- effector cells. This preferential resistance correlates with expression of target cell MHC class I antigens. Transfection and expression of H-2D(d), but not H-2K(d) or H-2L(d), renders a susceptible target (H-2b) resistant to Ly-49+ effector cells. The transfected resistance is abrogated by monoclonal antibodies directed against Ly-49 or the alpha-1/alpha-2 domains of H-2D(d), suggesting that Ly-49 specifically interacts with the peptide-binding domains of the MHC class I alloantigen, H-2D(d) Inas-much as Ly49+ effector cells cannot be stimulated to lyse H-2D(d) targets, our results indicate that NK cells may possess inhibitory receptors that specifically recognize MHC class I antigens.
C1 SAN FRANCISCO GEN HOSP, MED SERV, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94110 USA.
   NIAID, IMMUNOL LAB, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP KARLHOFER, FM (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT MED, ROSALIND RUSSELL ARTHRITIS RES LAB, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
NR 34
TC 757
Z9 838
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 66
EP 70
DI 10.1038/358066a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100055
PM 1614533
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAAS, OA
   ARGYRIOUTIRITA, A
   LION, T
AF HAAS, OA
   ARGYRIOUTIRITA, A
   LION, T
TI PARENTAL ORIGIN OF CHROMOSOMES INVOLVED IN THE TRANSLOCATION T(9 22)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleolus organizer regions; dna methylation; human leukemia; gene activity; wilms-tumor; alleles; cancer; transgenes
AB FUNCTIONALLY equivalent genetic material can be labelled by an epigenetic marking process and used differentially depending on whether its origin is maternal or paternal1. This phenomenon is known as genomic imprinting and is manifested at either the chromosomal or gene level. Genomic imprinting seems to play an important role in cancer predisposition syndromes2-5 , and phenotypic consequences are evident in constitutional deletion syndromes and uniparental disomies1. Moreover, there seems to be a preferential retention of paternal alleles in sporadic tumours such as Wilms' tumour6, rhabdomyosarcoma7, osteosarcoma8 and retinoblastoma9. To investigate whether chromosomes involved in acquired abnormalities of haematologic neoplasms show a similar 'parent of origin' bias, we studied the inheritance of the translocated chromosomes 9 and 22 in cases of Philadelphia-chromosome-positive leukaemia, using unique specific chromosome band polymorphisms. Here we show that the translocated chromosome 9 was of paternal origin, whereas the translocated chromosomes 22 were derived exclusively from the maternal copy, in 11 cases with reliable polymorphisms. Our data therefore provide evidence that imprinting phenomena may play an important role in acquired tumour-specific chromosome rearrangements.
RP HAAS, OA (corresponding author), ST ANNA CHILDRENS HOSP, CHILDRENS CANC RES INST, KINDERSPITALGASSE 6, A-1090 VIENNA, AUSTRIA.
NR 33
TC 88
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 414
EP 416
DI 10.1038/359414a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400056
PM 1406953
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOUVET, P
   BELASCO, JG
AF BOUVET, P
   BELASCO, JG
TI CONTROL OF RNASE-E-MEDIATED RNA DEGRADATION BY 5'-TERMINAL BASE-PAIRING IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; escherichia-coli; ribonuclease-e; bacillus-subtilis; processing enzyme; primer formation; stability; ams; plasmid; gene
AB DESPITE the variety of messenger RNA half-lives in bacteria (0.5-30 min in Escherichia coli) and their importance in controlling gene expression, their molecular basis remains obscure. The life-time of an entire mRNA molecule can be determined by features near,its 5' end, but no 5' exoribonuclease has been identified in any prokaryotic organism1-6. A mutation that inactivates E. coli RNase E also increases the average lifetime of bulk E. coli mRNA and of many individual messages, suggesting that cleavage by this endonuclease may be the rate-determining step in the degradation of most mRNAs in E. coli7-16. We have investigated the substrate preference of RNase E in E. coli by using variants of RNA I, a small untranslated RNA whose swift degradation in vivo is initiated by RNase E cleavage at an internal site. We report here that RNase E has an unprecedented substrate specificity for an endoribonuclease, as it preferentially cleaves RNAs that have several unpaired nucleotides at the 5' end. The sensitivity of RNase E to 5'-terminal base pairing may explain how determinants near the 5' end can control rates of mRNA decay in bacteria.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & MOLEC GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   UNIV RENNES 1,BIOL & GENET DEV LAB,CNRS,UA 256,F-35042 RENNES,FRANCE.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Universite de Rennes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 32
TC 198
Z9 217
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 488
EP 491
DI 10.1038/360488a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700067
PM 1280335
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PAINE, RT
AF PAINE, RT
TI FOOD-WEB ANALYSIS THROUGH FIELD MEASUREMENT OF PER-CAPITA INTERACTION STRENGTH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID environmental-stress; community; competition; disturbance; stability; dynamics; lecture; model; space
AB THE idea that the connections between species in ecological assemblages are characterized by a trait called 'interaction strength' has become a cornerstone of modern ecology. Since the classic paper of Watt 1, ecologists have acknowledged the importance of distinguishing pattern (static community features) from process (dynamically based mechanisms), which can determine the immediate observed details. Food webs display pathways of implied dynamics, and thus potentially unite pattern and process in a single framework 2,3. Most analyses 4-8 have focused entirely on web topology and the derived descriptive properties. By contrast, attempts to generalize how natural communities are organized 9,10 or summary statements about whole communities 6, 11-13 have emphasized critical processes. Elton's 2 insights and May's 3 generalizations and analyses have stimulated current developments. In May's approach, the idea of interaction strength is precise, reflecting coefficients in a jacobian matrix associated with a community dynamics model. He found striking dependence of community stability both on web complexity and on the number and strength of interactions. By contrast, empiricists have usually determined relative interaction strength from single-species removals analysed by multivariate statistics 14,15. I report here the first experimental study designed to estimate interaction strengths in a species-rich herbivore guild, documenting on a per capita basis mainly weak or positive interactions, and a few strong interactions, a pattern which has profound implications for community dynamics.
RP PAINE, RT (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT ZOOL, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
NR 26
TC 583
Z9 663
U1 2
U2 180
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 73
EP 75
DI 10.1038/355073a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ASHWELL, GJ
   HARGREAVES, RC
   BALDWIN, CE
   BAHRA, GS
   BROWN, CR
AF ASHWELL, GJ
   HARGREAVES, RC
   BALDWIN, CE
   BAHRA, GS
   BROWN, CR
TI IMPROVED 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION FROM LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS OF HEMICYANINE DYES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2nd harmonic-generation; molecular-orientation; fatty-acid; monolayers; multilayers
AB THE phenomenon of second-harmonic generation (SHG), whereby a material under illumination generates light at twice the incident frequency, is finding increasing use in optical signal processing. The principal requirement for SHG is a non-centrosymmetric structure; in organic materials, this can be achieved through the use of Langmuir-Blodgett films, which offer control of structure at the molecular level. SHG has been demonstrated in films composed of hemicyanine dyes of the general formula D-C6H4-CH = CH-C5H4N+-RX-, where D is an electron donor, R is usually a hydrophobic alkyl chain and X- is a counterion such as Br- or I-. The frequency-doubling properties of these films are sensitive to the choice of donor group 1,2, the extent of molecular aggregation 3,4 and the type of packing 5-7. Mixed films, in which the dye molecules are interspersed with an inert phase, have been used to reduce aggregation and consequently enhance SHG 3,8, but these films have the potential disadvantage of phase separation. Here we show that the use of an amphiphilic anion as both counterion and spacer molecule gives rise to an ordered segregation of the hemicyanine chromophores, and greatly enhanced SHG.
C1 ROYAL ARMAMENT RES & DEV ESTAB, DIV MIL, DEF RES AGCY, SEVENOAKS TN14 7BP, KENT, ENGLAND.
RP ASHWELL, GJ (corresponding author), CRANFIELD INST TECHNOL, CTR MOLEC ELECTR, ADV MAT GRP, CRANFIELD MK43 0AL, BEDS, ENGLAND.
NR 20
TC 213
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 393
EP 395
DI 10.1038/357393a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VALVERDE, MA
   DIAZ, M
   SEPULVEDA, FV
   GILL, DR
   HYDE, SC
   HIGGINS, CF
AF VALVERDE, MA
   DIAZ, M
   SEPULVEDA, FV
   GILL, DR
   HYDE, SC
   HIGGINS, CF
TI VOLUME-REGULATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HUMAN MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE P-GLYCOPROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cystic-fibrosis; cell-line; expression; gene; identification; conductance; epithelium; transport; proteins; tissue
AB EXPRESSION of P-glycoprotein, the product of the MDR1 gene, confers multidrug resistance on cell lines and human tumours (reviewed in refs 1, 2). P-glycoprotein (relative molecular mass 170,000) is an ATP-dependent, active transporter which pumps hydrophobic drugs out of cells 3, but its normal physiological role is unknown. It is a member of the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) superfamily of transporters 4, which includes many bacterial transport systems, the putative peptide transporter from the major histocompatibility locus, and the product of the cystic fibrosis gene (the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, CFTR). CFTR is located in the apical membranes of many secretory epithelia 5 and is associated with a cyclic AMP-regulated chloride channel 6-8. At least two other chloride channels are present in epithelial cells, regulated by cell volume and by intracellular Ca2+, respectively 9,10. Because of the structural and sequence similarities between P-glycoprotein and CFTR 4,11, and because P-glycoprotein is abundant in many secretory epithelia 12-14, we examined whether P-glycoprotein might be associated with one or other of these channels. We report here that expression of P-glycoprotein generates volume-regulated, ATP-dependent, chloride-selective channels, with properties similar to channels characterized previously in epithelial cells.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOLEC MED,IMPERIAL CANC RES LABS,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
RP VALVERDE, MA (corresponding author), AFRC,INST ANIM PHYSIOL & GENET RES,CAMBRIDGE CB2 4AT,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 612
Z9 633
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 830
EP 833
DI 10.1038/355830a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600057
PM 1371598
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHIAVO, G
   BENFENATI, F
   POULAIN, B
   ROSSETTO, O
   DELAURETO, PP
   DASGUPTA, BR
   MONTECUCCO, C
AF SCHIAVO, G
   BENFENATI, F
   POULAIN, B
   ROSSETTO, O
   DELAURETO, PP
   DASGUPTA, BR
   MONTECUCCO, C
TI TETANUS AND BOTULINUM-B NEUROTOXINS BLOCK NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE BY PROTEOLYTIC CLEAVAGE OF SYNAPTOBREVIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID integral membrane-protein; small synaptic vesicles; chromaffin cells; distinct sites; synapsin-i; exocytosis; toxin; chains; genes; bind
AB CLOSTRIDIAL neurotoxins, including tetanus toxin and the seven serotypes of botulinum toxin (A-G), are produced as single chains and cleaved to generate toxins with two chains joined by a single disulphide bond (Fig. 1). The heavy chain (M(r) 100,000 (100K)) is responsible for specific binding to neuronal cells and cell penetration of the light chain (50K), which blocks neurotransmitter release1-9. Several lines of evidence have recently suggested that clostridial neurotoxins could be zinc endopeptidases2,10-14. Here we show that tetanus and botulinum toxins serotype B are zinc endopeptidases, the activation of which requires reduction of the interchain disulphide bond. The protease activity is localized on the light chain and is specific for synaptobrevin, an integral membrane protein of small synaptic vesicles. The rat synaptobrevin-2 isoform is cleaved by both neurotoxins at the same single site, the peptide bond Gln 76-Phe 77, but the isoform synaptobrevin-1, which has a valine at the corresponding position, is not cleaved. The blocking of neurotransmitter release of Aplysia neurons injected with tetanus toxin or botulinum toxin serotype B is substantially delayed by peptides containing the synaptobrevin-2 cleavage site. These results indicate that tetanus and botulinum B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by cleaving synaptobrevin2, a protein that, on the basis of our results, seems to play a key part in neurotransmitter release.
C1 UNIV PADUA,CRIBI,I-35131 PADUA,ITALY.
   UNIV MODENA,INST FISIOL UMANA,I-41100 MODENA,ITALY.
   CNRS,NEUROBIOL MOLEC & CELLULAIRE LAB,F-91118 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,FOOD RES INST,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 University of Padua; Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP SCHIAVO, G (corresponding author), UNIV PADUA,CNR,CTR BIOMEMBRANE,DIPARTIMENTO SCI BIOMED,75 VIA TRIESTE,I-35131 PADUA,ITALY.
FU Telethon [170] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 1497
Z9 1723
U1 0
U2 129
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 832
EP 835
DI 10.1038/359832a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700065
PM 1331807
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOGAN, CJ
AF HOGAN, CJ
TI A PHOTOIONIZATION INSTABILITY IN THE EARLY INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-limit absorption; galaxy formation; evolution; clouds; halos
AB THE distribution of neutral hydrogen absorption lines in quasars indicates that the intergalactic medium is fully formed even at the highest redshifts1,2: highly ionized gas fills most of space, but there are many denser, lower-entropy condensations with a higher fraction of neutral gas, and a few very dense, optically thick clouds thought to be associated with the progenitors of modern galaxies. This early ionization requires there to have been some form of energy injection (heat or light) at redshift z > 5, but its precise origin is unknown. (Possible sources of ionizing energy range from decaying massive neutrinos3-5 to faint but numerous active galaxies.) I argue here that any fairly uniform source of ionizing photons can be the cause of an instability in the pre-galactic medium on scales larger than a photon path length. Underdense regions receive more ionizing energy per atom and reach higher temperature and entropy, driving the density down still further. Fluctuations created by this instability can lead to the formation of structures resembling protogalaxies and intergalactic clouds, obviating the need for gas clouds or density perturbations of earlier cosmological provenance, as is usually assumed in theories of galaxy and structure formation.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT PHYS,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP HOGAN, CJ (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ASTRON,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 32
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 40
EP 41
DI 10.1038/359040a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEGGIE, MI
AF HEGGIE, MI
TI A MOLECULAR WATER PUMP IN QUARTZ DISLOCATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-quartz
AB RECENTLY Bakker and Janssen 1 have reported experiments suggesting that water leaks out of bubbles in quartz preferentially along dislocations against thermodynamic gradients in fugacity, chemical potential and pressure. This effect indicates that the density of gas-rich fluid inclusions cannot be calculated from metamorphic pressure-temperature conditions and, conversely, that the density of the fluid cannot be used to infer metamorphic pressure-temperature conditions. Using computer modelling techniques, I show here that water not only diffuses easily along dislocations in quartz, but can also be 'pumped' along them. The simulations indicate that in dislocation cores, water molecules dissociate and the protons and hydroxyl groups become strongly bound to kinks. A shear stress can do work on kinks to move them along a dislocation, dragging with them these water-bearing species and sweeping other, undissociated water molecules before them.
RP HEGGIE, MI (corresponding author), UNIV EXETER,DEPT COMP SCI,SCI COMP GRP,PRINCE WALES RD,EXETER EX4 4PT,ENGLAND.
NR 9
TC 29
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 337
EP 339
DI 10.1038/355337a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GUTHRIE, S
   MUCHAMORE, I
   KUROIWA, A
   MARSHALL, H
   KRUMLAUF, R
   LUMSDEN, A
AF GUTHRIE, S
   MUCHAMORE, I
   KUROIWA, A
   MARSHALL, H
   KRUMLAUF, R
   LUMSDEN, A
TI NEUROECTODERMAL AUTONOMY OF HOX-2.9 EXPRESSION REVEALED BY RHOMBOMERE TRANSPOSITIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chick hindbrain; mouse hindbrain; homeotic genes; drosophila; segmentation; anterior; xenopus; organization; induction; protein
AB INVOLVEMENT of the Hox genes in regional specifications of the vertebrate body axis is suggested by sequence similarity with the homeotic selector genes of Drosophila, the conservation of a collinear relationship between genomic organization and site of expression, and mutational analysis 1-5. Subdivision of vertebrate embryo hindbrain neuroepithelium into lineage compartments 6 (rhombomeres 7,8) underlies segmental patterning of neuronal differentiation 9. The rhombomere boundaries delimit domains of expression of Hox genes 10-12, presumed to be determinants of rhombomere phenotype, suggesting that Hox genes confer positional value 13; the formation of rhombomere 4 (r4) is followed by strong expression of Hox-2.9 within its confines 14. If the Hox genes are determinants, their expression should be autonomous from the developmental stage at which regional commitment becomes fixed and irreversible. We have transplanted the future r4 region (from state-9-chick embryos) into the more anterior position of r2 and probed for Hox-2.9 transcripts. We report here that Hox-2.9 was expressed in the ectopic r4 as strongly as in the normal r4, whereas reciprocal grafts of future r2 to r4 position did not express Hox-2.9. The phenotype of ectopic rhombomeres developed according to their original position, as demonstrated by retrograde tracing of efferent cranial nerve nuclei. As early as stage-9 - (six somites), both Hox-2.9 expression and segment identity are autonomous in the chick embryo hindbrain, independent both of position in the neuroepithelium and of signals from the underlying mesoderm 15.
C1 UNITED MED & DENT SCH GUYS & ST THOMAS HOSP,GUYS HOSP,DIV ANAT & CELL BIOL,MRC,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND.
   NATL INST MED RES,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   TOHOKU UNIV,DEPT CELL BIOL,SENDAI,MIYAGI 980,JAPAN.
C3 University of London; King's College London; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Tohoku University
NR 27
TC 155
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 157
EP 159
DI 10.1038/356157a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100061
PM 1545869
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BROECKER, WS
   PENG, TH
AF BROECKER, WS
   PENG, TH
TI INTERHEMISPHERIC TRANSPORT OF CARBON-DIOXIDE BY OCEAN CIRCULATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eddy diffusion-model; 25-degrees-n latitude; atlantic-ocean; currents; cycle
AB ALTHOUGH anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide have today created a greater atmospheric CO2 concentration in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere, a comparison of interhemispheric CO2 profiles from 1980 and 1962 led Keeling and Heimann 1,2 to conclude that, before the Industrial Revolution, natural CO2 sources and sinks acted to set up a reverse (south to north) gradient which drove about one gigatonne of carbon each year through the atmosphere from the Southern to the Northern Hemisphere. At steady state, this flux must have been balanced by a counter flow of carbon from north to south through the ocean. Here we present a means to estimate this natural flux by a separation of oceanic carbon anomalies into those created by biogenic processes and those created by CO2 exchange between the ocean and atmosphere. We find that before the Industrial Revolution, deep water formed in the northern Atlantic Ocean carried about 0.6 gigatonnes of carbon annually to the Southern Hemisphere, providing support for Keeling and Heimann's proposal. The existence of this oceanic carbon pump also raises questions about the need for a large terrestrial carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere, as postulated by Tans et al. 3, to balance the present global carbon budget.
C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, DIV ENVIRONM SCI, OAK RIDGE, TN 37830 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
RP BROECKER, WS (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV, LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV, PALISADES, NY 10964 USA.
NR 18
TC 105
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 587
EP 589
DI 10.1038/356587a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRANNON, JC
   PODOSEK, FA
   MCLIMANS, RK
AF BRANNON, JC
   PODOSEK, FA
   MCLIMANS, RK
TI ALLEGHENIAN AGE OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY ZINC LEAD DEPOSIT DETERMINED BY RB-SR DATING OF SPHALERITE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ore-deposits; potassic diagenesis; genesis; midcontinent; systematics; wisconsin; district; illinois; origin; basin
AB MISSISSIPPI Valley type (MVT) ore deposits in North America are generally thought to have formed from warm brines which migrated from sedimentary basins to sites of deposition in sedimentary strata of the neighbouring craton long after lithification of the sediments 1-3. When and how these migrations occurred is not well understood, but recent geological evidence suggests that continental-scale brine migration can be triggered by tectonic collisions 4-6. Indirect evidence 7-9 has suggested an association of North American MVT mineralization with the Late Palaeozoic Alleghenian/Ouachita orogeny; recently, however, Nakai et al. 10 obtained a Rb-Sr age of 377 +/- 29 Myr for sphalerites from the East Tennessee MVT district, which they linked to the Middle Palaeozoic Acadian orogeny. Here we report Rb-Sr dates for sphalerites from the MVT 'type section'- the Upper Mississippi Valley (UMV) zinc-lead district. Rb-Sr data from two distinct sphalerite bands from the West Hayden ore body yield two independent but indistinguishable isochrons of Permian age (269 +/- 6 Myr and 270 +/- 4 Myr), consistent with a brine migration episode initiated by the Alleghenian/Ouachita orogeny. In conjunction with the previous data indicating a link to the Acadian orogeny 10,11, our results indicate that North American MVT deposits formed in at least two distinct tectonic episodes.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,MCDONNELL CTR SPACE SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130.
   DUPONT CO,WILMINGTON,DE 19898.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); DuPont; DuPont USA
RP BRANNON, JC (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130, USA.
NR 30
TC 139
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 509
EP 511
DI 10.1038/356509a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUFFETT, BA
   HUPPERT, HE
   LISTER, JR
   WOODS, AW
AF BUFFETT, BA
   HUPPERT, HE
   LISTER, JR
   WOODS, AW
TI ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR SOLIDIFICATION OF THE EARTHS CORE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal evolution; mantle; constraints
AB THE Earth's solid inner core is generally thought to have formed by gradual solidification of the liquid core as the Earth cooled 1-3. To elucidate the relative importance of the various physical effects on the thermal evolution of the core, we have developed an analytical model based on global heat conservation, which describes the cooling of the vigorously convecting, fluid outer core and the concomitant growth of the inner core. We obtain a simple form for the evolution of the inner-core radius which allows the consequences of changes to the model's input parameters to be readily assessed. For most of this evolution, inner-core growth is controlled primarily by the heat capacity of the outer core and the history of the heat flux into the base of the mantle. Heat sources associated with solidification of the inner core, including the release of latent beat and gravitational energy, have a secondary role but become more important towards the end of solidification. Using current seismic estimates of compositional changes at the surface of the inner core, we conclude that the compositional and thermal buoyancy fluxes in the outer core are comparable.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,CAMBRIDGE CB3 9EW,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP BUFFETT, BA (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT APPL MATH & THEORET PHYS,INST THEORET GEOPHYS,CAMBRIDGE CB3 9EW,ENGLAND.
NR 24
TC 106
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 329
EP 331
DI 10.1038/356329a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PINES, G
   DANBOLT, NC
   BJORAS, M
   ZHANG, YM
   BENDAHAN, A
   EIDE, L
   KOEPSELL, H
   STORMMATHISEN, J
   SEEBERG, E
   KANNER, BI
AF PINES, G
   DANBOLT, NC
   BJORAS, M
   ZHANG, YM
   BENDAHAN, A
   EIDE, L
   KOEPSELL, H
   STORMMATHISEN, J
   SEEBERG, E
   KANNER, BI
TI CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF A RAT-BRAIN L-GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acids; membrane-vesicles; rna-polymerase; sodium; heterogeneity; aspartate; family; system; sites
AB SYNAPTIC transmission of most vertebrate synapses is thought to be terminated by rapid transport of the neurotransmitter into presynaptic nerve terminals or neuroglia1-5. L-Glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter in brain and its transport represents the mechanism by which it is removed from the synaptic cleft and kept below toxic levels5,6. Here we use an antibody against a glial L-glutamate transporter from rat brain7 to isolate a complementary DNA clone encoding this transporter. Expression of this cDNA in transfected HeLa cells indicates that L-glutamate accumulation requires external sodium and internal potassium and transport shows the expected stereospecificity. The cDNA sequence predicts a protein of 573 amino acids with 8-9 putative transmembrane alpha-helices. Database searches indicate that this protein is not homologous to any identified protein of mammalian origin, including the recently described superfamily of neurotransmitter transporters. This protein therefore seems to be a member of a new family of transport molecules.
C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,HADASSAH MED SCH,DEPT BIOCHEM,POB 1172,IL-91010 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
   UNIV OSLO,INST ANAT,N-0137 OSLO,NORWAY.
   UNIV OSLO,CTR BIOTECHNOL,N-0136 OSLO,NORWAY.
   NORWEGIAN DEF RES ESTAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,N-2007 KJELLER,NORWAY.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS,W-6000 FRANKFURT 70,GERMANY.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; University of Oslo; University of Oslo; Norwegian Defence Research Establishment; Max Planck Society
NR 33
TC 1161
Z9 1261
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 464
EP 467
DI 10.1038/360464a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700060
PM 1448170
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YOST, HJ
AF YOST, HJ
TI REGULATION OF VERTEBRATE LEFT RIGHT ASYMMETRIES BY EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-laevis; prospective areas; fibronectin; gastrulation; handedness; movements; migration; neurula; embryos; layer
AB THE vertebrate body is organized along three geometric axes: anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral and left-right. Left-right axis formation, displayed in heart and gut development, is the least understood, even though it has been studied for many years 1-4. In Xenopus laevis gastrulae, a fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix is deposited on the basal surface of ectoderm cells 5,6 over which cardiac and visceral primordia move during development. Here I report experiments in which localized perturbation of a small patch of extracellular matrix by microsurgery was correlated with localized randomization of left-right asymmetries. Global perturbation of the extracellular matrix by microinjection of Arg-Gly-Asp peptides or heparinase into the blastocoel resulted in global randomization of left-right asymmetries. From these observations, I suggest that left-right axial information is contained in the extracellular matrix early in development and is independently transmitted to cardiac and visceral primordia.
RP YOST, HJ (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CELL BIOL & NEUROANAT,4-135 JACKSON HALL,321 CHURCH ST SE,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA.
NR 28
TC 111
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 158
EP 161
DI 10.1038/357158a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200058
PM 1579165
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THIEMANN, A
   GRUNDER, S
   PUSCH, M
   JENTSCH, TJ
AF THIEMANN, A
   GRUNDER, S
   PUSCH, M
   JENTSCH, TJ
TI A CHLORIDE CHANNEL WIDELY EXPRESSED IN EPITHELIAL AND NONEPITHELIAL CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cystic-fibrosis; receptor shows; line t84; conductance; transport; cloning; gene; camp
AB CHLORIDE channels have several functions, including the regulation of cell volume 1,2 stabilizing membrane potential 3,4, signal transduction 5,6 and transepithelial transport 7. The plasma membrane Cl- channels already cloned belong to different structural classes: ligand-gated channels 5,6, voltage-gated channels 8,9, and possibly transporters of the ATP-binding-cassette type (if the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator 10 is a Cl- channel 11-13). The importance of chloride channels is illustrated by the phenotypes that can result from their malfunction: cystic fibrosis, in which transepithelial transport is impaired, and myotonia 3, in which ClC-1, the principal skeletal muscle Cl- channel, is defective 9. Here we report the properties of ClC-2, a new member of the voltage-gated Cl- channel family. Its sequence is approximately 50% identical to either the Torpedo electroplax Cl- channel, ClC-0 (ref. 8), or the rat muscle Cl- channel, ClC-1 (ref. 9). Isolated initially from rat heart and brain, it is also expressed in pancreas, lung and liver, for example, and in pure cell lines of fibroblastic, neuronal, and epithelial origin, including tissues and cells affected by cystic fibrosis. Expression in Xenopus oocytes induces Cl- currents that activate slowly upon hyperpolarization and display a linear instantaneous current-voltage relationship. The conductivity sequence is Cl- greater-than-or-equal-to Br- > I-. The presence of ClC-2 in such different cell types contrasts with the highly specialized expression of ClC-1 (ref. 9) and also with the cloned cation channels, and suggests that its function is important for most cells.
C1 UNIV HAMBURG,ZMNH,CTR MOLEC NEUROBIOL,MARTINISTR 52,W-2000 HAMBURG 20,GERMANY.
C3 University of Hamburg
NR 33
TC 556
Z9 597
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 57
EP 60
DI 10.1038/356057a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200054
PM 1311421
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LINDSEY, C
   JEFFERIES, JT
   CLARK, TA
   HARRISON, RA
   CARTER, MK
   WATT, G
   BECKLIN, EE
   ROELLIG, TL
   BRAUN, DC
   NAYLOR, DA
   TOMPKINS, GJ
AF LINDSEY, C
   JEFFERIES, JT
   CLARK, TA
   HARRISON, RA
   CARTER, MK
   WATT, G
   BECKLIN, EE
   ROELLIG, TL
   BRAUN, DC
   NAYLOR, DA
   TOMPKINS, GJ
TI EXTREME-INFRARED BRIGHTNESS PROFILE OF THE SOLAR CHROMOSPHERE OBTAINED DURING THE TOTAL ECLIPSE OF 1991
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID limb
AB THE solar chromosphere is a thin layer of gas that is several thousand degrees hotter than the underlying photosphere, and responsible for most of the Sun's ultraviolet emission. The mechanism by which it is heated to temperatures exceeding 10,000 K is not understood. Millimetre and submillimetre radiometry can be used to obtain the chromospheric temperature profile, but the diffraction-limited resolution for the largest telescopes is at best 17 arcsec, or approximately 12,500 km at the Sun's distance. This is greater than the thickness of the quiet chromosphere itself. The total eclipse of July 1991, which passed over the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, provided a rare opportunity to make limb occultation observations with a large submillimetre-wavelength telescope, the 15-m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, and in this way we obtained a temperature profile in 1.3-mm radiation with approximately 300 km resolution at the Sun. Our observations indicate that spicules (magnetically entrained funnels of gas) reach a temperature of 8,000 K at 3,000-4,000 km above the photosphere, a temperature lower than those of many spicule models.
C1 NATL SOLAR OBSERV,NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85726.
   UNIV CALGARY,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,CALGARY T2N 1N4,ALBERTA,CANADA.
   RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB,DIV ASTROPHYS,DIDCOT OX11 0QX,OXON,ENGLAND.
   JOINT ASTRON CTR,JAMES CLERK MAXWELL TELESCOPE,HILO,HI 96720.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT ASTRON,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   NASA,AMES RES CTR,ASTROPHYS BRANCH,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035.
   UNIV LETHBRIDGE,DEPT PHYS,LETHBRIDGE T1K 3M4,ALBERTA,CANADA.
C3 National Optical Astronomy Observatory; National Solar Observatory; University of Calgary; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; University of Lethbridge
RP LINDSEY, C (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,2680 WOODLAWN DR,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 9
TC 16
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 308
EP 310
DI 10.1038/358308a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MATSUMURA, K
   ERVASTI, JM
   OHLENDIECK, K
   KAHL, SD
   CAMPBELL, KP
AF MATSUMURA, K
   ERVASTI, JM
   OHLENDIECK, K
   KAHL, SD
   CAMPBELL, KP
TI ASSOCIATION OF DYSTROPHIN-RELATED PROTEIN WITH DYSTROPHIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS IN MDX MOUSE MUSCLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle; neuromuscular-junctions; glycoprotein complex; gene; mice; localization; sarcolemma; expression; fibers
AB DYSTROPHIN is associated with a complex of muscle membrane (sarcolemmal) glycoproteins that provide a linkage to the extracellular matrix protein, laminin1-8. The absence of dystrophin leads to a dramatic reduction of the dystrophin-associated proteins (156DAG, 59DAP, 50DAG, 43DAG and 35DAG) in the sarcolemma of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and mdx mice2,6-8. Here we demonstrate that dystrophin-related protein (DRP, utrophin), an autosomal homologue of dystrophin9-17, is associated with an identical or antigenically similar complex of sarcolemmal proteins and that DRP and the dystrophin/DRP-associated proteins colocalize to the neuromuscular junction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and mdx muscle. The DRP and dystrophin/DRP-associated proteins are found throughout the sarcolemma in small-calibre skeletal muscles and cardiac muscle of adult mdx mice. Because these muscles show minimal pathological changes18-20, our results could provide a basis for the upregulation of DRP as a potential therapeutic approach.
C1 UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
C3 University of Iowa
RP MATSUMURA, K (corresponding author), UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,IOWA CITY,IA 52242, USA.
NR 21
TC 462
Z9 531
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 588
EP 591
DI 10.1038/360588a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900086
PM 1461282
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VEUM, T
   JANSEN, E
   ARNOLD, M
   BEYER, I
   DUPLESSY, JC
AF VEUM, T
   JANSEN, E
   ARNOLD, M
   BEYER, I
   DUPLESSY, JC
TI WATER MASS EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE NORTH-ATLANTIC AND THE NORWEGIAN SEA DURING THE PAST 28,000 YEARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deglaciation; circulation; ocean; fractionation; cycles; cores
AB THE Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian (GIN) seas are important regulators of heat transport in the Northern Hemisphere and of ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange 1-5. Rapid changes in the circulation of surface and deep waters in this region may induce nonlinear climatic effects and climate instabilities 2,3. Here we present carbon and oxygen isotope data that provide a record of circulation changes in the GIN seas during and at the termination of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Inflow of nutrient-depleted waters from the GIN seas to form intermediate waters of the North Atlantic resulted in nutrient enrichment of North Atlantic deep water and consequent enhanced drawdown of atmospheric CO2, contributing to the lower atmospheric p(CO2) during the LGM. The onset of deglaciation occurred at a time of low salinity in the GIN seas and thus of reduced thermohaline circulation. Although strong thermohaline circulation was later reinitiated in the North Atlantic as deglaciation proceeded, it cannot therefore have caused the onset of warming. Similarly, we find that rapid changes in thermohaline circulation cannot account for the transient return to a cooler climate during the Younger Dryas episode.
C1 UNIV BERGEN,DEPT GEOL,ALLEGATEN 41,N-5007 BERGEN,NORWAY.
   CEA,CTR FAIBLES RADIOACTIV,CNRS,MIXTE LAB,F-91190 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
C3 University of Bergen; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA
NR 36
TC 164
Z9 167
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 783
EP 785
DI 10.1038/356783a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORGAN, JP
   SMITH, WHF
AF MORGAN, JP
   SMITH, WHF
TI FLATTENING OF THE SEA-FLOOR DEPTH AGE CURVE AS A RESPONSE TO ASTHENOSPHERIC FLOW
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID australian-antarctic discordance; hot-spot swells; mantle convection; heat-flow; oceanic lithosphere; thermal structure; hawaiian swell; origin; constraints; bathymetry
AB THE flattening of sea-floor depths from the square-root age dependence predicted by considering the cooling plate as a growing thermal boundary layer is a fundamental constraint on the evolution of oceanic lithosphere1. Previous explanations for the flattening have included reheating from convective instabilities that form beneath lithosphere older than approximately 80 Myr (ref. 2), thermal rejuvenation of lithosphere that passes over stationary hotspots3-5, or a whole-mantle flow forced by two converging plates6. We suggest here that the flattening of old ocean floors can perhaps best be explained as a dynamic phenomenon reflecting flow in asthenosphere underlying the oceanic lithosphere. Applying the model to the Pacific plate, we show that a solution for flow in an asthenosphere low-viscosity channel which is 'consumed' by plate accretion and the subduction of lithosphere at trenches, and replenished by near-ridge upwelling and near-ridge hotspots, generates the observed approximately 1 km of sea-floor flattening for asthenospheric viscosities of 2 x 10(18) Pa s and an absolute Pacific plate motion of 100 mm yr-1. Our model can also explain the asymmetric subsidence of the South American and African plates away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
RP MORGAN, JP (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,9500 GILMAN DR,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 31
TC 108
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 524
EP 527
DI 10.1038/359524a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FORD, VS
   GOTTLIEB, LD
AF FORD, VS
   GOTTLIEB, LD
TI BICALYX IS A NATURAL HOMEOTIC FLORAL VARIANT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flower development; genetic interactions; arabidopsis
AB INDUCED homeotic floral mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus1-3 are used to investigate the molecular mechanisms that establish floral organ identity. Here we describe bicalyx, a naturally occurring homeotic floral variant in Clarkia concinna (Onagraceae) that replaces petals with sepal-like structures. Typical C. concinna flowers have four sepals, four tri-lobed, bright pink petals, four stamens and a four-part ovary. Bicalyx flowers appear to have eight sepals, no petals and wild-type stamens and ovary with no reduction in fertility. All bicalyx organs on a plant are alike and have no developmental abnormalities, in contrast to many of the homeotic phenotypes described4-7. Bicalyx demonstrates that a large morphological difference governed by a simple genetic change can become established in a natural plant population and suggests that even homeotic genes play a role in the evolution of morphological diversity in plants.
C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT GENET,DAVIS,CA 95616.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
NR 15
TC 30
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 671
EP 673
DI 10.1038/358671a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BONAN, GB
   POLLARD, D
   THOMPSON, SL
AF BONAN, GB
   POLLARD, D
   THOMPSON, SL
TI EFFECTS OF BOREAL FOREST VEGETATION ON GLOBAL CLIMATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simple biosphere model; general-circulation models; surface albedo; carbon-dioxide; sea-ice; snow; deforestation; atmosphere; transport; parameterization
AB TERRESTRIAL ecosystems are thought to play an important role in determining regional and global climate1-6; one example of this is in Amazonia, where destruction of the tropical rainforest leads to warmer and drier conditions4-6. Boreal forest ecosystems may also affect climate. As temperatures rise, the amount of continental and oceanic snow and ice is reduced, so the land and ocean surfaces absorb greater amounts of solar radiation, reinforcing the warming in a 'snow/ice/albedo' feedback which results in large climate sensitivity to radiative forcings7-9. This sensitivity is moderated, however, by the presence of trees in northern latitudes, which mask the high reflectance of snow10,11, leading to warmer winter temperatures than if trees were not present12-14. Here we present results from a global climate model which show that the boreal forest warms both winter and summer air temperatures, relative to simulations in which the forest is replaced with bare ground or tundra vegetation. Our results suggest that future redistributions of boreal forest and tundra vegetation (due, for example, to extensive logging, or the influence of global warming) could initiate important climate feedbacks, which could also extend to lower latitudes.
RP BONAN, GB (corresponding author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, POB 3000, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA.
NR 48
TC 811
Z9 933
U1 5
U2 323
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 716
EP 718
DI 10.1038/359716a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NILSSON, LA
   RABAKONANDRIANINA, E
   PETTERSSON, B
AF NILSSON, LA
   RABAKONANDRIANINA, E
   PETTERSSON, B
TI EXACT TRACKING OF POLLEN TRANSFER AND MATING IN PLANTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiple paternity; natural-population; gender
AB UNLIKE animals, where individuals engage in direct sexual encounters, higher plants interact sexually only through minute, usually animal-mediated pollen grains, a trait that has hampered understanding of processes that govern plant evolution. A new technique using microtags to mark individual orchid pollinia and monitoring of all stigmas for pollination made it possible to measure exactly pollen transfer and mating pattern in a plant species. We report here that in populations of a hawkmoth-pollinated orchid, Aerangis ellisii, pollen transfers were found to be infrequent, to involve single pollen parents, and to occur mostly within 5 metres. Pollinator-mediated patterns of disproportional reproductive success suggest that floral traits are being shaped by mutual sexual selection as proposed by Darwin1-3. The microtag method opens an avenue for novel exploration of plant evolution.
C1 UNIV ANTANANARIVO, SERV BIOL VEGETALE & BIOCHIM, ANTANANARIVO 101, MADAGASCAR.
C3 University Antananarivo
RP NILSSON, LA (corresponding author), DEPT SYST BOT, VILLAVAGEN 6, S-75236 UPPSALA, SWEDEN.
NR 13
TC 91
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 666
EP 668
DI 10.1038/360666a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YAN, Q
   ELLIOTT, J
   SNIDER, WD
AF YAN, Q
   ELLIOTT, J
   SNIDER, WD
TI BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RESCUES SPINAL MOTOR NEURONS FROM AXOTOMY-INDUCED CELL-DEATH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; tyrosine kinase receptor; retrograde transport; cord motoneurons; developing rats; factor family; trkb; ngf; expression; member
AB CURRENT ideas about the dependence of neurons on target-derived growth factors were formulated on the basis of experiments involving neurons with projections to the periphery1,2. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and recently identified members of the NGF family of neuronal growth factors, known as neurotrophins, are thought to regulate survival of sympathetic and certain populations of sensory ganglion cells during development3-8. Far less is known about factors that regulate the survival of spinal and cranial motor neurons, which also project to peripheral targets. NGF has not been shown to influence motor neuron survival9,10, and whether the newly identified neurotrophins promote motor neuron survival is unknown. We show here that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is retrogradely transported by motor neurons in neonatal rats and that local application of BDNF to transected sciatic nerve prevents the massive death of motor neurons that normally follows axotomy in the neonatal period. These results show that BDNF has survival-promoting effects on motor neurons in vivo and suggest that BDNF may influence motor neuron survival during development.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL SURG NEUROL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP YAN, Q (corresponding author), AMGEN INC,AMGEN CTR,NEUROBIOL PROGRAM,THOUSAND OAKS,CA 91320, USA.
NR 31
TC 642
Z9 727
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 753
EP 755
DI 10.1038/360753a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200037
PM 1281520
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOSER, CC
   KESKE, JM
   WARNCKE, K
   FARID, RS
   DUTTON, PL
AF MOSER, CC
   KESKE, JM
   WARNCKE, K
   FARID, RS
   DUTTON, PL
TI NATURE OF BIOLOGICAL ELECTRON-TRANSFER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthetic reaction centers; bacterial reaction centers; rhodopseudomonas-viridis; charge separation; free-energy; rhodobacter-sphaeroides; delayed fluorescence; transfer rates; molecules; recombination
AB Powerful first-order analysis of intraprotein electron transfer is developed from electron-transfer measurements both in biological and in chemical systems. A variation of 20 angstrom in the distance between donors and acceptors in protein changes the electron-transfer rate by 10(12)-fold. Protein presents a uniform electronic barrier to electron tunnelling and a uniform nuclear characteristic frequency, properties similar to an organic glass. Selection of distance, free energy and reorganization energy are sufficient to define rate and directional specificity of biological electron transfer, meeting physiological requirements in diverse systems.
C1 UNIV PENN, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, JOHNSON RES FDN, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
NR 50
TC 1747
Z9 1913
U1 2
U2 361
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 796
EP 802
DI 10.1038/355796a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600045
PM 1311417
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MILLER, S
   TENNYSON, J
   LEPP, S
   DALGARNO, A
AF MILLER, S
   TENNYSON, J
   LEPP, S
   DALGARNO, A
TI IDENTIFICATION OF FEATURES DUE TO H-3+ IN THE INFRARED-SPECTRUM OF SUPERNOVA 1987A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fundamental-band; jupiter; molecules; clouds
AB THE molecular ion H-3(+) occupies a central position in theoretical models of interstellar chemistry 1,2. It forms readily in hydrogen-rich interstellar gas clouds when ionized H-2 reacts with neutral H-2. The H-3(+) ion can then donate a proton to oxygen, carbon and other heavy atoms. From this beginning nearly 100 different interstellar molecules are formed, such as the reactive hydroxyl radical OH, neutral CO, ethanol, the linear polyacetylenes HC(x)N and cyclic species such as cyclopropenylidene, C3H3. But in spite of a decade of searching 3,4, H-3(+) has eluded detection except in the hydrogen-rich atmosphere of Jupiter 5. Here we present evidence for the presence of H-3(+) in the envelope of supernova 1987 A, where it is produced by an unusual chemistry in which excited hydrogen atoms are the main source of molecule formation. Infrared spectra of SN1987A (ref. 6) in the first few hundred days after the explosion contain two previously unidentified peaks which we attribute to H-3(+). Chemical modelling produces quantities of H-3(+) consistent with the observed peak intensities, and also predicts significant amounts of HeH+, which may be responsible for some weaker features in the spectra.
C1 HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution
RP MILLER, S (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, GOWER ST, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
NR 16
TC 97
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 420
EP 422
DI 10.1038/355420a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAFON, M
   LAFAGE, M
   MARTINEZARENDS, A
   RAMIREZ, R
   VUILLIER, F
   CHARRON, D
   LOTTEAU, V
   SCOTTALGARA, D
AF LAFON, M
   LAFAGE, M
   MARTINEZARENDS, A
   RAMIREZ, R
   VUILLIER, F
   CHARRON, D
   LOTTEAU, V
   SCOTTALGARA, D
TI EVIDENCE FOR A VIRAL SUPERANTIGEN IN HUMANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell; monoclonal-antibody; staphylococcal enterotoxins; n-protein; hla-dr; stimulation; molecules; antigen; nucleoprotein; expression
AB SUPERANTIGENS1-4 bind class II major histocompatibility proteins5,6 and stimulate powerful proliferative responses of T lymphocytes bearing particular V-beta sequences as part of their alpha-beta antigen receptor7. Exogenous bacterial superantigens are responsible for food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Murine virus-encoded self-superantigens induce clonal deletion of T lymphocytes. Although superantigen-like properties have been suggested for human immunodeficiency virus-1, no viral superantigen has been identified in humans8. Here we report that the nucleocapsid of the rabies virus is an exogenous superantigen specific for V-beta-8 human T lymphocytes which binds to HLA class II alpha-chains.
C1 INST BIOMED CORDELIERS,IMMUNOGENET LAB,F-75006 PARIS,FRANCE.
   INST PASTEUR,UNITE IMMUNOHEMATOL & IMMUNOPATHOL,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Sorbonne Universite; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
RP LAFON, M (corresponding author), INST PASTEUR,UNITE RAGE,25-28 RUE DOCTEUR ROUX,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
NR 29
TC 147
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 507
EP 510
DI 10.1038/358507a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900051
PM 1386410
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LELIEVELD, J
   CRUTZEN, PJ
AF LELIEVELD, J
   CRUTZEN, PJ
TI INDIRECT CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF METHANE ON CLIMATE WARMING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; antarctic ice; model; troposphere; stratosphere; emissions; carbon
AB METHANE concentrations in the atmosphere have increased from about 0.75 to 1.7 p.p.m.v. since pre-industrial times 1,2. The current annual rate of increase of about 0.8% yr-1 (ref. 2) is due to increases in industrial and agricultural emissions. This increase in atmospheric methane concentrations not only influences the climate directly, but also indirectly through chemical reactions. Here we show that the climate effects of methane's atmospheric chemistry have previously been overestimated, notably by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 3, largely owing to neglect of the height dependence of certain atmospheric radiative processes. Using available estimates of fossil-fuel-related leaks of methane, our results show that switching from coal and oil to natural gas as an energy source would reduce climate warming. A significant fraction of methane emissions cannot, however, be accounted for by known sources; should leakages from gas production and distribution be underestimated for some countries, then it might be unwise to switch to using natural gas.
RP LELIEVELD, J (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST CHEM, POB 3060, W-6500 MAINZ, GERMANY.
NR 31
TC 82
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 339
EP 342
DI 10.1038/355339a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100063
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SALAMA, F
   ALLAMANDOLA, LJ
AF SALAMA, F
   ALLAMANDOLA, LJ
TI IS A PYRENE-LIKE MOLECULAR ION THE CAUSE OF THE 4,430-ANGSTROM DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION-BAND
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons; emission; spectra; naphthalene; features; radicals
AB THE diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), ubiquitous absorption features in astronomical spectra, have been known since early this century 1 and now number more than a hundred. Ranging from 4,400 angstrom to the near infrared 2, they differ markedly in depth, width and shape, making the concept of a single carrier unlikely. Whether they are due to gas or grains is not settled, but recent results 3 suggest that the DIB carriers are quite separate from the grains that cause visual extinction. Among molecular candidates the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proposed as the possible carriers of some of the DIBs 4-7, and we present here laboratory measurements of the optical spectrum of the pyrene cation C16H10+ in neon and argon. matrices. The strongest absorption feature falls at 4,435 +/- 5 angstrom in the argon matrix and 4,395 +/- 5 angstrom in the neon matrix, both close to the strong 4,430-angstrom DIB. If this or a related pyrene-like species is responsible for this particular band, it must account for 0.2% of all cosmic carbon. The ion also shows an intense but puzzling broad continuum, extending from the ultraviolet to the visible, similar to what is seen in the naphthalene cation 8 and perhaps therefore a common feature of all PAH cations. This may provide an explanation of how PAHs convert a large fraction of interstellar radiation from ultraviolet and visible wavelengths down to the infrared.
RP SALAMA, F (corresponding author), NASA,AMES RES CTR,DIV SPACE SCI,MS 245-6,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035, USA.
NR 24
TC 98
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 42
EP 43
DI 10.1038/358042a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100045
PM 11536498
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FERRIS, CD
   CAMERON, AM
   HUGANIR, RL
   SNYDER, SH
AF FERRIS, CD
   CAMERON, AM
   HUGANIR, RL
   SNYDER, SH
TI QUANTAL CALCIUM RELEASE BY PURIFIED RECONSTITUTED INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acetylcholine-receptor; lipid vesicles; trisphosphate; phosphates; expression; mechanism; flux
AB RELEASE of intracellular Ca2+ by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) occurs through specific receptor proteins 1 which are ligand-activated Ca2+ channels 2. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ regulate many cellular functions 3. This Ca2+ release is a discontinuous quantal process in which successive increments of InsP3 transiently release precise amounts of Ca2+ (refs 4-6). Possible explanations of quantal Ca2+ release have included rapid degradation of InsP3, reciprocity of Ca2+ release and sequestration, desensitization of InsP3 receptors 7, or actions of InsP3 on discrete compartments of Ca2+ with variable sensitivity to InsP3 (ref. 4). We successfully reconstituted InsP3-induced Ca2+ flux in vesicles containing only purified InsP3 receptor protein 2. The reconstituted vesicles retain the regulatory features of the InsP3 receptor, including phosphorylation sites 8 and modulation of Ca2+ release by adenine nucleotides 9. Using these reconstituted vesicles, we show here that quantal flux of Ca2+ elicited by InsP3 is a fundamental property of its receptor.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,725 N WOLFE ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & MOLEC SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PSYCHIAT & BEHAV SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 24
TC 131
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 350
EP 352
DI 10.1038/356350a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400068
PM 1312682
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUTLER, JH
   ELKINS, JW
   HALL, BD
   CUMMINGS, SO
   MONTZKA, SA
AF BUTLER, JH
   ELKINS, JW
   HALL, BD
   CUMMINGS, SO
   MONTZKA, SA
TI A DECREASE IN THE GROWTH-RATES OF ATMOSPHERIC HALON CONCENTRATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratospheric ozone; montreal protocol; methyl-bromide; chemistry; chemicals; chlorine; air
AB HALONS H-1301 (CBrF3) and H-1211 (CBrClF2) have been introduced into the atmosphere, mainly through use in fire extinguishers, for almost three decades. Although each is now present in the troposphere at a concentration of only 2 parts per 10(12), these gases have long atmospheric lifetimes (65-77 yr for H-1301 and 11-16 yr for H-1211)1,2 and carry significant amounts of bromine to the stratosphere2,3, where it can destroy ozone catalytically4,5. For this reason, the halons have high ozone depletion potentials6. The manufacture of both gases is to be discontinued globally by the year 2000, according to the Montreal Protocol, and perhaps sooner, as a result of unilateral action by users, manufacturers and producing countries7,8. Here we present a six-year record of tropospheric halon mixing ratios which shows that the growth rates of H-1301 and H-1211 have already begun to decrease substantially. This recent decrease in growth rates is consistent with industry emission estimates (although these have greater uncertainties), and supports current appraisals of atmospheric lifetimes. Our results suggest that, even though these halons are relatively long-lived species, their atmospheric mixing ratios may stabilize or begin to decrease within the next few years.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP BUTLER, JH (corresponding author), NOAA,CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA.
NR 28
TC 43
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 403
EP 405
DI 10.1038/359403a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BERTSCH, DL
   BRAZIER, KTS
   FICHTEL, CE
   HARTMAN, RC
   HUNTER, SD
   KANBACH, G
   KNIFFEN, DA
   KWOK, PW
   LIN, YC
   MATTOX, JR
   MAYERHASSELWANDER, HA
   VONMONTIGNY, C
   MICHELSON, PF
   NOLAN, PL
   PINKAU, K
   ROTHERMEL, H
   SCHNEID, EJ
   SOMMER, M
   SREEKUMAR, P
   THOMPSON, DJ
AF BERTSCH, DL
   BRAZIER, KTS
   FICHTEL, CE
   HARTMAN, RC
   HUNTER, SD
   KANBACH, G
   KNIFFEN, DA
   KWOK, PW
   LIN, YC
   MATTOX, JR
   MAYERHASSELWANDER, HA
   VONMONTIGNY, C
   MICHELSON, PF
   NOLAN, PL
   PINKAU, K
   ROTHERMEL, H
   SCHNEID, EJ
   SOMMER, M
   SREEKUMAR, P
   THOMPSON, DJ
TI PULSED HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RADIATION FROM GEMINGA (1E0630+178)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1e 0630+178; pulsars; telescope
AB HALPERN and Holt 1 have recently reported the detection of coherent pulsations with a period of 237 ms from the soft X-ray source 1E0630 + 178, which lies in the error box of the gamma-ray source known as Geminga (2GC195 + 04). This observation provides compelling evidence that Geminga, an object whose nature has hitherto been mysterious, is an X-ray pulsar. Prompted by this discovery, we have searched the data from EGRET, the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, for a comparable signal in the gamma-radiation from this part of the sky. We now report the detection of pulsed gamma-rays, with energy > 50 MeV, from 1E0630 + 178, confirming the identification of Geminga with this X-ray source. The period derivative, (11.4 +/- 1.7) x 10(15) ss-1, suggests that Geminga is a nearby, isolated, rotating neutron star with a magnetic field of 1.6 x 10(12) gauss, a characteristic age of 3 x 10(5) yr and a spin-down energy loss rate of 3.5 x 10(34) erg s-1.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST PHYS & ASTROPHYS,INST EXTRATERR PHYS,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   HAMPDEN SYDNEY COLL,HAMPDEN SYDNEY,VA 23943.
   STANFORD UNIV,DEPT PHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,WW HANSEN EXPTL PHYS LAB,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   GRUMMAN AEROSP CORP,BETHPAGE,NY 11714.
C3 Max Planck Society; Stanford University; Stanford University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
RP BERTSCH, DL (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,CSC,COMPTON OBSERV SCI SUPPORT CTR,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA.
NR 19
TC 216
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 306
EP 307
DI 10.1038/357306a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200038
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BEGUN, DJ
   AQUADRO, CF
AF BEGUN, DJ
   AQUADRO, CF
TI LEVELS OF NATURALLY-OCCURRING DNA POLYMORPHISM CORRELATE WITH RECOMBINATION RATES IN DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID restriction-map variation; drosophila-melanogaster; molecular evolution; region; locus; 87a
AB Two genomic regions with unusually low recombination rates in Drosophila melanogaster have normal levels of divergence but greatly reduced nucleotide diversity 1,2, apparently resulting from the fixation of advantageous mutations and the associated hitch-hiking effect 3,4 . Here we show that for 20 gene regions from across the genome, the amount of nucleotide diversity in natural populations of D. melanogaster is positively correlated with the regional rate of recombination. This cannot be explained by variation in mutation rates and/or functional constraint, because we observe no correlation between recombination rates and DNA sequence divergence between D. melanogaster and its sibling species, D. simulans. We suggest that the correlation may result from genetic hitch-hiking associated with the fixation of advantageous mutants. Hitch-hiking thus seems to occur over a large fraction of the Drosophila genome and may constitute a major constraint on levels of genetic variation in nature.
RP BEGUN, DJ (corresponding author), CORNELL UNIV, GENET & DEV SECT, BIOTECHNOL BLDG, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM036431] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 808
Z9 903
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 519
EP 520
DI 10.1038/356519a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100057
PM 1560824
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ENDO, K
   YAMASAKI, H
   MISAWA, S
   YOSHIDA, S
   KAJIMURA, K
AF ENDO, K
   YAMASAKI, H
   MISAWA, S
   YOSHIDA, S
   KAJIMURA, K
TI HIGH-QUALITY SUPERCONDUCTING THIN-FILMS OF BI2SR2CA2CU3OX GROWN INSITU BY METALORGANIC CVD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deposition
AB THE superconducting copper oxide system Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) has attracted much attention owing to its high transition temperatures T(c) and its stability on exposure to air, relative to the corresponding properties of the Y-Ba-Cu-O system. But despite intense effort, growth techniques capable of yielding as-deposited films with high T(c) and high critical current density, J(c), have not yet been forthcoming. Here we report the preparation and properties of c-axis-oriented single-phase Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O(x) films grown in situ without post-annealing by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). Our films have the highest T(c) and J(c) at 77 K reported so far for BSCCO films grown in situ; one film had a zero-resistance T(c) of 97 K, and a J(c) of 3.8 x 10(5) A cm-2 at 77 K in zero magnetic field. This film showed little degradation of J(c) in magnetic fields of up to 8 T applied parallel to the crystallographic a-b plane. The magnetic-field dependence of J(c) and observed surface morphologies strongly suggest that these as-grown films have no weak links, which is a promising characteristic for device applications.
RP ENDO, K (corresponding author), ELECTROTECH LAB,1-1-4 UMEZONO,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
NR 10
TC 109
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 327
EP 328
DI 10.1038/355327a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AGARWAL, US
   KHAKHAR, DV
AF AGARWAL, US
   KHAKHAR, DV
TI ENHANCEMENT OF POLYMERIZATION RATES FOR RIGID ROD-LIKE MOLECULES BY SHEARING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terephthalamide); polyamides
AB RIGID, rod-like polymers are of considerable technological importance in the production of high-strength and high-modulus fibres1. Polymerization reactions generally require near-parallel orientation of such molecules, and because of the slow rotational diffusion of the reacting species2, the rate of polymerization is found to decrease significantly in the later stages of the reaction; this ultimately limits the molecular weight of the polymer. It is known, however, that rod-like molecules can be readily oriented in solution by means of imposed flow fields. Here we examine the effect of a shear flow on the polymerization reaction between p-phenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride, where the product, poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), has a rigid, rod-like structure1. We find that once the molecular weight of the reactants exceeds a critical value, shearing of the reaction mixture induces a pronounced orientation of the molecules, accompanied by a significant increase in the polymerization rate. The technological implications are clear: exposure of polymerizing mixtures of rod-like molecules to high shear rates can result in a dramatic enhancement in the molecular weight of the resulting polymer.
RP AGARWAL, US (corresponding author), INDIAN INST TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM ENGN,BOMBAY 400076,INDIA.
NR 11
TC 36
Z9 39
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 53
EP 55
DI 10.1038/360053a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DOUGAN, S
   DINARDO, S
AF DOUGAN, S
   DINARDO, S
TI DROSOPHILA WINGLESS GENERATES CELL TYPE DIVERSITY AMONG ENGRAILED EXPRESSING CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segment-polarity gene; larval epidermis; fushi-tarazu; zygotic loci; melanogaster; embryos; pattern; cuticle; chromosome; protein
AB DURING embryogenesis, body pattern is established in a stepwise process1. After specification of the body axis, the embryo is subdivided into smaller units. Within these units, a diverse array of cell types is then generated. The subdivisions of the Drosophila embryo, called parasegments2, are defined by the interface between cells expressing the homeoprotein Engrailed and cells expressing the secreted protein Wingless3-5. We have examined the generation of cell-type diversity within parasegments by focusing on the choice of cell fate made by the engrailed (en)-expressing cells. These cells differentiate as one of two alternative cell types6. We report here that this choice is mediated by wingless (wg), in a function distinct from its early role maintaining en expression7,8. Thus, en cells exhibit different responses to the wg signal at different developmental stages. Early wg input stabilizes the subdivision of the body axis by maintaining en expression, whereas later input generates cell-type diversity.
RP DOUGAN, S (corresponding author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV,1230 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA.
NR 22
TC 113
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 347
EP 350
DI 10.1038/360347a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000052
PM 1280330
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TSONIS, AA
   ELSNER, JB
AF TSONIS, AA
   ELSNER, JB
TI NONLINEAR PREDICTION AS A WAY OF DISTINGUISHING CHAOS FROM RANDOM FRACTAL SEQUENCES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short timescales; time-series; attractor
AB NONLINEAR forecasting has recently been shown to distinguish between deterministic chaos and uncorrelated (white) noise added to periodic signals1, and can be used to estimate the degree of chaos in the underlying dynamical system2. Distinguishing the more general class of coloured (autocorrelated) noise has proven more difficult because, unlike additive noise, the correlation between predicted and actual values measured may decrease with time-a property synonymous with chaos. Here, we show that by determining the scaling properties of the prediction error as a function of time, we can use nonlinear prediction to distinguish between chaos and random fractal sequences. Random fractal sequences are a particular class of coloured noise which represent stochastic (infinite-dimensional) systems with power-law spectra. Such sequences have been known to fool other procedures for identifying chaotic behaviour in natural time series9, particularly when the data sets are small. The recognition of this type of noise is of practical importance, as measurements from a variety of dynamical systems (such as three-dimensional turbulence, two-dimensional and geostrophic turbulence, internal ocean waves, sandpile models, drifter trajectories in large-scale flows, the motion of a classical electron in a crystal and other low-dimensional systems) may over some range of frequencies exhibit power-law spectra.
C1 FLORIDA STATE UNIV,DEPT METEOROL,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32306.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP TSONIS, AA (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOSCI,MILWAUKEE,WI 53201, USA.
NR 17
TC 186
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 217
EP 220
DI 10.1038/358217a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VIDALE, JE
   BENZ, HM
AF VIDALE, JE
   BENZ, HM
TI UPPER-MANTLE SEISMIC DISCONTINUITIES AND THE THERMAL STRUCTURE OF SUBDUCTION ZONES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID system mg2sio4-fe2sio4; modified spinel; transition; earthquakes; olivine; slabs
AB The precise depths at which seismic velocities change abruptly in the upper mantle are revealed by the analysis of data from hundreds of seismometers across the western United States. The boundary near 410 km depth is locally elevated, that near 660 km depressed. The depths of these boundaries, which mark phase transitions, provide an in situ thermometer in subduction zones: the observed temperature contrasts require at least moderate thickening of the subducting slab near 660 km depth. In addition, a reflector near 210 km depth may mark the bottom of the aesthenosphere.
RP VIDALE, JE (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,SEISMOL BRANCH,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA.
NR 32
TC 183
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 678
EP 683
DI 10.1038/356678a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, MX
   CHURCH, GM
AF WANG, MX
   CHURCH, GM
TI A WHOLE GENOME APPROACH TO INVIVO DNA-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mannitol mtl operon; escherichia-coli; restriction enzymes; binding-sites; methylation; sequence; gene; methyltransferase; endonuclease; recognition
AB THE increasingly rapid pace at which genomic DNA sequences are being determined has created a need for more efficient techniques to determine which parts of these sequences are bound in vivo by the proteins controlling processes such as gene expression, DNA replication and chromosomal mechanics. Here we describe a whole-genome approach to identify and characterize such DNA sequences. The method uses endogenous or artificially introduced methylases to methylate all genomic targets except those protected in vivo by protein or non-protein factors interfering with methylase action. These protected targets remain unmethylated in purified genomic DNA and are identified using methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases. When the method was applied to the Escherichia coli genome, 0.1% of the endogenous adenine methyltransferase (Dam methylase) targets were found to be unmethylated. Five foreign methylases were examined by transfection. Database-matched DNA sequences flanking the in vivo-protected Dam sites all fell in the non-coding regions of seven E. coli operons (mtl, cdd, flh, gut, car, psp and fep). In the first four operons these DNA sequences closely matched the consensus sequence that binds to the cyclic AMP-receptor protein. The in vivo protection at the Dam site upstream of the car operon was correlated with a downregulation of car expression, as expected of a feedback repressor-binding model.
C1 THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,JEFFERSON MED COLL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Thomas Jefferson University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP WANG, MX (corresponding author), THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,WILLS EYE HOSP,DIV RES,ONCOL RES LAB,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107, USA.
NR 36
TC 60
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 606
EP 610
DI 10.1038/360606a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900092
PM 1334233
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KANAI, Y
   HEDIGER, MA
AF KANAI, Y
   HEDIGER, MA
TI PRIMARY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION OF A HIGH-AFFINITY GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID excitatory amino-acids; glial-cells; rat-brain; serotonin transporter; expression cloning; receptors; carrier; identification; metabolism; aspartate
AB GLUTAMATE transport across plasma membranes of neurons, glial cells and epithelial cells of the small intestine and kidney proceeds by high- and low-affinity transport systems1-5. High-affinity (K(m) 2-50 muM) transport systems have been described1,6,7 that are dependent on Na+ but not Cl- ions and have a preference for L-glutamate and D- and L-aspartate. In neurons high-affinity glutamate transporters are essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft6,7. We have isolated a complementary DNA encoding an electrogenic Na+- but not Cl--dependent high-affinity glutamate transporter (named EAAC1) from rabbit small intestine by expression in Xenopus oocytes. We find EAAC1 transcripts in specific neuronal structures in the central nervous system as well as in the small intestine, kidney, liver and heart. The function and pharmacology of the expressed protein are characteristic of the high-affinity glutamate transporter already identified in neuronal tissues. The abnormal glutamate transport that is associated with certain neurodegenerative diseases8 and which occurs during ischaemia and anoxia7 Could be due to abnormalities in the function of this protein.
C1 BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV RENAL,75 FRANCIS ST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL & MOLEC PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 43
TC 1235
Z9 1341
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 467
EP 471
DI 10.1038/360467a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700061
PM 1280334
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GYORGYI, L
   FIELD, RJ
AF GYORGYI, L
   FIELD, RJ
TI A 3-VARIABLE MODEL OF DETERMINISTIC CHAOS IN THE BELOUSOV-ZHABOTINSKY REACTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID universality
AB CHAOS is exhibited by a wide variety of systems governed by nonlinear dynamic laws 1-3. Its most striking feature is an apparent randomness which seems to contradict its deterministic origin. The best-studied chaotic chemical system is the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction 4-6 in a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). Here we present a simple mechanism for the BZ reaction which allows us to develop a description in terms of a set of differential equations containing only three variables, the minimum number required to generate chaos in a continuous (non-iterative) dynamical system 2. In common with experiments, our model shows aperiodicity and transitions between periodicity and chaos near bifurcations between oscillatory and steady-state behaviour, which occur at both low and high CSTR flow rates. While remaining closely related to a real chaotic chemical system, our model is sufficiently simple to allow detailed mathematical analysis. It also reproduces many other features of the BZ reaction better than does the simple Oregonator 7 (which cannot produce chaos).
C1 EOTVOS LORAND UNIV, INST INORGAN & ANALYT CHEM, H-1518 BUDAPEST 112, HUNGARY.
C3 Eotvos Lorand University
RP GYORGYI, L (corresponding author), UNIV MONTANA, DEPT CHEM, MISSOULA, MT 59812 USA.
NR 20
TC 132
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 808
EP 810
DI 10.1038/355808a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PAN, T
   UHLENBECK, OC
AF PAN, T
   UHLENBECK, OC
TI A SMALL METALLORIBOZYME WITH A 2-STEP MECHANISM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phenylalanine transfer-rna; yeast transfer rnaphe; self-splicing rna; cleavage; hydrolysis
AB An RNA molecule consisting of an asymmetric internal loop of six nucleotides can be rapidly and specifically cleaved by Pb2+ in the presence of Mg2+. The 5' cleavage product terminates with a 3' phosphomonoester generated from a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester reaction intermediate. This two-step reaction mechanism resembles that of many protein ribonucleases but has not previously been observed for reactions catalysed by RNA.
RP PAN, T (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
NR 19
TC 212
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 560
EP 563
DI 10.1038/358560a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900050
PM 1501711
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SPIES, T
   CERUNDOLO, V
   COLONNA, M
   CRESSWELL, P
   TOWNSEND, A
   DEMARS, R
AF SPIES, T
   CERUNDOLO, V
   COLONNA, M
   CRESSWELL, P
   TOWNSEND, A
   DEMARS, R
TI PRESENTATION OF VIRAL-ANTIGEN BY MHC CLASS-I MOLECULES IS DEPENDENT ON A PUTATIVE PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER HETERODIMER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; toxic lymphocytes-t; hla-b antigens; association; protein; recognition; pathway; invitro; region; cells
AB MAJOR histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present peptides derived from the endogenous protein pool to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which can thus recognize intracellular antigen 1-3 . This pathway may depend on a transporter (PSF1) (refs 4-6) to mediate entry of the cytosolic peptides into a pre-Golgi compartment where they bind to class I heavy chains and promote their stable assembly with beta-2-microglobulin 7-12. There is, however, only indirect support for this function of PSF1 (ref. 6). Here we show that PSF1 is necessary for the efficient assembly of class I molecules and enables them to present a peptide epitope derived from endogenously synthesized viral antigen. Immunochemical and genetic data demonstrate that the PSF1 polypeptide is associated with a complementary transporter chain, which is polymorphic and is encoded by the PSF2 gene 13, which is closely linked to PSF1.
C1 JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOLEC MED,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
   IST NAZL RIC CANC,I-16132 GENOA,ITALY.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,GENET LAB,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Genoa; IRCCS AOU San Martino IST; Yale University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP SPIES, T (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV TUMOR VIROL,44 BINNEY ST,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 28
TC 335
Z9 357
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 644
EP 646
DI 10.1038/355644a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700058
PM 1538752
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GALLAGHER, K
   HAWKESWORTH, C
AF GALLAGHER, K
   HAWKESWORTH, C
TI DEHYDRATION MELTING AND THE GENERATION OF CONTINENTAL FLOOD BASALTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle; peridotite
AB CONTINENTAL flood basalt provinces represent important magmatic events, which may contribute significantly to the generation of new crust. In a typical flood basalt province, large volumes of magma are erupted in a short time: for example, at least 10(6) km3 in 2-3 Myr in the Parana-Etendeka province of southeast Brazil and northern Namibia. In many areas flood basalts are associated with mantle plumes, but details of their origin, such as the site of major-element melting, remain unresolved. Recent authors 1-3 have assumed that partial melting took place at the anhydrous peridotite solidus, and thus concluded that during continental extension, more than 95% of the erupted magmas are generated in the sublithospheric upper mantle. In this situation, the distinctive isotope and trace element geochemistry of the basalts is attributed not to this process, but to the addition of low-degree partial melts scavenged from the overlying lithosphere 4. Here we present an alternative model in which, in the presence of small amounts of water (approximately 0.4%), the observed quantities of melt may be generated entirely within the mantle lithosphere. As rifting proceeds, however, the basalts acquire an increasingly 'asthenospheric' chemistry, as melts from the asthenosphere come to dominate those from the lithosphere.
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT GEOL SCI,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP GALLAGHER, K (corresponding author), OPEN UNIV,DEPT EARTH SCI,WALTON HALL,MILTON KEYNES MK7 6AA,BUCKS,ENGLAND.
NR 22
TC 352
Z9 377
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/358057a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROBERTSON, JE
   WATSON, AJ
AF ROBERTSON, JE
   WATSON, AJ
TI THERMAL SKIN EFFECT OF THE SURFACE OCEAN AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR CO2 UPTAKE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide; sea
AB AN understanding of the natural sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide is necessary for predictions of future atmospheric loading and its consequences for global climate. Present estimates of emissions and uptake do not balance1, and although some have attributed the imbalance to a terrestrial sink2, the magnitude of the oceanic sink remains unresolved2-4. It is known5-8 that the upper 1 mm or so of the oceans represents a cool 'skin', with a temperature gradient such that the surface is generally cooler than the bulk mixed layer by about 0.3-degrees-C as a result of the upward heat flux. Here we discuss the consequences of the 'skin effect' for the global air-sea flux of CO2. We show that it produces an increased oceanic global uptake of about 0.7 Gt C yr-1, when the flux from the atmosphere to the oceans is calculated on the basis of measured surface-ocean partial pressures of CO2. This correction helps to bring into closer agreement the oceanic CO2 uptake calculated by different methods2-4.
C1 UNIV COLL N WALES,SCH OCEAN SCI,MENAI BRIDGE LL59 5EY,GWYNEDD,WALES.
C3 Bangor University
RP ROBERTSON, JE (corresponding author), PLYMOUTH MARINE LAB,PROSPECT PL,PLYMOUTH PL1 3DH,ENGLAND.
NR 21
TC 109
Z9 112
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 738
EP 740
DI 10.1038/358738a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KUDO, H
AF KUDO, H
TI OBSERVATION OF HYPERVALENT CLI6 BY KNUDSEN-EFFUSION MASS-SPECTROMETRY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermochemical property; carbocations; vaporization; molecules; stability; li2o2; li3o
AB BECAUSE of the unusual geometry, bonding and reactivity of some lithiated molecules, they (polylithiated hydrocarbons in particular) have attracted interest from organic, organometallic and theoretical chemists 1-7. Calculations by Schleyer et al. 3 have predicted that the hypervalent carbon-lithium molecules CLi5 and CLi6 should be stable with respect to dissociation to CLi4 and Li2. Her I report the observation of CLi6, which forms in the gas phase over solid Li2C2 and is identified by Knudsen-effusion mass spectrometry 8. I confirm that the dissociation reaction above is significantly endothermic, indicating that carbon can expand its octet of electrons to form this relatively stable molecule.
RP KUDO, H (corresponding author), JAPAN ATOM ENERGY RES INST,TOKAI,IBARAKI 31911,JAPAN.
NR 22
TC 123
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 432
EP 434
DI 10.1038/355432a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000064
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GUSSONI, E
   PAVLATH, GK
   LANCTOT, AM
   SHARMA, KR
   MILLER, RG
   STEINMAN, L
   BLAU, HM
AF GUSSONI, E
   PAVLATH, GK
   LANCTOT, AM
   SHARMA, KR
   MILLER, RG
   STEINMAN, L
   BLAU, HM
TI NORMAL DYSTROPHIN TRANSCRIPTS DETECTED IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR-DYSTROPHY PATIENTS AFTER MYOBLAST TRANSPLANTATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mosaic expression; muscle-fibers; gene; carriers; deletion; protein; locus; cdna
AB GENE delivery by transplantation of normal myoblasts has been proposed as a treatment of the primary defect, lack of the muscle protein dystrophin, that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a lethal human muscle degenerative disorder 1,2. To test this possibility, we transplanted normal myoblasts from a father or an unaffected sibling into the muscle of eight boys with DMD, and assessed their production of dystrophin. Three patients with deletions in the dystrophin gene expressed normal dystrophin transcripts in muscle biopsy specimens taken from the transplant site one month after myoblast injection. Using the polymerase chain reaction we established that the dystrophin in these biopsies derived from donor myoblast DNA. These results show that transplanted myoblasts persist and produce dystrophin in muscle fibres of DMD patients.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL & NEUROL SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   CALIF PACIFIC MED CTR,DIV NEUROMUSCULAR RES,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94118.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; California Pacific Medical Center
NR 31
TC 366
Z9 418
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 435
EP 438
DI 10.1038/356435a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000064
PM 1557125
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PARMENTIER, M
   LIBERT, F
   SCHURMANS, S
   SCHIFFMANN, S
   LEFORT, A
   EGGERICKX, D
   LEDENT, C
   MOLLEREAU, C
   GERARD, C
   PERRET, J
   GROOTEGOED, A
   VASSART, G
AF PARMENTIER, M
   LIBERT, F
   SCHURMANS, S
   SCHIFFMANN, S
   LEFORT, A
   EGGERICKX, D
   LEDENT, C
   MOLLEREAU, C
   GERARD, C
   PERRET, J
   GROOTEGOED, A
   VASSART, G
TI EXPRESSION OF MEMBERS OF THE PUTATIVE OLFACTORY RECEPTOR GENE FAMILY IN MAMMALIAN GERM-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloning
AB A SERIES of genomic and complementary DNA clones encoding new putative members of G protein-coupled receptors were isolated using homology cloning and low-stringency polymerase chain reaction 1,2. Among the unidentified receptors ('orphan receptors'), a human genomic clone (HGMP07) was characterized by the presence of its transcripts in the testis and by its belonging to a large subfamily of genes sharing extensive sequence similarities. Sequence comparison demonstrated that this gene subfamily is the human counterpart of the putative rat olfactory receptors cloned recently 3. Another 48 members of the family were cloned. Northern blotting further demonstrated the presence of olfactory receptor transcripts in germ cells. Our finding suggests that a common receptor gene family encodes olfactory receptors and sperm cell receptors that could be involved in chemotaxis during fertilization.
C1 UNIV LIBRE BRUXELLES,SERV GENET,B-1070 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM.
   UNIV LIBRE BRUXELLES,RECH NEUROPEPTIDES LAB,B-1070 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM.
   CNRS,PHARMACOL & TOXICOL FONDAMENTALES LAB,F-31077 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
   ERASMUS UNIV ROTTERDAM,FAC MED,DEPT ENDOCRINOL & REPROD,3000 DR ROTTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC
RP PARMENTIER, M (corresponding author), UNIV LIBRE BRUXELLES,INST RECH INTERDISCIPLINAIRE BIOL HUMAINE & NUCL,CAMPUS ERASME,B-1070 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM.
NR 12
TC 367
Z9 426
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 453
EP 455
DI 10.1038/355453a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000071
PM 1370859
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REID, RC
   SHAPLEY, RM
AF REID, RC
   SHAPLEY, RM
TI SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CONE INPUTS TO RECEPTIVE-FIELDS IN PRIMATE LATERAL GENICULATE-NUCLEUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal ganglion-cells; sensitivity; cat
AB HUMAN colour vision depends on three classes of cone photoreceptors, those sensitive to short (S), medium (M) or long (L) wavelengths, and on how signals from these cones are combined by neurons in the retina and brain. Macaque monkey colour vision is similar to human, and the receptive fields of macaque visual neurons have been used as an animal model of human colour processing 1. P retinal ganglion cells and parvocellular neurons are colour-selective neurons in macaque retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. Interactions between cone signals feeding into these neurons are still unclear. On the basis of experimental results with chromatic adaptation, excitatory and inhibitory inputs from L and M cones onto P cells (and parvocellular neurons) were thought to be quite specific 2,3 (Fig. 1a). But these experiments with spatially diffuse adaptation did not rule out the 'mixed-surround' hypothesis: that there might be one cone-specific mechanism, the receptive field centre, and a surround mechanism connected to all cone types indiscriminately (Fig. 1e). Recent work has tended to support the mixed-surround hypothesis 4-8. We report here the development of new stimuli to measure spatial maps of the linear L-, M- and S-cone inputs to test the hypothesis definitively. Our measurements contradict the mixed-surround hypothesis and imply cone specificity in both centre and surround.
C1 NYU,CTR NEURAL SCI,NEW YORK,NY 10003.
C3 New York University
NR 25
TC 202
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 716
EP 718
DI 10.1038/356716a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600062
PM 1570016
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TOWNSEND, DW
   KELLER, MD
   SIERACKI, ME
   ACKLESON, SG
AF TOWNSEND, DW
   KELLER, MD
   SIERACKI, ME
   ACKLESON, SG
TI SPRING PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS IN THE ABSENCE OF VERTICAL WATER COLUMN STRATIFICATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continuous plankton records; north-atlantic ocean; diatom bloom; sea; light
AB THE spring phytoplankton bloom in temperate and boreal waters represents a pulsed source of organic carbon that is important to ecosystem productivity1 and carbon flux2 in the world ocean. It is widely accepted that the seasonal development of a thermocline, in combination with increasing solar elevation in spring, is requisite for the development of the bloom in shelf and open ocean environments3-7. Here we report results for the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine which suggest that the spring bloom can precede the onset of vertical water column stability, and may even be a contributing factor in the development of the thermocline. Deep penetration of light in relatively clear, late-winter waters, and weak, or absent, wind-driven vertical mixing, appear to support cell growth rates that overcome the vertical excursion rates in the neutrally stable water column, leading to a bloom. Phytoplankton forms typical of a spring bloom, including gelatinous colonies and chains, may contribute to the cells' ability to maintain a vertical position in a water column lacking stability.
C1 LOCKHEED ENGN & SCI CO,HOUSTON,TX 77258.
C3 Lockheed Martin
RP TOWNSEND, DW (corresponding author), BIGELOW LAB OCEAN SCI,MCKOWN POINT,BOOTHBAY HARBOR,ME 04575, USA.
NR 27
TC 227
Z9 250
U1 1
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/360059a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SATOH, MS
   LINDAHL, T
AF SATOH, MS
   LINDAHL, T
TI ROLE OF POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) FORMATION IN DNA-REPAIR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID excision repair; adp-ribose; polymerase; invitro; transcription; inhibitors; mechanism; domain
AB THE abundant nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase catalyses the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) 1-5. This protein has an N-terminal DNA-binding domain containing two zinc-fingers, which is linked to the C-terminal NAD+-binding domain by a short region containing several glutamic acid residues that are sites of auto-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation 6-8. The intracellular production of poly(ADP-ribose) is induced by agents that generate strand interruptions in DNA 7. The branched homopolymer chains may attain a size of 200-300 residues 9 but are rapidly degraded after synthesis. The function of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis is not clear, although it seems to be required for DNA repair 10,11. Here we describe a human cell-free system that enables the role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in DNA repair to be characterized. The results indicate that unmodified polymerase molecules bind tightly to DNA strand breaks; auto-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of the protein then effects its release and allows access to lesions for DNA repair enzymes.
RP SATOH, MS (corresponding author), IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,CLARE HALL LABS,S MIMMS EN6 3LD,HERTS,ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 1053
Z9 1197
U1 3
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 356
EP 358
DI 10.1038/356356a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400070
PM 1549180
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARTINEZ, C
   DEGEUS, P
   LAUWEREYS, M
   MATTHYSSENS, G
   CAMBILLAU, C
AF MARTINEZ, C
   DEGEUS, P
   LAUWEREYS, M
   MATTHYSSENS, G
   CAMBILLAU, C
TI FUSARIUM-SOLANI CUTINASE IS A LIPOLYTIC ENZYME WITH A CATALYTIC SERINE ACCESSIBLE TO SOLVENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray; lipase
AB LIPASES belong to a class of esterases whose activity on triglycerides is greatly enhanced at lipid-water interfaces 1. This phenomenon, called interfacial activation 2, has a structural explanation: a hydrophobic lid, which at rest covers the catalytic site, is displaced on substrate or inhibitor binding, and probably interacts with the lipid matrix 3-6. Fusarium solani pisi cutinase belongs to a group of homologous enzymes of relative molecular mass 22-25K (ref. 7) capable of degrading cutin, the insoluble lipid-polyester matrix covering the surface of plants 7, and hydrolysing triglycerides 7,8. Cutinases differ from classical lipases in that they do not exhibit interfacial activation; they are active on soluble as well as on emulsified triglycerides. Cutinases therefore establish a bridge between esterases and lipases. We report here the three-dimensional structure of a recombinant cutinase from F. solani pisi, expressed in Escherichia coli 9,10. Cutinase is an alpha-beta protein; the active site is composed of the triad Ser 120, His 188 and Asp 175. Unlike other lipases, the catalytic serine is not buried under surface loops, but is accessible to solvent. This could explain why cutinase does not display interfacial activation.
C1 FAC MED NORD,CNRS,LCCMB,F-13326 MARSEILLE 15,FRANCE.
   CORVAS INT NV,B-9000 GHENT,BELGIUM.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite
NR 26
TC 384
Z9 439
U1 1
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 615
EP 618
DI 10.1038/356615a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100053
PM 1560844
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DUPLESSY, JC
   LABEYRIE, L
   ARNOLD, M
   PATERNE, M
   DUPRAT, J
   VANWEERING, TCE
AF DUPLESSY, JC
   LABEYRIE, L
   ARNOLD, M
   PATERNE, M
   DUPRAT, J
   VANWEERING, TCE
TI CHANGES IN SURFACE SALINITY OF THE NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN DURING THE LAST DEGLACIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmosphere system; sea-level; retreat; water; mode
AB ABRUPT and short climate changes, such as the Younger Dryas, punctuated the last glacial-to-interglacial transition1-4 . Broecker et al.5 proposed that these may have been caused by an interruption of thermohaline circulation as inputs of glacial meltwater freshened the surface waters of the North Atlantic. The finding6 that meltwater discharge was minimal during the Younger Dryas, however, led to the suggestion that the surface-water salinity drop might have been caused instead by changes in the freshwater budget (the difference between precipitation and evaporation), accompanied by a reduction in poleward advection of saline subtropical water. Here we use micropalaeontological and stable-isotope records from foraminifera in two cores from the North Atlantic to generate two continuous, high-resolution records of sea surface temperature and salinity changes over the past 18,000 years. Despite the injection of glacial meltwater during warm episodes, we find that sea surface salinity and temperature remain positively correlated during deglaciation. Cold, low-salinity events occurred during the early stages of deglaciation (14,500-13,000 years ago) and the Younger Dryas, but the minor injections of meltwater at high latitudes during these events are insufficient to account for the observed salinity changes. We conclude that an additional feedback from changes in the hydrological cycle and in advection was necessary to trigger changes in thermohaline circulation and thus in climate. This feedback did not act when the meltwater injection occurred at low latitude.
C1 UNIV BORDEAUX 1,GEOL & OCEANOG LAB,F-33405 TALENCE,FRANCE.
   NETHERLANDS INST ONDERZOEK ZEE,1790 AB DEN BURG,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Universite de Bordeaux
RP DUPLESSY, JC (corresponding author), CEA,CNRS,CTR FAIBLES RADIOACT,MIXTE LAB,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
NR 35
TC 202
Z9 226
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 485
EP 488
DI 10.1038/358485a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KUTSUWADA, T
   KASHIWABUCHI, N
   MORI, H
   SAKIMURA, K
   KUSHIYA, E
   ARAKI, K
   MEGURO, H
   MASAKI, H
   KUMANISHI, T
   ARAKAWA, M
   MISHINA, M
AF KUTSUWADA, T
   KASHIWABUCHI, N
   MORI, H
   SAKIMURA, K
   KUSHIYA, E
   ARAKI, K
   MEGURO, H
   MASAKI, H
   KUMANISHI, T
   ARAKAWA, M
   MISHINA, M
TI MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF THE NMDA RECEPTOR CHANNEL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; methyl-d-aspartate; excitatory amino-acids; functional expression; selective antagonist; protein-kinase; glutamate; cloning; family; subunit
AB Two novel subunits of the mouse NMDA receptor channel, the epsilon-2 and epsilon-3 subunits, have been identified by cloning and expression of complementary DNAs. The heteromeric epsilon-1/zeta-1, epsilon-2/zeta-1 and epsilon-3/zeta-1 NMDA receptor channels exhibit distinct functional properties in affinities for agonists and sensitivities to competitive antagonists and Mg2+ block. In contrast to the wide distribution of the epsilon-1 and zeta-1 subunit messenger RNAs in the brain, the epsilon-2 subunit mRNA is expressed only in the forebrain and the epsilon-3 subunit mRNA is found predominantly in the cerebellum. The epsilon-1/zeta-1 and epsilon-2/zeta-1 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes, but not the epsilon-3/zeta-1 channel, are activated by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. These findings suggest that the molecular diversity of the epsilon-subunit family underlies the functional heterogeneity of the NMDA receptor channel.
C1 NIIGATA UNIV,DEPT NEUROPHARMACOL,NIIGATA 951,JAPAN.
   NIIGATA UNIV,BRAIN RES INST,DEPT NEUROPATHOL,NIIGATA 951,JAPAN.
   NIIGATA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED 2,NIIGATA 951,JAPAN.
C3 Niigata University; Niigata University; Niigata University
NR 39
TC 1270
Z9 1392
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 36
EP 41
DI 10.1038/358036a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100044
PM 1377365
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROWLEY, R
   HUDSON, J
   YOUNG, PG
AF ROWLEY, R
   HUDSON, J
   YOUNG, PG
TI THE WEE1 PROTEIN-KINASE IS REQUIRED FOR RADIATION-INDUCED MITOTIC DELAY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast schizosaccharomyces-pombe; fission yeast; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; dna damage; mitosis; gene; cells; mutation; division; mutants
AB CELLULAR feedback or 'checkpoint' mechanisms maintain the order of completion of essential, cell-cycle related functions 1-3. In the budding yeast, for example, the RAD9 gene product is required to delay progression into mitosis in response to DNA damage 2,4-6. Similarly, in fission yeast, the cdc25 and cdc2 gene products influence the ability of cells to delay mitosis in response to the inhibition of DNA synthesis 7. Because these two checkpoint controls regulate the same event, mitosis, we observed the effect of gamma-irradiation on cell cycle progression in fission yeast, to test whether the two controls require the same cell-cycle regulatory elements. We show that gamma-radiation-induced mitotic delay requires functional wee1 protein kinase but does not seem to involve the cdc25 pathway. Mitotic delay in response to DNA damage is thus distinct from the delay induced by inhibition of DNA synthesis, which involves cdc25 but is not dependent on wee1.
C1 QUEENS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,KINGSTON K7L 3N6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 Queens University - Canada
RP ROWLEY, R (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH,MED CTR,DEPT RADIOL,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84132, USA.
NR 32
TC 132
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 353
EP 355
DI 10.1038/356353a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400069
PM 1549179
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MALONE, RE
   BULLARD, S
   LUNDQUIST, S
   KIM, S
   TARKOWSKI, T
AF MALONE, RE
   BULLARD, S
   LUNDQUIST, S
   KIM, S
   TARKOWSKI, T
TI A MEIOTIC GENE CONVERSION GRADIENT OPPOSITE TO THE DIRECTION OF TRANSCRIPTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID initiation site; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; arg4 locus; decreasing gradients; yeast; recombination; replacement; sequences; sides
AB GENETIC recombination involves classical crossing-over and gene conversion (aberrant segregation). In fungi that produce an ascus containing four spores, a gene conversion event is manifested as 3:1 or 1:3 (or more rarely 4:0 or 0:4) segregations, in contrast to the normal mendelian 2:2 segregation1,2. Polarity is one of the properties of gene conversion; in almost all cases the frequency of conversion exhibits a gradient across the gene monitored1. The frequency of conversion is usually independent of the specific allele used as a marker, but dependent on its location. An interpretation of conversion polarity is that it is caused by the existence of specific initiation sites for meiotic recombination, located at the high end of the polarity gradient. Here we show that the polarity gradient for the HIS2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is high at the 3' end of the gene, implying that the promoter of HIS2 is not the initiation site.
RP MALONE, RE (corresponding author), UNIV IOWA, DEPT BIOL, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA.
NR 11
TC 39
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 154
EP 155
DI 10.1038/359154a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400055
PM 1355857
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SPARKS, WB
   FRAIXBURNET, D
   MACCHETTO, F
   OWEN, FN
AF SPARKS, WB
   FRAIXBURNET, D
   MACCHETTO, F
   OWEN, FN
TI A COUNTERJET IN THE ELLIPTIC GALAXY M87
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jet
AB JETS in radio galaxies have a variety of observed morphologies, in particular appearing in both one-sided and two-sided forms. It is not known whether jets can be intrinsically one-sided, or if the one-sided appearance is the result of an asymmetry in a two-sided jet. An asymmetry could be real, or apparent because of geometrical and possibly relativistic effects creating a large difference in the apparent visibility of the two sides. The elliptical galaxy M87 hosts a weak but well known one-sided radio jet, which is very visible at optical and even X-ray wavelengths. Using the New Technology Telescope of the European Southern Observatory in Chile, we have identified an optical counterpart to the radio hotspot in the southeast lobe of M87, at about the same distance as the radio jet but oppositely located. Polarization data identify the optical emission as synchrotron radiation, and the severe energetic requirements of maintaining this emission suggest continuous replenishment at the site of the hotspot. We propose that this is provided by an invisible 'counterjet'. We argue that the counterjet cannot be identical to the visible known jet, but must be intrinsically somewhat fainter.
C1 OBSERV TOULOUSE,F-31400 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
   NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,SOCORRO,NM 87801.
C3 Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP SPARKS, WB (corresponding author), SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,3700 SAN MARTIN DR,BALTIMORE,MD 21218, USA.
NR 16
TC 44
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 804
EP 806
DI 10.1038/355804a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DRIVER, J
   BAYLIS, GC
   RAFAL, RD
AF DRIVER, J
   BAYLIS, GC
   RAFAL, RD
TI PRESERVED FIGURE GROUND SEGREGATION AND SYMMETRY PERCEPTION IN VISUAL NEGLECT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spatial attention; recognition; stimuli; humans; field
AB A CENTRAL controversy in current research on visual attention is whether figures are segregated from their background preattentively1-8, or whether attention is first directed to unstructured regions of the image9-13. Here we present neurological evidence for the former view from studies of a brain-injured patient with visual neglect. His attentional impairment arises after normal segmentation of the image into figures and background has taken place. Our results indicate that information which is neglected and unavailable to higher levels of visual processing can nevertheless be processed by earlier stages in the visual system concerned with segmentation.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT PSYCHOL 0109,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT NEUROL,DAVIS,CA 94553.
   UNIV CALIF DAVIS,CTR NEUROBIOL,DAVIS,CA 94553.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP DRIVER, J (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EXPTL PSYCHOL,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EB,ENGLAND.
NR 27
TC 231
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 73
EP 75
DI 10.1038/360073a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700058
PM 1436078
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARDING, FA
   MCARTHUR, JG
   GROSS, JA
   RAULET, DH
   ALLISON, JP
AF HARDING, FA
   MCARTHUR, JG
   GROSS, JA
   RAULET, DH
   ALLISON, JP
TI CD28-MEDIATED SIGNALING CO-STIMULATES MURINE T-CELLS AND PREVENTS INDUCTION OF ANERGY IN T-CELL CLONES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-lymphocytes; antigen; activation; expression; pathway; complex
AB OCCUPANCY of the T-cell antigen receptor is insufficient to induce T-cell activation optimally; a second co-stimulatory signal is required 1. Exposure of T-cell clones to complexes of antigen with major histocompatibility complex molecules in the absence of the co-stimulatory signal induces a state of clonal anergy. This requirement for two stimuli for T-cell activation could have an important role in vivo in establishing peripheral tolerance to antigens not encountered in the thymus 1,2. The receptor on T cells required for the co-stimulatory stimulus involved in the prevention of anergy has not been identified. The human T-cell antigen CD28 provides a signal that can synergize with T-cell antigen receptor stimulation in activating T cells to proliferate and secrete lymphokines 3-6. Here we report that a monoclonal antibody against the murine homologue of CD28 (ref. 7; J.A.G. et al., manuscript in preparation) can provide a co-stimulatory signal to naive CD4+ T cells and to T-cell clones. Moreover, we demonstrate that this costimulatory signal can block the induction of anergy in T-cell clones.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,DIV IMMUNOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CANC RES LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT IMMUNOL SL05,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
NR 17
TC 1603
Z9 1897
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 607
EP 609
DI 10.1038/356607a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100050
PM 1313950
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHOFIELD, AE
   REARDON, DM
   TANNER, MJA
AF SCHOFIELD, AE
   REARDON, DM
   TANNER, MJA
TI DEFECTIVE ANION TRANSPORT ACTIVITY OF THE ABNORMAL BAND-3 IN HEREDITARY OVALOCYTIC RED-BLOOD-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-erythrocytes; malaria parasites; protein; melanesians; membranes; invasion; exchange; invitro; carrier
AB HEREDITARY ovalocytosis is common in some areas of Melanesia and South East Asia where malaria is endemic. These red cells resist invasion by malarial parasites in vitro 1,2 and ovalocytic individuals are less parasitized than normal 3. This has been attributed to the greater rigidity of ovalocytic red cells 4,5. It has been suggested that South East Asian ovalocytosis results from the heterozygous presence of an altered membrane anion transporter (band 3) 6,7. We have used the polymerase chain reaction to clone the abnormal band 3 complementary DNA from an ovalocytic of Indian origin 8 and found two changes from the normal protein: a point mutation (Lys 56 --> Glu) and the deletion of the sequence AFSPQVLAA (residues 400-408), but no evidence for an N-terminal extension 7. The deletion is also found in the abnormal band 3 of South East Asian ovalocytes 9 and seems to be responsible for the unusual properties of the ovalocytic red cell. We show here that the membrane domain of the abnormal ovalocyte band 3 has a substantially altered structure and that the protein is defective in anion transport activity. The changed transport properties of the red cells may have a role in the reduced parasitaemia of ovalocytic individuals.
C1 UNIV BRISTOL,SCH MED SCI,DEPT BIOCHEM,BRISTOL BS8 1TD,AVON,ENGLAND.
   ADDENBROOKES HOSP,DEPT HAEMATOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QQ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 154
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 836
EP 838
DI 10.1038/355836a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600059
PM 1538763
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HU, PJ
   KING, DA
AF HU, PJ
   KING, DA
TI A DIRECT INVERSION METHOD FOR SURFACE-STRUCTURE DETERMINATION FROM LEED INTENSITIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-diffraction; multiple-scattering; holographic images; crystallography; photoemission; transform; patterns
AB LOW-ENERGY electron diffraction (LEED) has become the most successful technique in surface crystallography1, but because of the complexity of the surface-electron scattering interactions, analyses of LEED data are still conducted on a trial-and-error basis: a direct-inversion method for treating LEED intensity data remains an attractive goal2. Building on recent theoretical and experimental developments in electron holography from surface structures3-16, we show here that three-dimensional images with atomic resolution can be obtained by a direct transform of conventional LEED intensity spectra.
RP HU, PJ (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1EW,ENGLAND.
NR 23
TC 7
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 655
EP 658
DI 10.1038/360655a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEUENBERGER, M
   SIEGENTHALER, U
   LANGWAY, CC
AF LEUENBERGER, M
   SIEGENTHALER, U
   LANGWAY, CC
TI CARBON ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 DURING THE LAST ICE-AGE FROM AN ANTARCTIC ICE CORE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late quaternary; record; dioxide; ratio
AB BUBBLES of ancient air in polar ice cores have revealed that the atmospheric concentration of CO2 during the Last Glacial Maximum was 180-200 p.p.m.v., substantially lower than the pre-industrial value of about 280 p.p.m.v. (refs 1, 2). It is generally thought that this reduction in atmospheric CO2 during glacial time was driven by oceanic processes. The most likely explanations invoke either a decrease in dissolved CO2 in surface waters because of a more efficient 'biological pump' transporting carbon to deep waters, or a higher alkalinity in the glacial ocean as a consequence of changes in carbonate dissolution or sedimentation 3. Because isotope fractionation during photosynthesis depletes C-13 in the organic matter produced, changes in the biological pump would alter the carbon isotope composition of atmospheric CO2, whereas changes in alkalinity would in themselves have no such effect. Here we report measurements of the carbon isotope content of CO2 in ice cores from Byrd Station, Antarctica, in an attempt to distinguish between these mechanisms. We find that during the ice age the reduced isotope ratio delta-C-13 was more negative than pre-industrial values by 0.3+/-0.2 parts per thousand. Although this result does not allow us to discriminate definitely between the two possible causes of lower glacial atmospheric CO2, it does indicate that changes in the strength of the biological pump cannot alone have been responsible.
C1 SUNY BUFFALO, DEPT GEOL, AMHERST, NY 14226 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY
RP LEUENBERGER, M (corresponding author), UNIV BERN, INST PHYS, SIDLERSTR 5, CH-3012 BERN, SWITZERLAND.
NR 36
TC 310
Z9 338
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 488
EP 490
DI 10.1038/357488a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YEW, N
   MELLINI, ML
   VANDEWOUDE, GF
AF YEW, N
   MELLINI, ML
   VANDEWOUDE, GF
TI MEIOTIC INITIATION BY THE MOS PROTEIN IN XENOPUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oncogene product; cell-cycle; cytoplasmic factor; oocyte maturation; kinase-activity; eggs
AB WHEN fully grown Xenopus oocytes are stimulated by progesterone, a period of protein synthesis is necessary for maturation 1. Synthesis of the mos proto-oncogene product, pp39mos, is necessary for the activation of M-phase promoting factor (MPF) in meiosis I (ref. 2). On the basis that mos is translated de novo on hormonal stimulation of Xenopus oocytes 3 and that injecting mos RNA into oocytes induces their maturation 3,4, we have proposed that the mos protein is a candidate initiator of oocyte maturation, needed to trigger the conversion of precursor MPF into its active form 1-3. To determine whether mos is the only protein required for initiating maturation, we have produced a soluble, active recombinant mos protein and injected it into Xenopus oocytes. We report here that in the absence of protein synthesis that mos protein efficiently induces germinal vesicle breakdown and the activation of MPF. The oocytes, however, do not proceed into meiosis II. Thus, the mos protein fulfills the requirements of an initiator protein, but the synthesis of one or more additional proteins may be necessary to complete oocyte maturation.
C1 NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,PRI DYNCORP INC,PROT ISOLAT LAB,FREDERICK,MD 21702.
C3 Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP YEW, N (corresponding author), NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,PRI DYNCORP INC,ABL,BASIC RES PROGRAM,POB B,FREDERICK,MD 21702, USA.
NR 23
TC 225
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 649
EP 652
DI 10.1038/355649a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700060
PM 1531698
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PATERSON, Y
AF PATERSON, Y
TI MAPPING ANTIBODY-BINDING SITES ON PROTEIN ANTIGENS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional structure; cytochrome-c; complex; exchange; nmr
AB The large surfaces of protein antigens that interact with antibody-combining sites can be determined using deuterium-exchange labelling and two-dimensional H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This technique may also be applied to other protein-protein interactions to identify key residues that contribute to the affinity.
RP PATERSON, Y (corresponding author), UNIV PENN, SCH MED, DEPT MICROBIOL, 209 JOHNSON PAVIL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
NR 14
TC 12
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 456
EP 457
DI 10.1038/356456a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000072
PM 1313552
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STRATHDEE, CA
   GAVISH, H
   SHANNON, WR
   BUCHWALD, M
AF STRATHDEE, CA
   GAVISH, H
   SHANNON, WR
   BUCHWALD, M
TI CLONING OF CDNAS FOR FANCONIS ANEMIA BY FUNCTIONAL COMPLEMENTATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epstein-barr-virus; human-cells; mammalian-cells; anemia; replication; sequences; membrane; proteins; repair; vector
AB Fanconi's anaemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive pancytopaenia and a cellular hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. Four genetic complementation groups have been identified so far, and here we use a functional complementation method to clone complementary DNAs that correct the defect of group C cells. The cDNAs encode alternatively processed transcripts of a new gene, designated FACC, which is mutated in group C patients. The predicted FACC polypeptide does not contain any motifs common to other proteins and so represents a new gene involved in the cellular response to DNA damage.
C1 HOSP SICK CHILDREN,RES INST,DEPT GENET,555 UNIV AVE,TORONTO M5G 1X8,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO M5S 1A8,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto
NR 35
TC 533
Z9 563
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 763
EP 767
DI 10.1038/356763a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600040
PM 1574115
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WAKSMAN, G
   KOMINOS, D
   ROBERTSON, SC
   PANT, N
   BALTIMORE, D
   BIRGE, RB
   COWBURN, D
   HANAFUSA, H
   MAYER, BJ
   OVERDUIN, M
   RESH, MD
   RIOS, CB
   SILVERMAN, L
   KURIYAN, J
AF WAKSMAN, G
   KOMINOS, D
   ROBERTSON, SC
   PANT, N
   BALTIMORE, D
   BIRGE, RB
   COWBURN, D
   HANAFUSA, H
   MAYER, BJ
   OVERDUIN, M
   RESH, MD
   RIOS, CB
   SILVERMAN, L
   KURIYAN, J
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE PHOSPHOTYROSINE RECOGNITION DOMAIN SH2 OF V-SRC COMPLEXED WITH TYROSINE-PHOSPHORYLATED PEPTIDES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pancreatic trypsin-inhibitor; phospholipase-c; egf receptor; signal transduction; transforming gene; atomic-structure; kinase-activity; x-ray; protein; virus
AB Three-dimensional structures of complexes of the SH2 domain of the v-src oncogene product with two phosphotyrosyl peptides have been determined by X-ray crystallography at resolutions of 1.5 and 2.0 angstrom, respectively. A central antiparallel beta-sheet in the structure is flanked by two alpha-helices, with peptide binding mediated by the sheet, intervening loops and one of the helices. The specific recognition of phosphotyrosine involves amino-aromatic interactions between lysine and arginine side chains and the ring system in addition to hydrogen-bonding interactions with the phosphate.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV, 1230 YORK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
   HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
   SLOAN KETTERING MEM CANC CTR, DEPT CELL BIOL & GENET, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
NR 59
TC 657
Z9 763
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 646
EP 653
DI 10.1038/358646a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200046
PM 1379696
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CALDEIRA, K
   KASTING, JF
AF CALDEIRA, K
   KASTING, JF
TI THE LIFE-SPAN OF THE BIOSPHERE REVISITED
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths early atmosphere; dissolution; evolution; co2; temperatures; feedback; growth; cloud; venus
AB A DECADE ago, Lovelock and Whitfield1 raised the question of how much longer the biosphere can survive on Earth. They pointed out that, despite the current fossil-fuel induced increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration, the long-term trend should be in the opposite direction: as increased solar luminosity warms the Earth, silicate rocks should weather more readily, causing atmospheric CO2 to decrease. In their model1, atmospheric CO2 falls below the critical level for C3 photosynthesis, 150 parts per million (p.p.m.), in only 100 Myr, and this is assumed to mark the demise of the biosphere as a whole. Here, we re-examine this problem using a more elaborate model that includes a more accurate treatment of the greenhouse effect of CO2 (refs 2-4), a biologically mediated weathering parameterization, and the realization that C4 photosynthesis can persist to much lower concentrations of atmospheric CO2(<10 p.p.m.)5,6. We find that a C4-plant-based biosphere could survive for at least another 0.9 Gyr to 1.5 Gyr after the present time, depending respectively on whether CO2 or temperature is the limiting factor. Within an additional 1 Gyr, Earth may lose its water to space, thereby following the path of its sister planet, Venus.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIV PK,PA 16802.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP CALDEIRA, K (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV,CTR EARTH SYST SCI,UNIV PK,PA 16802, USA.
NR 28
TC 189
Z9 207
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 721
EP 723
DI 10.1038/360721a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200027
PM 11536510
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MEGURO, H
   MORI, H
   ARAKI, K
   KUSHIYA, E
   KUTSUWADA, T
   YAMAZAKI, M
   KUMANISHI, T
   ARAKAWA, M
   SAKIMURA, K
   MISHINA, M
AF MEGURO, H
   MORI, H
   ARAKI, K
   KUSHIYA, E
   KUTSUWADA, T
   YAMAZAKI, M
   KUMANISHI, T
   ARAKAWA, M
   SAKIMURA, K
   MISHINA, M
TI FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION OF A HETEROMERIC NMDA RECEPTOR CHANNEL EXPRESSED FROM CLONED CDNAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; methyl-d-aspartate; excitatory amino-acids; selective antagonist; neurons; glycine; family; responses; cloning; complex
AB THE glutamate receptor (GluR) channel plays a kev part in brain function 1,2. Among GluR channel subtypes, the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor channel which is highly permeable to Ca2+ is essential for the synaptic plasticity underlying memory, learning and development 3,4.  Furthermore, abnormal activation of the NMDA receptor channel may trigger the neuronal cell death observed in various brain disorders 5,6. A complementary DNA encoding a subunit of the rodent NMDA receptor channel (NMDAR1 or zeta-1) has been cloned and its functional properties investigated 7,8. Here we report the identification and primary structure of a novel mouse NMDA receptor channel subunit, designated as epsilon-1, after cloning and sequencing the cDNA. The epsilon-1 subunit shows 11-18% amino-acid sequence identity with rodent GluR channel subunits that have been characterized so far and has structural features common to neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. Expression from cloned cDNAs of the epsilon-1 subunit together with the zeta-1 subunit in Xenopus oocytes yields functional GluR channels with high activity and characteristics of the NMDA receptor channel. Furthermore, the heteromeric NMDA receptor channel can be activated by glycine alone.
C1 NIIGATA UNIV,BRAIN RES INST,DEPT NEUROPHARMACOL,ASAHIMACHI 1,NIIGATA 951,JAPAN.
   NIIGATA UNIV,BRAIN RES INST,DEPT NEUROPATHOL,NIIGATA 951,JAPAN.
   NIIGATA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED 2,NIIGATA 951,JAPAN.
C3 Niigata University; Niigata University; Niigata University
NR 35
TC 779
Z9 849
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/357070a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900060
PM 1374164
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FOULGER, GR
   JAHN, CH
   SEEBER, G
   EINARSSON, P
   JULIAN, BR
   HEKI, K
AF FOULGER, GR
   JAHN, CH
   SEEBER, G
   EINARSSON, P
   JULIAN, BR
   HEKI, K
TI POST-RIFTING STRESS-RELAXATION AT THE DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY IN NORTHEAST ICELAND
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asal-ghoubbet rift; deflation; djibouti; volcano
AB INTERACTION of the elastic lithosphere with the underlying anelastic asthenosphere causes strain to propagate along the Earth's surface in a diffusion-like manner following tectonism at plate boundaries. This process transfers stress between adjacent tectonic segments and influences the temporal tectonic pattern along a plate boundary. Observations of such strain transients have been rare, and have hitherto been confined to strike-slip and underthrusting plate boundaries1. Here we report the observation of a strain transient at the divergent (spreading) plate boundary in Iceland. A Global Positioning System survey undertaken a decade after an episode of dyke intrusion accompanying several metres of crustal spreading reveals a spatially varying strain field with the expected diffusion-pulse shape and an amplitude three times greater than the 5.7 cm that would be expected from the average spreading rate2. A simple one-dimensional model with a thin elastic layer overlying a viscous layer fits the data well and yields a stress diffusivity of 1.1 +/- 0.3 m2 s-1. Combined with structural information from magnetotelluric measurements, this implies a viscosity of 0.3-2 x 10(19) Pa s-a value comparable to that derived for Iceland from post-glacial rebound23, but low compared with estimates for mantle viscosity obtained elsewhere3.
C1 UNIV ICELAND,INST SCI,REYKJAVIK,ICELAND.
   UNIV HANOVER,INST ERDMESSUNG,W-3000 HANNOVER 1,GERMANY.
   US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
C3 University of Iceland; Leibniz University Hannover; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP FOULGER, GR (corresponding author), UNIV DURHAM,DEPT GEOL SCI,DURHAM DH1 3LE,ENGLAND.
NR 26
TC 103
Z9 110
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 488
EP 490
DI 10.1038/358488a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVIES, K
AF DAVIES, K
TI MOVING STRAIGHT TO THE TARGET
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene
NR 9
TC 0
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 519
EP 519
DI 10.1038/358519a0
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900055
PM 1641042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DELMAS, B
   GELFI, J
   LHARIDON, R
   VOGEL, LK
   SJOSTROM, H
   NOREN, O
   LAUDE, H
AF DELMAS, B
   GELFI, J
   LHARIDON, R
   VOGEL, LK
   SJOSTROM, H
   NOREN, O
   LAUDE, H
TI AMINOPEPTIDASE-N IS A MAJOR RECEPTOR FOR THE ENTEROPATHOGENIC CORONAVIRUS TGEV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intestinal brush-border; transmissible gastroenteritis; virus; expression; sequence; cloning; kidney; gene
AB CORONAVIRUSES, like many animal viruses, are characterized by a restricted host range and tissue tropism 1. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a major pathogen causing a fatal diarrhoea in newborn pig, replicates selectively in the differentiated enterocytes covering the villi of the small intestine 2. To investigate the molecular determinants of the infection, we characterized the surface molecule used by the virus for binding and entry into host cells. Here we report that aminopeptidase N, an ectoenzyme abundantly expressed at the apical membrane of the enterocytes, serves as a receptor for TGEV. Monoclonal antibodies were selected for their ability to block infection by TGEV of porcine cell lines. They recognized a brush-border membrane protein of M(r) 150K, which was identified as aminopeptidase N by amino-terminal sequencing. Two lines of evidence supported the view that the peptidase itself acts as a receptor. First, virions bound specifically to aminopeptidase N that was purified to homogeneity. Second, recombinant expression of aminopeptidase N conferred infectivity by TGEV to an otherwise non-permissive cell line.
C1 INRA,UNITE VIROL & IMMUNOL MOLEC,DOMAINE VILVERT,F-78350 JOUY EN JOSAS,FRANCE.
   PANUM INST,DEPT BIOCHEM,DK-2200 COPENHAGEN N,DENMARK.
C3 INRAE; Universite Paris Saclay
NR 21
TC 564
Z9 653
U1 1
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 417
EP 420
DI 10.1038/357417a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200068
PM 1350661
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SEONG, RH
   CHAMBERLAIN, JW
   PARNES, JR
AF SEONG, RH
   CHAMBERLAIN, JW
   PARNES, JR
TI SIGNAL FOR T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION TO A CD4 CELL LINEAGE IS DELIVERED BY CD4 TRANSMEMBRANE REGION AND OR CYTOPLASMIC TAIL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histocompatibility complex antigens; tyrosine-protein-kinase; transgenic mice; receptor determine; cd4/cd8 phenotype; lymphocytes-t; molecules; expression; thymus; phosphorylation
AB MATURE T cells express either CD4 or CD8 on their surface. Most helper T cells express CD4, which binds to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, and most cytotoxic T cells express CD8, which binds to class I MHC proteins. In the thymus, mature CD4+CD8- and CD4- CD8+ T cells expressing alpha-beta-T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) develop from immature thymocytes through CD4+CD8+ alpha-beta-TCR+ intermediates 1. Experiments using mice transgenic for alpha-beta-TCR 2-5 suggest that the specificity of the TCR determines the CD4/CD8 phenotype of mature T cells. These results, however, do not indicate how a T cell differentiates into the CD4 or CD8 lineage. Here we show that the CD4 transmembrane region and/or cytoplasmic tail mediates the delivery of a specific signal that directs differentiation of T cells to a CD4 lineage. We generated transgenic mice expressing a hybrid molecule composed of the CD8-alpha extracellular domains linked to the CD4 transmembrane region and cytoplasmic tail. We predicted that this hybrid molecule would bind to class I MHC proteins through the extracellular domains but deliver the intracellular signals characteristic of CD4. By crossing our transgenic mice with mice expressing a transgenic alpha-beta-TCR specific for a particular antigen plus class I MHC protein, we were able to express the hybrid molecule in developing thymocytes expressing the class I MHC-restricted TCR. Our results show that the signal transduced by the hybrid molecule results in the differentiation of immature thymocytes expressing a class I-restricted TCR into mature T cells expressing CD4.
C1 STANFORD UNIV, MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV IMMUNOL & RHEUMATOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT IMMUNOL, TORONTO M5S 1A1, ONTARIO, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, HOSP SICK CHILDREN, RES INST, TORONTO M5G 1X8, ONTARIO, CANADA.
C3 Stanford University; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)
NR 22
TC 84
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 718
EP 720
DI 10.1038/356718a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600063
PM 1533274
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AHRENS, TJ
   HARRIS, AW
AF AHRENS, TJ
   HARRIS, AW
TI DEFLECTION AND FRAGMENTATION OF NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crater
AB The collision with Earth of near-Earth asteroids or comet nuclei poses a potential threat to mankind. Objects about 100 m in diameter could be diverted from an Earth-crossing trajectory by the impact of a rocket-launched mass, but for larger bodies nuclear explosions seem to be the only practical means of deflection. Fragmentation of the body by nuclear charges is less efficient or secure.
C1 JET PROP LAB, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
RP AHRENS, TJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, LINDHURST LAB EXPTL GEOPHYS, SEISMOL LAB 252-21, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 24
TC 150
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 429
EP 433
DI 10.1038/360429a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BIRKETT, PR
   HITCHCOCK, PB
   KROTO, HW
   TAYLOR, R
   WALTON, DRM
AF BIRKETT, PR
   HITCHCOCK, PB
   KROTO, HW
   TAYLOR, R
   WALTON, DRM
TI PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF C60BR6 AND C60BR8
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE (C60) is much more reactive than was originally anticipated, because resonance structures that place double bonds in the pentagonal rings are energetically unfavourable 1 and lead to restricted electron delocalization. C60 therefore 'behaves as an electron-deficient 'super-alkene' rather than as a super-aromatic', as demonstrated by the addition of osmium tetroxide 2, platinum 3, dipolar molecules 4, alkyl radicals 5 and amines 6. Reaction of anions derived from C60 with iodomethane results in up to 24 methyl groups becoming attached to the cage, although compounds containing either eight or six methyl groups are dominant in the mass spectrum 7. Here we report the synthesis of crystalline C60Br6 (which forms magenta plates) and C60Br8 (dark brown prisms) by mixing solutions of C60 with bromine. The structures of these compounds, which contain occluded bromine when precipitated from the brominating medium, have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Reaction of C60 with bromine in the absence of solvent gives C60Br24 (which also contains occluded bromine). We propose a configuration for C60Br24 (and sterically hindered C60X24 compounds) based on that for C60Br8. On being warmed in solution, C60Br6 rearranges and disproportionates to C60Br8, and all three bromo derivatives revert to C60 on strong heating. These results provide an insight into the pattern of addition of bulky reagents to C60.
RP BIRKETT, PR (corresponding author), UNIV SUSSEX,SCH CHEM & MOLEC SCI,BRIGHTON BN1 9QJ,E SUSSEX,ENGLAND.
NR 20
TC 321
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 479
EP 481
DI 10.1038/357479a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GARNAES, J
   SCHWARTZ, DK
   VISWANATHAN, R
   ZASADZINSKI, JAN
AF GARNAES, J
   SCHWARTZ, DK
   VISWANATHAN, R
   ZASADZINSKI, JAN
TI DOMAIN BOUNDARIES AND BUCKLING SUPERSTRUCTURES IN LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning tunneling microscopy; x-ray-diffraction; monolayers; multilayers; stearate; layers; phase; water
AB MANY technological and scientific applications have been proposed for Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films 1. These ordered arrays of oriented amphiphilic molecules may be useful as nonlinear optical systems 2, as insulating or patterning layers in microelectronics 3,4, as model systems for studies of two-dimensional phases 5 and as molecular templates for protein crystallization 6. The potential of LB films for these applications is sensitive to the details of their molecular packing; in particular, they require that the layers have a defect-free, periodic structure 1. Here we present images from atomic force microscopy of domain boundaries between regions of different crystallographic orientation in LB multilayers. The regular lattice structure is preserved to within 1 nm of the grain boundaries, and the domains are oriented in a near-twinning arrangement. We also observe a periodic buckling superstructure along a particular lattice symmetry direction, with a wavelength of about 2 nm and an amplitude of less-than-or-equal-to 0.1 nm. The buckling was independent of surface pressure during deposition, dipping direction, number of layers deposited and nature of the substrate, and was stable over many hours. These departures from two-dimensional periodicity may have an important bearing on applications that rely on perfect crystallinity.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT CHEM & NUCL ENGN,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
NR 29
TC 108
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/357054a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YAFFE, MB
   FARR, GW
   MIKLOS, D
   HORWICH, AL
   STERNLICHT, ML
   STERNLICHT, H
AF YAFFE, MB
   FARR, GW
   MIKLOS, D
   HORWICH, AL
   STERNLICHT, ML
   STERNLICHT, H
TI TCP1 COMPLEX IS A MOLECULAR CHAPERONE IN TUBULIN BIOGENESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heat-shock protein; human alpha-tubulin; beta-tubulin; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; messenger-rna; cells; microtubules; expression; colocalization; overexpression
AB A ROLE in folding of newly translated proteins in the cytosol of eukaryotes has been proposed for t-complex polypeptide-1 (TCP1), although its molecular targets have not yet been identified1-3. Tubulin is a major cytosolic protein whose assembly into microtubules is critical to many cellular processes4-8. Although numerous studies have focused on the expression of tubulin9-20, little is known about the processes where by newly translated tubulin subunits acquire conformations that enable them to form alpha-beta-heterodimers. We examined the biogenesis of alpha- and beta-tubulin in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, and report here that newly translated tubulin subunits entered a 900K complex in a protease-sensitive conformation. Addition of Mg-ATP, but not nonhydrolysable analogues, released the tubulin subunits as assembly-competent protein with a conformation that was relatively protease-resistant. The 900K complex purified from reticulocyte lysate contained as its major constituent a 58K protein that cross-reacted with a monoclonal antiserum against mouse TCP1. We conclude that TCP1 functions as a cytosolic chaperone in the biogenesis of tubulin.
C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44106.
   HARVARD UNIV,NEW ENGLAND DEACONESS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,BOSTON,MA 02146.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
NR 33
TC 419
Z9 463
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 245
EP 248
DI 10.1038/358245a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700057
PM 1630491
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU READMAN, JW
   FOWLER, SW
   VILLENEUVE, JP
   CATTINI, C
   OREGIONI, B
   MEE, LD
AF READMAN, JW
   FOWLER, SW
   VILLENEUVE, JP
   CATTINI, C
   OREGIONI, B
   MEE, LD
TI OIL AND COMBUSTION-PRODUCT CONTAMINATION OF THE GULF MARINE-ENVIRONMENT FOLLOWING THE WAR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrocarbons; kuwait; wells; smoke
AB FOLLOWING the Gulf war, controversy and speculation have surrounded the extent to which the massive spillage of petroleum and the burning of oil wells in Kuwait have damaged marine ecosystems in the region1-5. We report here the results of a rapid assessment survey of hydrocarbon contamination undertaken in the coastal marine environment from Kuwait to Oman during mid-1991. Our results show that severe oil pollution was restricted primarily to the Saudi Arabian coastline within approximately 400 km from the spillages, and that during the four months following the conflict and preceding our survey, the spilled oil had extensively degraded. Surprisingly, concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments and bivalve molluscs from Bahrain in June 1991 were lower than those recorded from our pre-war (1983-86) surveys at the same site, probably as a result of decreased tanker traffic and associated deballasting during and after the conflict. As for carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced during burning of the oil wells, we found that concentrations in sediments from even the most heavily contaminated sites were relatively low, and comparable to levels reported for the Baltic Sea6, coastal locations of the northeastern United States7 and United Kingdom estuaries8.
RP READMAN, JW (corresponding author), INT ATOM ENERGY AGCY,MARINE ENVIRONM LAB,POB 800,MC-98012 MONACO,MONACO.
NR 18
TC 98
Z9 105
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 662
EP 665
DI 10.1038/358662a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FECHT, HJ
AF FECHT, HJ
TI DEFECT-INDUCED MELTING AND SOLID-STATE AMORPHIZATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stability limit; free-energy; crystallization; vitrification; vacancy; surface; alloys; metals; point; ice
AB DESPITE the strong interest in melting over the past 100 years, a general theory for the crystal-liquid transition has not been established 1. Lattice-instability models, which are either vibrational 2, elastic 3, isochoric 4, defective 5 or entropic 6 in nature, all predict a melting point somewhat above the experimentally observed thermodynamic melting temperature, with the ultimate stability limit of a superheated crystal being determined by the equality of crystal and liquid entropies 4,6; this forces regular melting to be a first-order transition. Here I present a model of melting that is driven by the incorporation into the lattice of randomly frozen-in defects. An isentropic condition limits the stability of the crystal as a function of defect concentration; above the glass transition temperature the crystal melts to a liquid, whereas below it 'melting' produces an amorphous solid. This model yields a generic melting diagram with a tunable parameter (defect concentration) that can characterize the static disorder present in solid-state amorphization 7-9, the thermodynamic stability of small clusters 10 and nanocrystalline materials 11, and the frustration present in spin glasses 12 . The model is also relevant to glacial 13, geological 14 and stellar-atmospheric 15 melting processes.
RP FECHT, HJ (corresponding author), UNIV AUGSBURG,INST PHYS,MEMMINGERSTR 6,W-8900 AUGSBURG,GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 224
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 133
EP 135
DI 10.1038/356133a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OROURKE, AM
   MESCHER, MF
AF OROURKE, AM
   MESCHER, MF
TI CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTE-T ACTIVATION INVOLVES A CASCADE OF SIGNALING AND ADHESION EVENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-mediated activation; tyrosine phosphorylation; class-i; cells; cd8; binding; recognition; lfa-1
AB IN addition to the antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR), T cells bear an array of 'accessory' molecules that can contribute to stable adhesion to the antigen-bearing cell1 and provide costimulatory signals1-7. For several of these2-7, T-cell adhesion to the ligand can be activated by TCR-dependent signalling (a signal from the TCR primes the coreceptor to bind to its ligand). It is unclear whether the individual coreceptors share common mechanisms of priming and cosignalling, and perhaps act in a redundant manner, or whether they act in a distinct way and contribute uniquely to the activation process. We report here the use of isolated alloantigen, class I proteins and fibronectin ligands to show that coreceptors on cytotoxic T lymphocytes are activated sequentially and deliver distinct biochemical signals on binding to their ligands. TCR engagement activates CD8 by a protein tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway, and CD8 then acts as a signal for initiation of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis on binding to class I. In contrast, activated adhesion to fibronectin does not initiate polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis, but amplifies hydrolysis once it has been initiated. Thus, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation involves a TCR-initiated cascade of adhesion and signalling events leading to response.
RP OROURKE, AM (corresponding author), MED BIOL INST,DIV MEMBRANE BIOL,11077 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 23
TC 104
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 253
EP 255
DI 10.1038/358253a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700059
PM 1630493
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRZOSKA, JB
   SHAHIDZADEH, N
   RONDELEZ, F
AF BRZOSKA, JB
   SHAHIDZADEH, N
   RONDELEZ, F
TI EVIDENCE OF A TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE FOR THE OPTIMUM DEPOSITION OF GRAFTED MONOLAYER COATINGS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-assembling monolayers; alkylsiloxane monolayers; langmuir-blodgett; surfaces; films; drops
AB TECHNIQUES for surface modification are of considerable technological interest for the fabrication of water-repellent and anti-fouling coatings. Silanization1 (the chemical grafting of organic molecules onto a substrate via a trichlorosilane group) stands out among these techniques by virtue of its ability to provide highly compact coatings of optical quality, extreme chemical inertness and adjustable wettability2. Although the silanization reaction has been extensively characterized3-8, the properties of the grafted layers are still too variable for most commercial applications; for example, the quality of the grafted layers depends critically on the presence of trace amounts of water, and on the temperature at which the silanization reaction takes place9. Here we provide evidence for the existence of a near-ambient temperature threshold, T(c), which represents an upper bound for obtaining the highest-quality films. This threshold temperature is found to be an intrinsic property of the silane molecules: it depends linearly on their chain length, but is independent of the solvent used for the reaction. We suggest that T(c) is analogous to the triple point in the phase diagram of Langmuir monolayers.
RP BRZOSKA, JB (corresponding author), INST CURIE,PHYS & CHIM SECT,PHYSICOCHIM SURFACES & INTERFACES LAB,11 RUE PIERRE & MARIE CURIE,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 17
TC 237
Z9 264
U1 0
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 719
EP 721
DI 10.1038/360719a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200026
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SILVER, RA
   TRAYNELIS, SF
   CULLCANDY, SG
AF SILVER, RA
   TRAYNELIS, SF
   CULLCANDY, SG
TI RAPID-TIME-COURSE MINIATURE AND EVOKED EXCITATORY CURRENTS AT CEREBELLAR SYNAPSES INSITU
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat hippocampal slices; patch-clamp; postsynaptic currents; synaptic currents; neurons; glutamate; receptors; activation; cells
AB NEUROTRANSMISSION from mossy fibre terminals onto cerebellar granule cells is almost certainly mediated by L-glutamate 1,2. By taking advantage of the small soma size, limited number of processes and short dendrite length of granule cells, we have obtained high-resolution recordings of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (m.e.p.s.cs) and evoked currents in thin cerebellar slices 3.  Miniature currents have a similar time-course and pharmacology to evoked currents and consist of an exceptionally fast non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) component (measured rise-time, 200-mu-s; estimated pre-filtered rise-time < 100-mu-s; decay time constant, tau = 1.0 ms), followed by 50 pS NMDA channel openings that are directly resolvable. We could find no evidence for the recent proposal that miniature currents in granule cells are mediated solely by NMDA channels with a novel time course 4.  The non-NMDA receptor component of m.e.p.s.cs has a skewed amplitude distribution, which suggests potential complications for quantal analysis. The difference in time course between the m.e.p.s.cs reported here and other synaptic currents in the brain 5-8 could reflect differences in synaptic function or electrotonic filtering; the relative contribution of these possibilities has vet to be established.
RP SILVER, RA (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT PHARMACOL,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 328
Z9 344
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 163
EP 166
DI 10.1038/355163a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900059
PM 1370344
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCINTOSH, PS
   THOMPSON, RJ
   WILLOCK, EC
AF MCINTOSH, PS
   THOMPSON, RJ
   WILLOCK, EC
TI A 600-DAY PERIODICITY IN SOLAR CORONAL HOLES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geomagnetic disturbances; wind streams; evolution; flares
AB CORONAL holes are large-scale structures of lower density and temperature in the solar corona. They appear as large dark features in X-ray and radio images, and as bright areas in infrared He I images of the Sun. The longest series of data is the He I (10,830 angstrom) observations published within Halpha synoptic charts1. Here we analyse outlines of coronal holes from these charts to show the variation of coronal hole area over the period 1977-89. We find that the total area of coronal holes enclosed within a latitude band of 10-50-degrees-S shows a 592-day periodic variation throughout the 13-year interval, which includes all of solar cycle 21 and the first three years of cycle 22. The corresponding northern latitude region does not show this periodic behaviour. There is some indication of an association between the coronal hole variation and other solar phenomena such as the occurrence of super-active regions and the reported 153-day periodicity.
C1 IPS RADIO & SPACE SERV,W CHATSWOOD,NSW 2057,AUSTRALIA.
RP MCINTOSH, PS (corresponding author), SPACE ENVIRONM LAB,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA.
NR 25
TC 52
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 322
EP 324
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRESGE, CT
   LEONOWICZ, ME
   ROTH, WJ
   VARTULI, JC
   BECK, JS
AF KRESGE, CT
   LEONOWICZ, ME
   ROTH, WJ
   VARTULI, JC
   BECK, JS
TI ORDERED MESOPOROUS MOLECULAR-SIEVES SYNTHESIZED BY A LIQUID-CRYSTAL TEMPLATE MECHANISM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphate
AB MICROPOROUS and mesoporous inorganic solids (with pore diameters of less-than-or-equal-to 20 angstrom and approximately 20-500 angstrom respectively)1 have found great utility as catalysts and sorption media because of their large internal surface area. Typical microporous materials are the crystalline framework solids, such as zeolites2, but the largest pore dimensions found so far are approximately 10-12 angstrom for some metallophosphates3-5 and approximately 14 angstrom for the mineral cacoxenite6. Examples of mesoporous solids include silicas7 and modified layered materials8-11, but these are invariably amorphous or paracrystalline, with pores that are irregularly spaced and broadly distributed in size8,12. Pore size can be controlled by intercalation of layered silicates with a surfactant species9,13, but the final product retains, in part, the layered nature of the precursor material. Here we report the synthesis of mesoporous solids from the calcination of aluminosilicate gels in the presence of surfactants. The material14,15 possesses regular arrays of uniform channels, the dimensions of which can be tailored (in the range 16 angstrom to 100 angstrom or more) through the choice of surfactant, auxiliary chemicals and reaction conditions. We propose that the formation of these materials takes place by means of a liquid-crystal 'templating' mechanism, in which the silicate material forms inorganic walls between ordered surfactant micelles.
C1 MOBIL RES & DEV CORP,CENT RES LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08540.
C3 Exxon Mobil Corporation
RP KRESGE, CT (corresponding author), MOBIL RES & DEV CORP,PAULSBORO RES LAB,PAULSBORO,NJ 08066, USA.
NR 28
TC 15610
Z9 17341
U1 37
U2 3151
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 710
EP 712
DI 10.1038/359710a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ABOULELA, F
   MURCHIE, AIH
   LILLEY, DMJ
AF ABOULELA, F
   MURCHIE, AIH
   LILLEY, DMJ
TI NMR-STUDY OF PARALLEL-STRANDED TETRAPLEX FORMATION BY THE HEXADEOXYNUCLEOTIDE D(TG4T)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-magnetic-resonance; telomeric dna; proton resonances; oligonucleotides; spectroscopy; assignment; mismatch
AB MULTISTRANDED DNA structures based upon guanine association have been proposed to be important in the structure of chromosome telomeres1 and in immunoglobulin class switching2. Nucleic acids containing runs of guanine bases form a number of structures in vitro3-6, including fold-back structures (Fig. 1a)7-9 and parallel-stranded quadruplex structures in DNA2,10 and RNA11. The features of fold-back structures have now been determined at high-resolution12-14. The different structures are probably based on a tetrad of hydrogen-bonded guanine bases (Fig. 1b), with buffer conditions and sequence effects mediating isomerization between the different forms4,15-18. Here we use NMR spectroscopy to investigate the solution structure of the complex formed by the hexadeoxynucleotide d(TG4T) in the presence of sodium ions. We have observed the formation of a parallel-stranded quadruplex containing hydrogen-bonded tetrads of guanine. The parallel-stranded form differs significantly from the fold-back form, with individual nucleotide conformations being closer to those of B-form DNA.
RP ABOULELA, F (corresponding author), UNIV DUNDEE,DEPT BIOCHEM,DUNDEE DD1 4HN,SCOTLAND.
NR 31
TC 197
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 280
EP 282
DI 10.1038/360280a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000059
PM 1436110
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PUNCH, M
   AKERLOF, CW
   CAWLEY, MF
   CHANTELL, M
   FEGAN, DJ
   FENNELL, S
   GAIDOS, JA
   HAGAN, J
   HILLAS, AM
   JIANG, Y
   KERRICK, AD
   LAMB, RC
   LAWRENCE, MA
   LEWIS, DA
   MEYER, DI
   MOHANTY, G
   OFLAHERTY, KS
   REYNOLDS, PT
   ROVERO, AC
   SCHUBNELL, MS
   SEMBROSKI, G
   WEEKES, TC
   WHITAKER, T
   WILSON, C
AF PUNCH, M
   AKERLOF, CW
   CAWLEY, MF
   CHANTELL, M
   FEGAN, DJ
   FENNELL, S
   GAIDOS, JA
   HAGAN, J
   HILLAS, AM
   JIANG, Y
   KERRICK, AD
   LAMB, RC
   LAWRENCE, MA
   LEWIS, DA
   MEYER, DI
   MOHANTY, G
   OFLAHERTY, KS
   REYNOLDS, PT
   ROVERO, AC
   SCHUBNELL, MS
   SEMBROSKI, G
   WEEKES, TC
   WHITAKER, T
   WILSON, C
TI DETECTION OF TEV PHOTONS FROM THE ACTIVE GALAXY MARKARIAN-421
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crab-nebula; x-ray
AB PHOTONS of TeV energy have been observed from a few sources in our Galaxy, notably the Crab Nebula1. We report here the detection of such photons from an extragalactic source, the giant elliptical galaxy Markarian 421. Mk 421 has a nucleus of the BL Lacertae type2,3, and emission from it has been observed at radio4-6, optical3,6 and X-ray6-8 frequencies, and most recently in the MeV-GeV bands, by the EGRET detector aboard the Compton observatory9. In March-June 1992, we observed Mk 421 with the Whipple Observatory gamma-ray telescope10, a ground-based detector that images Cerenkov light from air showers, and found a signal with statistical significance of 6-sigma above background. The flux above 0.5 TeV is 0.3 of that from the Crab Nebula. The source location agrees with the position of Mk 421 within the angular uncertainty (6 arc minutes) of the Whipple instrument. The fact that we have observed this relatively nearby source (redshift z = 0.031), whereas active galaxies and quasars that are brighter at EGRET energies but more distant have not been detected in the TeV energy range, may be consistent with suggestions11,12 that TeV photons are strongly attenuated by interaction with extragalactic starlight.
C1 NATL UNIV IRELAND UNIV COLL DUBLIN,DEPT PHYS,DUBLIN 4,IRELAND.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT PHYS,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   ST PATRICKS COLL,DEPT PHYS,MAYNOOTH,KILDARE,IRELAND.
   PURDUE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907.
   UNIV LEEDS,DEPT PHYS,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
   IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,AMES,IA 50011.
C3 University College Dublin; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Maynooth University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; University of Leeds; Iowa State University
RP PUNCH, M (corresponding author), HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CFA,WHIPPLE OBSERV,BOX 97,AMADO,AZ 85645, USA.
NR 18
TC 763
Z9 813
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 477
EP 478
DI 10.1038/358477a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DRICKAMER, K
AF DRICKAMER, K
TI ENGINEERING GALACTOSE-BINDING ACTIVITY INTO A C-TYPE MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbohydrate-recognition domains; site; rat; homology; lectin
AB CALCIUM-DEPENDENT or C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains are homologous protein modules found in a variety of animal lectins1. Selective binding of sugars by these domains is essential for glycoprotein clearance, cell-cell adhesion and pathogen neutralization. Although various C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains share sequence identity ranging from 20 to 55%, their sugar-binding characteristics vary widely. The structure of a mannose-binding carbohydrate-recognition domain in complex with a saccharide ligand suggests that two glutamic acid-asparagine pairs are essential determinants of ligand binding by this domain2. In C-type lectins that bind galactose with higher affinity than mannose, one of these pairs is replaced by glutamine-aspartic acid. Here we shift the sequence of the mannose-binding protein to correspond to that found in galactose-binding domains in order to test the importance of these residues in sugar-binding selectivity. This simple switch in the position of a single amide group alters the binding activity of the domain so that galactose becomes the preferred ligand.
RP DRICKAMER, K (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOPHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA.
NR 18
TC 466
Z9 507
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/360183a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200068
PM 1279438
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUI, L
   DERMER, CD
AF HUI, L
   DERMER, CD
TI GAMMA-RAY BURSTS FROM HIGH-VELOCITY NEUTRON-STARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radio pulsars; origin
AB RECENT observations with the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory show that the distribution of gamma-ray bursts is isotropic but radially non-uniform1. Spectral features, time histories and the presence of X-ray tails suggest that the bursts arise from galactic neutron stars2, but low-velocity neutron stars born in the galactic disk would be concentrated towards the galactic plane3,4, which would not fit the BATSE results. Neutron stars born with velocities greater than approximately 800 km s-1 will, however, escape from the Galaxy's gravitational field. We show here that a population of such objects can fit the gamma-ray burst distributions found by BATSE and also the Pioneer Venus Orbiter5, although two important conditions must be met: the high-velocity neutron stars should turn on as burst sources only after some time (perhaps after they have ceased to be radiopulsars), and the low-velocity neutron stars must rarely generate gamma-ray bursts. The observed correlation6-8 in pulsars between magnetic moment and velocity may provide a physical cause for the difference in bursting properties between the two populations. Our model implies that the brightest bursts, with fluxes greater-than-or-similar-to 3 x 10(-5) erg cm-2 s-1, will be anisotropically distributed.
RP HUI, L (corresponding author), RICE UNIV,DEPT SPACE PHYS & ASTRON,HOUSTON,TX 77251, USA.
NR 31
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 514
EP 516
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OWEN, T
   BARNUN, A
   KLEINFELD, I
AF OWEN, T
   BARNUN, A
   KLEINFELD, I
TI POSSIBLE COMETARY ORIGIN OF HEAVY NOBLE-GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERES OF VENUS, EARTH AND MARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amorphous water ice; terrestrial planets; meteorites; shergottites; basalts; impact; glass
AB MODELS that trace the origin of noble gases in the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets (Venus, Earth and Mars) to the 'planetary component' in chondritic meteorites confront several problems. The 'missing' xenon in the atmospheres of Mars and Earth (Fig. 1) is one of the most obvious; this gas is not hidden or trapped in surface materials 1. On Venus, the absolute abundances of neon and argon per gram of rock are higher even than those in carbonaceous chondrites, whereas the relative abundances of argon and krypton are closer to solar than to chondritic values (there is only an upper limit on xenon) 2 (Fig. 1). Pepin 3 has developed a model that emphasizes hydrodynamic escape of early, massive hydrogen atmospheres to explain the abundances and isotope ratios of noble gases on all three planets. We have previously suggested that the unusual abundances of heavy noble gases on Venus might be explained by the impact of a low-temperature comet 4-6. Further consideration of the probable history of the martian atmosphere 7, the noble-gas data from the (Mars-derived) SNC meteorites 8-10 and laboratory experiments on the trapping of noble gases in ice 6,11,12 lead us to propose here that the noble gases in the atmospheres of all of the terrestrial planets are dominated by a mixture of an internal component and a contribution from impacting icy planetesimals (comets). If true, this hypothesis illustrates the importance of impacts in determining the volatile inventories of these planets.
C1 TEL AVIV UNIV, DEPT GEOPHYS & PLANETARY SCI, IL-69978 TEL AVIV, ISRAEL.
C3 Tel Aviv University
RP OWEN, T (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII, INST ASTRON, 2680 WOODLAWN DR, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA.
NR 44
TC 119
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 43
EP 46
DI 10.1038/358043a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100046
PM 11536499
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHULTZ, PH
   LIANZA, RE
AF SCHULTZ, PH
   LIANZA, RE
TI RECENT GRAZING IMPACTS ON THE EARTH RECORDED IN THE RIO-CUARTO CRATER FIELD, ARGENTINA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE Most probable angle of a meteoroid impact on a planet is 45-degrees, and an impact at 15-degrees from the horizontal or lower is as likely as at 75-degrees or higher 1,2.  Yet little direct evidence for oblique impacts exists on the Earth, for two reasons. Unless the impact angle is very low, any asymmetry created during the initial transfer of energy from impactor to target is lost as the crater is formed 3; moreover, the shallow craters formed by oblique impact are more easily obscured by subsequent erosion. During routine flights two years ago, however, one of us (R.E.L.) noticed an anomalous alignment of oblong rimmed depressions (4 km x 1 km) on the otherwise featureless farmland of the Pampas in Argentina. We argue here, from sample analysis and by analogy with laboratory experiments, that these structures resulted from a low-angle impact and ricochet of a chondritic body originally 150-300 m in diameter.
C1 LTV AIRCRAFT PROD GRP,DALLAS,TX 75265.
RP SCHULTZ, PH (corresponding author), BROWN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912, USA.
NR 12
TC 46
Z9 48
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 234
EP 237
DI 10.1038/355234a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OSADA, Y
   OKUZAKI, H
   HORI, H
AF OSADA, Y
   OKUZAKI, H
   HORI, H
TI A POLYMER GEL WITH ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN MOTILITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A SYSTEM capable of converting chemical energy to mechanical energy could serve as an actuator or an 'artificial muscle' in several applications. Here we describe a chemomechanical system of this sort based on a synthetic polymer gel. The gel network is anionic, and positively charged surfactant molecules can therefore bind to its surface, inducing local shrinkage by decreasing the difference in osmotic pressure between the gel interior and the solution outside. By using an electric field to direct surfactant binding selectively to one side of the gel, we can induce contraction and curvature of a strip of gel. Reversing the direction of the field causes contraction of the opposite side, and when the gel is suspended in solution from a ratchet mechanism, it can thereby be made to move with a worm-like motion at a velocity of up to 25 cm min-1.
RP OSADA, Y (corresponding author), IBARAKI UNIV,DEPT CHEM,2-1-1 BUNKYO,MITO,IBARAKI 310,JAPAN.
NR 6
TC 1183
Z9 1291
U1 6
U2 352
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 242
EP 244
DI 10.1038/355242a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400063
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROTTER, LD
   SCHLESINGER, Z
   MCCAULEY, JP
   COUSTEL, N
   FISCHER, JE
   SMITH, AB
AF ROTTER, LD
   SCHLESINGER, Z
   MCCAULEY, JP
   COUSTEL, N
   FISCHER, JE
   SMITH, AB
TI INFRARED REFLECTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF A SUPERCONDUCTING ENERGY SCALE IN RB3C60
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gap
AB AN understanding of the superconductivity and other electronic properties of the alkali-metal-doped fullerenes 1 will require measurements of their solid-state physical properties. In the normal state one would like to know the electron effective mass, the Fermi energy and conduction bandwidth, and the mean free path for electron transport; the superconducting state, meanwhile, can be characterized at the most basic level by length and energy scales such as the coherence length, penetration depth and superconducting energy gap. Here we describe the use of far-infrared reflectivity measurements to probe the low-energy response of Rb3C60. We derive a value for the characteristic energy scale associated with reflectivity, which allows us to estimate a value for the gap energy 2-DELTA of 3-5kT(c), in reasonable agreement with tunnelling measurements 2. Combining this result with data obtained in previous studies, we estimate other length and energy scales, such as the bandwidth and penetration depth.
C1 UNIV PENN,DEPT CHEM,RES STRUCT MATTER LAB,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,DEPT MAT SCI,RES STRUCT MATTER LAB,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP ROTTER, LD (corresponding author), IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598, USA.
NR 27
TC 76
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 532
EP 534
DI 10.1038/355532a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OLINER, JD
   KINZLER, KW
   MELTZER, PS
   GEORGE, DL
   VOGELSTEIN, B
AF OLINER, JD
   KINZLER, KW
   MELTZER, PS
   GEORGE, DL
   VOGELSTEIN, B
TI AMPLIFICATION OF A GENE ENCODING A P53-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN IN HUMAN SARCOMAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID malignant fibrous histiocytoma; gli gene; dna; p53; translocation
AB DESPITE extensive data linking mutations in the p53 gene to human tumorigenesis 1, little is known about the cellular regulators and mediators of p53 function. MDM2 is a strong candidate for one such cellular protein; the MDM2 gene was originally identified by virtue of its amplification in a spontaneously transformed derivative of mouse BALB/c cells 2 and the MDM2 protein subsequently shown to bind to p53 in rat cells transfected with p53 genes 3,4.  To determine whether MDM2 plays a role in human cancer, we have cloned the human MDM2 gene. Here we show that recombinant-derived human MDM2 protein binds human p53 in vitro, and we use MDM2 clones to localize the human MDM2 gene to chromosome 12q13-14. Because this chromosomal position appears to be altered in many sarcomas 5-7, we looked for changes in human MDM2 in such cancers. The gene was amplified in over a third of 47 sarcomas, including common bone and soft tissue forms. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that MDM2 binds to p53, and that amplification of MDM2 in sarcomas leads to escape from p53-regulated growth control. This mechanism of tumorigenesis parallels that for virally-induced tumours 8,9, in which viral oncogene products bind to and functionally inactivate p53.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS ONCOL CTR,424 N BOND ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21231.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,CTR CANC,DEPT PEDIAT,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,CTR CANC,DEPT RADIAT ONCOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV PENN,DEPT HUMAN GENET,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Pennsylvania
NR 31
TC 1932
Z9 2168
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 80
EP 83
DI 10.1038/358080a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100059
PM 1614537
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CONSTABLE, C
AF CONSTABLE, C
TI LINK BETWEEN GEOMAGNETIC REVERSAL PATHS AND SECULAR VARIATION OF THE FIELD OVER THE PAST 5 MYR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID averaged paleomagnetic field; polarity transition; dynamo
AB PALAEOMAGNETIC records provide information about the behaviour of the geomagnetic field during reversals1,2. Existing records are incompatible with transitional field configurations that are either entirely dipolar or entirely zonal (dependent only on latitude)3,4. Recent compilations5-8 have indicated that the transitional paths of virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) for the past few reversals are located preferentially within two antipodal longitudinal bands, suggesting that simple but non-zonal field configurations dominate during reversals. Here I point out that one of the longitudinal bands coincides with that expected from the reversal of a non-axial-dipole field exactly like that present today; the other requires only a sign change in the non-axial-dipole terms of today's field. Evidence for persistent non-zonal contributions to the field has generally9-13 (but not always14,15) been regarded as not statistically significant in the light of poor data distributions. I show here that a non-zonal bias, similar to that observed in reversal data, is evident in data on secular variation of the field over the past 5 Myr, even after normalization according to site locations. These results suggest that the time-averaged field does indeed contain persistent (but not constant) non-zonal contributions.
RP CONSTABLE, C (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG, INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
NR 25
TC 59
Z9 59
U1 1
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 230
EP 233
DI 10.1038/358230a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LANDSBERG, JP
   MCDONALD, B
   WATT, F
AF LANDSBERG, JP
   MCDONALD, B
   WATT, F
TI ABSENCE OF ALUMINUM IN NEURITIC PLAQUE CORES IN ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID senile plaques; drinking-water; microprobe; brain
AB CONTROVERSY exists over whether aluminium has a role in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is neuropathologically characterized by the occurrence of a minimum density of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the hippocampus and the association cortex of the brain1,2. The purported association of aluminium with Alzheimer's disease is based on: (1) the experimental induction of fibrillary changes in the neurons of animals by the injection of aluminium salts into brain tissue3,4; (2) reported detection of aluminium in neuritic plaques5-8 and tangle-bearing neurons9,10; (3) epidemiological studies linking aluminium levels in the environment, notably water supplies, with an increased prevalence of dementia11-14; and (4) a reported decrease in the rate of disease progression following the administration of desferroxamine, an aluminium chelator, to clinically diagnosed sufferers of Alzheimer's disease15. Here we use nuclear microscopy, a new analytical technique involving million-volt nuclear particles, to identify and analyse plaques in post-mortem tissue from patients with Alzheimer's disease without using chemical staining techniques and fail to demonstrate the presence of aluminium in plaque cores in untreated tissue.
C1 RADCLIFFE INFIRM, DEPT NEUROPATHOL, OXFORD OX2 6HE, ENGLAND.
C3 Radcliffe Infirmary
RP LANDSBERG, JP (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD, NUCL PHYS LAB, SCANNING PROTON MICROPROBE UNIT, OXFORD OX1 3RH, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 248
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/360065a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700055
PM 1436075
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STEIN, PE
   BOODHOO, A
   TYRRELL, GJ
   BRUNTON, JL
   READ, RJ
AF STEIN, PE
   BOODHOO, A
   TYRRELL, GJ
   BRUNTON, JL
   READ, RJ
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE CELL-BINDING B-OLIGOMER OF VEROTOXIN-1 FROM ESCHERICHIA-COLI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shiga toxin; protein; identification; features
AB THE Shiga toxin family, a group of cytotoxins associated with diarrhoeal diseases and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome, includes Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae type I and verotoxins 1 produced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. The family belongs to the A-B class of bacterial toxins, which includes the cholera toxin family, pertussis and diphtheria toxins. These toxins all have bipartite structures consisting of an enzymatic A subunit associated with a B oligomer which binds to specific cell-surface receptors, but their amino-acid sequences and pathogenic mechanisms differ. We have determined the crystal structure of the B oligomer of verotoxin-1 from E. coli. The structure unexpectedly resembles that of the B oligomer of the cholera toxin-like heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli 2, despite the absence of detectable sequence similarity between these two proteins. This result implies a distant evolutionary relationship between the Shiga toxin and cholera toxin families. We suggest that the cell surface receptor-binding site lies in a cleft between adjacent subunits of the B pentamer, providing a potential target for drugs and vaccines to prevent toxin binding and effect.
C1 UNIV ALBERTA, DEPT MED MICROBIOL & INFECT DIS, EDMONTON T6G 2H7, ALBERTA, CANADA.
   MT SINAI HOSP, SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST, TORONTO M5G 1X5, ONTARIO, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT MICROBIOL, TORONTO M5S 1A1, ONTARIO, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT MED, TORONTO M5S 1A1, ONTARIO, CANADA.
C3 University of Alberta; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
NR 24
TC 273
Z9 310
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 748
EP 750
DI 10.1038/355748a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400072
PM 1741063
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PYLE, AM
   MURPHY, FL
   CECH, TR
AF PYLE, AM
   MURPHY, FL
   CECH, TR
TI RNA SUBSTRATE BINDING-SITE IN THE CATALYTIC CORE OF THE TETRAHYMENA RIBOZYME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circularized intervening sequence; group-i intron; ribosomal-rna; active-site; pre-rrna; oligonucleotide; specificity; cleavage; enzyme; complementary
AB In catalysis by group I introns, the helix (P1) containing the RNA cleavage site must be positioned next to the guanosine binding site. We have identified a conserved adenine in the catalytic core that contributes to the stability of this arrangement and propose that it accepts a hydrogen bond from a specific 2'-OH in P1. Such base-backbone tertiary interactions may be generally important to the organization of RNA tertiary structure.
C1 UNIV COLORADO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
   UNIV COLORADO, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
NR 45
TC 207
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 123
EP 131
DI 10.1038/358123a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300042
PM 1377367
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHUTZE, J
   STEINBOCK, O
   MULLER, SC
AF SCHUTZE, J
   STEINBOCK, O
   MULLER, SC
TI FORCED VORTEX INTERACTION AND ANNIHILATION IN AN ACTIVE MEDIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electric-field; chemical waves
AB THE formation of spatiotemporal patterns by coupling between diffusion processes and local, nonlinear reaction kinetics has been observed in diverse systems. In one of the most familiar, the autocatalytic oxidative bromination of malonic acid (the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction 1), dynamical structures such as expanding target patterns and rotating spirals are observed. Most previous work on this system has been concerned with the autonomous dynamics of the travelling chemical waves, but more recently there has been increasing interest in the possibility of influencing the behaviour externally 2,3. Several studies have considered the effect of electric fields on spatial patterns in the BZ system 4-8. We have investigated previously 6 the influence of a homogeneous electric field on spiral waves. The spiral cores are of particular interest because they represent 'silent' centres in regions of pronounced dynamical activity 9. Here we show that interactions between spiral cores can be induced and controlled by moving spirals towards each other using an applied field. Under carefully controlled conditions we have been able to induce mutual annihilation and transient coupling of spiral cores. Calculations using a simple model are able to reproduce the qualitative features of the experimental results.
RP SCHUTZE, J (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST ERNAHRUNGSPHYSIOL,RHEINLANDDAMM 201,W-4600 DORTMUND 1,GERMANY.
NR 12
TC 49
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 45
EP 47
DI 10.1038/356045a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MATHIES, RA
   HUANG, XC
AF MATHIES, RA
   HUANG, XC
TI CAPILLARY ARRAY ELECTROPHORESIS - AN APPROACH TO HIGH-SPEED, HIGH-THROUGHPUT DNA SEQUENCING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluorescence gel scanner; double-stranded dna; ethidium homodimer; separation
AB The speed and throughput of DNA sequencing can be increased by performing sequencing separations on arrays of microcapillaries followed by detection with a laser-excited, confocal-fluorescence scanner.
RP MATHIES, RA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 18
TC 183
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 167
EP 169
DI 10.1038/359167a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MUSACCHIO, A
   NOBLE, M
   PAUPTIT, R
   WIERENGA, R
   SARASTE, M
AF MUSACCHIO, A
   NOBLE, M
   PAUPTIT, R
   WIERENGA, R
   SARASTE, M
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF A SRC-HOMOLOGY-3 (SH3) DOMAIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipase-c; alpha-spectrin; protein; src; similarity; refinement; sequences; elements; errors; brain
AB THE Src-homologous SH3 domain is a small domain present in a large number of proteins that are involved in signal transduction, such as the Src protein tyrosine kinase, or in membrane-cytoskeleton interactions, but the function of SH3 is still unknown (reviewed in refs 1-3). Here we report the three-dimensional structure at 1.8 angstrom resolution of the SH3 domain of the cytoskeletal protein spectrin expressed in Escherichia coli. The domain is a compact beta-barrel made of five antiparallel beta-strands. The amino acids that are conserved in the SH3 sequences are located close to each other on one side of the molecule. This surface is rich in aromatic and carboxylic amino acids, and is distal to the region of the molecule where the N and C termini reside and where SH3 inserts into the alpha-spectrin chain. We suggest that a protein ligand binds to this conserved surface of SH3.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,MEYERHOFSTR 1,W-6900 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 35
TC 429
Z9 470
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 851
EP 855
DI 10.1038/359851a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700071
PM 1279434
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PULLMAN, WE
   BODMER, WF
AF PULLMAN, WE
   BODMER, WF
TI CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A GENE THAT REGULATES CELL-ADHESION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differentiation; integrins; surface; cancer; family
AB MOLECULES of the cadherin and integrin families involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion have been implicated in epithelial differentiation, carcinogenesis and metastasis 1-6. Having observed that a colon cancer cell line bound avidly to collagen type I, inducing integrin-triggered glandular differentiation 7, We investigated the regulation of integrin function in these cells. We modified a mammalian expression cloning system 8 that used monoclonal antibody selection to clone cell surface molecules. Using attachment to collagen type I to select for adhesive phenotype, we isolated a complementary DNA clone that increases cell adhesion to components of the extracellular matrix. The corresponding gene (cell adhesion regulator, CAR) is located on the long arm of chromosome 16 (16q) and encodes a protein of 142 amino acids, which has an N-terminal myristoylation motif and a consensus tyrosine-kinase phosphorylation site at the C terminus. Removal of this tyrosine residue abolishes enhancement of cell-matrix adhesion. This gene may encode an adhesion signal transduction molecule that functions in the suppression of tumour invasion.
RP PULLMAN, WE (corresponding author), IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,LINCOLNS INN FIELDS,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 93
Z9 95
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 529
EP 532
DI 10.1038/356529a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100061
PM 1560826
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, L
   HUANG, LYM
AF CHEN, L
   HUANG, LYM
TI PROTEIN-KINASE-C REDUCES MG2+ BLOCK OF NMDA-RECEPTOR CHANNELS AS A MECHANISM OF MODULATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; mouse central neurons; aspartate-activated channels; divalent-cations; cells; expression; inhibition; induction; responses; currents
AB THF roles of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and protein kinase C (PKC) are critical in generating and maintaining a variety of sustained neuronal responses. In the nociceptive (pain-sensing) system, tissue injury or repetitive stimulation of small-diameter afferent fibres triggers a dramatic increase in discharge (wind-up) or prolonged depolarization of spinal cord neurons. This central sensitization can neither be induced nor maintained when NMDA receptor channels are blocked 1,2. In the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (a centre for processing nociceptive information from the orofacial areas 3), a mu-opioid receptor agonist causes a sustained increase in NMDA-activated currents by activating intracellular PKC 4. There is also evidence that PKC enhances NMDA-receptor-mediated glutamate responses 4-7 and regulates long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission 8-14. Despite the importance of NMDA-receptors and PKC, the mechanism by which PKC alters the NMDA response has remained unclear. Here we examine the actions of intracellularly applied PKC on NMDA-activated currents in isolated trigeminal neurons. We find that PKC potentiates the NMDA response by increasing the probability of channel openings and by reducing the voltage-dependent Mg2+ block of NMDA-receptor channels.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, MED BRANCH, INST MARINE BIOMED, GALVESTON, TX 77550 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, MED BRANCH, DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS, GALVESTON, TX 77550 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston; University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston
NR 32
TC 829
Z9 921
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 521
EP 523
DI 10.1038/356521a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100058
PM 1373227
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NOTTEBOHM, E
   DAMBLYCHAUDIERE, C
   GHYSEN, A
AF NOTTEBOHM, E
   DAMBLYCHAUDIERE, C
   GHYSEN, A
TI CONNECTIVITY OF CHEMOSENSORY NEURONS IS CONTROLLED BY THE GENE POXN IN DROSOPHILA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central nervous-system; sensory neurons; transformation; melanogaster; projections; cut
AB THE function of the nervous system depends on  the formation of a net of appropriate connections, but little is known of the genetic program underlying this process. In Drosophila two genes that specify different types of sense organs have been identified: cut (ct)1,2, which specifies the formation of external sense organs as opposed to chordotonal organs, and pox-neuro (poxn)3, which specifies the formation of poly-innervated (chemosensory) organs as opposed to mono-innervated (mechanosensory) organs. Whether these genes are also involved in specifying the connectivity of the corresponding neurons is not known. The larval sense organs are unsuitable for analysis of the axonal pathway and connections and so we have investigated the effect of poxn on the adult. Here we show that overexpression of poxn induces the morphological transformation of mechanosensory into chemosensory bristles on the legs and that the neurons innervating the morphologically transformed bristles follow pathways and establish connections that are appropriate for chemosensory bristles.
RP NOTTEBOHM, E (corresponding author), UNIV LIBRE BRUXELLES,NEUROBIOL & GENET LAB,67 RUE CHEVAUX,B-1640 RHODE ST GENESE,BELGIUM.
NR 13
TC 51
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 829
EP 832
DI 10.1038/359829a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700064
PM 1436059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GLAZER, AN
   RYE, HS
AF GLAZER, AN
   RYE, HS
TI STABLE DYE-DNA INTERCALATION COMPLEXES AS REAGENTS FOR HIGH-SENSITIVITY FLUORESCENCE DETECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acridine ethidium heterodimer; double-stranded dna; bifunctional intercalators; thiazole orange; gel scanner; homodimer
RP GLAZER, AN (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,DIV BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 22
TC 352
Z9 413
U1 1
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 859
EP 861
DI 10.1038/359859a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700073
PM 1436062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOOKER, GW
   BREEZE, AL
   DOWNING, AK
   PANAYOTOU, G
   GOUT, I
   WATERFIELD, MD
   CAMPBELL, ID
AF BOOKER, GW
   BREEZE, AL
   DOWNING, AK
   PANAYOTOU, G
   GOUT, I
   WATERFIELD, MD
   CAMPBELL, ID
TI STRUCTURE OF AN SH2 DOMAIN OF THE P85-ALPHA SUBUNIT OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-OH KINASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-magnetic-resonance; 3-dimensional structures; signal transduction; protein structures; distance data; program; conformations; dynamics
AB RECEPTOR protein-tyrosine kinases, through phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues, generate high-affinity binding sites which direct assembly of multienzyme signalling complexes1,2. Many of these signalling proteins, including phospholipase C-gamma, GTPase-activating protein and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, contain src-homology 2 (SH2) domains, which bind with high affinity and specificity to tyrosine-phosphorylated sequences3,4. The critical role played by SH2 domains in signalling has been highlighted by recent studies showing that mutation of specific phosphorylation sites on the platelet-derived growth factor receptor impair its association with phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, preventing growth factor-induced mitogenesis5,6. Here we report the solution structure of an isolated SH2 domain from the 85K regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, determined using multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structure is characterized by a central region of beta-sheet flanked by two alpha-helices, with a highly flexible loop close to functionally important residues previously identified by site-directed mutagenesis7,8.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT BIOCHEM,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
   ICI PLC,PHARMACEUT,PROT STRUCT FUNCT,MACCLESFIELD SK10 4TG,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND.
   LUDWIG INST CANC RES,LONDON W1P 8BT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
NR 28
TC 174
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 684
EP 687
DI 10.1038/358684a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200059
PM 1323062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AYERS, GP
   PENKETT, SA
   GILLETT, RW
   BANDY, B
   GALBALLY, IE
   MEYER, CP
   ELSWORTH, CM
   BENTLEY, ST
   FORGAN, BW
AF AYERS, GP
   PENKETT, SA
   GILLETT, RW
   BANDY, B
   GALBALLY, IE
   MEYER, CP
   ELSWORTH, CM
   BENTLEY, ST
   FORGAN, BW
TI EVIDENCE FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL CONTROL OF OZONE CONCENTRATIONS IN UNPOLLUTED MARINE AIR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropospheric ozone; ocean
AB OZONE in the troposphere is an important greenhouse gas, and a key participant in the oxidation of other trace species, but the mechanisms for its formation and destruction are not fully understood. In polluted regions of the Northern Hemisphere, seasonal increases in ozone concentration have been observed1,2; such changes could arise from photochemical reactions3-6, but they could also involve transport from the ozone-rich stratosphere7. In remote, unpolluted (low-NO(x)) regions, photochemical theory predicts net destruction of ozone8. Here we present observations of a large summer minimum in ozone concentration in the unpolluted marine boundary layer of the Southern Hemisphere. Our results show a clear link between ozone loss and hydrogen peroxide production in the region, demonstrating that in situ photochemistry, rather than transport, is the major cause of the seasonal ozone cycle in the boundary layer. These findings emphasize the role of photochemical processes in the lower atmosphere, and may suggest only a limited role for transport in other, more polluted regions.
C1 UNIV E ANGLIA,SCH ENVIRONM SCI,NORWICH NR4 7TJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
   BUR METEOROL,MELBOURNE 3001,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of East Anglia; Bureau of Meteorology - Australia
RP AYERS, GP (corresponding author), CSIRO,DIV ATMOSPHER RES,PRIVATE BAG,MORDIALLOC,VIC 3195,AUSTRALIA.
NR 22
TC 104
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 446
EP 449
DI 10.1038/360446a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PSENNER, R
   SCHMIDT, R
AF PSENNER, R
   SCHMIDT, R
TI CLIMATE-DRIVEN PH CONTROL OF REMOTE ALPINE LAKES AND EFFECTS OF ACID DEPOSITION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID internal alkalinity generation; acidification; catchments; watersheds; budgets; history
AB DESPITE the attention given in recent years to the issue of lake acidification by anthropogenic emissions, the question of how climate change might influence the acid-base equilibria of lakes has been little explored. Here we use palaeolimnological data to show that the acidity of two soft-water, high-altitude lakes in the central Alps was correlated with regional temperature during the entire nineteenth century, colder years being associated with lower pH. Our findings of high concentrations of organic matter and elevated Fe/Mn ratios in the corresponding sediment layers support the view that this relationship is dictated primarily by the temperature dependence of in-lake processes of alkalinity generation. The onset of anthropogenically derived acid precipitation at the beginning of the present century led to a breakdown of the pH-temperature relationship, with pH dropping steadily to values of 5.6-5.8. Nevertheless, temperature maxima around 1950 still coincide with peaks in pH, and some pH minima before 1900 fell as low as as the levels around 1970. It is an open question whether the very recent levelling off that we observe in the decline of pH is due to rising temperatures or to decreasing precipitation acidity.
C1 AUSTRIAN ACAD SCI,INST LIMNOL,A-5310 MONDSEE,AUSTRIA.
C3 Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP PSENNER, R (corresponding author), UNIV INNSBRUCK,INST ZOOL,A-6020 INNSBRUCK,AUSTRIA.
NR 26
TC 186
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 781
EP 783
DI 10.1038/356781a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SPEISER, DE
   STUBI, U
   ZINKERNAGEL, RM
AF SPEISER, DE
   STUBI, U
   ZINKERNAGEL, RM
TI EXTRATHYMIC POSITIVE SELECTION OF ALPHA-BETA-T-CELL PRECURSORS IN NUDE-MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; bone-marrow transplantation; cytolytic lymphocyte-t; antigen receptor; negative selection; self-recognition; immune-response; thymus grafts; virus; specificity
AB T LYMPHOCYTES expressing alpha-beta-T-cell receptors with sufficient affinity to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules expressed on thymus epithelial cells are positively selected and mature to functional T cells 1-6.  But several studies have demonstrated that athymic nude mice 7-9 grafted with MHC-incompatible thymuses developed T cells specific for nude host rather than thymic MHC 10-14.  We examined this paradox by analysing the specificity of T lymphocytes derived from nude mice. We report here that nude T lymphocyte precursors transferred to allogeneic SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice with a functioning thymus (but lacking T or B cells 15-17) generated host MHC-restricted effector T cells but also contained T cells restricted to donor MHC. If nude T cells were depleted from nude lymphohaemopoietic donor cells before or after transfer, only host MHC-specific T cells matured. The results may explain the unusual MHC specificities of nude T lymphocytes described in earlier studies 10-14 and demonstrate two separate differentiation steps: in nude mice, T cells may be positively. selected for self-MHC restriction specificity extrathymically; then a functional thymus is required for efficient T cell maturation.
RP SPEISER, DE (corresponding author), UNIV HOSP ZURICH,INST PATHOL,EXPTL PATHOL LAB,CH-8091 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 46
TC 40
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 170
EP 172
DI 10.1038/355170a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900061
PM 1346064
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KONIG, R
   HUANG, LY
   GERMAIN, RN
AF KONIG, R
   HUANG, LY
   GERMAIN, RN
TI MHC CLASS-II INTERACTION WITH CD4 MEDIATED BY A REGION ANALOGOUS TO THE MHC CLASS-I BINDING-SITE FOR CD8
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; t-cell hybridoma; directed mutagenesis; surface expression; lymphocytes-t; molecules; antigens; gene; recognition; l3t4
AB INTERACTIONs between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the CD4 or CD8 coreceptors have a major role in intrathymic T-cell selection 1. On mature T cells, each of these two glycoproteins is associated with a class-specific bias in MHC molecule recognition by the T-cell receptor. CD4+ T cells respond to antigen in association with MHC class II molecules and CD8+ T cells respond to antigen in association with MHC class I molecules. Physical interaction between the CD4/MHC class II molecules and CD8/MHC class I molecules has been demonstrated by cell adhesion assay 2-5, and a binding site for CD8 on class I has been identified 6,7. Here we demonstrate that a region of the MHC class II beta-chain beta-2-domain, structurally analogous to the CD8-binding loop in the MHC class I alpha-3 domain, is critical for function with both mouse and human CD4.
RP KONIG, R (corresponding author), NIAID, IMMUNOL LAB, LYMPHOCYTE BIOL SECT, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
NR 37
TC 335
Z9 371
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 796
EP 798
DI 10.1038/356796a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600051
PM 1574118
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STEIN, CA
   STEIN, S
AF STEIN, CA
   STEIN, S
TI A MODEL FOR THE GLOBAL VARIATION IN OCEANIC DEPTH AND HEAT-FLOW WITH LITHOSPHERIC AGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper mantle; hawaiian swell; thermal constraints; plate-tectonics; atlantic-ocean; hot spots; pacific; evolution; crust; convection
AB Variations in sea-floor depth and heat flow with age provide the main constraints on the thermal structure and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere. Joint fitting of heat flow and bathymetry yields a model with a hotter, thinner lithosphere than in previous models. The new model provides a significantly better fit to the data, including those from older lithosphere previously treated as anomalous. This will facilitate the analysis of lithospheric processes, including the effects of mid-plate volcanism and swells, regional subsidence, and hydrothermal circulation near spreading centres.
C1 NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,EVANSTON,IL 60208.
C3 Northwestern University
RP STEIN, CA (corresponding author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT GEOL SCI,CHICAGO,IL 60680, USA.
NR 62
TC 1249
Z9 1391
U1 4
U2 159
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 123
EP 129
DI 10.1038/359123a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OLTMANS, SJ
   LEVY, H
AF OLTMANS, SJ
   LEVY, H
TI SEASONAL CYCLE OF SURFACE OZONE OVER THE WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-range transport; tropospheric ozone; equatorial pacific; distributions; ocean
AB THE possible impact of pollution from North America and Europe on tropospheric ozone throughout the Northern Hemisphere is a major environmental concern1-4. We report here continuous measurements of ozone from Bermuda (32-degrees-N, 65-degrees-W) and Barbados (13-degrees-N, 60-degrees-W), which suggest that despite their proximity to the eastern US seaboard, natural processes rather than pollution control surface ozone in these regions. Although springtime daily average ozone concentrations at Bermuda are greater than 70 parts per billion (10(9)) by volume (p.p.b.v.) and hourly values in 1989 sometimes exceeded the Canadian Air Quality limit of 80 p.p.b.v., trajectory analyses indicate that these high levels of ozone are transported from the unpolluted upper troposphere >5 km above the northern United States and Canada5. During the summer, when surface ozone concentrations over the eastern United States can exceed 70 p.p.b.v. owing to pollution6, typical values at Bermuda are between 15 and 25 p.p.b.v. At Barbados, both the seasonal and diurnal variations in surface ozone are nearly identical to those at Samoa in the tropical South Pacific, where the isolation from anthropogenic sources7 and low levels of NO(x) (ref. 8) ensure that natural processes control surface ozone9-11.
C1 NOAA,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08542.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP OLTMANS, SJ (corresponding author), NOAA,CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA.
NR 28
TC 97
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 392
EP 394
DI 10.1038/358392a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LINGENFELTER, RE
   HIGDON, JC
AF LINGENFELTER, RE
   HIGDON, JC
TI 2-POPULATION MODEL FOR THE SOURCES OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB RECENT measurements by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Satellite suggest that the distribution of gamma-ray burst sources is isotropic about the Earth's position but also radially non-uniform 1. Studies of their spectral and temporal properties 2, however, suggest that many bursts originate on or near neutron stars, presumed to be part of the local galactic population. We show here that no single class of bursts, either galactic or cosmological in origin, can explain all of these observations, but argue instead that the constraints can be reconciled if there are at least two distinct classes of bursts. As a specific example we consider two kinds of burst which both originate on galactic neutron stars, but which differ in intrinsic luminosity by a factor of 10(5).
C1 CLAREMONT MCKENNA COLL,JOINT SCI DEPT,CLAREMONT,CA 91711.
C3 Claremont Colleges; Claremont McKenna College; Claremont Graduate University
RP LINGENFELTER, RE (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,CTR ASTROPHYS & SPACE SCI 0111,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 18
TC 47
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 132
EP 133
DI 10.1038/356132a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TANIGAKI, K
   HIROSAWA, I
   EBBESEN, TW
   MIZUKI, J
   SHIMAKAWA, Y
   KUBO, Y
   TSAI, JS
   KUROSHIMA, S
AF TANIGAKI, K
   HIROSAWA, I
   EBBESEN, TW
   MIZUKI, J
   SHIMAKAWA, Y
   KUBO, Y
   TSAI, JS
   KUROSHIMA, S
TI SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN SODIUM-CONTAINING AND LITHIUM-CONTAINING ALKALI-METAL FULLERIDES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE discovery 1 of superconductivity, with a transition temperature T(c) of 18 K, in potassium-doped C60 was followed by the synthesis of other superconducting M3C60 phases: Rb3C60 (T(c) = 28 K and 30 K; refs 2, 3), CsRb2C60 (T(c) = 31 K; ref. 4) and Cs2RbC60 (T(c) = 33 K; ref. 4). A monotonic relationship is observed 5 between T(c) and lattice constant a0 for these face-centred cubic M3C0 compounds, all of which have a0 values larger than that of pure C60. Here we study this relationship over a wider range using mixed alkali compounds incorporating sodium (Na2MC60, where M is K, Rb or Cs) and lithium (Li2CsC60). The Na2MC60 compounds have face-centred cubic structures and are superconducting, with T(c) = 12 K (M = Cs), 2.5 K (M = Rb) and 2.5 K (M = K); these T(c)s are lower than those predicted on the basis of high-pressure studies 6-8. This departure from the previous relationship between T(c) and a0 for lattice parameters smaller than that of pristine C60 may provide new insights into what controls superconductivity in these materials.
RP TANIGAKI, K (corresponding author), NEC CORP LTD,FUNDAMENTAL RES LABS,34 MIYUKIGAOKA,TSUKUBA 305,JAPAN.
NR 17
TC 246
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 419
EP 421
DI 10.1038/356419a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WILLIAMS, TM
   FRIEDL, WA
   FONG, ML
   YAMADA, RM
   SEDIVY, P
   HAUN, JE
AF WILLIAMS, TM
   FRIEDL, WA
   FONG, ML
   YAMADA, RM
   SEDIVY, P
   HAUN, JE
TI TRAVEL AT LOW ENERGETIC COST BY SWIMMING AND WAVE-RIDING BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomotion
AB OVER the past 50 years there has been much speculation about the energetic cost of swimming and wave-riding by dolphins 1-11. When aligned properly in front of the bow of moving ships 1-3, in the stern wake of small boats 4,5, on wind waves 6, and even in the wake of larger cetaceans 7-9, the animals appear to move effortlessly through the water without the benefit of propulsive strokes by the flukes. Theoretically, body streamlining as well as other anatomical and behavioural adaptations contribute to low transport costs in these animals. The economy of movement permitted by wave-riding has been perceived as an energetic advantage for the swimming dolphin 2,310, but has been hard to prove in the absence of physiological data for exercising cetaceans. Here we determine the aerobic and anaerobic costs of swimming and wave-riding in bottlenose dolphins and find that the minimum cost of transport for swimming dolphins is 1.29 +/- 0.05 J kg-1 m-1 at a cruising speed of 2.1 m s-1. Aerobic costs are nearly twice as high for swimming 12. seals and sea lions, and 8-12 times higher for human swimmers Wave-riding by dolphins provides additional benefits in terms of speed. The results indicate that behavioural, physiological and morphological factors make swimming an economical form of high-speed travel for dolphins.
RP WILLIAMS, TM (corresponding author), USN,CTR OCEANS SYST,HAWAII LAB,POB 997,CODE 511,KAILUA,HI 96734, USA.
NR 27
TC 130
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 821
EP 823
DI 10.1038/355821a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600054
PM 1538760
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MITCHELL, MJ
   WOODS, DR
   WILCOX, SA
   GRAVES, JAM
   BISHOP, CE
AF MITCHELL, MJ
   WOODS, DR
   WILCOX, SA
   GRAVES, JAM
   BISHOP, CE
TI MARSUPIAL Y-CHROMOSOME ENCODES A HOMOLOG OF THE MOUSE Y-LINKED CANDIDATE SPERMATOGENESIS GENE UBE1Y
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human x-chromosome; ubiquitin-activating enzyme-e1; highly conserved region; sex-determining region; inactivation; protein; monotremes; evolution; suggests; defect
AB THE mammalian subclass Theria consists of infraclasses Metatheria (marsupials) and Eutheria ('placentals') which diverged from each other 120-150 million years before present1 (Myr BP). Both infraclasses have Y chromosome-dependent testis determination but direct molecular evidence linking the Metatherian and Eutherian Y chromosomes is lacking. Comparative analyses indicate that three mammalian genes have remained Y-linked for at least 80 Myr, since the divergence of the Eutherian orders from a common ancestor. These are Zfy, a gene encoding a transcription factor of the zinc-finger type2; Sry, the putative primary testis-determining gene3; and Ube1y (formerly Sby or A1s9Y-1), a candidate for the mouse spermatogenesis gene Spy, encoding a ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 homologue4,5. Although in marspials Zfy homologues are autosomal6, a Y homologue of Sry has recently been isolated. We report here the identification of a functional marsupial Y-linked homologue of the murine Ube1y gene establishing that Metatherian and Eutherian Y chromosomes diverged from a common ancestor. This extreme conservation indicates that Ube1y plays a critical role in male development.
C1 LA TROBE UNIV,DEPT GENET & HUMAN VARIAT,BUNDOORA,VIC 3083,AUSTRALIA.
C3 La Trobe University
RP MITCHELL, MJ (corresponding author), UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,DIV REPROD GENET,MOLEC GENET LAB,MEMPHIS,TN 38105, USA.
NR 23
TC 40
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 528
EP 531
DI 10.1038/359528a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900057
PM 1406968
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KEMPENAERS, B
   VERHEYEN, GR
   VANDENBROECK, M
   BURKE, T
   VAN BROECKHOVEN, C
   DHONDT, AA
AF KEMPENAERS, B
   VERHEYEN, GR
   VANDENBROECK, M
   BURKE, T
   VAN BROECKHOVEN, C
   DHONDT, AA
TI EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY RESULTS FROM FEMALE PREFERENCE FOR HIGH-QUALITY MALES IN THE BLUE TIT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sperm competition; dna
AB EXTRA-PAIR copulations (EPCs) seem to be one of the most widespread alternative reproductive behaviours by which male birds can increase their fitness 1-2. In many species females actively solicit or freely engage in EPCs 3-5, which suggests that they benefit from them. Of the eight hypothetical benefits proposed 2,6, the most likely are genetic 2. Often females engage in EPCs with more dominant males 3,7 or with males with more elaborate ornaments 8,9. In species in which paternity was assigned, extra-pair young were divided asymmetrically between males 10-12. Here, combining detailed behavioural work with DNA-fingerprinting of an entire population, we present evidence that such an asymmetry is indeed caused by female behaviour, and that 'attractive' males do not suffer lost paternity, survive better and recruit more young. Our results support the genetic quality hypothesis.
C1 UNIV INSTELLING ANTWERP, DEPT BIOCHEM, B-2610 WILRIJK, BELGIUM.
   UNIV LEICESTER, DEPT ZOOL, LEICESTER LE1 7RH, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Antwerp; University of Leicester
RP KEMPENAERS, B (corresponding author), UNIV INSTELLING ANTWERP, DEPT BIOL, B-2610 WILRIJK, BELGIUM.
NR 21
TC 635
Z9 671
U1 1
U2 174
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 494
EP 496
DI 10.1038/357494a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCCARRON, JG
   MCGEOWN, JG
   REARDON, S
   IKEBE, M
   FAY, FS
   WALSH, JV
AF MCCARRON, JG
   MCGEOWN, JG
   REARDON, S
   IKEBE, M
   FAY, FS
   WALSH, JV
TI CALCIUM-DEPENDENT ENHANCEMENT OF CALCIUM CURRENT IN SMOOTH-MUSCLE BY CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE-II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-chain kinase; intracellular calcium; ca-2+ current; cells; channels; phosphorylation; binding; site; identification; acetylcholine
AB CALCIUM entry through voltage-activated Ca2+ channels is important in regulating many cellular functions. Activation of these channels in many cell types results in feedback regulation of channel activity 1. Mechanisms linking Ca2+ channel activity with its downregulation have been described 2,3, but little is known of the events responsible for the enhancement of Ca2+ current that in many cells follows Ca2+ channel activation and an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration 4,5.  Here we investigate how this positive feedback is achieved in single smooth muscle cells. We find that in these cells voltage-activated calcium current is persistently but reversibly enhanced after periods of activation. This persistent enhancement of the Ca2+ current is mediated by activation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II because it is blocked when either the rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ is inhibited or activation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is prevented by specific peptide inhibitors of calcium-calmodulin or calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II itself. This mechanism may be important in different forms of Ca2+ current potentiation, such as those that depend on prior Ca2+ channel activation or are a result of agonist-induced release of Ca2+ from internal stores.
C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,DEPT PHYSIOL,WORCESTER,MA 01655.
   CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,COLL MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44106.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP MCCARRON, JG (corresponding author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,PROGRAM MOLEC MED,BIOMED IMAGING GRP,WORCESTER,MA 01655, USA.
NR 33
TC 127
Z9 134
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/357074a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900061
PM 1315424
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LANGNER, J
   RODHE, H
   CRUTZEN, PJ
   ZIMMERMANN, P
AF LANGNER, J
   RODHE, H
   CRUTZEN, PJ
   ZIMMERMANN, P
TI ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF TROPOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloud albedo; sulfur cycle; climate; phytoplankton; atmosphere
AB HUMAN activities have increased global emissions of sulphur gases by about a factor of three during the past century, leading to increased sulphate aerosol concentrations, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. Sulphate aerosols can affect the climate directly, by increasing the backscattering of solar radiation in cloud-free air, and indirectly, by providing additional cloud condensation nuclei1-4. Here we use a global transport-chemistry model to estimate the changes in the distribution of tropospheric sulphate aerosol and deposition of non-seasalt sulphur that have occurred since pre-industrial times. The increase in sulphate aerosol concentration is small over the Southern Hemisphere oceans, but reaches a factor of 100 over northern Europe in winter. Our calculations indicate, however, that at most 6% of the anthropogenic sulphur emissions is available for the formation of new aerosol particles. This is because about one-half of the sulphur dioxide is deposited on the Earth's surface, and most of the remainder is oxidized in cloud droplets so that the sulphate becomes associated with pre-existing particles. Even so, the rate of formation of new sulphate particles may have doubled since pre-industrial times.
C1 UNIV STOCKHOLM,DEPT METEOROL,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
   MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,W-6500 MAINZ,GERMANY.
C3 Stockholm University; Max Planck Society
RP LANGNER, J (corresponding author), SWEDISH METEOROL & HYDROL INST,S-60176 NORRKOPING,SWEDEN.
NR 18
TC 105
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 712
EP 716
DI 10.1038/359712a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SNOWDEN, RJ
   HAMMETT, ST
AF SNOWDEN, RJ
   HAMMETT, ST
TI SUBTRACTIVE AND DIVISIVE ADAPTATION IN THE HUMAN VISUAL-SYSTEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spatial-frequency; cortical-neurons; striate cortex; inhibition; orientation; cat; contrast; specificity; selectivity; cells
AB SENSORY systems can adapt to the conditions imposed on them 1. In the visual system, adapting to a pattern increases the threshold of the ability to see that pattern, and reduces the perceived contrast of the pattern above threshold 2-4. Most neurons of the striate cortex reduce their responsiveness after being stimulated for some time by a high-contrast pattern 5-7. Such an effect may lie behind these psychophysical adaptation phenomena 2-4. These adaptation effects have been reported to be confined to patterns of similar orientation, which is understandable in that the visual neurons that adapt are only excited by a small range of orientations 8. Neurophysiological evidence suggests that neurons with different orientation preferences have inhibitory interconnections 9-13. It is therefore of interest to explore the possible effects of these connections on perception. Here we show that adapting to a horizontal pattern can reduce the perceived contrast of a vertical test pattern more than a horizontal test pattern. These 'cross-orientation' effects are modelled by a division-like process, whereas the more normal 'similar-orientation' effects are modelled by a subtractive process.
RP SNOWDEN, RJ (corresponding author), UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,SCH PSYCHOL,POB 901,CARDIFF CF1 3YG,WALES.
NR 24
TC 56
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 248
EP 250
DI 10.1038/355248a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400066
PM 1731220
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PLATE, KH
   BREIER, G
   WEICH, HA
   RISAU, W
AF PLATE, KH
   BREIER, G
   WEICH, HA
   RISAU, W
TI VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR IS A POTENTIAL TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS FACTOR IN HUMAN GLIOMAS INVIVO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metastasis; features; mitogen; family
AB CLINICAL and experimental studies suggest that angiogenesis is a prerequisite for solid tumour growth1,2. Several growth factors with mitogenic or chemotactic activity for endothelial cells in vitro have been described, but it is not known whether these mediate tumour vascularization in vivo3,4. Glioblastoma, the most common and most malignant brain tumour in humans, is distinguished from astrocytoma by the presence of necroses and vascular proliferations5,6. Here we show that expression of an endothelial cell-specific mitogen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is induced in astrocytoma cells but is dramatically upregulated in two apparently different subsets of glioblastoma cells. The high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor for VEGF, flt, although not expressed in normal brain endothelium, is upregulated in tumour endothelial cells in vivo. These observations strongly support the concept that tumour angiogenesis is regulated by paracrine mechanisms and identify VEGF as a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in vivo.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST PSYCHIAT,KLOPFERSPITZ 18A,W-8033 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
   UNIV FREIBURG,INST MOLEK ZELLBIOL,W-7800 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST PHYSIOL & CLIN RES,W-6350 BAD NAUHEIM,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Freiburg; Max Planck Society
NR 31
TC 2156
Z9 2396
U1 0
U2 95
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 845
EP 848
DI 10.1038/359845a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700069
PM 1279432
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KYRIAKIS, JM
   APP, H
   ZHANG, XF
   BANERJEE, P
   BRAUTIGAN, DL
   RAPP, UR
   AVRUCH, J
AF KYRIAKIS, JM
   APP, H
   ZHANG, XF
   BANERJEE, P
   BRAUTIGAN, DL
   RAPP, UR
   AVRUCH, J
TI RAF-1 ACTIVATES MAP KINASE-KINASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID threonine protein-kinase; epidermal growth-factor; t-cell activation; tyrosine phosphorylation; signal-transduction; insulin; pathways; cascade
AB THE normal cellular homologue of the acutely transforming oncogene v-raf is c-raf-1, which encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that is activated by many extracellular stimuli1. The physiological substrates of the protein c-Raf-1 are unknown. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases Erk1 and 2 are also activated by mitogens through phosphorylation of Erk tyrosine and threonine residues catalysed by a protein kinase of relative molecular mass 50,000, MAP kinase-kinase (MAPK-K)2-7. Here we report that MAPK-K as well as Erk1 and 2 are constitutively active in v-raf-transformed cells. MAPK-K partially purified from v-raf-transformed cells or from mitogen-treated cells3 can be deactivated by phosphatase 2A. c-Raf-1 purified after mitogen stimulation can reactivate the phosphatase 2A-inactivated MAPK-K over 30-fold in vitro. c-Raf-1 reactivation of MAPK-K coincides with the selective phosphorylation at serine/threonine residues of a polypeptide with M(r) 50,000 which coelutes precisely on cation-exchange chromatography with the MAPK-K activatable by c-Raf-1. These results indicate that c-Raf-1 is an immediate upstream activator of MAPK-K in vivo. To our knowledge, MAPK-K is the first physiological substrate of the c-raf-1 protooncogene product to be identified.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,VIRAL CARCINOGENESIS LAB,FREDERICK,MD 21702.
   BROWN UNIV,DIV BIOL & MED,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; Brown University
RP KYRIAKIS, JM (corresponding author), MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,MED SERV,DIABET UNIT,149 13TH ST,BOSTON,MA 02129, USA.
NR 26
TC 1211
Z9 1361
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 417
EP 421
DI 10.1038/358417a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300057
PM 1322500
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AMON, A
   SURANA, U
   MUROFF, I
   NASMYTH, K
AF AMON, A
   SURANA, U
   MUROFF, I
   NASMYTH, K
TI REGULATION OF P34CDC28 TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION IS NOT REQUIRED FOR ENTRY INTO MITOSIS IN SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cdc2 protein-kinase; cell-cycle; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; activation; dephosphorylation
AB PROGRESSION from G2 to M phase in eukaryotes requires activation of a protein kinase composed of p34cdc2/CDC28 associated with G1-specific cyclins (reviewed in ref. 1). In some organisms the activation of the kinase at the G2/M boundary is due to dephosphorylation of a highly conserved tyrosine residue at position 15 (Y15) of the cdc2 protein 2-6.  Here we report that in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae, p34CDC28 also undergoes cell-cycle regulated dephosphorylation on an equivalent tyrosine residue (Y19). However, in contrast to previous observations in S. pombe 6, Xenopus 2,3 and mammalian cells 4,5, dephosphorylation of Y19 is not required for the activation of the CDC28/cyclin kinase. Furthermore, mutation of this tyrosine residue does not affect dependence of mitosis on DNA synthesis nor does it abolish G2 arrest induced by DNA damage. Our data imply that regulated phosphorylation of this tyrosine residue is not the 'universal' means by which the onset of mitosis is determined. We propose that there are other unidentified controls that regulate entry into mitosis.
C1 INST MOLEC PATHOL,DR BOHR GASSE 7,A-1030 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
NR 23
TC 258
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 368
EP 371
DI 10.1038/355368a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100074
PM 1731251
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KEELING, RF
   SHERTZ, SR
AF KEELING, RF
   SHERTZ, SR
TI SEASONAL AND INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GLOBAL CARBON-CYCLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean; pacific
AB Measurements of changes in atmospheric molecular oxygen using a new interferometric technique show that the O2 content of air varies seasonally in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and is decreasing from year to year. The seasonal variations provide a new basis for estimating global rates of biological organic carbon production in the ocean, and the interannual decrease constrains estimates of the rate of anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the oceans.
RP KEELING, RF (corresponding author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,POB 3000,BOULDER,CO 80307, USA.
NR 25
TC 327
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 723
EP 727
DI 10.1038/358723a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LI, TY
   ETLER, DA
AF LI, TY
   ETLER, DA
TI NEW MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE HOMINID CRANIA FROM YUNXIAN IN CHINA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homo-sapiens; origin; skull
AB Two fossil human crania have been found in Middle Pleistocene terrace deposits of the Han River in Yun county (Yunxian), Hubei province, China (Figs 1 and 2) 1. These damaged but relatively complete adult specimens show a mixture of features associated both with Homo erectus and with 'archaic H. sapiens'. The Yunxian crania (Figs 3 and 4), although crushed and distorted to varying degrees, are unusual in having major elements of the basicranium, palate, face and cranial vault preserved together. The specimens reveal many details of facial and basicranial anatomy rarely seen in hominid crania of comparable antiquity. Moreover, they are the most complete crania of such great age discovered on the Asian mainland. They consequently throw new light on Middle Pleistocene hominid diversity and the relationships among regionally disparate Middle Pleistocene hominids.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT ANTHROPOL, HUMAN EVOLUT STUDIES LAB, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP LI, TY (corresponding author), HUBEI INST ARCHEOL, 67 DONGHU RD, WUHAN 430077, PEOPLES R CHINA.
NR 32
TC 87
Z9 109
U1 2
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 404
EP 407
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200063
PM 1594044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIMEONE, A
   ACAMPORA, D
   GULISANO, M
   STORNAIUOLO, A
   BONCINELLI, E
AF SIMEONE, A
   ACAMPORA, D
   GULISANO, M
   STORNAIUOLO, A
   BONCINELLI, E
TI NESTED EXPRESSION DOMAINS OF 4 HOMEOBOX GENES IN DEVELOPING ROSTRAL BRAIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila head development; orthodenticle gene; nervous-system; homeodomain; forebrain; embryo; mouse
AB INSIGHT into the genetic control of the identity of specific regions along the body axis of vertebrates1 has resulted primarily from the study of vertebrate homologues of regulatory genes operating in the Drosophila trunk2, but little is known about the development of most anterior regions of the body either in flies3,4 or vertebrates. Three Drosophila genes have been identified that are important in controlling the development of the head5-8, two of which, empty spiracles5 and orthodenticle8, have been cloned and shown to contain a homeobox9-11. We previously cloned and characterized Emx1 and Emx2, two mouse genes related to empty spiracles that are expressed in restricted regions of the developing forebrain, including the presumptive cerebral cortex and olfactory bulbs12. Here we report the identification of Otx1 and Otx2, which are related to orthodenticle7,8. We have compared the expression domains of the four genes in the developing rostral brain of mouse embryos at a developmental stage, day 10 post coitum, when they are all expressed. Otx2 is expressed in every dorsal and most ventral regions of telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon. The Otx1 expression domain is similar to that of Otx2, but contained within it. The Emx2 expression domain is comprised of dorsal telencephalon and small diencephalic regions, both dorsally and ventrally. Finally, Emx1 expression is exclusively confined to the dorsal telencephalon. Thus at the time when regional specification of major brain regions takes place, the expression domains of the four genes seem to be continuous regions contained within each other in the sequence Emx1 < Emx2 < Otx1 < Otx2.
C1 CNR,INT INST GENET & BIOPHYS,I-80125 NAPLES,ITALY.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica Adriano Buzzati-Traverso (IGB-CNR)
NR 24
TC 722
Z9 785
U1 1
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 687
EP 690
DI 10.1038/358687a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200060
PM 1353865
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JOHNSON, RD
   DEVRIES, MS
   SALEM, J
   BETHUNE, DS
   YANNONI, CS
AF JOHNSON, RD
   DEVRIES, MS
   SALEM, J
   BETHUNE, DS
   YANNONI, CS
TI ELECTRON-PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF LANTHANUM-CONTAINING C82
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon shells; buckminsterfullerene; metal; c-60
AB THE conjecture that atoms can be trapped inside closed carbon cages such as the fullerenes was first made by Kroto et al. 1. Mass spectroscopic evidence obtained soon after 2 suggested that lanthanum atoms were encapsulated in fullerenes prepared by laser vaporization of a lanthanum-impregnated graphite disk, and these results were later corroborated 3,4. Recently, helium atoms have been incorporated into fullerenes through collisions in the gas phase 5, and evidence has been obtained for the formation of metal-containing fullerenes during arc burning of composite graphite rods 6. All of these studies, however, have produced quantities too small for characterization using standard spectroscopic techniques. We report here the preparation of milligram quantities of lanthanum-containing C82, which can be solvent-extracted in yields of about 2% along with empty C60 and C70 cages. We have measured the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of this mixture, both in solution and in the solid state, which reveals that the lanthanum atom has a formal charge of 3+, and the C82 a charge of 3-. This runs contrary to some expectations that the doubly charged fulleride anions would be the most stable species 6,7; it also reveals that the fullerene cages have the same formal charge as in the superconducting alkali-metal-doped phases 8,9.
RP JOHNSON, RD (corresponding author), IBM CORP, DIV RES, ALMADEN RES CTR, 650 HARRY RD, SAN JOSE, CA 95120 USA.
NR 16
TC 460
Z9 474
U1 3
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 239
EP 240
DI 10.1038/355239a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHARLES, CD
   FAIRBANKS, RG
AF CHARLES, CD
   FAIRBANKS, RG
TI EVIDENCE FROM SOUTHERN-OCEAN SEDIMENTS FOR THE EFFECT OF NORTH-ATLANTIC DEEP-WATER FLUX ON CLIMATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circulation; record; deglaciation
AB The Southern Ocean is perhaps the only region where fluctuations in the global influence of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) can be monitored unambiguously in single deep-sea cores. A carbon isotope record from benthic foraminifera in a Southern Ocean core reveals large and rapid changes in the flux of NADW during the last deglaciation, and an abrupt increase in the NADW production rate which immediately preceded large-scale melting of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. This sudden strengthening of the NADW thermohaline cell provides strong evidence for the importance of NADW in glacial-interglacial climate change.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT GEOL,NEW YORK,NY 10025.
C3 Columbia University
RP CHARLES, CD (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 38
TC 238
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 416
EP 419
DI 10.1038/355416a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WIEBEL, FF
   KUNAU, WH
AF WIEBEL, FF
   KUNAU, WH
TI THE PAS2 PROTEIN ESSENTIAL FOR PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS IS RELATED TO UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; encodes; gene; degradation; member; fibroblasts; family; system
AB IN the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PAS genes are essential for the biogenesis and proliferation of peroxisomes1,2. Recently, the first two genes, PAS1 (ref. 3) and PAS3 (ref. 4), have been characterized. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of the PAS2 gene. It encodes a new member of the ubiquitin-conjugating (UBC) protein family5-7 and is the first member associated with peroxisomes. The proposed function of the Pas2 protein as a UBC enzyme (UBC10) is supported by the fact that site-directed mutagenesis of a strictly conserved and functionally essential cysteine residue of UBC proteins leads to mutant Pas2 proteins unable to complement pas2 mutant strains. Ubiquitination of proteins is known to play an important part in DNA repair, sporulation, cell cycle control and degradation of abnormal proteins5-8. We provide evidence for a crucial role of the ubiquitin-conjugation pathway in organelle formation.
RP WIEBEL, FF (corresponding author), RUHR UNIV BOCHUM,INST PHYSIOL CHEM,ZELLBIOCHEM ABT,W-4630 BOCHUM 1,GERMANY.
NR 23
TC 171
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 73
EP 76
DI 10.1038/359073a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200057
PM 1326082
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MURAKAMI, Y
   MATSUFUJI, S
   KAMEJI, T
   HAYASHI, S
   IGARASHI, K
   TAMURA, T
   TANAKA, K
   ICHIHARA, A
AF MURAKAMI, Y
   MATSUFUJI, S
   KAMEJI, T
   HAYASHI, S
   IGARASHI, K
   TAMURA, T
   TANAKA, K
   ICHIHARA, A
TI ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE IS DEGRADED BY THE 26S-PROTEASOME WITHOUT UBIQUITINATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reticulocyte lysate; pest hypothesis; mouse kidney; 26s complex; degradation; proteins; cells; protease; purification; turnover
AB ORNITHINE decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, is the most rapidly turned over mammalian enzyme1. We have shown that its degradation is accelerated by ODC antizyme2,3, an inhibitory protein induced by polyamines4,5. This is a new type of enzyme regulation and may be a model for selective protein degradation. Here we report the identification of the protease responsible for ODC degradation. Using a cell-free degradation system, we demonstrate that immunodepletion of proteasomes from cell extracts causes almost complete loss of ATP- and antizyme-dependent degradation of ODC. In addition, purified 26S proteasome complex, but not the 20S proteasome, catalyses ODC degradation in the absence of ubiquitin. These results strongly suggest that the 26S proteasome, widely viewed as specific for ubiquitin-conjugated proteins, is the main enzyme responsible for ODC degradation. The 26S proteasome may therefore have a second role in ubiquitin-independent proteolysis.
C1 CHIBA UNIV,FAC PHARMACEUT SCI,CHIBA 260,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKUSHIMA,INST ENZYME RES,TOKUSHIMA 770,JAPAN.
C3 Chiba University; Tokushima University
RP MURAKAMI, Y (corresponding author), JIKEI UNIV,DEPT NUTR,MINATO KU,TOKYO 105,JAPAN.
NR 31
TC 718
Z9 801
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 597
EP 599
DI 10.1038/360597a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900089
PM 1334232
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JUY, M
   AMIT, AG
   ALZARI, PM
   POLJAK, RJ
   CLAEYSSENS, M
   BEGUIN, P
   AUBERT, JP
AF JUY, M
   AMIT, AG
   ALZARI, PM
   POLJAK, RJ
   CLAEYSSENS, M
   BEGUIN, P
   AUBERT, JP
TI 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF A THERMOSTABLE BACTERIAL CELLULASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; clostridium-thermocellum; crystallographic refinement; 2.8-a resolution; crystallization; endoglucanase; degradation; sequence; proteins; fold
AB CELLULOSIC biomass is recycled by a variety of microorganisms occupying different habitats 1. Studies of their cellulase systems have included the purification of enzyme components, the determination of their enzymological properties 2 and the cloning and characterization of their structural genes 3. Sequence analysis of more than 70 cellulases permits grouping into seven families corresponding to distinct structural types 4,5. The three-dimensional structure of the catalytic core of cellobiohydrolase CBHII from the fungus Trichoderma reesei has been reported 6. Here we show that endoglucanase CelD from Clostridium thermocellum, which is representative of a different family of cellulose-degrading enzymes consisting of at least 11 bacterial, fungal and plant endoglucanases 5,7, has a globular structure, with an amino-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain tightly packed against a larger catalytic domain. The latter shows a novel protein fold, shaped like an alpha-barrel of 12 helices connected by loops that form the active site. The structure of a complex CelD with a substrate analogue suggests a mechanism for substrate hydrolysis.
C1 INST PASTEUR,DEPT IMMUNOL,CNRS,UNITE IMMUNOL STRUCT 359,25 RUE DR ROUX,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
   STATE UNIV GHENT,DEPT BIOCHEM,B-9000 GHENT,BELGIUM.
   INST PASTEUR,DEPT BIOTECHNOL,CNRS,UNITE PHYSIOL CELLULAIRE 1300,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ghent University; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 29
TC 226
Z9 232
U1 1
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 89
EP 91
DI 10.1038/357089a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900066
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOCKWOOD, GW
   SKIFF, BA
   BALIUNAS, SL
   RADICK, RR
AF LOCKWOOD, GW
   SKIFF, BA
   BALIUNAS, SL
   RADICK, RR
TI LONG-TERM SOLAR BRIGHTNESS CHANGES ESTIMATED FROM A SURVEY OF SUN-LIKE STARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID main-sequence stars; stellar activity; luminosity; cycle
AB THE brightness of the Sun varies during the 11-year solar cycle, typically by less than 0.1% (refs 1, 2), and a larger brightness variation is thought to have occurred during the Maunder minimum, from AD 1645 to 1715 (refs 3-5). But because individual solar cycles are different in form, amplitude and length, and because accurate solar data have been available only for the most recent two or three cycles, there is no direct way of understanding long-term solar variability. Here we present a compilation of eight years of observations of 33 Sun-like stars and report year-to-year brightness changes that substantially exceed the analogous solar fluctuations. We have also measured chromospheric magnetic activity in these stars and find that it correlates with the brightness variations. During 1980-88, solar chromospheric variability was comparable to that observed in the stellar survey, but solar brightness variations were only one-quarter as large. This suggests that the Sun is in an unusually steady phase compared to similar stars, which means that reconstructing the past historical brightness record, for example from sunspot records, may be more risky than has been generally thought.
C1 HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   USAF,PHILLIPS LAB,SOLAR RES BRANCH,SUNSPOT,NM 88349.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force
RP LOCKWOOD, GW (corresponding author), LOWELL OBSERV,1400 W MARS HILL RD,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA.
NR 17
TC 65
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 653
EP 655
DI 10.1038/360653a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EMLEN, ST
   WREGE, PH
AF EMLEN, ST
   WREGE, PH
TI PARENT OFFSPRING CONFLICT AND THE RECRUITMENT OF HELPERS AMONG BEE-EATERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID helping-behavior; evolution; organization; kenya; model
AB GENETIC conflicts of interest are to be expected between individuals in any non-clonal society 1-5. One well studied form of conflict is that between parents and their offspring over the amount of parental care provided to the offspring 3. A very different manifestation of parent-offspring conflict may occur in certain cooperatively breeding species in which parents (breeders) are assisted in the rearing of young by their grown offspring (helpers) 6-8. If helpers have a sufficiently large effect on reproductive success, breeders will enhance their own inclusive fitness more by retaining their offspring as helpers than by allowing them to reproduce on their own 4,5,9. We report here that older male white-fronted bee-eaters (typically fathers) actively disrupt the breeding attempts of their sons, and that such harassment frequently leads to the sons joining as helpers at the nest of the harassing father. Calculation of fitness costs and benefits to the various participants helps to clarify both why parents engage in such 'recruitment' behaviour and why sons frequently do not resist.
RP EMLEN, ST (corresponding author), CORNELL UNIV,NEUROBIOL & BEHAV SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA.
NR 23
TC 71
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 331
EP 333
DI 10.1038/356331a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ADAMS, MD
   DUBNICK, M
   KERLAVAGE, AR
   MORENO, R
   KELLEY, JM
   UTTERBACK, TR
   NAGLE, JW
   FIELDS, C
   VENTER, JC
AF ADAMS, MD
   DUBNICK, M
   KERLAVAGE, AR
   MORENO, R
   KELLEY, JM
   UTTERBACK, TR
   NAGLE, JW
   FIELDS, C
   VENTER, JC
TI SEQUENCE IDENTIFICATION OF 2,375 HUMAN BRAIN GENES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cdna cloning; protein
AB WE recently described a new approach for the rapid characterization of expressed genes by partial DNA sequencing to generate 'expressed sequence tags' 1. From a set of 600 human brain complementary DNA clones, 348 were informative nuclear-encoded messenger RNAs. We have now partially sequenced 2,672 new, independent cDNA clones isolated from four human brain cDNA libraries to generate 2,375 expressed sequence tags to nuclear-encoded genes. These sequences, together with 348 brain expressed sequence tags from our previous study, comprise more than 2,500 new human genes and 870,769 base pairs of DNA sequence. These data represent an approximate doubling of the number of human genes identified by DNA sequencing and may represent as many as 5% of the genes in the human genome.
C1 NINCDS, RECEPTOR BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL SECT, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
NR 19
TC 746
Z9 848
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 632
EP 634
DI 10.1038/355632a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700053
PM 1538749
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MAITLAND, DP
AF MAITLAND, DP
TI LOCOMOTION BY JUMPING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY LARVA CERATITIS-CAPITATA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tephritidae; diptera
AB IN contrast to terrestrial locomotion in animals with rigid internal or external skeletons (such as insects or vertebrates), caterpillar crawling is slow and energetically costly 1. Biomechanical constraints may be responsible for the high cost of crawling locomotion 1, but the caterpillar body plan, which uses hydraulic-based skeletal and locomotory systems, does not necessarily preclude the possibility of high-speed locomotion as has been suggested 1.  I report here how the last-instar larva of the Mediterranean fruit-fly jumps. Jumping increases the maggot's speed to 0.5 m s-1 per jump, or by 200-fold over crawling. Jumping occurs at a stage when the maggot is particularly vulnerable to parasitization and predation. The fly larva provides the only known example of jumping by a soft-bodied legless organism.
RP MAITLAND, DP (corresponding author), UNIV WITWATERSRAND,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,JOHANNESBURG 2193,SOUTH AFRICA.
NR 15
TC 58
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 159
EP 161
DI 10.1038/355159a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, H
   DOWNING, RG
   MILDNER, DFR
   GIBSON, WM
   KUMAKHOV, MA
   PONOMAREV, IY
   GUBAREV, MV
AF CHEN, H
   DOWNING, RG
   MILDNER, DFR
   GIBSON, WM
   KUMAKHOV, MA
   PONOMAREV, IY
   GUBAREV, MV
TI GUIDING AND FOCUSING NEUTRON BEAMS USING CAPILLARY OPTICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray optics
AB A METHOD for focusing X-rays by means of internal reflection inside hollow glass capillaries 1-3 has also been shown to be capable of guiding a neutron beam 4, and now a neutron lens using this principle has been demonstrated 5,6. Here we study the properties of multiple capillary fibre bundles by measuring the transmission efficiency as a function of bending radius. The fibres used are shown to bend a neutron beam through 20-degrees in a distance of 130 mm, with a transmission of 50%. A simple device made of a few fibres is used to demonstrate the focusing of cold neutrons (wavelength 0.2-0.9 nm) down to a 1-mm2 spot size. These investigations will form the basis for the design of a neutron lens for use in materials research, or a beam bender capable of dividing and directing a neutron beam towards several experimental stations.
C1 SUNY ALBANY,DEPT PHYS,CTR XRAY OPT,ALBANY,NY 12222.
   MOSCOW ROENTGEN OPT SYST INST,WORLD LAB,MOSCOW 123182,USSR.
   IV KURCHATOV ATOM ENERGY INST,MOSCOW 123182,USSR.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute
RP CHEN, H (corresponding author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,CHEM SCI & TECHNOL LAB,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA.
NR 12
TC 66
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 391
EP 393
DI 10.1038/357391a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BACHMANN, PA
   LUISI, PL
   LANG, J
AF BACHMANN, PA
   LUISI, PL
   LANG, J
TI AUTOCATALYTIC SELF-REPLICATING MICELLES AS MODELS FOR PREBIOTIC STRUCTURES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID behavior
AB MICELLES that can catalyse their replication have been described recently 1-3.  In the previous experiments, micelles (or bilayer vesicles 4) were always present in the initial reaction mixture-that is, the system was presented with the bounded structures required for autocatalysis. Here we describe a system in which autocatalytic micelles are formed from amphiphiles that are themselves generated from a hydrolysis reaction in the absence of compartmental structures. Alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl caprylate (itself insoluble in water) yields sodium caprylate, initially at a very slow rate; but as soon as sufficient caprylate is formed for aggregation into micelles to take place, there is an exponential increase in reaction rate owing to micellar catalysis. These self-assembling surfactant structures may consequently provide a model system for studies Of prebiotic chemistry. The possible relevance of this process to prebiotic chemistry is emphasized by our observation that the micelles can be converted into more-robust vesicles by a pH change induced by dissolved CO2.
C1 SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,INST POLYMERE,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   CNRS,INST CHARLES SADRON,CRM EAHP,F-67000 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
NR 15
TC 383
Z9 399
U1 2
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/357057a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ECKART, A
   GENZEL, R
   KRABBE, A
   HOFMANN, R
   VANDERWERF, PP
   DRAPATZ, S
AF ECKART, A
   GENZEL, R
   KRABBE, A
   HOFMANN, R
   VANDERWERF, PP
   DRAPATZ, S
TI SPATIALLY RESOLVED NEAR-INFRARED EMISSION AND A BUBBLE OF HOT GAS IN THE CENTRAL ACTIVE REGION OF THE GALAXY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galactic-center; radio-source; 2.2 microns
AB IT has been known for almost two decades that there is a compact, nonthermal radio source within one arcsecond of the dynamical/gravitational centre of our Galaxy 1,2. This source, designated SgrA*, is regarded as the most likely candidate for a central black hole 3. Evidence for an active central source has, however, so far been lacking at infrared wavelengths 4-8. Here we report near-infrared speckle and imaging spectroscopic observations which resolve the central complex (comprising SgrA* and the infrared source IRS16) into about two dozen compact sources. An expanding bubble of hot gas is found to be centred within 3 arcsec of SgrA*. There is also evidence of a blue object, positionally coincident with SgrA*, emitting at 2-mu-m. The hot bubble is probably created by shock excitation of a fast wind. These observations are consistent with the presence of an accreting massive black hole at the Galactic Centre.
RP ECKART, A (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERRESTR PHYS,GARCHING,GERMANY.
NR 34
TC 70
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 526
EP 529
DI 10.1038/355526a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EBBESEN, TW
   TSAI, JS
   TANIGAKI, K
   TABUCHI, J
   SHIMAKAWA, Y
   KUBO, Y
   HIROSAWA, I
   MIZUKI, J
AF EBBESEN, TW
   TSAI, JS
   TANIGAKI, K
   TABUCHI, J
   SHIMAKAWA, Y
   KUBO, Y
   HIROSAWA, I
   MIZUKI, J
TI ISOTOPE EFFECT ON SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN RB3C60
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE surprisingly high transition temperatures (T(c)) for superconductivity in alkali-metal-doped C60 has spurred wide interest in understanding its mechanism 1-6. Recently the increase in T(c) with lattice constant was demonstrated for these materials 6, and was interpreted as resulting from the corresponding increase in the density of states at the Fermi level. According to the standard (BCS) theory of superconductivity, the other important factor controlling T(c) is the phonon that mediates electron pairing. To test whether this factor plays a part for the C60 superconductors, we prepared C60 containing various amounts of C-13, which we then doped with rubidium to give Rb3C60. Measurements of diamagnetic shielding and Meissner effect show that T(c) decreases as the C-13 content increases, as expected within the context of BCS-like phonon-mediated pairing; but the dependence on the mass is stronger than for most electron-phonon superconductors were T(c)m(-alpha) with alpha less-than-or-equal-to 0.5. Instead, the exponent a has the remarkably large value of 1.4 +/- 0.5. Regardless of the interpretation of this value, it is clear that phonons have an important role in the origin of superconductivity in doped C60.
RP EBBESEN, TW (corresponding author), NEC CORP LTD,FUNDAMENTAL RES LABS,TSUKUBA 305,JAPAN.
NR 16
TC 93
Z9 95
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 620
EP 622
DI 10.1038/355620a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PACHECO, JF
   SCHOLZ, CH
   SYKES, LR
AF PACHECO, JF
   SCHOLZ, CH
   SYKES, LR
TI CHANGES IN FREQUENCY-SIZE RELATIONSHIP FROM SMALL TO LARGE EARTHQUAKES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subduction zone earthquakes; magnitudes; model
AB THE constant 'b value' observed in frequency-magnitude distributions of earthquakes has been taken as an indication of self-similarity at all magnitudes. Hence, earthquake properties should scale uniformly in the same way from small to large earthquakes. It has often been observed, however, that the seismic moment released in small earthquakes scales differently with rupture length than it does for large events 1,2, where the crossover between small and large events is defined at a rupture dimension equal to the down-dip width of the seismogenic zone. A possible explanation for this contradiction is that frequency-size distributions are biased by small earthquakes. Small events dominate most global earthquake catalogues because of the short time-period covered. Another source of bias in size distributions is the saturation of earthquake magnitudes for large events. Here we correct biases in calculations of b values and present evidence for a change in b value in frequency-size distributions. We find that a break in self-similarity, from small to large earthquakes, occurs at a point where the dimension of the event equals the down-dip width of the seismogenic layer.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, PALISADES, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP PACHECO, JF (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV, LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV, PALISADES, NY 10964 USA.
NR 20
TC 335
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 71
EP 73
DI 10.1038/355071a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOBAYASHI, T
   STORRIE, B
   SIMONS, K
   DOTTI, CG
AF KOBAYASHI, T
   STORRIE, B
   SIMONS, K
   DOTTI, CG
TI A FUNCTIONAL BARRIER TO MOVEMENT OF LIPIDS IN POLARIZED NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent sodium-channels; hippocampal-neurons; plasma-membrane; epithelial-cell; influenza-virus; tight junctions; golgi-apparatus; mammalian sperm; mdck cells; domains
AB IN polarized neurons, axons and dendrites perform different functions, which are reflected in their different molecular organization. Studies on the sorting of viral and endogenous glycoproteins in epithelial cells and hippocampal neurons suggest that there may be similarities in the mechanism of sorting in these two cell types1-3. The mechanisms that maintain the distinct composition of the two plasma membrane domains in these two cell types must, however, be different. We have proposed the existence of a functional barrier at the axonal hillock/initial segment which prevents the intermixing of membrane constituents1,2. Here we test this hypothesis by fusing liposomes containing fluorescent phospholipids into the plasma membrane of polarized hippocampal cells in culture. Fusion was induced by lowering the pH and mediated by influenza virus haemagglutinin expressed on the axonal surface of neurons infected with fowl plague virus. Labelling was found exclusively on axons after fusion. Although the fused lipids were mobile on the axonal membrane, no labelling was detected on the cell body and dendritic surfaces. These results suggest that there is a diffusion barrier at the axonal hillock/initial segment which maintains the compositional differences between the axonal and somatodendritic domains.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB, CELL BIOL PROGRAM, POSTFACH 102209, W-6900 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
NR 25
TC 131
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 647
EP 650
DI 10.1038/359647a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400061
PM 1406997
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZYCHLINSKY, A
   PREVOST, MC
   SANSONETTI, PJ
AF ZYCHLINSKY, A
   PREVOST, MC
   SANSONETTI, PJ
TI SHIGELLA-FLEXNERI INDUCES APOPTOSIS IN INFECTED MACROPHAGES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID listeria-monocytogenes; plasmid; spread; growth; cells; actin
AB THE Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri causes dysentery by invading the human colonic mucosa 1. Bacteria are phagocytosed by enterocytes 2, escape from the phagosome into the cytoplasm 3 and spread to adjacent cells 4. After crossing the epithelium, Shigella reaches the lamina propria of intestinal villi, the first line of defence. This tissue is densely populated with phagocytes that are killed in great numbers, resulting in abscesses 5,6. The genes required for cell invasion 7 and macrophage killing 2 are located on a 220-kilobase plasmid. We report here on the mechanism of cytotoxicity used by S. flexneri to kill macrophages. Each of four different strains was tested for its capacity to induce cell death. An invasive strain induced programmed cell death (apoptosis 8,9), whereas its non-invasive, plasmid-cured isogenic strain was not toxic; neither was a mutant in ipa B (ref. 10) (invasion protein antigen), a gene necessary for entry. A non-invasive strain expressing the haemolysin operon of Escherichia coli 11 induced accidental cell death (necrosis), demonstrating that other bacterial cytotoxic mechanisms do not lead to apoptosis. This is the first evidence that an invasive bacterial pathogen can induce suicide in its host cells.
C1 INST PASTEUR, INSERM,U199,UNITE PATHOGENIE MICROBIENNE MOLEC, 25-28 RUE DOCTEUR ROUX, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   INST PASTEUR, CENT MICROSCOPIE ELECTR STN, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
NR 18
TC 1051
Z9 1205
U1 0
U2 127
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 167
EP 169
DI 10.1038/358167a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300058
PM 1614548
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZANETTI, M
AF ZANETTI, M
TI ANTIGENIZED ANTIBODIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reshaping human-antibody; 3-dimensional structure; internal image; protein; peptide; epitope; mutagenesis; molecules; vaccines; library
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,CTR CANC,SAN DIEGO,CA 92103.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP ZANETTI, M (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT MED,SAN DIEGO,CA 92103, USA.
NR 30
TC 45
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 476
EP 477
DI 10.1038/355476a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000079
PM 1370860
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PURNELL, MA
   VONBITTER, PH
AF PURNELL, MA
   VONBITTER, PH
TI BLADE-SHAPED CONODONT ELEMENTS FUNCTIONED AS CUTTING TEETH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB CONODONTS were small eel-shaped animals with vertebrate affinities1-4. Known almost exclusively from the small, tooth-like, phosphatic elements of their feeding apparatus, they have one of the finest fossil records of any group of organisms. Until recently the identity of the animal to which conodont elements belonged was one of palaeontology's great mysteries; the function of the elements themselves, particularly blade-shaped elements, remains uncertain (compare refs 3 and 4). But recent insights into the conodont skeletal Bauplan5 allow the debate over function to be taken beyond arguments of analogy. Here we present a functional analysis of opposed blade-shaped-element pairs as components of an integrated apparatus. From this we conclude that such elements operated as cutting teeth within a grasping and food-processing apparatus.
C1 ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM,DEPT INVERTEBRATE PALAEONTOL,TORONTO M5S 2C6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,TORONTO M5S 2C6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 Royal Ontario Museum; University of Toronto
NR 22
TC 42
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 629
EP 631
DI 10.1038/359629a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAI, Q
   KOHLSTEDT, DL
AF BAI, Q
   KOHLSTEDT, DL
TI SUBSTANTIAL HYDROGEN SOLUBILITY IN OLIVINE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER STORAGE IN THE MANTLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxidation-state; pyroxene
AB WATER plays an important role in geodynamic processes in the Earth's upper mantle: for example, hydrogen (as water) affects the amount and composition of magma generated by partial melting 1 and a trace amount of hydrogen (approximately 0.001 wt % water) can markedly weaken the dominant upper-mantle mineral, olivine 2,3. Migration of hydrogen ions may be responsible for the anomalously high electrical conductivity of the asthenosphere 4. The quantitative importance of hydrogen in mantle processes must depend on how much water or hydrogen can be stored in nominally anhydrous olivine, and on where hydrogen resides in the olivine lattice. Here we report the results of hydrothermal experiments on olivine single crystals, which show that at 1,573 K and 50-300 MPa, olivine can accommodate as much as 0.0034 wt % water. Hydrogen solubility depends on hydrogen fugacity and oxygen fugacity to the first and the one-half powers, respectively, indicating that hydrogen ions are associated with either oxygen interstitials or magnesium vacancies. Extrapolation of our data to a depth of approximately 100 km under oceanic areas yields a substantial hydrogen solubility (0.03 wt % water), demonstrating that olivine may indeed be a primary sink for hydrogen in the upper mantle.
RP BAI, Q (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,310 PILLSBURY DR SE,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA.
NR 24
TC 183
Z9 223
U1 1
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 672
EP 674
DI 10.1038/357672a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000064
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PRIMIG, M
   SOCKANATHAN, S
   AUER, H
   NASMYTH, K
AF PRIMIG, M
   SOCKANATHAN, S
   AUER, H
   NASMYTH, K
TI ANATOMY OF A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IMPORTANT FOR THE START OF THE CELL-CYCLE IN SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast ho gene; fission yeast; budding yeast; dna; polymerase; expression; proteins; sequence; swi4; activation
AB ENTRY of yeast cells into the mitotic cell cycle (Start) involves a form of the CDC28 kinase that associates with G1-specific cyclins encoded by CLN1 and CLN2 (ref. 1). The onset of Start may be triggered by the activation of CLN1 and CLN2 transcription in late G1 (ref. 2). SWI4 and SWI6 are components of a factor (SBF) that binds the CACGAAAA (SCB) promoter elements3-5 responsible for activation in late G1 of the HO endonuclease, CLN1 and CLN2 genes6,7. A related factor (MBF) containing SWI6 and a 120K protein8 binds to the ACGCGTNA (MCB) promoter elements responsible for late G1-specific transcription of DNA replication genes9-12. Nothing is known about how these heteromeric proteins bind DNA. We show here that SWI4 contains a novel DNA-binding domain at its N terminus that alone binds specifically to SCBs and a C-terminal domain that binds to SWI6. SWI4's DNA-binding domain is similar to an N-terminal domain of the cdc10 protein that is a component of an MBF-like factor from Schizosaccharomyces pombe13 and is required for Start14,15. An involvement of this kind of DNA-binding domain in transcriptional controls at Start may therefore be a conserved feature of eukaryotic cells.
RP PRIMIG, M (corresponding author), INST MOLEC PATHOL,DR BOHR GASSE 7,A-1030 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
NR 28
TC 110
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 593
EP 597
DI 10.1038/358593a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900063
PM 1386897
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ARNOLD, D
   DRISCOLL, J
   ANDROLEWICZ, M
   HUGHES, E
   CRESSWELL, P
   SPIES, T
AF ARNOLD, D
   DRISCOLL, J
   ANDROLEWICZ, M
   HUGHES, E
   CRESSWELL, P
   SPIES, T
TI PROTEASOME SUBUNITS ENCODED IN THE MHC ARE NOT GENERALLY REQUIRED FOR THE PROCESSING OF PEPTIDES BOUND BY MHC CLASS-I MOLECULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; linked lmp; gene; hla; expression; region; heavy; identification; transporter; determinant
AB ANTIGEN processing provides major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules with short peptides, which they selectively bind and present to cytotoxic T lymphocytes1-4. The proteolytic system generating these peptides in the cytosol is unidentified, but their delivery into the endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by the TAP1-TAP2 transporter encoded in the MHC class II region5-9. Closely linked to TAP1 and TAP2 are genes for the LMP2 and LMP7 proteins10, which resemble components of proteasomes11-13, proteolytic complexes known to degrade cytosolic proteins14.  This association has led to the common assumption that proteasomes function in this immunological pathway (discussed in ref. 15). We now show that the expression of stably assembled class I molecules and apparently normal peptide processing can be completely restored in the absence of LMP2 and LMP7 in the human lymphoblastoid cell line mutant 721.174 (refs 16, 17). The identity of LMP7 is directly confirmed by reconstitution of a proteasomal subunit after gene transfer. These results therefore dispute the hypothetical involvement of proteasomes in antigen processing, although a more subtle effect of LMP2 and LMP7 cannot be ruled out.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELLULAR & MOLEC PHYSIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP ARNOLD, D (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV TUMOR VIROL,44 BINNEY ST,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 36
TC 224
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/360171a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200064
PM 1436094
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STEPHENS, PW
   COX, D
   LAUHER, JW
   MIHALY, L
   WILEY, JB
   ALLEMAND, PM
   HIRSCH, A
   HOLCZER, K
   LI, Q
   THOMPSON, JD
   WUDL, F
AF STEPHENS, PW
   COX, D
   LAUHER, JW
   MIHALY, L
   WILEY, JB
   ALLEMAND, PM
   HIRSCH, A
   HOLCZER, K
   LI, Q
   THOMPSON, JD
   WUDL, F
TI LATTICE STRUCTURE OF THE FULLERENE FERROMAGNET TDAE-C-60
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon
AB IN the brief time since the development of techniques for the purification of condensed phases of C60 (refs 1, 2), compounds of C60 have been synthesized that exhibit the important solid-state properties of superconductivity 3,4 and ferromagnetism 5. The fact that the C60 molecule participates in these two disparate effects is in itself striking; furthermore, the C60-based material has the highest T(c) of any molecular organic ferromagnet 6.  An understanding of the physical origin of this ferromagnetism is sure to require a knowledge of the crystal structure. Here we report on an X-ray diffraction study of the ferromagnet TDAE-C60, where TDAE is tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene, C2N4(CH3)8. We find that the composition is stoichiometric with 1:1 ratio of TDAE to C60. The structure has a c-centred monoclinic unit cell suggestive of an anisotropic, low-dimensional band structure. Any theory for the ferromagnetic behaviour will have to take this anisotropy into account.
C1 BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS,UPTON,NY 11973.
   SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT CHEM,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST POLYMERS & ORGAN SOLIDS,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,CTR SOLID STATE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT CHEM,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT PHYS,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP STEPHENS, PW (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT PHYS,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 15
TC 316
Z9 323
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 331
EP 332
DI 10.1038/355331a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARRIS, LJ
   LARSON, SB
   HASEL, KW
   DAY, J
   GREENWOOD, A
   MCPHERSON, A
AF HARRIS, LJ
   LARSON, SB
   HASEL, KW
   DAY, J
   GREENWOOD, A
   MCPHERSON, A
TI THE 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF AN INTACT MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY FOR CANINE LYMPHOMA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segmental flexibility; crystallographic refinement; immunoelectron microscopy; rotational flexibility; immunoglobulin-g; atomic models; molecule kol; fc fragment; fab regions; resolution
AB CRYSTAL structures of Fab antibody fragments determined by X-ray diffraction characteristically feature four-domain, beta-barrel arrangements1-3. A human antibody Fc fragment has also been found to have four beta-barrel domains4. The structures of a few intact antibodies have been solved5-8: in two myeloma proteins, the flexible hinge regions that connect the Fc to the Fab segments were deleted5,6 so the molecules were non-functional, structurally restrained, T-shaped antibodies; a third antibody, Kol, had no hinge residues missing but the Fc region was sufficiently disordered that it was not possible to relate its disposition accurately with respect to the Fab components7,8. Here we report the structure at 3.5 angstrom resolution of an IgG2a antitumour monoclonal antibody which contains an intact hinge region and was solved in a triclinic crystal by molecular replacement using known Fc and Fab fragments. The antibody is asymmetric, reflecting its dynamic character. There are two local, apparently independent, dyads in the molecule. One relates the heavy chains in the Fc, the other relates the constant domains of the Fabs. The variable domains are not related by this 2-fold axis because of the different Fab elbow angles of 159-degrees and 143-degrees. The Fc has assumed an asymmetric, oblique orientation with respect to loosely tethered yet almost collinear Fabs. Our study enables the two antigen-binding segments as well as the Fc portion of a functional molecule to be visualized and illustrates the flexibility of these immune response proteins.
C1 IMMUNOPHARMACEUT INC, SAN DIEGO, CA 92127 USA.
RP HARRIS, LJ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE, DEPT BIOCHEM, RIVERSIDE, CA 92521 USA.
NR 29
TC 182
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 369
EP 372
DI 10.1038/360369a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000060
PM 1448155
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOSOBUCHI, M
   KREIS, T
   SCHEKMAN, R
AF HOSOBUCHI, M
   KREIS, T
   SCHEKMAN, R
TI SEC21 IS A GENE REQUIRED FOR ER TO GOLGI PROTEIN-TRANSPORT THAT ENCODES A SUBUNIT OF A YEAST COATOMER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secretory pathway; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; coated vesicles; clathrin; stack; complex; complementation; identification; binding; vectors
AB NON-CLATHRIN coated vesicles have been implicated in early steps of intercompartmental transport1-4. A distinct set of coat proteins are peripherally associated with the exterior of purified mammalian intra-Golgi transport vesicles5. The 'coatomer', a cytosolic complex containing a similar subunit composition to and sharing at least one subunit (beta-COP) with the coat found on vesicles, has been postulated to be the precursor of this non-clathrin coat6. Here we describe the characterization of SEC21, an essential gene required for protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The 105K product of this gene, Sec21p, participates in a cytosolic complex that we show to be a yeast homologue of the mammalian coatomer. These observations demonstrate that a non-clathrin coat protein plays an essential role in intercompartmental transport.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
   UNIV GENEVA, DEPT BIOL CELLULAIRE, CH-1211 GENEVA 4, SWITZERLAND.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Geneva
RP HOSOBUCHI, M (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL, 401 BARKER HALL, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
NR 31
TC 171
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 603
EP 605
DI 10.1038/360603a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900091
PM 1461285
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ASFAW, B
   BEYENE, Y
   SUWA, G
   WALTER, RC
   WHITE, TD
   WOLDEGABRIEL, G
   YEMANE, T
AF ASFAW, B
   BEYENE, Y
   SUWA, G
   WALTER, RC
   WHITE, TD
   WOLDEGABRIEL, G
   YEMANE, T
TI THE EARLIEST ACHEULEAN FROM KONSO-GARDULA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paleoanthropological research; kenya; ethiopia; olorgesailie; pleistocene; calibration; turkana
AB KONSO-GARDULA is a palaeoanthropological area discovered by the 1991 Palaeoanthropological Inventory of Ethiopia1-5 in the southern Main Ethiopian Rift. The Konso-Gardula sediments span the period about 1.3-1.9 million years ago. They contain rich Acheulean archaeological occurrences. Vertebrate fossils include early Homo.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,DEPT ANTHROPOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   CTR GEOCHRONOL,INST HUMAN ORIGINS,BERKELEY,CA 94709.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ANTHROPOL,HUMAN EVOLUT STUDIES LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
   IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT EARTH SCI,AMES,IA 50011.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Iowa State University
RP ASFAW, B (corresponding author), MINIST CULTURE,PALAEOANTHROPOL LAB,POB 5717,ADDIS ABABA,ETHIOPIA.
NR 30
TC 231
Z9 250
U1 2
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 732
EP 735
DI 10.1038/360732a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200031
PM 1465142
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SALO, H
AF SALO, H
TI GRAVITATIONAL WAKES IN SATURNS RINGS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID non-identical particles; numerical simulations; planetary rings; evolution; systems
AB THE outer parts of Saturn's rings display a variety of local non-uniformities in their particle distributions. Azimuthal brightness variations are seen in the A-ring1,2, and may be attributable to the gravitational aggregation of particles into linear wakes that trail the rotation of the ring3-5; Voyager's stellar occultation experiments revealed large differences, on length scales as small as 150 m, in the surface density of particles6. Theoretical arguments7,8 suggest that local instabilities may occur in both the A- and B-rings, the instability criterion depending on the velocity dispersion of ring particles and the orbital velocity and mass density in the ring. These arguments, however, are derived from the purely gravitational dynamics of an idealized, infinitesimally thin ring, made of identical particles. Here I use numerical simulations, including both gravitational interactions and dissipative impacts between particles, to study realistic models of Saturn's rings. For the C-ring there is no instability, but for the B- and A-rings gravitational wakes form.  In the A-ring these wakes are so strong that particles trapped in them form metre-sized aggregate particles, which themselves lead to further instability. These different behaviours are consistent with the observational evidence.
RP SALO, H (corresponding author), UNIV OULU,DEPT ASTRON,SF-90570 OULU,FINLAND.
NR 24
TC 137
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 619
EP 621
DI 10.1038/359619a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SAMMONDS, PR
   MEREDITH, PG
   MAIN, IG
AF SAMMONDS, PR
   MEREDITH, PG
   MAIN, IG
TI ROLE OF PORE FLUIDS IN THE GENERATION OF SEISMIC PRECURSORS TO SHEAR FRACTURE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-value; prediction; failure; stress
AB A SYSTEMATIC study of temporal changes in seismic b-values (defined as the log-linear slope of the earthquake frequency-magnitude distribution) has shown that large earthquakes are often preceded by an intermediate-term increase in b, followed by a decrease in the months to weeks before the earthquake1. The onset of the b-value increase can precede earthquake occurrence by as much as 7 years. A recently proposed fracture mechanics model of the earthquake source2 explains these temporal fluctuations in b in terms of the underlying physical processes of time-varying applied stress and crack growth. The model predicts two minima in b, separated by a short-lived maximum. Here we report the results of controlled laboratory deformation experiments, done in simulated upper-crustal conditions on both air-dried and water-saturated rock specimens. As found in previous experiment3-5, shear fracture in dry specimens is characterized by a decline in b during anelastic deformation to a single minimum reached just before failure. But in water-saturated specimens, when pore-fluid volume is kept constant by servo-control we also observe a second, intermediate-term b-value minimum, so reproducing the double b-value anomaly predicted by the model2.
C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,GRANT INST GEOL,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,EDINBURGH EH9 3JW,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP SAMMONDS, PR (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT GEOL SCI,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
NR 16
TC 181
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 228
EP 230
DI 10.1038/359228a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REIMERS, D
   VOGEL, S
   HAGEN, HJ
   ENGELS, D
   GROOTE, D
   WAMSTEKER, W
   CLAVEL, J
   ROSA, MR
AF REIMERS, D
   VOGEL, S
   HAGEN, HJ
   ENGELS, D
   GROOTE, D
   WAMSTEKER, W
   CLAVEL, J
   ROSA, MR
TI THE O/C ABUNDANCE RATIO IN ABSORBING GAS CLOUDS AT HIGH REDSHIFT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-limit absorption; nitrogen; stars; ionization; oxygen; carbon; galaxy; qsos
AB THE intrinsic extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrum of quasars, in which spectral lines of He and CNO ions should appear, is in most cases strongly absorbed by the hydrogen Lyman continuum of intergalactic matter at cosmological distances. The bright quasar HS1700+6416 (at redshift z = 2.72), from the Hamburg survey1, is a fortuitous exception, the line of sight towards it being relatively transparent. Here we report detailed ultraviolet spectroscopic measurements of HS1700+6416, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. We observe a rich absorption line spectrum, in which many EUV resonance lines (including He I, O II to O V, and N III and N IV) are seen. The O/C abundance ratios inferred from the line-strengths are higher than Solar System values by factors of 3 to 5. This suggests that the absorbing material is halo gas of early galaxies, from which population II stars have yet to form, oxygen being a primary nucleosynthesis product from a first generation of massive stars.
C1 ESA,IUE OBSERV,MADRID,SPAIN.
   ESA,ESTEC,2200 AG NOORDWIJK,NETHERLANDS.
   ST ECF,ESO,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
C3 European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre
RP REIMERS, D (corresponding author), UNIV HAMBURG,HAMBURGER STERNWARTE,GOJENBERGSWEG 112,W-2050 HAMBURG 80,GERMANY.
NR 20
TC 75
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 561
EP 563
DI 10.1038/360561a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900075
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ASLANIDIS, C
   JANSEN, G
   AMEMIYA, C
   SHUTLER, G
   MAHADEVAN, M
   TSILFIDIS, C
   CHEN, C
   ALLEMAN, J
   WORMSKAMP, NGM
   VOOIJS, M
   BUXTON, J
   JOHNSON, K
   SMEETS, HJM
   LENNON, GG
   CARRANO, AV
   KORNELUK, RG
   WIERINGA, B
   DEJONG, PJ
AF ASLANIDIS, C
   JANSEN, G
   AMEMIYA, C
   SHUTLER, G
   MAHADEVAN, M
   TSILFIDIS, C
   CHEN, C
   ALLEMAN, J
   WORMSKAMP, NGM
   VOOIJS, M
   BUXTON, J
   JOHNSON, K
   SMEETS, HJM
   LENNON, GG
   CARRANO, AV
   KORNELUK, RG
   WIERINGA, B
   DEJONG, PJ
TI CLONING OF THE ESSENTIAL MYOTONIC-DYSTROPHY REGION AND MAPPING OF THE PUTATIVE DEFECT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vectors; dna
AB MYOTONIC dystrophy is a common dominant disorder (global incidence of 1:8,000) with variable onset and a protean nature of symptoms mainly involving progressive muscle wasting, myotonia and cataracts 1. To define the molecular defect, we have cloned the essential region of chromosome 19q13.3, including proximal and distal markers 2-7 in a 700-kilobase contig formed by overlapping cosmids and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). The central part of the contig bridges an area of about 350 kilobases between two new flanking crossover borders 4,5. This segment has been extensively characterized through the isolation of five YAC clones and the subsequent subcloning in cosmids from which a detailed EcoRI, HindIII, MluI and NotI restriction map has been derived. Two genomic probes and two homologous complementary DNA probes were isolated using the cosmids. These probes are all situated within approximately 10 kilobases of genomic DNA and detect an unstable genomic segment in myotonic dystrophy patients. The length variation in this segment shows similarities to the instability seen at the fragile X locus 8. The physical map location and the genetic characteristics of the length polymorphism is compatible with a direct role in the pathogenesis of myotonic dystrophy.
C1 UNIV CALIF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR HUMAN GENOME,DIV BIOMED SCI,L-452,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
   CATHOLIC UNIV NIJMEGEN,FAC MED SCI,DEPT CELL BIOL & HISTOL,6500 HB NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS.
   CATHOLIC UNIV NIJMEGEN,FAC MED SCI,DEPT HUMAN GENET,6500 HB NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS.
   CHILDRENS HOSP EASTERN ONTARIO,DIV GENET,OTTAWA K1H 8L1,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   UNIV OTTAWA,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,OTTAWA K1N 6N5,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   CHARING CROSS & WESTMINSTER MED SCH,DEPT ANAT,LONDON W6 8RF,ENGLAND.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Nijmegen; University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; University of Ottawa; Imperial College London
NR 25
TC 486
Z9 510
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 548
EP 551
DI 10.1038/355548a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600060
PM 1346925
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HART, J
   GORDON, B
AF HART, J
   GORDON, B
TI NEURAL SUBSYSTEMS FOR OBJECT KNOWLEDGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optic aphasia; language; impairment; category; systems; memory; vision
AB CRITICAL issues in the cognitive neuroscience of language are whether there are multiple systems for the representation of meaning, perhaps organized by processing system (such as vision or language1-6), and whether further subsystems are distinguishable within these larger ones. We describe here a patient (K.R.) with cerebral damage whose pattern of acquired deficits offers direct evidence for a major division between visually based and language-based higher-level representations, and for processing subsystems within language. K.R. could not name animals regardless of the type of presentation (auditory or visual), but had no difficulty naming other living things and objects. When asked to describe verbally the physical attributes of animals (for example, 'what colour is an elephant?'), she was strikingly impaired. Nevertheless, she could distinguish the correct physical attributes of animals when they were presented visually (she could distinguish animals that were correctly coloured from those that were not). Her knowledge of other animal properties was completely intact, regardless of input stimulus. To explain this selective deficit, these data mandate the existence of two distinct representations of such properties in normal individuals, one visually based and one language-based. Furthermore, these data establish that knowledge of physical attributes is strictly segregated from knowledge of other properties in the language system.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP, DEPT PSYCHOL, DIV COGNIT NEUROL NEUROPSYCHOL, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP, CTR EPILEPSY, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP, ZANVYL KRIEGER MIND BRAIN INST, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine
RP HART, J (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP, DEPT NEUROL, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
NR 30
TC 228
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 60
EP 64
DI 10.1038/359060a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200053
PM 1381810
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRETZNER, L
   BLACKWOOD, EM
   EISENMAN, RN
AF KRETZNER, L
   BLACKWOOD, EM
   EISENMAN, RN
TI MYC AND MAX PROTEINS POSSESS DISTINCT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-myc; dna-binding; activates transcription; gene-expression; cells; oncogene; product; sites; rna
AB THE MyC family proteins are thought to be involved in transcription1,2 because they have both a carboxy-terminal basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper (bHLH-Z) domain, common to a large class of transcription factors, and an amino-terminal fragment which, for c-Myc, has transactivating function when assayed in chimaeric constructs4. In addition, c-, N- and L-Myc proteins heterodimerize, in vitro and in vivo, with the bHLH-Z protein Max5-8. In vitro, Max homodimerizes but preferentially associates with Myc, which homodimerizes poorly5,6. Furthermore Myc-Max heterodimers specifically bind the nucleotide sequence CACGTG9 with higher affinity than either homodimer alone5. The identification of Max and the specific DNA-binding activities of Myc and Max provides an opportunity for directly testing the transcriptional activities of these proteins in mammalian cells. We report here that Myc overexpression activates, whereas Max overexpression represses, transcription of a reporter gene. Max-induced repression is relieved by overexpression of c-Myc. Repression requires the DNA-binding domain of Max, whereas relief of repression requires the dimerization and transcriptional activation activities of Myc. Both effects require Myc-Max-binding sites in the reporter gene.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP KRETZNER, L (corresponding author), FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,DIV BASIC SCI,1124 COLUMBIA ST,SEATTLE,WA 98104, USA.
NR 26
TC 466
Z9 496
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 426
EP 429
DI 10.1038/359426a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400060
PM 1406956
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAMILTON, KK
   KIM, PMH
   DOETSCH, PW
AF HAMILTON, KK
   KIM, PMH
   DOETSCH, PW
TI A EUKARYOTIC DNA GLYCOSYLASE LYASE RECOGNIZING ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT-INDUCED PYRIMIDINE DIMERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coli endonuclease-iv; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; micrococcus-luteus; repair; bacteriophage-t4; mechanism; cleavage; enzyme; photolyase; invitro
AB CYCLOBUTANE pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) are the predominant product of photodamage in DNA after exposure of cells to ultraviolet light 1,2 and are cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic in a variety of cellular and animal systems 3-5. In prokaryotes, enzymes and protein complexes have been characterized that remove or reverse CPDs in DNA 6-8. Micrococcus luteus and T4 phage-infected Escherichia coli contain a specific N-glycosylase/apurinic-apyrimidinic lyase that catalyses a two-step DNA incision process at sites of CPDs, thus initiating base excision repair of these lesions 7,9-12. It is we established that CPDs are recognized and removed from eukaryotic DNA by excision repair processes but very little information exists concerning the nature of the proteins involved in CPD recognition and DNA incision events 7,12,13. We report here that an enzyme functionally similar to the prokaryotic N-glycosylase/apurinic-apyrimidinic lyases exists in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an activity has been found in a eukaryote and is also the first example of an organism having both direct reversal and base excision repair pathways for the removal of CPDs from DNA.
C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ROLLINS RES CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,ATLANTA,GA 30322.
C3 Emory University
NR 36
TC 38
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 725
EP 728
DI 10.1038/356725a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600066
PM 1373868
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THORNBERRY, NA
   BULL, HG
   CALAYCAY, JR
   CHAPMAN, KT
   HOWARD, AD
   KOSTURA, MJ
   MILLER, DK
   MOLINEAUX, SM
   WEIDNER, JR
   AUNINS, J
   ELLISTON, KO
   AYALA, JM
   CASANO, FJ
   CHIN, J
   DING, GJF
   EGGER, LA
   GAFFNEY, EP
   LIMJUCO, G
   PALYHA, OC
   RAJU, SM
   ROLANDO, AM
   SALLEY, JP
   YAMIN, TT
   LEE, TD
   SHIVELY, JE
   MACCROSS, M
   MUMFORD, RA
   SCHMIDT, JA
   TOCCI, MJ
AF THORNBERRY, NA
   BULL, HG
   CALAYCAY, JR
   CHAPMAN, KT
   HOWARD, AD
   KOSTURA, MJ
   MILLER, DK
   MOLINEAUX, SM
   WEIDNER, JR
   AUNINS, J
   ELLISTON, KO
   AYALA, JM
   CASANO, FJ
   CHIN, J
   DING, GJF
   EGGER, LA
   GAFFNEY, EP
   LIMJUCO, G
   PALYHA, OC
   RAJU, SM
   ROLANDO, AM
   SALLEY, JP
   YAMIN, TT
   LEE, TD
   SHIVELY, JE
   MACCROSS, M
   MUMFORD, RA
   SCHMIDT, JA
   TOCCI, MJ
TI A NOVEL HETERODIMERIC CYSTEINE PROTEASE IS REQUIRED FOR INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA PROCESSING IN MONOCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; receptor antagonist; sequence-analysis; mononuclear-cells; precursor; enzyme; identification; proteinases; activation; 1-beta
AB Interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-beta)-converting enzyme cleaves the IL-1-beta precursor to mature IL-1-beta, an important mediator of inflammation. The identification of the enzyme as a unique cysteine protease and the design of potent peptide aldehyde inhibitors are described. Purification and cloning of the complementary DNA indicates that IL-1-beta-converting enzyme is composed of two nonidentical subunits that are derived from a single proenzyme, possibly by autoproteolysis. Selective inhibition of the enzyme in human blood monocytes blocks production of mature IL-1-beta, indicating that it is a potential therapeutic target.
C1 MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD, DEPT MOLEC IMMUNOL, POB 2000, RAHWAY, NJ 07065 USA.
   MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD, DEPT BIOCHEM, RAHWAY, NJ 07065 USA.
   MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC PATHOL, RAHWAY, NJ 07065 USA.
   MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD, DEPT MED CHEM RES, RAHWAY, NJ 07065 USA.
   MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD, DEPT CELLULAR & MOLEC PHARMACOL, RAHWAY, NJ 07065 USA.
   MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD, DEPT BIOCHEM PROC RES & DEV, RAHWAY, NJ 07065 USA.
   MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD, DEPT BIOL DATA, RAHWAY, NJ 07065 USA.
   CITY HOPE NATL MED CTR, BECKMAN RES INT, DUARTE, CA 91010 USA.
C3 Merck & Company; Merck & Company; Merck & Company; Merck & Company; Merck & Company; Merck & Company; Merck & Company; City of Hope; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
NR 40
TC 2254
Z9 2673
U1 1
U2 117
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 768
EP 774
DI 10.1038/356768a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600041
PM 1574116
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SUTER, U
   WELCHER, AA
   OZCELIK, T
   SNIPES, GJ
   KOSARAS, B
   FRANCKE, U
   BILLINGSGAGLIARDI, S
   SIDMAN, RL
   SHOOTER, EM
AF SUTER, U
   WELCHER, AA
   OZCELIK, T
   SNIPES, GJ
   KOSARAS, B
   FRANCKE, U
   BILLINGSGAGLIARDI, S
   SIDMAN, RL
   SHOOTER, EM
TI TREMBLER MOUSE CARRIES A POINT MUTATION IN A MYELIN GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hypomyelination; chromosome-11; neuropathy; locus; mice; map
AB THE autosomal dominant trembler mutation 1 (Tr), maps to mouse chromosome 11 (ref. 2) and manifests as a Schwann-cell defect 3 characterized by severe hypomyelination 4 and continuing Schwann-cell proliferation throughout life 5,6.  Affected animals move clumsily and develop tremor and transient seizures at a young age. We have recently described a potentially growth-regulating myelin protein, peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP-22; refs 7,8), which is expressed by Schwann cells and found in peripheral myelin. We now report the assignment of the gene for PMP-22 to mouse chromosome 11.  Cloning and sequencing of PMP-22 complementary DNAs from inbred Tr mice reveals a point mutation that substitutes an aspartic acid residue for a glycine in a putative membrane-associated domain of the PMP-22 protein. Our results identify the PMP-22 gene as a likely candidate for the mouse trembler locus and will encourage the search for mutations in the corresponding human gene in pedigrees with hypertrophic neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth 9 and Dejerine-Sottas 10 diseases (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies I and III).
C1 STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROPATHOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT GENET & PEDIAT,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,NEW ENGLAND REG PRIMATE RES CTR,DIV NEUROGENET,SOUTHBOROUGH,MA 01772.
   UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,DEPT CELL BIOL,WORCESTER,MA 01605.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Harvard University; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
NR 17
TC 389
Z9 417
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 241
EP 244
DI 10.1038/356241a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400058
PM 1552943
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ATSUMI, T
   MCCARTER, L
   IMAE, Y
AF ATSUMI, T
   MCCARTER, L
   IMAE, Y
TI POLAR AND LATERAL FLAGELLAR MOTORS OF MARINE VIBRIO ARE DRIVEN BY DIFFERENT ION-MOTIVE FORCES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID swarmer cell-differentiation; na+ pump; alkalophilic bacillus; protonmotive force; parahaemolyticus; alginolyticus; amiloride; motility
AB VARIOUS species of marine Vibrio produce two distinct types of flagella, each adapted for a different type of motility 1.  A single, sheathed polar flagellum is suited for swimming in liquid medium, and numerous unsheathed lateral flagella, which are produced only under viscous conditions, are suited for swarming over viscous surfaces 2,3.  Both types of flagella are driven by reversible motors embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane. Here we report that the energy source for the polar flagellar motor of Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the sodium-motive force, whereas the lateral flagellar motors are driven by the proton-motive force. This is evidence that two distinct types of flagella powered by different energy sources are functionally active in one cell.
C1 NAGOYA UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,CHIKUSA KU,NAGOYA 46401,JAPAN.
   THE AGOURON INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Nagoya University
NR 13
TC 203
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 182
EP 184
DI 10.1038/355182a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900065
PM 1309599
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IRVING, M
   LOMBARDI, V
   PIAZZESI, G
   FERENCZI, MA
AF IRVING, M
   LOMBARDI, V
   PIAZZESI, G
   FERENCZI, MA
TI MYOSIN HEAD MOVEMENTS ARE SYNCHRONOUS WITH THE ELEMENTARY FORCE-GENERATING PROCESS IN MUSCLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID striated-muscle; mechanism; fibers; hydrolysis; actomyosin; length; actin
AB MOTOR proteins such as myosin, dynein and kinesin use the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to produce force or motion, but despite recent progress 1-4 their molecular mechanism is unknown. The best characterized system is the myosin motor which moves actin filaments in muscle 5-12. When an active muscle fibre is rapidly shortened the force first decreases, then partially recovers over the next few milliseconds 5. This elementary force-generating process is thought to be due to a structural 'working stroke' in the myosin head domain 5-9, although structural studies have not provided definitive support for this 10-12. X-ray diffraction has shown that shortening steps produce a large decrease in the intensity of the 14.5 nm reflection arising from the axial repeat of the myosin heads along the filaments 13,14 . This was interpreted as a structural change at the end of the working stroke, but the techniques then available did not allow temporal resolution of the elementary force-generating process itself. Using improved measurement techniques, we show here that myosin heads move by about 10 nm with the same time course as the elementary force-generating process.
C1 UNIV FLORENCE,DIPARTIMENTO SCI FISIOL,I-50134 FLORENCE,ITALY.
   NATL INST MED RES,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Florence; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP IRVING, M (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,DEPT BIOPHYS CELL & MOLEC BIOL,26-29 DRURY LANE,LONDON WC2B 5RL,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 189
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 156
EP 158
DI 10.1038/357156a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200057
PM 1579164
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JORGENSEN, JL
   ESSER, U
   FAZEKAS DE ST GROTH, B
   REAY, PA
   DAVIS, MM
AF JORGENSEN, JL
   ESSER, U
   FAZEKAS DE ST GROTH, B
   REAY, PA
   DAVIS, MM
TI MAPPING T-CELL RECEPTOR PEPTIDE CONTACTS BY VARIANT PEPTIDE IMMUNIZATION OF SINGLE-CHAIN TRANSGENICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; beta-chain; antigen receptor; junctional regions; mhc molecule; recognition; genes; specificity; determinant; usage
AB To test models of T-cell recognition, mice transgenic for T-cell receptor-alpha or beta-chain have been immunized with variant peptides that force changes in the resulting T-cell response. In particular, charge substitutions on the peptide often elicit reciprocal charges in the junctional (CDR3) sequences of T-cell receptor V(alpha) or V(beta) chains, indicating direct T-cell receptor-peptide contact, and allowing derivation of a topology for the T-cell receptor-MHC interaction. At one position on the peptide, variants transformed a homogeneous V(beta) response into a very heterogeneous one.
C1 STANFORD UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP JORGENSEN, JL (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
NR 51
TC 535
Z9 557
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 224
EP 230
DI 10.1038/355224a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400056
PM 1309938
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ARNOLD, E
   JACOBOMOLINA, A
   NANNI, RG
   WILLIAMS, RL
   LU, XD
   DING, JP
   CLARK, AD
   ZHANG, AQ
   FERRIS, AL
   CLARK, P
   HIZI, A
   HUGHES, SH
AF ARNOLD, E
   JACOBOMOLINA, A
   NANNI, RG
   WILLIAMS, RL
   LU, XD
   DING, JP
   CLARK, AD
   ZHANG, AQ
   FERRIS, AL
   CLARK, P
   HIZI, A
   HUGHES, SH
TI STRUCTURE OF HIV-1 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE DNA COMPLEX AT 7-A RESOLUTION SHOWING ACTIVE-SITE LOCATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-sequence; aids virus; replication; inhibition
AB AIDS, caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one of the world's most serious health problems, with current protocols being inadequate for either prevention or successful long-term treatment. In retroviruses such as HIV, the enzyme reverse transcriptase copies the single-stranded RNA genome into double-stranded DNA that is then integrated into the chromosomes of infected cells. Reverse transcriptase is the target of the most widely used treatments for AIDS, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), but resistant strains of HIV-1 arise in patients after a relatively short time 1,2. There are several non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase 3-6, but resistance to such agents also develops rapidly 7. We report here the structure at 7 angstrom resolution of a ternary complex of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase heterodimer, a monoclonal antibody Fab fragment 8, and a duplex DNA template-primer. The double-stranded DNA binds in a groove on the surface of the enzyme. The electron density near one end of the DNA matches well with the known structure of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase RNase H domain 12.  At the opposite end of the DNA, a mercurated derivative of UTP has been localized by difference Fourier methods, allowing tentative identification of the polymerase nucleoside triphosphate binding site. We also determined the structure of the reverse transcriptase/Fab complex in the absence of template-primer to compare the bound and free forms of the enzyme. The presence of DNA correlates with movement of protein electron density in the vicinity of the putative template-primer binding groove. These results have important implications for developing improved inhibitors of reverse transcriptase for the treatment of AIDS.
C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854.
   NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,ABL BASIC RES PROGRAM,FREDERICK,MD 21702.
   PROGRAM RESOURCES INC,FREDERICK,MD 21702.
   TEL AVIV UNIV,SACKLER SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & HISTOL,IL-69978 TEL AVIV,ISRAEL.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Tel Aviv University; Sackler Faculty of Medicine
RP ARNOLD, E (corresponding author), CTR ADV BIOTECHNOL & MED,679 HOES LANE,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854, USA.
NR 22
TC 174
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 85
EP 89
DI 10.1038/357085a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900065
PM 1374166
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THERIOT, JA
   MITCHISON, TJ
   TILNEY, LG
   PORTNOY, DA
AF THERIOT, JA
   MITCHISON, TJ
   TILNEY, LG
   PORTNOY, DA
TI THE RATE OF ACTIN-BASED MOTILITY OF INTRACELLULAR LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES EQUALS THE RATE OF ACTIN POLYMERIZATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID filaments
AB THE Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen capable of rapid movement through the host cell cytoplasm 1. The biophysical basis of the motility of L. monocytogenes is an interesting question in its own right, the answer to which may shed light on the general processes of actin-based motility in cells. Moving intracellular bacteria display phase-dense 'comet tails' made of actin filaments, the formation of which is required for bacterial Motility 2,3. We have investigated the dynamics of the actin filaments in the comet tails using the technique of photoactivation of fluorescence, which allows monitoring of the movement and turnover of labelled actin filaments after activation by illumination with ultraviolet light. We find that the actin filaments remain stationary in the cytoplasm as the bacterium moves forward, and that length of the comet tails is linearly proportional to the rate of movement. Our results imply that the motile mechanism involves continuous polymerization and release of actin filaments at the bacterial surface and that the rate of filament generation is related to the rate of movement. We suggest that actin polymerization provides the driving force for bacterial propulsion.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHARMACOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV PENN, DEPT BIOL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
   UNIV PENN, SCH MED, DEPT MICROBIOL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP THERIOT, JA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R37 AI036929] Funding Source: Medline
NR 13
TC 448
Z9 508
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 257
EP 260
DI 10.1038/357257a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500060
PM 1589024
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIU, HS
AF LIU, HS
TI FREQUENCY VARIATIONS OF THE EARTHS OBLIQUITY AND THE 100-KYR ICE-AGE CYCLES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID astronomical theory; climatic response; sheet model; calibration; history; mars
AB VARIATIONS in the Earth's orbital parameters modulate the seasonal distribution of solar radiation and thereby induce changes in the Earth's climate1. Periodicities in the geological climate record with cycles of 100, 41 and 23 kyr have been linked with changes in eccentricity, obliquity and precession of the equinoxes, respectively2,3. But although the eccentricity does vary with a 100-kyr period, the effect on the incoming solar radiation is rather weak relative to the signals from obliquity and precession variations. The 100-kyr signal in the climate record should therefore be of negligible intensity, yet it is observed instead to dominate the record. Internal, nonlinear processes within the climate system have been proposed to account for this fact4-14. In contrast, I show here that variations in the frequency of the obliquity cycle can give rise to strong 100-kyr forcing of climate.
RP LIU, HS (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GEODYNAM BRANCH,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA.
NR 25
TC 39
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 397
EP 399
DI 10.1038/358397a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CLIPSTONE, NA
   CRABTREE, GR
AF CLIPSTONE, NA
   CRABTREE, GR
TI IDENTIFICATION OF CALCINEURIN AS A KEY SIGNALING ENZYME IN LYMPHOCYTE-T ACTIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclosporine-a; expression; binding; gene; cyclophilin; phosphatase; calmodulin; proteins; enhancer; cloning
AB THE immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 both interfere with a Ca2+-sensitive T-cell signal transduction pathway 1-4, thereby preventing the activation of specific transcription factors (such as NF-AT and NF-IL2A) 1,5-7 involved in lymphokine gene expression. CsA and FK506 seem to act by interaction with their cognate intracellular receptors 8-10, cyclophilin and FKBP, respectively (see ref. 11 for review). The Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated phosphatase calcineurin is a major target of drug-isomerase complexes in vitro 12. We have therefore tested the hypothesis that this interaction is responsible for the in vivo effects of CsA/FK506. We report here that overexpression of calcineurin in Jurkat cells renders them more resistant to the effects of CsA and FK506 and augments both NFAT- and NFIL2A-dependent transcription. These results identify calcineurin as a key enzyme in the T-cell signal transduction cascade and provide biological evidence to support the notion that the interaction of drug-isomerase complexes with calcineurin underlies the molecular basis of CsA/FK506-mediated immunosuppression.
RP CLIPSTONE, NA (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BECKMAN CTR MOLEC & GENET MED,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 23
TC 1544
Z9 1712
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 695
EP 697
DI 10.1038/357695a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000073
PM 1377362
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BREED, MD
   JULIAN, GE
AF BREED, MD
   JULIAN, GE
TI DO SIMPLE RULES APPLY IN HONEYBEE NESTMATE DISCRIMINATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kin recognition; hymenoptera
AB How do honey-bees integrate cues in nestmate recognition? Honey-bees are able to discriminate nestmates from non-nestmates using olfactory cues or contact chemoreception. Nestmates may differ from non-nestmates in either cues produced by the individuals, which have a genetic basis, or in cues that are acquired from the hive environment. Recognitive cues are learned by worker bees early in adult life; the learned cue profile serves as a template for comparison and determination of the colonial membership of bees that are encountered. We report here the response of bees to two cues: hexadecane and methyl docosonoate.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,INST BEHAV GENET,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP BREED, MD (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,DEPT ENVIRONM POPULAT & ORGANISM BIOL,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 9
TC 30
Z9 31
U1 1
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 685
EP 686
DI 10.1038/357685a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000069
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU QUAITE, FE
   SUTHERLAND, BM
   SUTHERLAND, JC
AF QUAITE, FE
   SUTHERLAND, BM
   SUTHERLAND, JC
TI ACTION SPECTRUM FOR DNA DAMAGE IN ALFALFA LOWERS PREDICTED IMPACT OF OZONE DEPLETION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyrimidine dimer formation; human-skin; quantitation; radiation
AB DEPLETION of stratospheric ozone will increase the intensity of solar mid-ultraviolet (280-320 nm) radiation reaching the biosphere1. Predictions of increases in biologically effective ultraviolet radiation require knowledge of both the solar spectral intensity and the wavelength-dependent sensitivity (action spectrum) for damaging the biological target2. A generalized action spectrum for plant damage encompassing wavelengths from 280 to 313 nm3-5 has been widely used to predict the consequences of ozone depletion. Calculations6 based on this spectrum and new satellite measurements of atmospheric ozone suggest that plants will be among those organisms most severely affected. Here we report an absolute action spectrum for cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimer induction in DNA in intact alfalfa seedlings, which reveals damage by wavelengths as long as 365 nm. Calculations based on this new action spectrum predict significantly smaller increases in biologically effective ultraviolet radiation resulting from ozone depletion, particularly at high latitudes, than calculations based on either the generalized plant action spectrum or the action spectrum for damaging unshielded DNA.
RP QUAITE, FE (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DEPT BIOL, UPTON, NY 11973 USA.
NR 21
TC 265
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 576
EP 578
DI 10.1038/358576a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MINTZ, IM
   VENEMA, VJ
   SWIDEREK, KM
   LEE, TD
   BEAN, BP
   ADAMS, ME
AF MINTZ, IM
   VENEMA, VJ
   SWIDEREK, KM
   LEE, TD
   BEAN, BP
   ADAMS, ME
TI P-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNELS BLOCKED BY THE SPIDER TOXIN OMEGA-AGA-IVA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID funnel-web spider; chick sensory neurons; brain messenger-rna; agelenopsis-aperta; conotoxin gvia; synaptic transmission; hippocampal-neurons; xenopus oocytes; venom; currents
AB VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT calcium channels mediate calcium entry into neurons, which is crucial for many processes in the brain including synaptic transmission, dendritic spiking, gene expression and cell death 1-5. Many types of calcium channels exist in mammalian brains 6-19, but high-affinity blockers are available for only two types, L-type channels (targeted by nimodipine and other dihydropyridine channel blockers 20-22) and N-type channels (targeted by omega-conotoxin 22-26). In a search for new channel blockers, we have identified a peptide toxin from funnel web spider venom, omega-Aga-IVA, which is a potent inhibitor of both calcium entry into rat brain synaptosomes and of 'P-type' calcium channels 8 in rat Purkinje neurons. omega-Aga-IVA will facilitate characterization of brain calcium channels resistant to existing channel blockers and may assist in the design of neuroprotective drugs.
C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   CITY HOPE NATL MED CTR,BECKMAN RES INT,DIV IMMUNOL,DUARTE,CA 91010.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; City of Hope; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
NR 47
TC 858
Z9 920
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 827
EP 829
DI 10.1038/355827a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600056
PM 1311418
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEUENBERGER, M
   SIEGENTHALER, U
AF LEUENBERGER, M
   SIEGENTHALER, U
TI ICE-AGE ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF NITROUS-OXIDE FROM AN ANTARCTIC ICE CORE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID record; co2; methane; air; n2o
AB INCREASING anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are expected to influence the Earth's climate, but the mechanisms for this are not yet fully understood. One way to determine the effect of such gases on climate is to study their atmospheric concentrations during periods of past climate change, such as glacial to interglacial transitions. Previous studies on polar ice cores showed that the concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 were significantly reduced during the last glacial period relative to Holocene values1-5. But no comparable studies have been reported for nitrous oxide (N2O), which is the next most important greenhouse gas and also affects stratospheric ozone6,7 and, potentially, the oxidative capacity of the troposphere8. Here we report results from Antarctic ice cores, showing that the atmospheric N2O concentration was about 30% lower during the Last Glacial Maximum than during the Holocene epoch. Our data also show that present-day N2O concentrations are unprecedented in the past 45 kyr, and hence provide evidence that recent increases in atmospheric N2O are of anthropogenic origin.
RP LEUENBERGER, M (corresponding author), UNIV BERN, INST PHYS, SIDLERSTR 5, CH-3012 BERN, SWITZERLAND.
NR 33
TC 79
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 449
EP 451
DI 10.1038/360449a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANKERKWIJK, MH
   CHARLES, PA
   GEBALLE, TR
   KING, DL
   MILEY, GK
   MOLNAR, LA
   VANDENHEUVEL, EPJ
   VANDERKLIS, M
   VANPARADIJS, J
AF VANKERKWIJK, MH
   CHARLES, PA
   GEBALLE, TR
   KING, DL
   MILEY, GK
   MOLNAR, LA
   VANDENHEUVEL, EPJ
   VANDERKLIS, M
   VANPARADIJS, J
TI INFRARED HELIUM EMISSION-LINES FROM CYGNUS-X-3 SUGGESTING A WOLF-RAYET STAR COMPANION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray; wn stars; x-3; spectra
AB CYGNUS X-3 is one of the most luminous X-ray sources in the Galaxy 1,2, a bright infrared source 3 and a radio source that undergoes huge outbursts 4. The system is a binary, presumably a neutron star plus companion, with a 4.79-h orbital period that modulates the X-ray and infrared emission 5,6 and that increases on a 600,000-year timescale 7,8.  Radio observations reveal the presence of a relativistic jet 9.  The nature of Cyg X-3 has remained unclear, however, in part because the large interstellar extinction 3 in its direction prevents optical spectroscopy. Upper limits on spectral features in the near infrared have been reported previously 10, but only with recent instrumental improvements have we become able to identify spectral features in the near infrared I and K bands. These are found to be characteristic of Wolf-Rayet stars: strong, broad emission lines of He I and He II, but no strong hydrogen lines. These observations strongly suggest the presence of a dense wind in the Cyg X-3 system, and may indicate that the companion is a fairly massive helium star, as had been predicted 11 by a model in which the present system is a descendant of a massive X-ray binary.
C1 CTR HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYS,1098 SL AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST THEORET PHYS,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   ROYAL GRENWICH OBSERV,E-38780 SANTA CRUZ PALMA,SPAIN.
   DEPT ASTROPHYS,OXFORD OX1 3RH,ENGLAND.
   JOINT ASTRON CTR,HILO,HI 96720.
   STERREWACHT,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV IOWA,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of Iowa
RP VANKERKWIJK, MH (corresponding author), UNIV AMSTERDAM,ASTRON INST ANTON PANNEKOEK,KRUISLAAN 403,1098 SJ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
NR 30
TC 247
Z9 254
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 703
EP 705
DI 10.1038/355703a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CLEMENT, BM
AF CLEMENT, BM
TI EVIDENCE FOR DIPOLAR FIELDS DURING THE COBB MOUNTAIN GEOMAGNETIC POLARITY REVERSALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarity transition records; sediments; remanence; models; dynamo
AB RECENT palaeomagnetic studies1-4 of geomagnetic polarity reversals have presented conflicting interpretations of the behaviour of the Earth's magnetic field during reversals. Some have argued that the grouping of transitional virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) suggests the presence of large-scale, perhaps even dipolar, symmetries during some reversals1-3, whereas others have claimed that the available data do not support the interpretation of simple transitional field geometries4. An earlier comparisons of two North Atlantic sedimentary records of reversals bounding the Cobb Mountain subchron (1.1 Myr ago) with a volcanic record from Tahiti6 revealed striking similarities in the sequences of transitional VGPs, suggesting the presence of large-scale symmetries in these fields. Here I augment this comparison with two new records of the Cobb Mountain subchron from the western Pacific7, which greatly extend the geographical and temporal coverage. These records exhibit sequences of VGP positions that are very similar to those observed in the North Atlantic and Tahiti, providing evidence of dipolar transitional fields during the Cobb Mountain reversals.
RP CLEMENT, BM (corresponding author), FLORIDA INT UNIV,DEPT GEOL,UNIV PK,MIAMI,FL 33199, USA.
NR 22
TC 20
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 405
EP 407
DI 10.1038/358405a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AMIRI, P
   LOCKSLEY, RM
   PARSLOW, TG
   SADICK, M
   RECTOR, E
   RITTER, D
   MCKERROW, JH
AF AMIRI, P
   LOCKSLEY, RM
   PARSLOW, TG
   SADICK, M
   RECTOR, E
   RITTER, D
   MCKERROW, JH
TI TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA RESTORES GRANULOMAS AND INDUCES PARASITE EGG-LAYING IN SCHISTOSOME-INFECTED SCID MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyt2+ splenic cells; nude-mice; mansoni eggs; athymic mice; reconstitution; antigen; immunopathology; pathology; fibrosis; antibody
AB SCHISTOSOMIASIS (bilharzia) is a parasitic disease caused by several species of schistosome worms (blood flukes). The key pathogenic event in this disease is the formation of granulomas around schistosome eggs trapped in portal venules of the liver 1-9. Granulomas are a distinctive form of chronic inflammation characterized by localized aggregation of activated macrophages around an inciting stimulus 10. Each granuloma evolves to form a fibrous scar; in schistosomiasis, the result is widespread hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension. To identify the specific immune signal molecules necessary for granuloma formation, we studied schistosome infections in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, which have normal macrophages but lack functional B or T lymphocytes 11,12. Here we report that the immunoregulatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha is necessary and sufficient to reconstitute granuloma formation in schistosome-infected SCID mice. Moreover, we find that the parasitic worms require tumour necrosis factor-alpha for egg-laying and for excretion of eggs from the host. The implication of this latter result is that the parasite has adapted so successfully to its host that it uses a host-derived immunoregulatory protein as a signal for replication and transmission.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PATHOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   DEPT VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,ANAT PATHOL SERV 113B,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94121.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 24
TC 433
Z9 463
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 604
EP 607
DI 10.1038/356604a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100049
PM 1560843
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STONER, GR
   ALBRIGHT, TD
AF STONER, GR
   ALBRIGHT, TD
TI NEURAL CORRELATES OF PERCEPTUAL MOTION COHERENCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE motions of overlapping contours in a visual scene may arise from the physical motion(s) of either a single or multiple surface(s). A central problem facing the visual motion system is that of assigning the most likely interpretation. The rules underlying this perceptual decision can be explored using a visual stimulus formed by superimposing two moving gratings. The resultant percept is either that of a single coherently moving 'plaid pattern' (coherent motion) or of the two component gratings sliding noncoherently across one another (noncoherent motion)1,2. When plaid patterns are configured to mimic one transparent grating overlying another, the percept of noncoherent motion dominates3. We now report that neurons in the visual cortex of rhesus monkeys exhibit changes in direction tuning that parallel this perceptual phenomenon: sensitivity to the motions of the component gratings is enhanced under conditions that favour the perception of noncoherent motion. These results challenge models of cortical visual processing that fail to take into account the contribution of figural image segmentation cues to the analysis of visual motion.
RP STONER, GR (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,VIS CTR LAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 11
TC 153
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 412
EP 414
DI 10.1038/358412a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300055
PM 1641024
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHOU, C
   FARNSWORTH, CL
   NEEL, BG
   FEIG, LA
AF SHOU, C
   FARNSWORTH, CL
   NEEL, BG
   FEIG, LA
TI MOLECULAR-CLONING OF CDNAS ENCODING A GUANINE-NUCLEOTIDE-RELEASING FACTOR FOR RAS P21
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proto-oncogene; cells; gene; mutation; exchange; proteins; growth; yeast; gdp
AB THE stimulation of a variety of cell surface receptors promotes the accumulation of the active, GTP-bound form of Ras proteins in cells1-4. This is a critical step in signal transduction because inhibition of Ras activation by anti-Ras antibodies or dominant inhibitory Ras mutants blocks many of the effects of these receptors on cellular function5-8. To reach the active GTP-bound state, Ras proteins must first release bound GDP. This rate-limiting step in GTP binding is thought to be catalysed by a guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor (GRF)9-11. Here we report the cloning of complementary DNAs from a rat brain library that encode a approximately 140K GRF for Ras p21 (p140Ras-GRF). Its carboxy-terminal region is similar to that of CDC25, a GRF for Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAS11. This portion of Ras-GRF accelerated the release of GDP from RasH and RasN p21 in vitro, but not from the related RalA, or CDC42Hs GTP-binding proteins. A region in the aminoterminal end of Ras-GRF is similar to both the human breakpoint cluster protein, Bcr12, and the dbl oncogene product13, a guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor for CDC42Hs14. An understanding of Ras-GRF function will enhance our knowledge of the many signal transduction pathways mediated by Ras proteins.
C1 TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111.
   BETH ISRAEL HOSP,MOLEC MED UNIT,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Tufts University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
NR 32
TC 356
Z9 384
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 351
EP 354
DI 10.1038/358351a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400070
PM 1379346
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RIEDEL, R
   PASSING, G
   SCHONFELDER, H
   BROOK, RJ
AF RIEDEL, R
   PASSING, G
   SCHONFELDER, H
   BROOK, RJ
TI SYNTHESIS OF DENSE SILICON-BASED CERAMICS AT LOW-TEMPERATURES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitride; composite
AB THE conventional preparation of advanced ceramic parts based on silicon carbide or nitride involves pressureless sintering, hot pressing or hot isostatic pressing of appropriate ceramic starting powders 1.  Owing to the covalent nature of the Si-C and Si-N bonds and hence the low diffusion coefficients in SiC and Si3N4, high sintering temperatures and the addition of sintering aids are normally used to enhance densification. During densification, the sintering additives form second phases located at grain boundaries, which commonly impair the mechanical and physical properties of the material, especially at higher temperatures. New processing routes that overcome these problems are therefore desirable. Here we report the direct transformation of a metalloorganic precursor into non-oxide silicon-based ceramics with relative densities of up to 93%. This process can be used to make ceramic components and matrix composites at unusually low temperatures (1,000-degrees-C) and without the addition of sintering aids.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MET RES,INST WERKSTOFFWISSENSCH,PULVERMET LAB,W-7000 STUTTGART 80,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP RIEDEL, R (corresponding author), UNIV STUTTGART,INST ANORGAN CHEM,W-7000 STUTTGART 80,GERMANY.
NR 11
TC 309
Z9 338
U1 4
U2 215
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 714
EP 717
DI 10.1038/355714a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DELATTRE, O
   ZUCMAN, J
   PLOUGASTEL, B
   DESMAZE, C
   MELOT, T
   PETER, M
   KOVAR, H
   JOUBERT, I
   DEJONG, P
   ROULEAU, G
   AURIAS, A
   THOMAS, G
AF DELATTRE, O
   ZUCMAN, J
   PLOUGASTEL, B
   DESMAZE, C
   MELOT, T
   PETER, M
   KOVAR, H
   JOUBERT, I
   DEJONG, P
   ROULEAU, G
   AURIAS, A
   THOMAS, G
TI GENE FUSION WITH AN ETS DNA-BINDING DOMAIN CAUSED BY CHROMOSOME-TRANSLOCATION IN HUMAN TUMORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ewings-sarcoma; reciprocal translocation; myxoid chondrosarcoma; proteins; erythroleukemia; rearrangements; consistency; t(11-22); virus
AB EWING'S sarcoma and related subtypes of primitive neuroectodermal tumours share a recurrent and specific t(11; 22) (q24; q12) chromosome translocation1-8, the breakpoints of which have recently been cloned9. Phylogenetically conserved restriction fragments in the vicinity of EWSR1 and EWSR2, the genomic regions where the breakpoints of chromosome 22 and chromosome 11 are, respectively, have allowed identification of transcribed sequences from these regions and has indicated that a hybrid transcript might be generated by the translocation9. Here we use these fragments to screen human complementary DNA libraries to show that the translocation alters the open reading frame of an expressed gene on chromosome 22 gene by substituting a sequence encoding a putative RNA-binding domain for that of the DNA-binding domain of the human homologue of murine Fli-1.
C1 INST CURIE,GENET TUMEURS LAB,26 RUE ULM,F-75231 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
   ST ANNA CHILDRENS HOSP,CHILDRENS CANC RES INST,A-1090 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
   MCGILL UNIV,CTR RECH NEUROSCI,MONTREAL H3G 1A4,QUEBEC,CANADA.
   LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR HUMAN GENOME,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
   INST CURIE,CNRS,URA 620,F-75231 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
C3 UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; Saint Anna Children's Hospital; St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI); McGill University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie
NR 34
TC 1656
Z9 1856
U1 0
U2 65
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/359162a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400058
PM 1522903
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FERRERA, VP
   NEALEY, TA
   MAUNSELL, JHR
AF FERRERA, VP
   NEALEY, TA
   MAUNSELL, JHR
TI MIXED PARVOCELLULAR AND MAGNOCELLULAR GENICULATE SIGNALS IN VISUAL AREA V4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macaque striate cortex; broad-band channels; reversible inactivation; intrinsic connections; ganglion-cells; color-opponent; lamina 4c; perception; vision
AB VISUAL information from the retina is transmitted to the cerebral cortex by way of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus. In primates, most of the retinal ganglion cells that project to the LGN belong to one of two classes, P and M, whose axons terminate in the parvocellular or magnocellular subdivisions of the LGN. These cell classes give rise to two channels that have been distinguished anatomically, physiologically and behaviourally1-3,16,17. The visual cortex also can be subdivided into two pathways, one specialized for motion processing and the other for colour and form information4. Several lines of indirect evidence have suggested a close correspondence between the subcortical and cortical pathways, such that the M channel provides input to the motion pathway and the P channel drives the colour/form pathway5-7. This hypothesis was tested directly by selectively inactivating either the magnocellular or parvocellular subdivision of the LGN and recording the effects on visual responses in the cortex. We have previously reported that, in accordance with the hypothesis, responses in the motion pathway in the cortex depend primarily on magnocellular LGN8. We now report that in the colour/form pathway, visual responses depend on both P and M input. These results argue against a simple correspondence between the subcortical and cortical pathways.
C1 UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT PHYSIOL,ROCHESTER,NY 14642.
   UNIV ROCHESTER,CTR VISUAL SCI,ROCHESTER,NY 14642.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Rochester
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY005911] Funding Source: Medline
NR 17
TC 143
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 756
EP 758
DI 10.1038/358756a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900053
PM 1508271
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AMIGORENA, S
   SALAMERO, J
   DAVOUST, J
   FRIDMAN, WH
   BONNEROT, C
AF AMIGORENA, S
   SALAMERO, J
   DAVOUST, J
   FRIDMAN, WH
   BONNEROT, C
TI TYROSINE-CONTAINING MOTIF THAT TRANSDUCES CELL ACTIVATION SIGNALS ALSO DETERMINES INTERNALIZATION AND ANTIGEN PRESENTATION VIA TYPE-III RECEPTORS FOR IGG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lambda-repressor; endocytosis; macrophage; antibody; molecules
AB TYPE III receptors for IgG (Fc-gamma-RII; ref. 1), high-affinity IgE receptors (Fc-epsilon-RI; ref. 2), as well as the T- and B-cell antigen receptors3,4, consist of multiple components with specialized ligand-binding and signal transduction functions5-10. Fc-gamma-RII-alpha (ligand-binding) and gamma (signal-transducing) subunits are expressed in macrophages1, a cell type involved in the uptake of antigen, its processing and the presentation of the resulting peptides to major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted T lymphocytes11,12. Here we show that murine Fc-gamma-RIII, transfected into Fc-gamma-R-negative antigen-presenting B-lymphoma cells, mediate rapid ligand internalization and strongly increase the efficiency of antigen presentation when antigen is complexed to IgG. Efficient internalization and antigen presentation via Fc-gamma-RIII did not require the cytoplasmic domain of the ligand-binding alpha-chain, but did require the gamma-subunit. Using chimaeric molecules, we show that gamma-chain contains a signal for receptor internalization and that the mutation of either of the two tyrosine residues present in its cytoplasmic domain prevents efficient internalization and antigen presentation of immune complexes. Thus, associated chains and their tyrosine-containing motif are not exclusively involved in cell activation, but also determine multimeric receptor internalization.
C1 INST CURIE, INSERM, U255, IMMUNOL CELLULAIRE & CLIN LAB, F-75005 PARIS, FRANCE.
   CTR IMMUNOL MARSEILLE LUMINY, CNRS, INSERM, F-13288 MARSEILLE 9, FRANCE.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
NR 26
TC 167
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 337
EP 341
DI 10.1038/358337a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400066
PM 1386408
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KORTAN, AR
   KOPYLOV, N
   GLARUM, S
   GYORGY, EM
   RAMIREZ, AP
   FLEMING, RM
   ZHOU, O
   THIEL, FA
   TREVOR, PL
   HADDON, RC
AF KORTAN, AR
   KOPYLOV, N
   GLARUM, S
   GYORGY, EM
   RAMIREZ, AP
   FLEMING, RM
   ZHOU, O
   THIEL, FA
   TREVOR, PL
   HADDON, RC
TI SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN BARIUM FULLERIDE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c60
AB INTERCALATING solid C60 with dopant atoms yields materials with a remarkable range of properties1. Alkali metal atoms, for example, readily form charge-transfer compounds2,3, A(x)C60 (where A is an alkali metal), which can be metallic, superconducting or insulating depending on the dopant concentration4-9. In all cases, the superconducting phase has a face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) structure and stoichiometry A3C60, which suggests a common mechanism for superconductivity dependent, at least in part, on the external coordination number of the C60 molecules. More recently, it has been shown10 that the alkaline earth metal calcium can also be intercalated with fulleride to form a superconducting phase, again with a f.c.c.-derived structure, near a Ca:C60 ratio of 5:1. Here we report the intercalation of fulleride with barium, in which a pure body-centred cubic phase with a lattice constant of 11.171 angstrom is realized near a stoichiometry of Ba6C60. This phase is also superconducting (with a transition temperature of 7 K), suggesting that the mechanism of superconductivity is related to an intrinsic property of the C60 molecules, rather than the external coordination number.
RP KORTAN, AR (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 20
TC 148
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 566
EP 568
DI 10.1038/360566a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900077
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHPETNER, HS
   VALLEE, RB
AF SHPETNER, HS
   VALLEE, RB
TI DYNAMIN IS A GTPASE STIMULATED TO HIGH-LEVELS OF ACTIVITY BY MICROTUBULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature-sensitive mutant; brain cytoplasmic dynein; drosophila-melanogaster; mechanochemical enzyme; binding proteins; tumor-metastasis; activated atpase; gene; identification; translocation
AB DYNAMIN was initially identified in calf brain tissue as a protein of relative molecular mass 100,000 which induced nucleotide-sensitive bundling of microtubules 1. Purified dynamin showed only trace ATPase activity. But in combination with an activating factor removed during the purification, it exhibited microtubule-activated ATPase activity and dynamin-induced bundles showeD evidence of ATP-dependent force production 1. Dynamin is the product of the DrosophiLa gene shibire 2.3, which has been implicated in synaptic vesicle recycling 4,5 and, more generally, in the budding of endocytic vesicles from the plasma membrane 6,7 . Dynamin also shows 8 extensive homology with proteins that participate in vacuolar protein sorting 9 and spindle pole-body separation 10 in yeast, and in interferon-induced viral resistance 11,12 in mammals. All members of this family contain consensus sequence elements consistent with GTP binding near their amino termini, although none has been shown to have GTPase activity. We report here that dynamin is a specific GTPase which can be stimulated to very high levels of activity by microtubules.
RP SHPETNER, HS (corresponding author), WORCESTER FDN EXPTL BIOL INC, CELL BIOL GRP, SHREWSBURY, MA 01545 USA.
NR 39
TC 194
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 733
EP 735
DI 10.1038/355733a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400066
PM 1311055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LI, QX
   YOUNG, LS
   NIEDOBITEK, G
   DAWSON, CW
   BIRKENBACH, M
   WANG, F
   RICKINSON, AB
AF LI, QX
   YOUNG, LS
   NIEDOBITEK, G
   DAWSON, CW
   BIRKENBACH, M
   WANG, F
   RICKINSON, AB
TI EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS INFECTION AND REPLICATION IN A HUMAN EPITHELIAL-CELL SYSTEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human lymphocytes-b; latent membrane-protein; cross-linked envelope; human epidermal-cells; nasopharyngeal carcinoma; monoclonal-antibody; insitu hybridization; human keratinocytes; ebv/c3d receptor; burkitt-lymphoma
AB EPSTEIN-BARR virus, a human herpesvirus with oncogenic potential, infects two target tissues in vivo: B lymphocytes, where the infection is largely non-productive 1, and stratified squamous epithelium in which virus replication occurs 2,3. The interaction with B cells, initiated through virus binding to the B-cell surface molecule CR2 (ref. 4), has been studied in vitro and the virus 'latent' genes associated with B-cell growth transformation defined 5. By comparison, viral infection of epithelium remains poorly understood, reflecting the lack of an appropriate cell-culture model. Here we describe the development of such a model using as targets CR2-expressing transfected cells of two independent human epithelial lines. A high proportion of these cells bind virus and become actively infected, expressing the small EBER RNAs (small non-polyadenylated virus-coded RNAs) and the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 but not other latent proteins; thereafter, under conditions favouring epithelial differentiation, up to 30% of the cells can be induced to enter virus productive cycle with some progressing to full virus replication. We find significant differences between laboratory virus strains in their ability to infect epithelium that do not correlate with their B-cell growth-transforming activity.
C1 UNIV BIRMINGHAM,DEPT CANC STUDIES,CANC RES CAMPAIGN LABS,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TJ,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 University of Birmingham; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
NR 39
TC 186
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 347
EP 350
DI 10.1038/356347a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400067
PM 1312681
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAASS, C
   KOO, EH
   MELLON, A
   HUNG, AY
   SELKOE, DJ
AF HAASS, C
   KOO, EH
   MELLON, A
   HUNG, AY
   SELKOE, DJ
TI TARGETING OF CELL-SURFACE BETA-AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN TO LYSOSOMES - ALTERNATIVE PROCESSING INTO AMYLOID-BEARING FRAGMENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimers-disease; identification; receptor
AB PROGRESSIVE cerebral deposition of the amyloid beta-peptide is an early and invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease. The beta-peptide is released by proteolytic cleavages from the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) 1, a membrane-spanning glycoprotein expressed in most mammalian cells. Normal secretion of beta-APP involves a cleavage in the beta-peptide region 2,3, releasing the soluble extramembranous portion 4,5 and retaining a 10K C-terminal fragment in the membrane 6. Because this secretory pathway precludes beta-amyloid formation, we searched for an alternative proteolytic processing pathway that can generate beta-peptide-bearing fragments from full-length beta-APP. Incubation of living human endothelial cells with a beta-APP antibody revealed reinternalization of mature PAPP from the cell surface and its targeting to endosomes/lysosomes. After cell-surface biotinylation, full-length biotinylated beta-APP was recovered inside the cells. Purification of lysosomes directly demonstrated the presence of mature beta-APP and an extensive array of beta-peptide-containing proteolytic products. Our results define a second processing pathway for beta-APP and suggest that it may be responsible for generating amyloid-bearing fragments in Alzheimer's disease.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, NEUROSCI PROGRAM, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP, DEPT MED, DIV NEUROL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP HAASS, C (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT NEUROL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
NR 26
TC 857
Z9 948
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 500
EP 503
DI 10.1038/357500a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200064
PM 1608449
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOFFERT, MI
   COVEY, C
AF HOFFERT, MI
   COVEY, C
TI DERIVING GLOBAL CLIMATE SENSITIVITY FROM PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-core record; greenhouse; model; dust
AB To assess the future impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gases on global climate, we need a reliable estimate of the sensitivity of the Earth's climate to changes in radiative forcing. Climate sensitivity is conventionally defined as the equilibrium surface temperature increase for carbon dioxide doubling, DELTAT2x. Uncertainties in cloud processes spread general circulation model (GCM) estimates of this parameter over the range 1.5 < DELTAT2x < 4.5-degrees-C (refs 1, 2). An alternative to model-based estimates is in principle available from the reconstruction of past climates3-6, which implicitly includes cloud feedback. Here we retrieve the sensitivity of two palaeoclimates, one colder and one warmer than present, by independently reconstructing both the equilibrium surface temperature change and the radiative forcing. Our results yield DELTAT2x = 2.3 +/- 0.9-degrees-C. This range is comparable with estimates from GCMs and inferences from recent temperature observations and ocean models7,8. Future application of the method to additional climates in the geological record might constrain climate sensitivity enough to narrow the model uncertainties of global warming predictions.
C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP HOFFERT, MI (corresponding author), NYU, DEPT APPL SCI, EARTH SYST GRP, NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA.
NR 45
TC 139
Z9 152
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 573
EP 576
DI 10.1038/360573a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900080
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ANCEL, A
   KOOYMAN, GL
   PONGANIS, PJ
   GENDNER, JP
   LIGNON, J
   MESTRE, X
   HUIN, N
   THORSON, PH
   ROBISSON, P
   LEMAHO, Y
AF ANCEL, A
   KOOYMAN, GL
   PONGANIS, PJ
   GENDNER, JP
   LIGNON, J
   MESTRE, X
   HUIN, N
   THORSON, PH
   ROBISSON, P
   LEMAHO, Y
TI FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF EMPEROR PENGUINS AS A RESOURCE DETECTOR IN WINTER AND SUMMER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), which feeds only at sea, is restricted to the higher latitudes of the antarctic sea-ice habitat1-3. It breeds on the winter fast ice when temperatures are -30-degrees-C and high winds are frequent3. Assuming entirely the task of incubating the single egg, the male fasts for about 120 days in the most severe conditions. When it is relieved by the female around hatching time, the distance between the colony and the open sea may be 100 km or more4,5, but where emperors go to forage at that time or during the summer is unknown. The polynias are areas of open water in sea-ice and during winter, with the under-ice habitats at any time of the year, they are among the most difficult of all Antarctic areas to sample. Here we monitor by satellite the routes taken by emperor penguins for foraging and compare them with satellite images of sea-ice. Winter birds walking over fast ice travelled up to 296 km to feed in polynias, whereas those swimming in light pack-ice travelled as far as 895 km from the breeding colony. One record of diving showed that although most dives are to mid-water depths, some are near the bottom. Obtaining such detailed information on foraging in emperor penguins means that this bird now offers a unique opportunity to investigate the Antarctic sea-ice habitat.
C1 CNRS,CTR ECOL & PHYSIOL ENERGET,23 RUE BECQUEREL,F-67087 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
   CNRS,CTR ETUD BIOL CHIZE,F-79360 BEAUVOIR NIORT,FRANCE.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,PHYSIOL RES LAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
NR 8
TC 96
Z9 102
U1 1
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 336
EP 339
DI 10.1038/360336a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WENDORF, F
   CLOSE, AE
   SCHILD, R
   WASYLIKOWA, K
   HOUSLEY, RA
   HARLAN, JR
   KROLIK, H
AF WENDORF, F
   CLOSE, AE
   SCHILD, R
   WASYLIKOWA, K
   HOUSLEY, RA
   HARLAN, JR
   KROLIK, H
TI SAHARAN EXPLOITATION OF PLANTS 8,000 YEARS BP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB SORGHUM and millets are among the world's most important food crops and, for the inhabitants of the semi-arid tropics, they are the main sources of protein and energy. Little is known about the history of these crops; their domestication is thought to have occurred in the African savannah, but the date and precise location are unknown1,2. Excavations at an early Holocene archaeological site in southernmost Egypt, 100 km west of Abu Simbel, have yielded hundreds of carbonized seeds of sorghum and millets, with consistent radiocarbon dates of 8,000 years before present (BP), thus providing the earliest evidence for the use of these plants. They are morphologically wild, but the lipid fraction of the sorghum grains shows a closer relationship to domesticated than to wild varieties. Whatever their domestic status, the use of these plants 8,000 years ago suggests that the African plant-food complex developed independently of the Levantine wheat and barley complex.
C1 POLISH ACAD SCI,INST HIST CULTURAL MAT,INST ARCHEOL & ETHNOL,PL-00140 WARSAW,POLAND.
   POLISH ACAD SCI,INST BOT,PL-31512 KRAKOW,POLAND.
   RES LAB ARCHAEOL & HIST,RADIOCARBON ACCELERATOR UNIT,OXFORD OX1 3QJ,ENGLAND.
C3 Polish Academy of Sciences; Polish Academy of Sciences; University of Oxford
RP WENDORF, F (corresponding author), SO METHODIST UNIV,DEPT ANTHROPOL,DALLAS,TX 75275, USA.
NR 14
TC 91
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 721
EP 724
DI 10.1038/359721a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAMPS, M
   CAROZZI, A
   SCHNABEL, P
   SCHEER, A
   PARKER, PJ
   GIERSCHIK, P
AF CAMPS, M
   CAROZZI, A
   SCHNABEL, P
   SCHEER, A
   PARKER, PJ
   GIERSCHIK, P
TI ISOZYME-SELECTIVE STIMULATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C-BETA-2 BY G-PROTEIN BETA-GAMMA-SUBUNITS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenylyl cyclase; signal transduction; receptor; cells
AB HYDROLYSIS by phospholipase C (PLC) of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is a key mechanism by which many extracellular signalling molecules regulate functions of their target cells1,2. At least eight distinct isozymes of PLC are recognized in mammalian cells3,4. Receptor-controlled PLC is often regulated by G proteins, which can be modified by pertussis toxin in some cells but not in others5,6. In the latter cells, PLC-beta1, but not PLC-gamma1 or PLC-delta1, may be activated by members of the alpha(q)-subfamily of the G protein alpha-subunits7-10. An unidentified PLC in soluble fractions of cultured human HL-60 granulocytes is specifically stimulated by G protein betagamma subunits purified from retina and brain11. Identification of a second PLC-beta complementary DNA (PLC-beta2) in an HL-60 cell cDNA library9 prompted us to investigate the effect of purified G protein betagamma subunits on the activities of PLC-beta1 and PLC-beta2 transiently expressed in cultured mammalian cells. We report here that PLC-beta1 and PLC-beta2 were stimulated by free betagamma subunits and that PLC-beta2 was the most sensitive to betagamma stimulation. Thus stimulation of PLC by betagamma subunits is isozyme-selective and PLC-beta2 is a prime target of betagamma stimulation. Activation of PLC-beta2 by betagamma subunits may be an important mechanism by which pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins stimulate PLC.
C1 GERMAN CANC RES CTR, DIV MOLEC PHARMACOL, W-6900 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, PROT PHOSPHORYLAT LAB, LONDON WC2A 3PX, ENGLAND.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Cancer Research UK
NR 24
TC 587
Z9 636
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 684
EP 686
DI 10.1038/360684a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200060
PM 1465133
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RAMPINO, MR
   SELF, S
AF RAMPINO, MR
   SELF, S
TI VOLCANIC WINTER AND ACCELERATED GLACIATION FOLLOWING THE TOBA SUPER-ERUPTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vostok ice-core; northern hemisphere glaciation; general-circulation model; sheet growth; climate; record; reconstruction; temperature; dynamics; aerosols
AB THE eruption of Toba in Sumatra 73,500 years ago was the largest known explosive volcanic event in the late Quaternary1. It could have lofted about 10(15) g each of fine ash and sulphur gases to heights of 27-37 km, creating dense stratospheric dust and aerosol clouds. Here we present model calculations that investigate the possible climatic effects of the volcanic cloud. The increase in atmospheric opacity might have produced a 'volcanic winter'2-a brief, pronounced regional and perhaps hemispheric cooling caused by the volcanic dust-followed by a few years with maximum estimated annual hemispheric surface-temperature decreases of 3-5-degrees-C. The eruption occurred during the stage 5a-4 transition of the oxygen isotope record, a time of rapid ice growth and falling sea level3. We suggest that the Toba eruption may have greatly accelerated the shift to glacial conditions that was already underway, by inducing perennial snow cover and increased sea-ice extent at sensitive northern latitudes. As the onset of climate change may have helped to trigger the eruption itself4, we propose that the Toba event may exemplify a more general climate-volcano feedback mechanism.
C1 NASA, GODDARD INST SPACE STUDIES, NEW YORK, NY 10025 USA.
   UNIV HAWAII MANOA, SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa
RP RAMPINO, MR (corresponding author), NYU, DEPT APPL SCI, EARTH SYST GRP, NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA.
NR 48
TC 319
Z9 358
U1 2
U2 242
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 50
EP 52
DI 10.1038/359050a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAHN, K
   DEBIASIO, R
   TAYLOR, DL
AF HAHN, K
   DEBIASIO, R
   TAYLOR, DL
TI PATTERNS OF ELEVATED FREE CALCIUM AND CALMODULIN ACTIVATION IN LIVING CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID swiss 3t3 fibroblasts; fluorescent analog; leading-edge; myosin; actin; stimulation; transport; binding
AB THE temporal and spatial dynamics of intracellular signals and protein effectors are being defined as a result of imaging using fluorescent reagents within living cells1-5. We have described a new class of fluorescent analogues2 termed optical biosensors6, which sense chemical or molecular events through their effects on protein transducers7. One example of this new class of indicators is MeroCaM, an environmentally sensitive fluorophore which when it is attached to calmodulin reflects the activation of calmodulin by calcium in vitro2. We report here that the rise in free calcium and MeroCaM activation occur in the same period during serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts. MeroCaM activation also correlates with the spatial pattern of increased free calcium and the contraction of transverse fibres during wound healing1,8-10. Finally, migrating fibroblasts in the later stages of wound-healing exhibit an increasing gradient of free calcium and MeroCaM activation from the front to the rear.
C1 CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV, CTR LIGHT MICROSCOPE IMAGING & BIOTECHNOL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213 USA.
   CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213 USA.
C3 Carnegie Mellon University; Carnegie Mellon University
NR 26
TC 159
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 736
EP 738
DI 10.1038/359736a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000058
PM 1436037
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VOLLRATH, F
   PARKER, GA
AF VOLLRATH, F
   PARKER, GA
TI SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND DISTORTED SEX-RATIOS IN SPIDERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB SEXUAL dimorphism in body size is widespread in the animal kingdom. Whereas male giantism has been studied and explained extensively1,2, male dwarfism has not. Yet it is neither rare3-7 nor without theoretical interest8,9. Here we provide experimental and comparative data on spiders to support the theory that dwarf males are associated with high differential adult mortality, with males at much greater risk. Species with sedentary (low-risk) females have dwarf, roving (high-risk) males. Life-history theory could readily explain dwarfing if juvenile, but not adult, male mortality were large. We present a new model in which high mortality of searching mature males reduces the adult sex ratio (males: females), relaxing male-male competition and reducing the importance of male body size to favour dwarfing by early maturation. Early maturity also reduces male juvenile mortality and thus opposes adult mortality. This provides a mechanism that buffers skews in adult sex ratio and which is quite distinct from Fisher's principle10 and allied mechanisms9,11 for the primary sex ratio.
C1 ZOOL INST, CH-4051 BASEL, SWITZERLAND.
   SMITHSONIAN TROP RES INST, BALBOA, PANAMA.
   UNIV LIVERPOOL, DEPT ENVIRONM & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL, LIVERPOOL L69 3BX, ENGLAND.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Liverpool
RP VOLLRATH, F (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD, DEPT ZOOL, OXFORD OX1 3PS, ENGLAND.
NR 34
TC 225
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/360156a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STIAVELLI, M
   BIRETTA, J
   MOLLER, P
   ZEILINGER, WW
AF STIAVELLI, M
   BIRETTA, J
   MOLLER, P
   ZEILINGER, WW
TI OPTICAL COUNTERPART OF THE EAST RADIO LOBE OF M87
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID filaments; jet
AB RADIO galaxies are divided into two broad classes 1 according to whether they show extended radio lobes ending in hotspots (compact bright sources of radio emission) at some distance from the nucleus (Fanaroff-Riley class II) or instead have bright regions or knots close to the nucleus (FR I). Hotspots and knots emit synchrotron radiation, sometimes even in the optical range 2,3. The galaxy M87 (NGC4486) in Virgo is the closest giant elliptical galaxy showing a jet and double-lobe radio structure, and is classified as FR I mainly because of the morphology of the jet-dominated west radio lobe, even though the east radio lobe resembles typical FR II objects and shows a hotspot 4. We report here the detection of the optical counterpart of this hotspot. Because the lifetime of optically emitting synchrotron electrons is short, we suggest that this hotspot is fed by an unseen counterjet. This conclusion adds weight to the idea that apparently one-sided jet sources are intrinsically two-sided, with the visibility of the receding jet reduced by beaming effects.
C1 SCUOLA NORMALE SUPER PISA,I-56100 PISA,ITALY.
   NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,SOCORRO,NM 87801.
C3 Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP STIAVELLI, M (corresponding author), EUROPEAN SO OBSERV,KARL SCHWARZSCHILDSTR 2,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
NR 11
TC 31
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 802
EP 804
DI 10.1038/355802a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAJIVASSILIOU, CA
AF HAJIVASSILIOU, CA
TI DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMA TURBULENCE IN OUR GALAXY DERIVED FROM RADIO SCINTILLATION MAPS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h-i shells; supershells; scattering; pulsars; density
AB THE scattering of radio waves by plasma turbulence in the Galaxy is analogous to the scintillation of starlight due to the Earth's atmosphere, and similarly leads to a broadening of the apparent angular sizes of extragalactic radio sources 1-3, as well as the smearing out of pulsar pulse profiles. Previous investigations of the galactic plasma turbulence using these effects have suggested a monotonic increase in plasma turbulence towards the galactic plane 4-6 and towards the centre 7,8.  Here I present a new map of galactic plasma turbulence derived from the results of a recent interplanetary scintillation radio survey 9, using a method of analysis based on the angular size distribution of radio sources. The map reveals that structure persists to high galactic latitudes, and that it agrees with the morphology of the soft X-ray background. These results suggest that the solar neighbourhood is encapsulated in an envelope of plasma turbulence, most probably the relic of the supernova explosion of a nearby massive star.
RP HAJIVASSILIOU, CA (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,CAVENDISH LAB,MULLARD RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,MADINGLEY RD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE,ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 13
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 232
EP 234
DI 10.1038/355232a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SWARTZ, SM
   BENNETT, MB
   CARRIER, DR
AF SWARTZ, SM
   BENNETT, MB
   CARRIER, DR
TI WING BONE STRESSES IN FREE FLYING BATS AND THE EVOLUTION OF SKELETAL DESIGN FOR FLIGHT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID invivo stress; horse equus; strain; mechanics; locomotion; radius; speed; tibia; gait
AB THE primary mechanical functions of limb bones are to resist deformation, and hence provide stiff levers against which muscles can act, and to be sufficiently strong to prevent breaking under static or dynamic loads which arise from normal and accidental activities1. if bones perform these functions with a minimum amount of material, the energetic costs associated with building, maintaining and transporting the skeleton will be minimized2. Appropriate skeletal architecture for minimizing mass while maximizing strength depends on forces imposed on structural elements. In the evolutionary acquisition of flight in the bat lineage, the forelimb skeleton must have come to experience locomotor-forces that differed from those engendered by the terrestrial locomotion of non-flying bat relatives. Here we successfully measure in vivo strain on the wing bones of flying mammals. Our data demonstrate that torsion and shear are unique and crucial features of skeletal biomechanics during flight, and suggest that the evolution of skeletal design in bats and other flying vertebrates may be driven b the need to resist these loads.
C1 UNIV QUEENSLAND, DEPT ANAT SCI, BRISBANE 4072, AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Queensland
RP SWARTZ, SM (corresponding author), BROWN UNIV, PROGRAM ECOL & EVOLUT BIOL, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA.
NR 17
TC 154
Z9 177
U1 2
U2 96
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 726
EP 729
DI 10.1038/359726a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000055
PM 1436035
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MALINSKI, T
   TAHA, Z
AF MALINSKI, T
   TAHA, Z
TI NITRIC-OXIDE RELEASE FROM A SINGLE CELL MEASURED INSITU BY A PORPHYRINIC-BASED MICROSENSOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID relaxing factor; acetylcholine; relaxation
AB NITRIC oxide is an important bioregulatory molecule, being responsible, for example, for activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)1-4. Acute hypertension5, diabetes6, ischaemia7 and atherosclerosis8 are associated with abnormalities of EDRF. Nitric oxide is thought to be a retrograde messenger in the central nervous system9. The technology is not yet available for rapid detection of NO released by a single cell in the presence of oxygen and/or nitrite, so the release, distribution and reactivity of endogenous NO in biological systems cannot be analysed. Here we describe a porphyrinic microsensor that we have developed and applied to monitoring NO release in a microsystem. We selectively measured in situ the NO released from a single cell with a response time of less than 10 ms. The microsensor consists of p-type semiconducting polymeric porphyrin and a cationic exchanger (Nafion) deposited on a thermally sharpened carbon fibre with a tip diameter of approximately 0.5-mu-m. The microsensor, which can be operated in either the amperometric or voltammetric mode, is characterized by a linear response up to 300-mu-M and a detection limit of 10 nM. Nitric oxide at the level of 10(-20) mols can be detected in a single cell.
RP MALINSKI, T (corresponding author), OAKLAND UNIV,DEPT CHEM,ROCHESTER,MI 48309, USA.
NR 20
TC 1059
Z9 1192
U1 0
U2 106
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 676
EP 678
DI 10.1038/358676a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200056
PM 1495562
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEHMAN, SJ
   KEIGWIN, LD
AF LEHMAN, SJ
   KEIGWIN, LD
TI SUDDEN CHANGES IN NORTH-ATLANTIC CIRCULATION DURING THE LAST DEGLACIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late weichselian vegetation; floral migration; western norway; southwestern norway; norwegian-sea; ice-sheet; climate; rogaland; sediments; record
AB Sudden changes in the flow of warm Atlantic surface waters into the Norwegian Sea occurred frequently during the last deglaciation, typically involving shifts in sea surface temperature of greater-than-or-equal-to 5-degrees-C in fewer than 40 years. These led to equally large and rapid changes in atmospheric temperatures, and to shifts in Atlantic deep thermohaline circulation and ice-sheet melting rates.
RP LEHMAN, SJ (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
NR 52
TC 487
Z9 510
U1 2
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 757
EP 762
DI 10.1038/356757a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600039
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARMORSTEIN, R
   CAREY, M
   PTASHNE, M
   HARRISON, SC
AF MARMORSTEIN, R
   CAREY, M
   PTASHNE, M
   HARRISON, SC
TI DNA RECOGNITION BY GAL4 - STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN DNA COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID requires sequences adjacent; zinc finger; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; regulatory gene; binding domain; kluyveromyces-lactis; amino-acids; macromolecular structures; aspergillus-nidulans; nucleotide-sequence
AB A specific DNA complex of the 65-residue, N-terminal fragment of the yeast transcriptional activator, GAL4, has been analysed at 2.7 angstrom resolution by X-ray crystallography. The protein binds as a dimer to a symmetrical 17-base-pair sequence. A small, Zn2+-containing domain recognizes a conserved CCG triplet at each end of the site through direct contacts with the major groove. A short coiled-coil dimerization element imposes 2-fold symmetry. A segment of extended polypeptide chain links the metal-binding module to the dimerization element and specifies the length of the site. The relatively open structure of the complex would allow another protein to bind coordinately with GAL4.
C1 HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MARMORSTEIN, R (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL, 7 DIVIN AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 63
TC 588
Z9 690
U1 3
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 408
EP 414
DI 10.1038/356408a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000054
PM 1557122
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BELL, SP
   STILLMAN, B
AF BELL, SP
   STILLMAN, B
TI ATP-DEPENDENT RECOGNITION OF EUKARYOTIC ORIGINS OF DNA-REPLICATION BY A MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli chromosome; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; binding-proteins; t-antigen; yeast; invitro; purification; initiation; sequence; plasmids
AB A multiprotein complex that specifically recognizes cellular origins of DNA replication has been identified and purified from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We observe a strong correlation between origin function and origin recognition by this activity. Interestingly, specific DNA binding by the origin recognition complex is dependent upon the addition of ATP. We propose that the origin recognition complex acts as the initiator protein for S. cerevisiae origins of DNA replication.
RP BELL, SP (corresponding author), COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB, COLD SPRING HARBOR, NY 11724 USA.
NR 46
TC 1081
Z9 1298
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 128
EP 134
DI 10.1038/357128a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200048
PM 1579162
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU USOV, VV
AF USOV, VV
TI MILLISECOND PULSARS WITH EXTREMELY STRONG MAGNETIC-FIELDS AS A COSMOLOGICAL SOURCE OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cosmic fireballs; magnetospheres; generation; radiation; spectrum; stars
AB THE spatial and luminosity distribution of gamma-ray bursts as observed by the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 1,2 provides support for the revival of the idea 3,4 that the burst sources are at cosmological distances 5.1 present here a new model for gamma-ray bursts at cosmological distances, based on the formation of rapidly rotating neutron stars with surface magnetic fields of the order of 10(15) G. Such objects could form by the gravitational collapse of accreting white dwarfs with anomalously high magnetic fields in binaries, as in magnetic cataclysmic binaries. Once formed, such rapidly rotating and strongly magnetized neutron stars would lose their rotational kinetic energy catastrophically, on a timescale of seconds or less: rotation of the magnetic field creates a strong electric field, and hence an electron-positron plasma, which I show to be optically thick and in quasi-thermodynamic equilibrium. This plasma flows away from the neutron star at relativistic speeds, and X-ray and gamma-ray emission at the photosphere of this relativistic wind may then reproduce the observational characteristics of a gamma-ray burst.
RP USOV, VV (corresponding author), WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT PHYS,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
NR 36
TC 992
Z9 1041
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 472
EP 474
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MURAKAMI, M
   TSUBATA, T
   OKAMOTO, M
   SHIMIZU, A
   KUMAGAI, S
   IMURA, H
   HONJO, T
AF MURAKAMI, M
   TSUBATA, T
   OKAMOTO, M
   SHIMIZU, A
   KUMAGAI, S
   IMURA, H
   HONJO, T
TI ANTIGEN-INDUCED APOPTOTIC DEATH OF LY-1 B-CELLS RESPONSIBLE FOR AUTOIMMUNE-DISEASE IN TRANSGENIC MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antibody-secreting cells; lymphocytes-b; rheumatoid-factor; somatic mutation; clonal deletion; dna; mouse; autoantibody; enumeration; lineage
AB STUDIES on transgenic mice expressing immunoglobulins against self-antigens 1-6 have shown that self-tolerance is maintained by active elimination (clonal deletion) 1-3,7, functional inactivation (clonal anergy) 4,5,8 of self-reactive B cells, or a combination of both 6. We have established and characterized a transgenic mouse line expressing an anti-erythrocyte autoantibody 6. In contrast to other autoantibody transgenic lies, about 50% of the animals of this transgenic line suffer from autoimmune disease, indicating a loss of self-tolerance. Here we show that peritoneal Ly-1 B cells (also known as B-1 cells 9) are responsible for this autoimmune disease in our transgenic mice. A few self-reactive Ly-1 B cells that have somehow escaped the deletion mechanism expand in the peritoneum because of the absence of self-antigen. These Ly-1 B cells are eliminated in vivo by apoptosis once exposed to self-antigen. On the basis of these results we propose a novel autoantibody production mechanism whereby self-reactive B cells sequestered in compartments free of self-antigens may survive, proliferate and be activated for generation of pathogenic autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases.
C1 KYOTO UNIV, FAC MED, DEPT INTERNAL MED 2, SAKYO KU, KYOTO 606, JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV, CTR MOLEC BIOL & GENET, SAKYO KU, KYOTO 606, JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University
RP MURAKAMI, M (corresponding author), KYOTO UNIV, FAC MED, DEPT MED CHEM, SAKYO KU, KYOTO 606, JAPAN.
NR 32
TC 275
Z9 285
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 77
EP 80
DI 10.1038/357077a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900062
PM 1574128
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRISHNA, S
   BENAROCH, P
   PILLAI, S
AF KRISHNA, S
   BENAROCH, P
   PILLAI, S
TI TETRAMERIC CELL-SURFACE MHC CLASS-I MOLECULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoclonal-antibody; antigen; complex; mouse
AB PURIFIED major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules have been studied at high resolution by X-ray crystallography 1; the structure is a complex of a single heavy chain, a beta-2-microglobulin light chain and a tightly bound peptide moiety. We show here that complete MHC class I molecules are post-translationally assembled into tetramers (made up of four heavy chains and four beta-2-microglobulin units) and that this tetrameric species is expressed on the cell surface. The multivalent tetrameric structure of class I molecules can be reconciled with models of T-cell activation that invoke antigen-receptor crosslinking, as opposed to models that depend on an allosteric change.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP KRISHNA, S (corresponding author), MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,CTR CANC,MOLEC GENET GRP,MOLEC IMMUNOL LAB,BLDG 149,13TH ST,BOSTON,MA 02129, USA.
NR 15
TC 33
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 164
EP 167
DI 10.1038/357164a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200060
PM 1579167
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MATSUO, ES
   TANAKA, T
AF MATSUO, ES
   TANAKA, T
TI PATTERNS IN SHRINKING GELS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transition; instability; kinetics
AB POLYMER gels can undergo a volume phase transition (either continuous or discontinuous) when an external condition, such as temperature or solvent composition, is altered1-3. During this transition, the volume may change by a factor of several thousand, and various patterns develop in the gel. The patterns arising from swelling and shrinking differ in both their appearance and their physical mechanisms. The mechanism for the formation and evolution of patterns on swelling gels has been established as being due to a single kind of mechanical instability4-7; in contrast, the shrinking patterns seem to be sensitive to both the initial and final states of the transition. Here we classify the various shrinking patterns in the form of a phase diagram, and explain the polymorphism in terms of macroscopic phase separation.
C1 MIT,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,CTR MAT SCI & ENGN,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP MATSUO, ES (corresponding author), MIT,DEPT APPL BIOL SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 13
TC 205
Z9 228
U1 2
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 482
EP 485
DI 10.1038/358482a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SUNG, P
   PRAKASH, L
   PRAKASH, S
AF SUNG, P
   PRAKASH, L
   PRAKASH, S
TI RENATURATION OF DNA CATALYZED BY YEAST DNA-REPAIR AND RECOMBINATION PROTEIN RAD10
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID exchange stimulatory factor; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; escherichia-coli; unwinding protein; gene; excision; incision; binding; product; strand
AB THE RAD10 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the incision step of excision repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA (refs 1, 2), and it functions in mitotic recombination 3. RAD10 has homology to the human excision repair gene ERCC-1 (ref. 4). Here we describe the purification of the protein encoded by RAD10 and show that it is a DNA-binding protein with a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. We also show that RAD10 promotes the renaturation of complementary DNA strands.
C1 UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT BIOL,RIVER CAMPUS STN,ROCHESTER,NY 14627.
   UNIV ROCHESTER,SCH MED,DEPT BIOPHYS,ROCHESTER,NY 14642.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Rochester
NR 25
TC 40
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 743
EP 745
DI 10.1038/355743a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400070
PM 1741062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LARSON, RL
   SEARLE, RC
   KLEINROCK, MC
   SCHOUTEN, H
   BIRD, RT
   NAAR, DF
   RUSBY, RI
   HOOFT, EE
   LASTHIOTAKIS, H
AF LARSON, RL
   SEARLE, RC
   KLEINROCK, MC
   SCHOUTEN, H
   BIRD, RT
   NAAR, DF
   RUSBY, RI
   HOOFT, EE
   LASTHIOTAKIS, H
TI ROLLER-BEARING TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE JUAN-FERNANDEZ MICROPLATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; plate; island; earthquakes; boundary; junction; system; ridge
AB A combined GLORIA sidescan and Hydrosweep multi-narrow-beam sonar survey shows striking evidence for fan-shaped spreading systems, bounding pseudofaults and compression ridges associated with 90-degrees of clockwise rotation of the Juan Fernandez microplate in the past 4 Myr. A quantitative analysis of this evolution suggests that the microplate has rotated as a rigid 'roller bearing' for most of its history, driven at its edges by shear between the surrounding major plates. The remarkable similarity between the Juan Fernandez and Easter microplates, despite their different tectonic settings, suggests that this is a general model for microplate tectonics.
C1 UNIV DURHAM,DEPT GEOL SCI,DURHAM DH1 3LE,ENGLAND.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT MARINE SCI,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701.
   MIT WHO JOINT PROGRAM,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT GEOL,TORONTO M5S 3B1,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 Durham University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Toronto
RP LARSON, RL (corresponding author), UNIV RHODE ISL,GRAD SCH OCEANOG,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA.
NR 31
TC 78
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 571
EP 576
DI 10.1038/356571a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100038
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YEW, PR
   BERK, AJ
AF YEW, PR
   BERK, AJ
TI INHIBITION OF P53 TRANSACTIVATION REQUIRED FOR TRANSFORMATION BY ADENOVIRUS EARLY 1B-PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID e1b-58kd tumor-antigen; monoclonal-antibody; cellular p53; viral-dna; cells; protein; localization; association; activation; expression
AB THE cellular phosphoprotein p53 inhibits progression through the mammalian cell cycle 1,2. Both p53 alleles are frequently mutated in human tumours 3,4, indicating that p53 is a tumour suppressor. Recent studies have suggested that p53 functions as a transcriptional activator 5-8, but the significance of this activity in cell-cycle control has not been established. The adenovirus 2 (Ad2) early 1B (E1B) 55K protein binds to p53 in transformed cells 9 and contributes to oncogenic transformation by Ad2 (refs 10-12). Here we report that mutants of E1B 55K and wild-type Ad12 E1B 54K proteins show a strong correlation between their ability to inhibit p53-mediated transcriptional activation and their ability to cooperate with adenovirus E1A protein in the transformation of primary cells. These results indicate that p53 probably inhibits cell cycling by functioning as a transcription factor.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST MOLEC BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP YEW, PR (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT MICROBIOL & MOLEC GENET,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024, USA.
NR 29
TC 545
Z9 607
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 82
EP 85
DI 10.1038/357082a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900064
PM 1533443
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHISAKA, O
   MUSCI, TS
   CAPECCHI, MR
AF CHISAKA, O
   MUSCI, TS
   CAPECCHI, MR
TI DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF THE EAR, CRANIAL NERVES AND HINDBRAIN RESULTING FROM TARGETED DISRUPTION OF THE MOUSE HOMEOBOX GENE HOX-1.6
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; expression; embryo; murine; genome; chick
AB Gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells has been used to generate mice with a disruption in the homeobox gene Hox-1.6 Mice heterozygous at the Hox-1.6 locus appear normal, whereas Hox-1.6-/Hox-1.6- mice die at or shortly after birth. These homozygotes exhibit profound defects in the formation of the external, middle and inner ears as well as in specific hindbrain nuclei, and in cranial nerves and ganglia. The affected tissues lie within a narrow region along the anteroposterior axis of the mouse but are of diverse embryonic origin. The set of defects associated with the disruption of Hox-1.6 is distinct from and nonoverlapping with that of the closely linked Hox-1.5 gene. But both mutations cause loss, rather than homeotic transformation, of tissues and structures.
RP CHISAKA, O (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT HUMAN GENET,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112, USA.
NR 30
TC 490
Z9 521
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 516
EP 520
DI 10.1038/355516a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600047
PM 1346922
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GILLE, H
   SHARROCKS, AD
   SHAW, PE
AF GILLE, H
   SHARROCKS, AD
   SHAW, PE
TI PHOSPHORYLATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR P62TCF BY MAP KINASE STIMULATES TERNARY COMPLEX-FORMATION AT C-FOS PROMOTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epidermal growth-factor; serum response element; directed protein-kinase; proliferative cells; late phase; s6 kinase; activation; identification; p58cyclin; insulin
AB TRANSCRIPTION of the proto-oncogene c-fos is stimulated rapidly and transiently by serum growth factors and mitogens1. Critical for this response is the serum-response element which is bound in vivo in a ternary complex containing the transcription factors p67SRF and p62TCF (ref. 2). Disruption of the ternary complex correlates with impaired induction by serum and phorbol ester3,4. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase is a serine/threonine kinase which is activated 1-5 minutes after treatment of cells with mitogens and growth factors5-8 that induce re-entry into the cell cycle, making MAP kinase a candidate for the transmission of proliferative signals. Here we show that p62TCF is phosphorylated by MAP kinase in vitro and that phosphorylation results in enhanced ternary complex formation. Serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells treated with epidermal growth factor, which induces MAP kinase in these cells9, are induced to express c-fos and yield p62TCF active in ternary complex formation. In contrast, treatment of Swiss 3T3 cells with insulin, which does not activate MAP kinase under these conditions9, does not lead to enhanced ternary complex formation nor does it induce c-fos transcription. Our results link the expression of the human c-fos proto-oncogene to signal transduction pathways known to be activated before its own induction.
RP GILLE, H (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST IMMUNBIOL, SPEMANN LABS, POSTFACH 1169, W-7800 FREIBURG, GERMANY.
NR 31
TC 926
Z9 1004
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 414
EP 417
DI 10.1038/358414a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300056
PM 1322499
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EDGE, C
   PAREKH, R
   RADEMACHER, T
   WORMALD, M
   DWEK, R
AF EDGE, C
   PAREKH, R
   RADEMACHER, T
   WORMALD, M
   DWEK, R
TI FAST SEQUENCING OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES USING ARRAYS OF ENZYMES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 OXFORD GLYCOSYST,UNIT 4,ABINGDON OX14 1RG,OXON,ENGLAND.
RP EDGE, C (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,INST GLYCOBIOL,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
NR 3
TC 10
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 693
EP 694
DI 10.1038/358693a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ABRAMOWICZ, MA
   LANZA, A
   SPIEGEL, EA
   SZUSZKIEWICZ, E
AF ABRAMOWICZ, MA
   LANZA, A
   SPIEGEL, EA
   SZUSZKIEWICZ, E
TI VORTICES ON ACCRETION DISKS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active galactic nuclei; great red spot; radiation; model; flow
AB EVERY rotating cosmic fluid that can be observed sufficiently closely displays either vortices or magnetic flux tubes on its surface; examples are tornadoes in the Earth's atmosphere 1, the Great Red Spot and other vortices in Jupiter's atmosphere, and sunspots. We suggest here that hot accretion disks also produce coherent objects, and that these vortices and magnetic flux tubes will cause significant dissipation and other observable physical effects. They will facilitate the escape of collimated radiation from deep within hot disks, producing spectral changes and time variability in the radiation from the disk. In the case of active galactic nuclei, modification of X-ray spectra due to the presence of vortices on accretion disks permits us to explain several observational puzzles, including short-term variability and the low degree of linear polarization.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA.
   UNIV FERRARA, I-44100 FERRARA, ITALY.
   QUEEN MARY & WESTFIELD COLL, LONDON E1 4NS, ENGLAND.
   INT CTR THEORET PHYS, I-34014 TRIESTE, ITALY.
   NORDISK INST TEORET ATOMFYS, DK-2100 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.
C3 Columbia University; University of Ferrara; University of London; Queen Mary University London; Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)
RP ABRAMOWICZ, MA (corresponding author), SCUOLA INT SUPER STUDI AVANZATI, VIA BEIRUT 4, I-34014 TRIESTE, ITALY.
NR 38
TC 102
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 41
EP 43
DI 10.1038/356041a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZUNIGA, JM
   REDONDO, T
AF ZUNIGA, JM
   REDONDO, T
TI NO EVIDENCE FOR VARIABLE DURATION OF SYMPATRY BETWEEN THE GREAT SPOTTED CUCKOO AND ITS MAGPIE HOST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brood parasitism; cuculus-canorus; discrimination; adaptations; coevolution; warblers
AB BROOD parasites and their hosts are thought to engage in a coevolutionary arms race in which parasitism selects for adaptive defences by the host (such as egg rejection), which in turn select for counter-adaptations by the parasite (such as egg mimicry)1,2. Soler and Moller have tested whether the duration of coevolution (measured by the duration of sympatry at three different geographic areas) in a host-cuckoo system affected egg-rejection behaviour by hosts3. They found that the extent of both rejection and recognition of parasitic eggs covaried positively with the duration of sympatry. Here we show that, in the absence of strong historical evidence, field data do not support the existence of variations in the duration of sympatry at the two areas where the distributional ranges of the cuckoo and its hosts overlap. The reported differences in egg rejection by hosts might alternatively reflect flexible behavioural responses to the presence of the adult parasite near the nest.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT ZOOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP ZUNIGA, JM (corresponding author), UNIV GRANADA,DEPT BIOL ANIM ECOL & GENET,E-18071 GRANADA,SPAIN.
NR 12
TC 18
Z9 18
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 410
EP 411
DI 10.1038/359410a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IIJIMA, S
   ICHIHASHI, T
   ANDO, Y
AF IIJIMA, S
   ICHIHASHI, T
   ANDO, Y
TI PENTAGONS, HEPTAGONS AND NEGATIVE CURVATURE IN GRAPHITE MICROTUBULE GROWTH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE standard carbon-arc synthesis for fullerenes also produces graphitic microtubules with helical structures 1. In most cases the cylindrical tubes are closed by polyhedral caps, some being first transformed into a conical shape before closure 2. Here we present images from transmission electron microscopy of a further kind of growth morphology, in which cone-like growth is transformed into cylindrical growth by the incorporation of a defect that induces negative curvature. We suggest that the defect in the hexagonal network responsible for negative curvature may be a single heptagonal ring. Three-dimensional, open negatively curved graphitic structures have been proposed recently by Terrones and Mackay 3. We discuss more generally the effect of pentagons and heptagons on the growth morphologies of these tubules, and the constraints on the number of pentagonal defects imposed by tube closure.
C1 MEIJO UNIV,DEPT PHYS,NAGOYA,AICHI 468,JAPAN.
C3 Meijo University
RP IIJIMA, S (corresponding author), NEC CORP LTD,FUNDAMENTAL RES LABS,34 MIYUKIGAOKA,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
NR 9
TC 740
Z9 795
U1 2
U2 144
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 776
EP 778
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAMMAROTA, G
   SCHEIRLE, A
   TAKACS, B
   DORAN, DM
   KNORR, R
   BANNWARTH, W
   GUARDIOLA, J
   SINIGAGLIA, F
AF CAMMAROTA, G
   SCHEIRLE, A
   TAKACS, B
   DORAN, DM
   KNORR, R
   BANNWARTH, W
   GUARDIOLA, J
   SINIGAGLIA, F
TI IDENTIFICATION OF A CD4 BINDING-SITE ON THE BETA-2-DOMAIN OF HLA-DR MOLECULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human immunodeficiency virus; cell-surface-antigens; class-i molecules; monoclonal-antibody; lymphocytes-t; mhc class; complex; receptor; recognition; activation
AB THE CD4 and CD8 molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by functionally distinct subsets of mature T cells. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognize antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-bearing and class I-bearing target cells respectively 1-3. The ability of monoclonal antibodies against CD4 and CD8 to block antigen recognition by T cells, as well as cell-cell adhesion assays 4-7, indicate that CD4 and CD8 bind to non-polymorphic determinants of class II or class I MHC. Here we demonstrate that soluble recombinant HLA-DR4 molecules from insect cells and HLA-DR-derived peptides bind to immobilized recombinant soluble CD4. CD4 binds recombinant soluble DR4 heterodimers, as well as the soluble DR4-beta-chain alone. Furthermore, two out of twelve DR4-beta-peptides could interact specifically with CD4. These findings show that CD4 interacts with a region of MHC class II molecules analogous to a previously identified loop in class I MHC proteins that binds CD8 (refs 8,9).
C1 F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE & CO LTD,PHARMACEUT RES NEW TECHNOL,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   INT INST GENET & BIOPHYS,I-80125 NAPLES,ITALY.
C3 Roche Holding; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica Adriano Buzzati-Traverso (IGB-CNR)
NR 25
TC 274
Z9 305
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 799
EP 801
DI 10.1038/356799a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600052
PM 1574119
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THOMPSON, LT
   MOSKAL, JR
   DISTERHOFT, JF
AF THOMPSON, LT
   MOSKAL, JR
   DISTERHOFT, JF
TI HIPPOCAMPUS-DEPENDENT LEARNING FACILITATED BY A MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY OR D-CYCLOSERINE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID d-aspartate receptor; long-term potentiation; nictitating-membrane response; rat-brain; alzheimers-disease; modulatory site; partial agonist; glycine; rabbits; complex
AB PERSISTENT neuronal plasticity, including that observed at some hippocampal synapses, requires N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated transmission. NMDA receptor activation may be necessary for hippocampus-dependent learning as antagonists block acquisition in many such tasks. The behavioural effects of NMDA agonists are less well defined. We have shown that a monoclonal antibody (B6B21) displaced [H-3]-glycine that was bound specifically to the NMDA receptor, and enhanced the opening of its integral cation channel in a glycine-like fashion, effects that were competitively antagonized by 7-chlorokynurenic acid1. B6B21 also enhanced long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices1. We report here that intraventricular infusions of B6B21 significantly enhances acquisition rates in hippocampus-dependent trace eye blink conditioning in rabbits, halving the number of trials required to reach a criterion of 80% conditioned responses. Peripheral injections Of D-cycloserine, a partial agonist of the glycine site on the NMDA receptor which crosses the blood-brain barrier, also doubles rabbits' learning rates. Pseudoconditioning control experiments indicated a lack of nonspecific behavioural sensitization effects. Our data suggest that enhanced activation of the glycine coagonist site on the NMDA receptor/channel complex facilitates one form of associative learning and may be used in other learning tasks.
C1 CHICAGO INST NEUROSURG & NEURORES,CHICAGO,IL 60614.
RP THOMPSON, LT (corresponding author), NORTHWESTERN UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL MOLEC & STRUCT BIOL,303 E CHICAGO AVE,CHICAGO,IL 60611, USA.
NR 37
TC 158
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 638
EP 641
DI 10.1038/359638a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400058
PM 1406995
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ALLEN, D
   CRISP, D
   MEADOWS, V
AF ALLEN, D
   CRISP, D
   MEADOWS, V
TI VARIABLE OXYGEN AIRGLOW ON VENUS AS A PROBE OF ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID night airglow; general-circulation; mesosphere; thermosphere; emission
AB THE venusian atmosphere exhibits two global-scale circulation patterns: an east-west super-rotation at altitudes above 100 km and below 70 km, and a solar-locked circulation between these heights, in which material rises on the dayside of the planet, flows around to the nightside and descends near the antisolar point (local midnight). The region at which these two flows interact (approximately 95 km) is difficult to study, and existing data1 are either in conflict or indicate long-term dynamical changes. Here we present high-resolution images of an oxygen airglow that arises during down-welling at approximately 95 km altitude on the nightside of Venus. Oxygen atoms are formed by photolysis of CO2 on the sunlit hemisphere, and are then transported to the nightside, where they recombine during descent. The newly formed molecular oxygen emits radiation to produce the airglow. We observe localized, short-lived regions of emission and neighbouring dark areas, demonstrating the potential of such observations to constrain atmospheric dynamics at this little-studied and important altitude in the venusian mesosphere.
C1 JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
   UNIV SYDNEY,DEPT ASTROPHYS,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of Sydney
RP ALLEN, D (corresponding author), ANGLO AUSTRALIAN OBSERV,POB 296,EPPING,NSW 2121,AUSTRALIA.
NR 18
TC 37
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 516
EP 519
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHABRIER, G
   ASHCROFT, NW
   DEWITT, HE
AF CHABRIER, G
   ASHCROFT, NW
   DEWITT, HE
TI WHITE-DWARFS AS QUANTUM CRYSTALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID one-component plasma; luminosity functions; matter; state; phase
AB WHITE dwarfs are the most common endpoint of stellar evolution. Thermonuclear reactions have ceased, and the star settles into a compact object governed by relativistic, almost degenerate electrons. Bare nuclei of carbon and other heavier elements, normally considered as classical particles moving in the degenerate electron sea, are forced into a crystal lattice in the interior1 as the star cools, and a freezing front moves outward. Numerical simulations of the freezing of classical point charges in a uniform neutralizing background have been used to model the crystallization of white dwarfs2-4, but we show here that the classical approximation is not a good one: the energy per particle is significantly modified by quantum effects. The freezing process is then a transformation of a quantum liquid to a quantum solid, and the temperature of freezing may be reduced from the classical value. For lower mass stars particularly, the quantum corrections in liquid and solid seem to be comparable, and the physical conditions at freezing, classically typified by the ratio of the root-mean-square atomic displacement to the nearest-neighbour distance, are not greatly changed. Nevertheless, these new considerations may have an important effect on the cooling rate of white dwarfs, and thereby on their inferred evolution and ages.
C1 CORNELL UNIV,ATOM & SOLID STATE PHYS LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853.
   LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
C3 Cornell University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP CHABRIER, G (corresponding author), ECOLE NORMALE SUPER LYON,PHYS LAB,F-69364 LYON 07,FRANCE.
NR 24
TC 68
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 48
EP 50
DI 10.1038/360048a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NIWA, M
   MACDONALD, CC
   BERGET, SM
AF NIWA, M
   MACDONALD, CC
   BERGET, SM
TI ARE VERTEBRATE EXONS SCANNED DURING SPLICE-SITE SELECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rnas; poly(a) site; polyadenylation; sequences; invitro; definition; intron; model
AB PAIRWISE recognition of splice sites as a result of a scanning mechanism is an attractive model to explain the coordination of vertebrate splicing1. Such a mechanism would predict a polarity-of-site recognition in the scanned unit, but no evidence for a polarity gradient across introns has been found2-4. We have suggested that the exon rather than the intron is the unit of recognition in vertebrates5 and that polyadenylation and splicing factors interact during recognition of 3'-terminal exons6-8. Interaction is reflected in maximal rates of in vitro polyadenylation. If scanning across the exon is operating during this interaction, then insertion of a 5' splice site should depress polyadenylation. Here we report recognition in vitro and in vivo of a 5' splice site situated within a 3'-terminal exon, and a concomitant depression of polyadenylation and ultraviolet crosslinking of a polyadenylation factor. Decreased crosslinking was only found when the 3' and 5' splice sites were within 300 nucleotides of each other. These results are consistent with an exon scanning mechanism for splice-site selection.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,LEWIS THOMAS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Princeton University
RP NIWA, M (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED,VERNA & MARRS MCCLEAN DEPT BIOCHEM,1 BAYLOR PLAZA,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 19
TC 118
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 277
EP 280
DI 10.1038/360277a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000058
PM 1359430
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RICHARDSON, MA
   GERLITZ, B
   GRINNELL, BW
AF RICHARDSON, MA
   GERLITZ, B
   GRINNELL, BW
TI ENHANCING PROTEIN-C INTERACTION WITH THROMBIN RESULTS IN A CLOT-ACTIVATED ANTICOAGULANT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thrombomodulin; coagulation; expression; substitution; inhibition; infusion; sequence; model
AB HUMAN protein C is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein that circulates as an inactive zymogen. At the endothelial cell surface, thrombin in complex with the integral membrane protein thrombomodulin converts protein C to its active form by specific cleavage of an activation peptide1-3. The activated form of protein C has potent anticoagulant activity as a feedback regulator of thrombin generation (reviewed in refs 4-6), and also has profibrinolytic7-10, anti-ischaemic11 and anti-inflammatory properties12. Protein C is effective in the treatment of model and human thrombotic diseases4,13-16 but, except when it has been used to treat genetic or acquired deficiencies and microvascular thrombosis, it is administered as the activated enzyme, which has a short biological half-life. We have altered two putative inhibitory acidic residues near the thrombin cleavage site, which results in a 30-fold increase in substrate utilization by alpha-thrombin. We combined these changes with a genetically altered glycoform to generate a zymogen protein C with a 60-fold increased cleavage rate by free alpha-thrombin, independent of its cofactor thrombomodulin. We show that this 'proform' of protein C, unlike the natural circulating zymogen, can be activated by thrombin generated in clotting human plasma, resulting in an inhibition of further clot formation. Our data therefore show that we have engineered a site-activated agent, which only has anticoagulant activity when significant amounts of thrombin are being generated.
C1 ELI LILLY & CO, LILLY RES LAB, LILLY CORP CTR, DEPT CARDIOVASC RES, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46285 USA.
C3 Eli Lilly; Lilly Research Laboratories
NR 33
TC 49
Z9 54
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 261
EP 264
DI 10.1038/360261a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000052
PM 1436107
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAND, MF
AF LAND, MF
TI PREDICTABLE EYE HEAD COORDINATION DURING DRIVING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID movements
AB LARGE changes in the direction of gaze are made with a combination of fast saccadic eye movements and rather slower head movements. Since the first study on freely moving subjects1, most authors have agreed that the head movement component of gaze is very variable, with a high 'volitional' component2. But in some circumstances head and eye movements can be quite predictable, for example when a subject is asked to shift gaze as quickly as possible3. Under these conditions, laboratory studies have shown that the eye and head motor-systems both receive gaze-change commands, although they execute them in rather different ways3-6. Here I reconsider the way gaze direction is changed during free movement, but in the performance of a task where the subject is too busy to exert conscious control over head or eye movements. Using a new portable and inexpensive method for recording head and eye movements, I examine the oculomotor behaviour of car drivers, particularly during the large gaze changes made at road junctions. The results show that the pattern of eye and head movements is highly preditable, given only the sequence of gaze targets.
RP LAND, MF (corresponding author), UNIV SUSSEX,SCH BIOL SCI,CTR NEUROSCI,BRIGHTON BN1 9QG,E SUSSEX,ENGLAND.
NR 13
TC 132
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 318
EP 320
DI 10.1038/359318a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300055
PM 1406934
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CITRON, M
   OLTERSDORF, T
   HAASS, C
   MCCONLOGUE, L
   HUNG, AY
   SEUBERT, P
   VIGOPELFREY, C
   LIEBERBURG, I
   SELKOE, DJ
AF CITRON, M
   OLTERSDORF, T
   HAASS, C
   MCCONLOGUE, L
   HUNG, AY
   SEUBERT, P
   VIGOPELFREY, C
   LIEBERBURG, I
   SELKOE, DJ
TI MUTATION OF THE BETA-AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN IN FAMILIAL ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE INCREASES BETA-PROTEIN PRODUCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID identification; receptor; gene
AB PROGRESSIVE cerebral deposition of the 39-43-amino-acid amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) is an invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease which precedes symptoms of dementia by years or decades. The only specific molecular defects that cause Alzheimer's disease which have been identified so far are missense mutations in the gene encoding the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) in certain families with an autosomal dominant form of the disease (familial Alzheimer's disease, or FAD)1-5. These mutations are located within or immediately flanking the Abeta region of beta-APP, but the mechanism by which they cause the pathological phenotype of early and accelerated Abeta deposition is unknown. Here we report that cultured cells which express a beta-APP complementary DNA bearing a double mutation (Lys to Asn at residue 595 plus Met to Leu at position 596) found in a Swedish FAD family5 produce approximate 6-8-fold more Abeta than cells expressing normal beta-APP. The Met 596 to Leu mutation is principally responsible for the increase. These data establish a direct link between a FAD genotype and the clinicopathological phenotype. Further, they confirm the relevance of the continuous Abeta production by cultured cells6-8 for elucidating the fundamental mechanism of Alzheimer's disease.
C1 ATHENA NEUROSCI INC,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,NEUROSCI PROGRAM,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,CTR NEUROL DIS,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP CITRON, M (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 19
TC 1622
Z9 2010
U1 1
U2 141
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 672
EP 674
DI 10.1038/360672a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200055
PM 1465129
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HENGARTNER, MO
   ELLIS, RE
   HORVITZ, HR
AF HENGARTNER, MO
   ELLIS, RE
   HORVITZ, HR
TI CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS GENE CED-9 PROTECTS CELLS FROM PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; motor neurons; x-chromosome; nematode; survival; mutants; activation; lineages
AB The gene ced-9 of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans acts to protect cells from programmed cell death. A mutation that abnormally activates ced-9 prevents the cell deaths that occur during normal C. elegans development. Conversely, mutations that inactivate ced-9 cause cells that normally live to undergo programmed cell death; these mutations result in embryonic lethality, indicating that ced-9 function is essential for development. The ced-9 gene functions by negatively regulating the activities of other genes that are required for the process of programmed cell death.
RP HENGARTNER, MO (corresponding author), MIT,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOL,ROOM 56-629,77 MASSACHUSETTS AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 40
TC 733
Z9 885
U1 2
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 494
EP 499
DI 10.1038/356494a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100048
PM 1560823
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KUEHN, MJ
   HEUSER, J
   NORMARK, S
   HULTGREN, SJ
AF KUEHN, MJ
   HEUSER, J
   NORMARK, S
   HULTGREN, SJ
TI P PILI IN UROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI ARE COMPOSITE FIBERS WITH DISTINCT FIBRILLAR ADHESIVE TIPS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clathrin lattice morphology; escherichia-coli; nucleotide-sequence; cytoplasmic acidification; receptor-binding; pap pili; subunit; protein; localization; biogenesis
AB ESCHERICHIA coli is a frequent cause of several common bacterial infections in humans and animals, including urinary tract infections, bacteraemia and bacteria-related diarrhoea and is also the main cause of neonatal meningitis 1. Microbial attachment to surfaces is a key event in colonization and infection and results mainly from a stereochemical fit between microbial adhesins and complementary receptors on host cells. Bacterial adhesins required for, extracellular colonization by Gram-negative bacteria are often minor components of heteropolymeric fibres called pili which must be oriented in an accessible manner in these structures to be able to bind to specific receptor architectures. P pili mediate the binding of uropathogenic E. coli to a digalactoside receptor determinant present in the urinary tract epithelium. We report here that the adhesin is a component of distinct fibrillar structures present at the tips of the pili. These virulence-associated tip fibrillae are thin, flexible polymers composed mostly of repeating subunits of PapE that frequently terminate with the alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-4)-beta-D-galactopyranose or Gal-alpha(1-4)Gal binding PapG adhesin.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MOLEC MICROBIOL, BOX 8230, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL & PHYSIOL, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 28
TC 277
Z9 320
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 252
EP 255
DI 10.1038/356252a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400062
PM 1348107
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHULL, MM
   ORMSBY, I
   KIER, AB
   PAWLOWSKI, S
   DIEBOLD, RJ
   YIN, MY
   ALLEN, R
   SIDMAN, C
   PROETZEL, G
   CALVIN, D
   ANNUNZIATA, N
   DOETSCHMAN, T
AF SHULL, MM
   ORMSBY, I
   KIER, AB
   PAWLOWSKI, S
   DIEBOLD, RJ
   YIN, MY
   ALLEN, R
   SIDMAN, C
   PROETZEL, G
   CALVIN, D
   ANNUNZIATA, N
   DOETSCHMAN, T
TI TARGETED DISRUPTION OF THE MOUSE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA-1 GENE RESULTS IN MULTIFOCAL INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental allergic encephalomyelitis; mucosal immune-system; necrosis factor-alpha; factor-beta; expression patterns; lymphocytes-b; tgf beta-1; cells; inhibition; embryo
AB Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is a multifunctional growth factor that has profound regulatory effects on many developmental and physiological processes. Disruption of the TGF-beta1 gene by homologous recombination in murine embryonic stem cells enables mice to be generated that carry the disrupted allele. Animals homozygous for the mutated TGF-beta1 allele show no gross developmental abnormalities, but about 20 days after birth they succumb to a wasting syndrome accompanied by a multifocal, mixed inflammatory cell response and tissue necrosis, leading to organ failure and death. TGF-beta1-deficient mice may be valuable models for human immune and inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection and graft versus host reactions.
C1 UNIV CINCINNATI, COLL MED, DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED, DIV COMPARAT PATHOL, CINCINNATI, OH 45267 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati
RP SHULL, MM (corresponding author), UNIV CINCINNATI, COLL MED, DEPT MOLEC GENET BIOCHEM & MICROBIOL, CINCINNATI, OH 45267 USA.
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD026471] Funding Source: Medline
NR 52
TC 2662
Z9 3041
U1 1
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 693
EP 699
DI 10.1038/359693a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000045
PM 1436033
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LANGEREIS, CG
   VANHOOF, AAM
   ROCHETTE, P
AF LANGEREIS, CG
   VANHOOF, AAM
   ROCHETTE, P
TI LONGITUDINAL CONFINEMENT OF GEOMAGNETIC REVERSAL PATHS AS A POSSIBLE SEDIMENTARY ARTIFACT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID volcanic islands; french-polynesia; nondipole field; polarity; records; transition; sequence; models; ocean
AB THE positions of the virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) during a large number of reversals of the Earth's magnetic field seem to show a remarkable confinement to longitudes over the Americas or to antipodal longitudes1,2, although it has been argued that this confinement is statistically insufficiently constrained3. It has also been pointed out4 that the same bands of longitude appear in other geophysical observations, such as the pattern of fluid motion in the outer core and regions of higher seismic velocities in the lower mantle, suggesting a causal relationship. Here we show that longitudinal confinement of VGPs can arise from the smoothing of non-antipodal stable directions (just) before and after a geomagnetic reversal, because of the filtering effect of the remanence acquisition process in sediments. The origin of this non-antipodality is still uncertain and must remain speculative until more reversal records become available that include sufficiently long pre- and post-transitional intervals.
C1 FAC SCI & TECH ST JEROME, GEOSCI ENVIRONM LAB, CNRS, URA 132, F-13397 MARSEILLE 13, FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP LANGEREIS, CG (corresponding author), PALEOMAGNET LAB FT HOOFDDIJK, BUDAPESTLAAN 17, 3584 CD UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS.
NR 38
TC 105
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 226
EP 230
DI 10.1038/358226a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DOUGHERTY, SM
   TAYLOR, AR
AF DOUGHERTY, SM
   TAYLOR, AR
TI RESOLUTION OF THE CIRCUMSTELLAR GAS AROUND THE BE STAR PSI PERSEI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shell stars; polarization
AB Be STARS are rapidly rotating, non-supergiant B stars showing hydrogen-line emission and characterized by an excess of continuum emission from near-infrared to radio wavelengths. The latter is thought to arise from thermal bremsstrahlung in hot circumstellar gas1, for which both spherical and disk-like geometries have been proposed2,3 to explain observations at different wavelengths. The first Be star to be detected at radio wavelengths was the B5 giant psi Persei4-6, which is the brightest radio-emitting Be star. Using the Very Large Array, we have resolved the circumstellar envelope of psi Per at 15 GHz, and find that the radio emission comes from a non-spherical distribution of thermally radiating gas. The radio-emitting region bas a major axis of 111 +/- 16 mas (17 AU at a distance of 155 pc), and is unresolved, with a 3sigma upper limit of 68 mas, along its minor axis. Our observations confirm the proposal, due to Struve in 1931 (ref. 5), of equatorially enhanced circumstellar plasma distributions as the source of Be star emission.
RP DOUGHERTY, SM (corresponding author), UNIV CALGARY,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,2500 UNIV DR NW,CALGARY T2N 1N4,ALBERTA,CANADA.
NR 16
TC 70
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 808
EP 810
DI 10.1038/359808a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STORY, RM
   WEBER, IT
   STEITZ, TA
AF STORY, RM
   WEBER, IT
   STEITZ, TA
TI THE STRUCTURE OF THE ESCHERICHIA-COLI RECA PROTEIN MONOMER AND POLYMER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-stranded-dna; escherichia-coli; duplex dna; constitutive mutants; electron-microscopy; functional regions; sequence analysis; binding protein; transfer-rna; complexes
AB The crystal structure of the recA protein from Escherichia coli at 2.3-angstrom resolution reveals a major domain that binds ADP and probably single- and double-stranded DNA. Two smaller subdomains at the N and C termini protrude from the protein and respectively stabilize a 6(1) helical polymer of protein subunits and interpolymer bundles. This polymer structure closely resembles that of recA/DNA filaments determined by electron microscopy. Mutations in recA protein that enhance coprotease, DNA-binding and/or strand-exchange activity can be explained if the interpolymer interactions in the crystal reflect a regulatory mechanism in vivo.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
   YALE UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP STORY, RM (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511, USA.
NR 57
TC 714
Z9 832
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 318
EP 325
DI 10.1038/355318a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100055
PM 1731246
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAKER, D
   SOHL, JL
   AGARD, DA
AF BAKER, D
   SOHL, JL
   AGARD, DA
TI A PROTEIN-FOLDING REACTION UNDER KINETIC CONTROL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-lytic protease; pro-region; state
AB SYNTHESIS of alpha-lytic protease is as a precursor containing a 166 amino-acid pro region 1 transiently required for the correct folding of the protease domain 2-4.  By omitting the pro region in an in vitro refolding reaction we trapped an inactive, but folding competent state (I) having an expanded radius yet native-like secondary structure. The I state is stable for weeks at physiological pH in the absence of denaturant, but rapidly folds to the active, native state on addition of the pro region as a separate polypeptide chain. The mechanism of action of the pro region is distinct from that of the chaperonins 5,6:  rather than reducing the rate of off-pathway reactions, the pro region accelerates the rate-limiting step on the folding pathway by more than 10 7.  Because both the I and native states are stable under identical conditions with no detectable interconversion, the folding of alpha-lytic protease must be under kinetic and not thermodynamic control.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,BIOPHYS GRAD GRP,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP BAKER, D (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 18
TC 304
Z9 334
U1 1
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 263
EP 265
DI 10.1038/356263a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400066
PM 1552947
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BLOBEL, CP
   WOLFSBERG, TG
   TURCK, CW
   MYLES, DG
   PRIMAKOFF, P
   WHITE, JM
AF BLOBEL, CP
   WOLFSBERG, TG
   TURCK, CW
   MYLES, DG
   PRIMAKOFF, P
   WHITE, JM
TI A POTENTIAL FUSION PEPTIDE AND AN INTEGRIN LIGAND DOMAIN IN A PROTEIN ACTIVE IN SPERM-EGG FUSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane-fusion; rubella-virus; binding-site; sequence; fertilization; adhesion; family; venom
AB THE union of sperm and egg is a special membrane fusion event that gives a signal 1 to begin development. We have hypothesized 2 that proteins mediating cell-cell fusion events resemble viral fusion proteins 3,4 and have shown that PH-30, a sperm surface protein involved in sperm-egg fusion 5, shares biochemical characteristics with viral fusion proteins 6. We report here the complementary DNA and deduced amino-acid sequences of the mature alpha and beta-subunits of PH-30. Both are type-I integral membrane glycoproteins. The alpha-subunit contains a putative fusion peptide typical of viral fusion proteins and the beta-subunit contains a domain related to a family of soluble integrin ligands found in snake venoms. Thus, the PH-30 alpha/beta complex resembles many viral fusion proteins in both its membrane topology and its predicted binding and fusion functions.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHARMACOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT MED, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CONNECTICUT, CTR HLTH, DEPT PHYSIOL, FARMINGTON, CT 06030 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Connecticut
NR 40
TC 627
Z9 689
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 248
EP 252
DI 10.1038/356248a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400061
PM 1552944
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHIER, AF
   GEHRING, WJ
AF SCHIER, AF
   GEHRING, WJ
TI DIRECT HOMEODOMAIN DNA INTERACTION IN THE AUTOREGULATION OF THE FUSHI-TARAZU GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila; proteins; specificity; binding; transcription; activation; repression; elements; complex; site
AB A MAJOR problem in the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing development is the distinction between direct and indirect regulatory interactions among developmental control genes 1-5. In vivo studies have indicated that the Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu (ftz) directly or indirectly autoregulates its expression 6. Here we describe a generally applicable experimental approach which establishes a direct in vivo interaction of the homeodomain protein ftz with the ftz cis-autoregulatory control region. In vitro studies have shown that the DNA-binding specificity of the ftz homeodomain can be changed by a single amino-acid substitution in the recognition helix (Gln 50 --> Lys) 7. Whereas wild-type ftz homeodomain binds preferentially to a CCATTA motif, the mutant homeodomain (ftzQ50K) recognizes a GGATTA motif. We now find that the in vivo activity of an ftz autoregulatory enhancer element is reduced by mutations of putative ftz-binding sites to GGATTA. This down-regulatory effect is specifically suppressed in vivo by the DNA-binding specificity mutant ftzQ50K. These results establish a direct positive autoregulatory feedback mechanism in the regulation of this homeobox gene.
RP SCHIER, AF (corresponding author), UNIV BASEL,BIOZENTRUM,KLINGELBERGSTR 70,CH-4056 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 30
TC 147
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 804
EP 807
DI 10.1038/356804a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600054
PM 1574120
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOMDEUR, J
AF KOMDEUR, J
TI IMPORTANCE OF HABITAT SATURATION AND TERRITORY QUALITY FOR EVOLUTION OF COOPERATIVE BREEDING IN THE SEYCHELLES WARBLER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB COOPERATIVE breeding, which often involves young remaining on their natal territory and helping their parents to raise subsequent broods1-3, is mostly explained by habitat saturation: young are constrained from becoming independent breeders by a shortage of breeding territories2,4. Here I present two lines of evidence against this hypothesis for the cooperatively breeding Seychelles warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis. First, territory quality has a significant effect on dispersal: vacancies arising on territories are mostly filled by prebreeding birds from territories of the same or lower quality. Second, individuals that delay reproduction in high-quality territories, but which eventually breed there, have greater lifetime fitness than those that disperse at one year of age and breed immediately in lower-quality territories. These results support the 'benefits of philopatry,5,6 hypothesis, which emphasizes the lifetime inclusive fitness benefits from staying at home. The transfers of warblers to unoccupied islands was the strictest experimental test of this hypothesis. At first there was no cooperative breeding, but as all high-quality areas became occupied, young birds born on high-quality territories began to stay as helpers, rather than occupying breeding vacancies on low-quality territories. Therefore habitat saturation and territory quality are both involved in the evolution of cooperative breeding.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT ZOOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
NR 15
TC 416
Z9 451
U1 1
U2 162
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 493
EP 495
DI 10.1038/358493a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CUMANO, A
   PAIGE, CJ
   ISCOVE, NN
   BRADY, G
AF CUMANO, A
   PAIGE, CJ
   ISCOVE, NN
   BRADY, G
TI BIPOTENTIAL PRECURSORS OF B-CELLS AND MACROPHAGES IN MURINE FETAL LIVER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem-cells; lymphocyte precursors; expression; antibody; family; mouse; differentiation; purification; cloning; genes
AB LYMPHOCYTES (B and T cells) derive continuously from the same multipotential stem cells that produce myeloid cells, including erythrocytes, granulocytes and macrophages 1,2. Tri- and bipotential myeloid intermediates between the multipotential stem cells and later unipotential cells have been identified using clonal methods in culture. Although similar methods have detected committed pre-B cells in mouse fetal liver 3, earlier progenitors with additional non-B lineage options have not been demonstrated in normal tissues. We report the characterization and purification of fetal liver cells that generate clones containing both macrophages and B cells, identified biochemically and morphologically. The common origin of the two cell types was shown by culture of single precursor cells. Their dual potential and unrearranged immunoglobulin loci place the precursors before exclusive B-lineage commitment in the haematopoietic hierarchy. The availability of such cells in purified form will allow direct study of lineage choice in cells having both lymphoid and non-lymphoid options.
RP CUMANO, A (corresponding author), ONTARIO CANC INST, 500 SHERBOURNE ST, TORONTO M4X 1K9, ONTARIO, CANADA.
NR 30
TC 323
Z9 341
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 612
EP 615
DI 10.1038/356612a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100052
PM 1348572
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOULE, D
   HOFFMASTER, DK
   ASSIMACOPOULOS, S
   CHARLESWORTH, B
AF HOULE, D
   HOFFMASTER, DK
   ASSIMACOPOULOS, S
   CHARLESWORTH, B
TI THE GENOMIC MUTATION-RATE FOR FITNESS IN DROSOPHILA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID affecting viability; melanogaster; populations; evolution
AB THE mutation rate per genome for local affecting fitness is crucial in theories of the evolution of sex and recombination1,2 and of outbreeding mechanisms3. Mutational variation in fitness may also be important in the evolution of mate choice in animals2,4,5. No information is available on the rate at which spontaneous mutations with small effects on fitness arise, although viability (probability of survival to adulthood) has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster6-9. These experiments involved the accumulation of spontaneous mutations in the virtual absence of natural selection, in a set of independently maintained lines with a common origin. The rates of decline in mean and increase in variance among lines permit estimation of limits to the mean number of new mutations arising per generation (U) and the average homozygous effect of a new mutation of minor effect (s)7,9,10. For the second chromosome of D. melanogaster, the value of U is at least 0.17 (ref. 7), and (1 - h)s is less than 0.02, where hs is the average decline in fitness of heterozygotes. As the second chromosome is about 40% of the genome, these data indicate a mutation rate per haploid genome of at least 0.42 for viability. Here we present similar data on the effects of homozygous spontaneous mutations on a measure of fitness in D. melanogaster.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 University of Chicago
NR 20
TC 108
Z9 113
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 58
EP 60
DI 10.1038/359058a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200052
PM 1522887
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DIRICK, L
   MOLL, T
   AUER, H
   NASMYTH, K
AF DIRICK, L
   MOLL, T
   AUER, H
   NASMYTH, K
TI A CENTRAL ROLE FOR SWI6 IN MODULATING CELL-CYCLE START-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION IN YEAST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ho gene; cerevisiae; sequence
AB MOST genes involved in DNA replication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are transcribed transiently during late G1 as cells become committed to a new cell cycle at Start 1. Their promoters all contain one or more versions of an 8-base-pair motif (ACGCGTNA) containing an MluI restriction enzyme site and called the MluI cell-cycle box (MCB) 2. MCBs are both necessary and sufficient for the late G1-specific transcription of the TMP1 thymidylate synthase and POL1 DNA polymerase genes 3,4. A different late G1-specific 8-base-pair transcription element called the SCB (CACGAAAA; ref. 5) is bound by a factor containing the Swi4 and Swi6 proteins 6,7.  We describe here the formation in vitro of complexes on TMP1 MCBs that contain the Swi6 protein and, we suggest, a protein of relative molecular mass 120,000 (p120) that is distinct from Swi4. Transcription due to SCBs and MCBs occurs in the absence of Swi6 but it is no longer correctly regulated in the cell cycle. We suggest that Swi6 is an essential regulatory subunit of two different Start-dependent transcription factors. One factor (SBF) contains Swi4 and binds to SCBs, whereas the other (MBF) contains the protein p120 and binds MCBs.
C1 INST MOLEC PATHOL,DR BOHR GASSE 7,A-1030 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
NR 26
TC 168
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 508
EP 513
DI 10.1038/357508a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200067
PM 1608451
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STACEY, GN
   BOLTON, BJ
   DOYLE, A
AF STACEY, GN
   BOLTON, BJ
   DOYLE, A
TI DNA FINGERPRINTING TRANSFORMS THE ART OF CELL AUTHENTICATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quality-control; markers; lines
AB The increasing diversity of new cell cultures is seriously stretching the capabilities of traditional methods of identification. DNA fingerprinting is set to play an important role in increasing confidence in the authenticity of cultures in research and industry.
RP STACEY, GN (corresponding author), PUBL HLTH LAB SERV APPL MICROBIOL & RES,EUROPEAN COLLECT ANIM CELL CULTURES,DIV BIOL,SALISBURY SP4 0JG,WILTS,ENGLAND.
NR 15
TC 40
Z9 42
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 261
EP 262
DI 10.1038/357261a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500061
PM 1589025
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NATER, EA
   GRIGAL, DF
AF NATER, EA
   GRIGAL, DF
TI REGIONAL TRENDS IN MERCURY DISTRIBUTION ACROSS THE GREAT-LAKES STATES, NORTH CENTRAL USA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID patterns; nitrogen; ontario; sulfur
AB CONCENTRATIONS of mercury in the environment are increasing as a result of human activities, notably fossil-fuel burning and incineration of municipal wastes. Increasing levels of mercury in aquatic environments and consequently in fish populations are recognized as a public-health problem 1,2. Enhanced mercury concentrations in lake sediments relative to pre-industrial values have also been attributed to anthropogenic pollution. It is generally assumed that atmospheric mercury deposition is dominated by global-scale processes, consequently being regionally uniform. Here, to the contrary, we report a significant gradient in concentrations and total amounts of mercury in organic litter and surface mineral soil along a transect of forested sites across the north central United States from northwestern Minnesota to eastern Michigan. This gradient is accompanied by parallel changes in wet sulphate deposition and human activity along the transect, suggesting that the regional variation in mercury content is due to deposition of anthropogenic mercury, most probably in particulate form.
RP NATER, EA (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA.
NR 29
TC 142
Z9 154
U1 1
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/358139a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHAPMAN, S
   PONGRACIC, H
   DISNEY, M
   NELSON, A
   TURNER, J
   WHITWORTH, A
AF CHAPMAN, S
   PONGRACIC, H
   DISNEY, M
   NELSON, A
   TURNER, J
   WHITWORTH, A
TI THE FORMATION OF BINARY AND MULTIPLE STAR SYSTEMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smoothed particle hydrodynamics; fragmentation; clouds; codes
AB Numerical simulations of protostars condensing out of turbulent interstellar gas clouds suggest that binary and multiple protostar systems are common. Such systems form from gas which has been strongly compressed and cooled in radiative shocks. Individual protostars result either from thermal fragmentation of extended layers, or from rotational fragmentation induced by accretion; they are much denser than their surroundings, well separated, and therefore likely to survive as separate entities.
RP CHAPMAN, S (corresponding author), UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, CARDIFF CF2 3YB, WALES.
NR 21
TC 64
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 207
EP 210
DI 10.1038/359207a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CRESPI, BJ
AF CRESPI, BJ
TI EUSOCIALITY IN AUSTRALIAN GALL THRIPS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB STUDIES of the role of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality have been limited to the Hymenoptera, the only insects known to exhibit both reproductive castes and the haplodiploid genetic system1. Because aculeate Hymenoptera share many other traits that may affect sociality, such as provisioning at nests, powerful flight, mandibulate mouthparts, and stings, it has been difficult to separate the effects of haplodiploidy from other characteristics of this taxonomic group2,3. Here I report the presence of eusociality in a second haplodiploid insect taxon, the order Thysanoptera. Subfertile 'soldier' adults of the Australian gall thrips Oncothrips tepperi Karny and O. habrus Mound defend the gall containing their mother and siblings from invasion and takeover by inquiline thrips species and other insect invaders. Australian gall thrips provide remarkable new opportunities for analysing the causes of the evolution of eusociality.
RP CRESPI, BJ (corresponding author), SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA.
NR 11
TC 164
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 724
EP 726
DI 10.1038/359724a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DORIN, JR
   DICKINSON, P
   ALTON, EWFW
   SMITH, SN
   GEDDES, DM
   STEVENSON, BJ
   KIMBER, WL
   FLEMING, S
   CLARKE, AR
   HOOPER, ML
   ANDERSON, L
   BEDDINGTON, RSP
   PORTEOUS, DJ
AF DORIN, JR
   DICKINSON, P
   ALTON, EWFW
   SMITH, SN
   GEDDES, DM
   STEVENSON, BJ
   KIMBER, WL
   FLEMING, S
   CLARKE, AR
   HOOPER, ML
   ANDERSON, L
   BEDDINGTON, RSP
   PORTEOUS, DJ
TI CYSTIC-FIBROSIS IN THE MOUSE BY TARGETED INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; potential difference; gene; identification; regulator
AB Cystic fibrosis is a fatal genetic disorder which afflicts 50,000 people worldwide. A viable animal model would be invaluable for investigating and combating this disease. The mouse cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene was disrupted in embryonal stem cells using an insertional gene targeting vector. Germ-line chimaeras were derived and the off spring of heterozygous crosses studied. These homozygous mutant mice survive beyond weaning. In vivo electrophysiology demonstrates the predicted defect in chloride ion transport in these mice and can distinguish between each genotype. Histological analysis detects important hallmarks of human disease pathology, including abnormalities of the colon, lung and vas deferens. This insertional mouse mutation provides a valid model system for the development and testing of therapies for cystic fibrosis patients.
C1 WESTERN GEN HOSP,MRC,HUMAN GENET UNIT,CREWE RD,EDINBURGH EH4 2XU,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   NATL HEART & LUNG INST,ION TRANSPORT LAB,LONDON SW3 6LR,ENGLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,CANC RES CAMPAIGN LABS,EDINBURGH EH8 9AG,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   AFRC,CTR GENOME RES,EDINBURGH EH9 3JQ,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Imperial College London; University of Edinburgh
NR 35
TC 256
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 211
EP 215
DI 10.1038/359211a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400051
PM 1382232
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHANG, Y
   HEYM, B
   ALLEN, B
   YOUNG, D
   COLE, S
AF ZHANG, Y
   HEYM, B
   ALLEN, B
   YOUNG, D
   COLE, S
TI THE CATALASE PEROXIDASE GENE AND ISONIAZID RESISTANCE OF MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; nucleotide-sequence; expression; transformation; superoxide; extracts; cloning; strains
AB TUBERCULOSIS is responsible for one in four of all avoidable adult deaths in developing countries1. Increased frequency and accelerated fatality of the disease among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus has raised worldwide concern that control programmes may be inadequate2, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has resulted in several recent fatal outbreaks in the United States3. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid, INH) forms the core of antituberculosis regimens; however, clinical isolates that are resistant to INH show reduced catalase activity and a relative lack of virulence in guinea-pigs4-7. Here we use mycobacterial genetics8,9 to study the molecular basis of INH resistance. A single M. tuberculosis gene, katG, encoding both catalase and peroxidase, restored sensitivity to INH in a resistant mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis, and conferred INH susceptibility in some strains of Escherichia coli. Deletion of katG from the chromosome was associated with INH resistance in two patient isolates of M. tuberculosis.
C1 HAMMERSMITH HOSP,ROYAL POSTGRAD MED SCH,DEPT BACTERIOL,LONDON W12 0HS,ENGLAND.
   INST PASTEUR,GENET MOLEC BACTERIENNE LAB,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
   CHU PITIE SALPETRIERE,SERV BACTERIOL VIROL,F-75634 PARIS 13,FRANCE.
C3 Imperial College London; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Sorbonne Universite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Pitie-Salpetriere - APHP
RP ZHANG, Y (corresponding author), HAMMERSMITH HOSP,ROYAL POSTGRAD MED SCH,MRC,TB & RELATED INFECT UNIT,LONDON W12 0HS,ENGLAND.
NR 21
TC 1109
Z9 1312
U1 0
U2 115
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 591
EP 593
DI 10.1038/358591a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900062
PM 1501713
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STORY, RM
   STEITZ, TA
AF STORY, RM
   STEITZ, TA
TI STRUCTURE OF THE RECA PROTEIN-ADP COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; adenylate kinase; binding; dna; resolution; hydrolysis; sequences; subunits; domain; tu
AB THE recA protein catalyses the ATP-driven homologous pairing and strand exchange of DNA molecules 1-3.  It is an allosteric enzyme: the ATPase activity is DNA-dependent 4,5, and ATP-bound recA protein has a high affinity for DNA, whereas the ADP-bound form has a low affinity 6.  In the absence of ATP hydrolysis, recA protein can still promote homologous pairing, apparently through the formation of a triple-stranded intermediate 1,7-9.  The exact role of ATP hydrolysis is not clear, but it presumably drives the triplex intermediate towards products 1,9,10.  Here we determine the position of bound ADP diffused into the recA crystal. We show that only the phosphates are bound in the same way as in other NTPases containing the G/AXXXXGKT/S motif. We propose that recA protein may change its conformation upon ATP hydrolysis in a manner analogous to one such protein, the p21 protein from the ras oncogene. A model is presented to account for the allosteric stimulation of DNA binding by ATP. The mechanism by which nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis is coupled to the binding of another ligand in recA protein and p21 may be typical of the large class of NTPases containing this conserved motif.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
   YALE UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP STORY, RM (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511, USA.
NR 30
TC 590
Z9 675
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 374
EP 376
DI 10.1038/355374a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100076
PM 1731253
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WARDLE, M
   YUSEFZADEH, F
AF WARDLE, M
   YUSEFZADEH, F
TI ORIGIN OF THE HOT GAS AND RADIO BLOBS AT THE GALACTIC-CENTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray; galaxy
AB RECENT infrared observations 1 have revealed hot gas, with a temperature possibly as high as one million degrees, associated with a small cavity 2 arcseconds in diameter in one of the ionized gas streamers (the 'Bar') that orbit the Galactic Centre radio source SgrA* (ref. 2), thought to contain a massive black hole. Radio continuum observations 3 show a chain of blobs of emission leading from SgrA* to the small cavity. We present here further high-resolution radio images which show that the blobs are connected to SgrA* by a ridge of emission. We suggest that the blobs are formed by the interaction of stellar winds from the IRS16 cluster with the gravitational potential of SgrA*. The hot gas 1 then results from the dissipation of the kinetic energy of the blobs as they collide with the orbiting ionized streamer. These collisions are of dynamical significance for the motion of the Bar around the Galactic Centre, and there should be detectable variability in the structure on a timescale of 10 years.
RP WARDLE, M (corresponding author), NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,2145 N SHERIDAN RD,EVANSTON,IL 60208, USA.
NR 28
TC 36
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 308
EP 310
DI 10.1038/357308a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200039
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DUCHOSAL, MA
   EMING, SA
   FISCHER, P
   LETURCQ, D
   BARBAS, CF
   MCCONAHEY, PJ
   CAOTHIEN, RH
   THORNTON, GB
   DIXON, FJ
   BURTON, DR
AF DUCHOSAL, MA
   EMING, SA
   FISCHER, P
   LETURCQ, D
   BARBAS, CF
   MCCONAHEY, PJ
   CAOTHIEN, RH
   THORNTON, GB
   DIXON, FJ
   BURTON, DR
TI IMMUNIZATION OF HU-PBL-SCID MICE AND THE RESCUE OF HUMAN MONOCLONAL FAB FRAGMENTS THROUGH COMBINATORIAL LIBRARIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatitis-b virus; severe combined immunodeficiency; escherichia-coli; nucleotide-sequence; antibody-production; lymphocytes; antigen; expression; generation; mouse
AB ANTIBODIES are usually prepared from recently boosted animals and reflect ongoing immune responses 1-6. In humans, this is restrictive as ethical constraints generally prevent antigen-boosting. Therefore the rich memory compartment of human antibody responses remains largely untapped 7. Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice 8 populated with human cells 9-11 allow the stimulation of human antibody memory without the usual constraints. Here we show how peripheral blood lymphocytes can be stimulated by antigen to produce large secondary responses after transfer to SCID mice. Specific monoclonal human Fab fragments can then be isolated from the mice by repertoire cloning even when the human donor's last contact with antigen was more than 17 years ago.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   RW JOHNSON PHARMACEUT RES INST, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA.
   UNIV SHEFFIELD, KREBS INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL & BIOTECHNOL, SHEFFIELD S10 2TN, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Johnson & Johnson; Johnson & Johnson USA; University of Sheffield
RP DUCHOSAL, MA (corresponding author), SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT IMMUNOL, 10666 N TORREY PINES RD, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 140
Z9 245
U1 1
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 258
EP 262
DI 10.1038/355258a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400070
PM 1731222
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRING, DA
   BOYNTON, WV
AF KRING, DA
   BOYNTON, WV
TI PETROGENESIS OF AN AUGITE-BEARING MELT ROCK IN THE CHICXULUB STRUCTURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO K/T IMPACT SPHERULES IN HAITI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alkaline series lavas; medicine lake volcano; crater; origin; fractionation; geochemistry; assimilation; petrology; andesites; basement
AB GEOPHYSICAL anomalies on the Yucatan peninsula define a buried circular structure with an approximate diameter of 180 km (refs 1-3). These anomalies, along with stratigraphic and petrological data, including evidence for shock metamorphism, have been used to interpret the structure as an impact crater 4. This structure, known as Chicxulub, is particularly interesting because it formed at or near the end of the Cretaceous period, in the geographical region where an impact is believed to have occurred, in large part because of a thick ejecta deposit found on Haiti 5. Glassy tektite-like relics in this deposit 6-9 are unusually calcic (up to 31 wt % CaO; ref. 7), providing a further circumstantial link with the Chicxulub structure, which penetrates a carbonate and evaporite sequence 7,8. Here we strengthen this link by showing that a simple chemical relationship exists between the glasses and an augite-bearing melt rock found within the Chicxulub structure, and argue that the composition of this melt rock could not easily have been produced volcanic processes.
RP KRING, DA (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA.
NR 36
TC 98
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 141
EP 144
DI 10.1038/358141a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BINDOFF, NL
   CHURCH, JA
AF BINDOFF, NL
   CHURCH, JA
TI WARMING OF THE WATER COLUMN IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC-OCEAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transpacific hydrographic sections; north-atlantic ocean; 43 degrees s; 28 degrees s; scorpio expedition
AB THE response of the deep ocean to long-period temperature variations at the ocean surface is a crucial issue in understanding climate change 1. There are, however, very few observations available for studying changes in the thermal structure of ocean interiors. On the basis of measurements made 22 years apart of full-depth temperature sections in the Pacific Ocean between Australia and New Zealand, we show here that there has been a depth-averaged warming of 0.04-degrees-C and 0.03-degrees-C at 43-degrees-S and 28-degrees-S, respectively, throughout most of the water column below the mixed layer. The sea-level rise caused by expansion between a depth of 300 m and the ocean floor is 2-3 cm, consistent with the observed rate of global sea-level rise 2. In the main thermocline there is a coherent cooling and freshening on density surfaces, consistent with surface warming in the Southern Ocean where these waters originate. Similar observations in the North Atlantic 3 show comparable changes in the thermal structure and water-mass volumes, but further measurements in other regions are required before firm conclusions can be drawn about the global significance of these changes.
C1 COOPERAT RES CTR ANTARCTIC & SO OCEAN STUDIES,HOBART,TAS 7001,AUSTRALIA.
RP BINDOFF, NL (corresponding author), CSIRO,DIV OCEANOG,GPO BOX 1538,HOBART,TAS 7001,AUSTRALIA.
NR 14
TC 95
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/357059a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MEEGAN, CA
   FISHMAN, GJ
   WILSON, RB
   PACIESAS, WS
   PENDLETON, GN
   HORACK, JM
   BROCK, MN
   KOUVELIOTOU, C
AF MEEGAN, CA
   FISHMAN, GJ
   WILSON, RB
   PACIESAS, WS
   PENDLETON, GN
   HORACK, JM
   BROCK, MN
   KOUVELIOTOU, C
TI SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS OBSERVED BY BATSE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The nature of the sources of cosmic-gamma-ray bursts is a long-standing problem in astrophysics. Lack of knowledge of their true spatial distribution and of their intrinsic brightness has hampered theoretical understanding, of these enigmatic events. The Burst and Transient Source Experiment in the Compton-Gamma-Ray Observatory has been detecting bursts at the rate of about one a day, and we report here an analysis of 153 events. The number versus intensity distribution does not follow the -3/2 power law expected for a spatially extended homogeneous distribution of sources, but at the same time the angular distribution is isotropic within statistical limits. Taken together, these results are inconsistent with the spatial distribution of any known population of galactic objects, but may be consistent with the bursts being at cosmological distances.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT PHYS,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35899.
   UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC,COLUMBIA,MD.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville; Universities Space Research Association (USRA)
RP MEEGAN, CA (corresponding author), NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,SPACE SCI LAB,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812, USA.
NR 18
TC 675
Z9 739
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 143
EP 145
DI 10.1038/355143a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HALPERN, JP
   HOLT, SS
AF HALPERN, JP
   HOLT, SS
TI DISCOVERY OF SOFT-X-RAY PULSATIONS FROM THE GAMMA-RAY SOURCE GEMINGA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1e 0630+178; period; pulsar
AB THE nature of the gamma-ray source 'Geminga' (2CG195 + 04) is a problem of considerable importance in high-energy astrophysics. First discovered in 1972 by the SAS-2 satellite 1, Geminga emits virtually all its power at energies above 50 MeV, and at energies above 100 MeV is the second brightest source in the gamma-ray sky survey made by the Cos-B satellite 2. It eluded identification at all other wavelengths until the Einstein Observatory found an unusual soft X-ray source, 1E0630 + 178, in its error box 3. This source also has a claimed twenty-fifth magnitude optical counterpart 4-6. This distinctive set of properties is reminiscent of the Vela pulsar, except for the absence of radio emission 7 or a synchrotron nebula 3. We have made a more sensitive soft X-ray observation of the Geminga field using Rosat, and have detected coherent pulsations from 1E0630 + 178 at a period of 0.237 s. This result confirms suggestions 3-6,8,9 that Geminga is, like Vela, a gamma-ray pulsar. We speculate that Geminga is somewhat the older of the two. With this discovery we consider the mystery of Geminga largely solved.
C1 NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,SPACE SCI,GREENBELT,MD 20771.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP HALPERN, JP (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,COLUMBIA ASTROPHYS LAB,538 W 120TH ST,NEW YORK,NY 10027, USA.
NR 20
TC 265
Z9 284
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 222
EP 224
DI 10.1038/357222a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CALDEIRA, K
   KASTING, JF
AF CALDEIRA, K
   KASTING, JF
TI SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE EARLY EARTH TO IRREVERSIBLE GLACIATION CAUSED BY CARBON-DIOXIDE CLOUDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate; co2; luminosity; feedback; mars
AB SIMPLE energy-balance climate models of the Budyko/Sellers type1,2 predict that a small (2-5%) decrease in solar output could result in runaway glaciation on the Earth. But solar fluxes 25-30% lower early in the Earth's history3,4 apparently did not lead to this result. One currently favoured explanation is that high partial pressures of carbon dioxide, caused by higher volcanic outgassing rates and/or slower rates of silicate weathering, created a large enough greenhouse effect to keep the planet warm5-7. This does not resolve the problem of climate stability, however, because as we argue here, the oceans can freeze much more quickly than CO2 can accumulate in the atmosphere. Had such a transient global glaciation occurred in the distant past when solar luminosity was low, it might have been irreversible because of the formation of highly reflective CO2 clouds, similar to those encountered in climate simulations of early Mars8. Our simulations of the early Earth, incorporating the possible formation of such clouds, suggest that the Earth might not be habitable today had it not been warm during the first part of its history.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIV PK,PA 16802.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP CALDEIRA, K (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV,CTR EARTH SYST SCI,UNIV PK,PA 16802, USA.
NR 23
TC 175
Z9 200
U1 1
U2 95
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 226
EP 228
DI 10.1038/359226a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400057
PM 11540934
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCKENZIE, DR
   DAVIS, CA
   COCKAYNE, DJH
   MULLER, DA
   VASSALLO, AM
AF MCKENZIE, DR
   DAVIS, CA
   COCKAYNE, DJH
   MULLER, DA
   VASSALLO, AM
TI THE STRUCTURE OF THE C70 MOLECULE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ALTHOUGH there have been experimental studies of the structure of the C60 molecule in the gas phase 1 and the solid state at low temperature 2, so far only indirect experimental details of the structure of the C70 molecule have been available 3. The ellipsoidal structure for C70, the subject of recent theoretical work 4,5, should provide a useful test of current understanding of carbon-carbon bonding, in that a single molecule contains several distinct types of bond in various relationships to pentagonal and hexagonal rings. Conventional crystallographic techniques are not suitable for studying C70 at room temperature because of poor crystallinity and orientational disorder in solid samples. Here we present the results of a study in which the molecular structure of C70 was deduced from electron diffraction using a simulated-annealing method. The 'rugby ball' structure is confirmed, with a slight pinching of the waist, and the bond lengths are found to follow a simple pattern determined by their relationship to the five- and six-membered rings.
C1 UNIV SYDNEY,ELECTRON MICROSCOPE UNIT,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA.
   CSIRO,DIV COAL & ENERGY TECHNOL,N RYDE,NSW 2113,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Sydney; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); CSIRO Energy
RP MCKENZIE, DR (corresponding author), UNIV SYDNEY,DEPT APPL PHYS,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA.
NR 10
TC 238
Z9 241
U1 2
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 622
EP 624
DI 10.1038/355622a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MAZER, JJ
   BATES, JK
   BRADLEY, JP
   BRADLEY, CR
   STEVENSON, CM
AF MAZER, JJ
   BATES, JK
   BRADLEY, JP
   BRADLEY, CR
   STEVENSON, CM
TI ALTERATION OF TEKTITE TO FORM WEATHERING PRODUCTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cretaceous-tertiary boundary; glass
AB RECENT use of tektites as evidence for a bolide impact at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary has focused attention on their long-term stability 1-5. It was proposed in these studies that residual clay features with the spherical tektite morphology result from in situ alteration of the original glassy material. By contrast, examination of tektite alteration as an analogue for the long-term degradation of nuclear waste glass has revealed no evidence of alteration, hydration or devitrification either for samples found in nature or for those reacted in the laboratory 6-9: no residual clay minerals were observed, and therefore the glass was interpreted as having reacted by a complete dissolution or etching process 10-12. Here we show that these apparently incongruent observations can be reconciled through understanding the relationship between the environment in which the glass reacts and the chemical processes that control the reaction rate. We have examined both natural and experimental alteration of tektites and have found that, under conditions of restricted water contact, tektite reaction is dominated by water diffusion and in situ hydrolysis of the glass structure, followed by restructuring of the silicate network to form clays. Over time, the effective rate for these processes is lower than that for etching. Thus alteration of tektites to clays, as observed at the K/T boundary, can proceed only under conditions of limited water contact.
C1 MCCRONE ASSOCIATES INC,WESTMONT,IL 60559.
   ARCHAEOL SERV CONSULTANTS,COLUMBUS,OH 43202.
RP MAZER, JJ (corresponding author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA.
NR 28
TC 22
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 573
EP 576
DI 10.1038/357573a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MERBS, SL
   NATHANS, J
AF MERBS, SL
   NATHANS, J
TI ABSORPTION-SPECTRA OF HUMAN CONE PIGMENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human color-vision; molecular-genetics; bovine rhodopsin; polymorphism; sensitivity
AB HUMAN colour vision is mediated by three light-sensitive pigments, each found in a different cone-cell type 1. The absorption spectra of the human cone pigments have been sought for over a century 2 using techniques such as psychophysical colour matching 3, reflection densitometry 4, electroretinography 5, single-cell action spectra 6 and, most directly, microspectrophotometry 7,8. We report here a direct determination of the human cone pigment photobleaching difference absorption spectra after the production of each cone pigment apoprotein in tissue culture cells transfected with the corresponding complementary DNA clones 9,10. The mean values for the wavelength of maximal absorption are 426 nm for the blue pigment, 530 nm for the green pigment, and 552 nm and 557 nm for two polymorphic variants of the red pigment.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University
RP MERBS, SL (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA.
NR 22
TC 264
Z9 292
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 433
EP 435
DI 10.1038/356433a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000063
PM 1557124
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HYMAN, AA
   MIDDLETON, K
   CENTOLA, M
   MITCHISON, TJ
   CARBON, J
AF HYMAN, AA
   MIDDLETON, K
   CENTOLA, M
   MITCHISON, TJ
   CARBON, J
TI MICROTUBULE-MOTOR ACTIVITY OF A YEAST CENTROMERE-BINDING PROTEIN COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cytoplasmic dynein; kinetochores; spindle; mitosis; invitro; cells
AB DURING cell division, sister chromosomes segregate from each other on a microtubule-based structure called the mitotic spindle. Proteins bind to the centromere, a region of chromosomal DNA, to form the kinetochore, which mediates chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle microtubules1,2. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, genetic analysis has shown that the 28-base-pair (bp) CDEIII region of the 125-bp centromere DNA sequence (CEN sequence) is the main region controlling chromosome segregation in vivo3,4. Therefore it is likely that proteins binding to the CDEIII region link the centromeres to the microtubules during mitosis. A complex of proteins (CBF3) that binds specifically to the CDEIII DNA sequence has been isolated by affinity chromatography5. Here we describe kinetochore function in vitro. The CBF3 complex can link DNA to microtubules, and the complex contains a minus-end-directed microtubule-based motor. We suggest that microtubule-based motors form the fundamental link between microtubules and chromosomes at mitosis.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA, DEPT BIOL SCI, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP HYMAN, AA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHARMACOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
NR 20
TC 105
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 533
EP 536
DI 10.1038/359533a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900059
PM 1406970
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROOD, RT
   BANIA, TM
   WILSON, TL
AF ROOD, RT
   BANIA, TM
   WILSON, TL
TI DETECTION OF HE-3 IN A PLANETARY-NEBULA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interstellar-medium; evolution; distances; stars; he-3; line
AB HELIUM-3 is created by cosmological nucleosynthesis with an abundance He-3/H almost-equal-to 2 x 10(-5) (ref. 1), but then augmented by stellar nucleosynthesis. Stars comparable in mass to the Sun should contribute a large fraction of the present He-3 abundance in interstellar material 2:  winds from these stars during their main-sequence lifetime, as well as planetary nebulae created by more rapid mass loss later in the stars' lives, are expected to have He-3/H about 100 times the cosmic value. These stars are also thought to be the principal source of new material to the interstellar medium 3, and measurement of the present He-3 abundance should therefore be an important diagnostic of chemical evolution in the Galaxy, as well as an essential prelude to determining the primordial cosmic abundance 4. Over a decade ago we began a programme 5-7 to measure the galactic He-3 abundance, but until recently it had been possible to detect it only in giant H II regions, where it is already well mixed into the interstellar medium. We report here its first detection in a He-3 source, the planetary nebula NGC3242. We measure He-3/H greater-than-or-similar-to 10(-3), consistent with stellar models.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   MAX PLANCK INST RADIOASTRON,W-5300 BONN 1,GERMANY.
C3 Boston University; Max Planck Society
RP ROOD, RT (corresponding author), UNIV VIRGINIA,DEPT ASTRON,BOX 3818,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903, USA.
NR 18
TC 77
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 618
EP 620
DI 10.1038/355618a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RICHARD, EA
   LISMAN, JE
AF RICHARD, EA
   LISMAN, JE
TI RHODOPSIN INACTIVATION IS A MODULATED PROCESS IN LIMULUS PHOTORECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-adrenergic-receptor; phosphodiesterase activation; 48-kda protein; phosphorylation; membranes; arrestin; drosophila; light; metarhodopsin; homolog
AB MANY G-protein-coupled receptors are only transiently active because an inactivation process stops the receptor from activating G protein molecules 1-3. Although this inactivated has been investigated in vitro, the real kinetics of the process can only be obtained from intact cells. Here we describe a method for measuring the inactivation of rhodopsin in intact photoreceptors and the application of this method to the ultraviolet rhodopsin of Limulus median eye 4. The results show that the inactivation process is very rapid (< 150 ms) and occurs well before the peak of the receptor potential. We have also investigated whether the inactivation process can itself be modulated. Our results show that light-adaptation accelerates inactivation by about 10-fold, providing evidence that G-protein-mediated transduction can be modulated at this first stage.
RP RICHARD, EA (corresponding author), BRANDEIS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,WALTHAM,MA 02254, USA.
NR 24
TC 24
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 336
EP 338
DI 10.1038/356336a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400063
PM 1549176
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NEILL, WE
AF NEILL, WE
TI POPULATION VARIATION IN THE ONTOGENY OF PREDATOR-INDUCED VERTICAL MIGRATION OF COPEPODS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID british-columbia; reaction norms; zooplankton; behavior
AB DIEL vertical migrations (DVM) of zooplankton are nearly ubiquitous and vary widely in timing and magnitude 1-5. Predation can be both an evolutionary and proximal ('inducing') agent in promoting this variation 6-14. Because aquatic predators are strongly size-selective 15, vulnerability to predation changes during an individual's ontogeny. Accordingly, natural selection on phototaxis, timing and magnitude of migration should also vary during ontogeny. Furthermore, biogeographic variation in the composition, density and behaviour of predators would probably select for different ontogenies of DVM. Whether predator-induced or developmentally fixed (canalized) migrations would be favoured probably depends on the variability of predatory risk 16-19. Here I compare experimentally DVMs of calanoid copepods from populations with contrasting histories of vertebrate and invertebrate predation. Results show predator- and population-specific migrations that differed with life history stage/size. Both developmentally fixed and predator-induced migrations were found at various life-stages in the same group of individuals. Ontogenetic patterns, however, differed among populations adapted to different suites of predators. Genes coding for differences in phenotypic expression of migratory behaviour seem to have been selected by local predation at each stage/size.
C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT ZOOL,VANCOUVER V6T 1Z4,BC,CANADA.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP NEILL, WE (corresponding author), UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,CTR FISHERIES,2204 MAIN MALL,VANCOUVER V6T 1Z4,BC,CANADA.
NR 24
TC 82
Z9 88
U1 1
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/356054a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRAINERD, JJ
AF BRAINERD, JJ
TI GAMMA-RAY BURSTS IN THE GALACTIC HALO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID absorption; features; pulsars
AB THE angular and luminosity distributions of the gamma-ray bursts observed by the BATSE instrument, on the Gamma Ray Observatory satellite, cannot be explained by sources confined to the galactic plane 1. Instead the observations are consistent with a nearly isotropic source density that falls with distance. Although this permits a cosmological origin, it also permits an origin in the halo of our Galaxy, preserving some aspects of models in which galactic neutron stars are the sites of the bursts. I show here that significant isotropy can be achieved with a spherically symmetric halo model if it extends out beyond 100 kpc. Large halo core radii enhance isotropy, although consistency with observation is possible for core radii as small as 5 kpc if the halo radius is sufficiently large. The intrinsic luminosity distribution of gamma-ray bursts must be treated as a free parameter to fit the observations. If gamma-ray bursts are from the halo, they are likely to be old population II neutron stars, because models based on pulsars escaping from the galactic plane have strong anisotropies.
RP BRAINERD, JJ (corresponding author), NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,SPACE SCI LAB,ES-65,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812, USA.
NR 19
TC 45
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 522
EP 524
DI 10.1038/355522a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIMMONS, LW
AF SIMMONS, LW
TI QUANTIFICATION OF ROLE REVERSAL IN RELATIVE PARENTAL INVESTMENT IN A BUSH CRICKET
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sexual selection; paternal investment; tettigoniidae; orthoptera; katydids; female; insects; spermatophore
AB SEXUAL differences in courtship roles are thought to depend on the ratio of sexually available females to males 1-3. This 'operational sex ratio,3 should be biased towards the sex investing least in reproduction because they will have the higher potential reproductive rate 4. Thus relative parental investment 1,2 is thought to underlie observed courtship roles. Typically, males have the lower investment and compete for choosy females 2,3,5. But role reversal can occur when males invest parentally 2,3. Recent evidence supports the contentions that role reversal reflects shifts in the potential reproductive rates of males and females 4 and shifts in the operational sex ratio 6. Cases of male investment exceeding female investment in role-reversed species have not been found. In some insects, males invest in reproduction by providing the female with nutrients used for zygote production 7,8. Here I report the measurement of male and female investment in reproduction for a nutrient-provisioning bush cricket (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and demonstrate that reversals in relative parental investment underlie courtship role reversals seen in this species 6,9.
RP SIMMONS, LW (corresponding author), UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA, DEPT ZOOL, NEDLANDS, WA 6009, AUSTRALIA.
NR 26
TC 90
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 61
EP 63
DI 10.1038/358061a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OKEEFE, SJ
   TAMURA, J
   KINCAID, RL
   TOCCI, MJ
   ONEILL, EA
AF OKEEFE, SJ
   TAMURA, J
   KINCAID, RL
   TOCCI, MJ
   ONEILL, EA
TI FK-506-SENSITIVE AND CSA-SENSITIVE ACTIVATION OF THE INTERLEUKIN-2 PROMOTER BY CALCINEURIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; calmodulin; domain; cells
AB ANTIGEN recognition by the T-cell receptor (TCR) initiates events including lymphokine gene transcription 1, particularly interleukin-2, that lead to T-cell activation. The immunosuppressive drugs, cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK-506, prevent T-cell proliferation by inhibiting a Ca2+-dependent event required for induction of interleukin-2 transcription 2. Complexes of FK-506 or CsA and their respective intracellular binding proteins inhibit the calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin, in vitro 3. The pharmacological relevance of this observation to immunosuppression or drug toxicity is undetermined. Calcineurin, although present in lymphocytes 4, has not been implicated in TCR-mediated activation of lymphokine genes or in transcriptional regulation in general. Here we report that transfection of a calcineurin catalytic subunit increases the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the immunosuppressants FK-506 and CsA, and that a mutant subunit acts in synergy with phorbol ester alone to activate the interleukin-2 promoter in a drug-sensitive manner. These results implicate calcineurin as a component of the TCR signal transduction pathway by demonstrating its role in the drug-sensitive activation of the interleukin-2 promoter.
C1 NIAAA,MOLEC & CELLULAR NEUROBIOL LAB,IMMUNOL SECT,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism (NIAAA)
RP OKEEFE, SJ (corresponding author), MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD,DEPT MOLEC IMMUNOL,RAHWAY,NJ 07065, USA.
NR 19
TC 873
Z9 921
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 692
EP 694
DI 10.1038/357692a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000072
PM 1377361
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TUTT, LW
   KOST, A
AF TUTT, LW
   KOST, A
TI OPTICAL LIMITING PERFORMANCE OF C-60 AND C-70 SOLUTIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB OPTICAL sensors used in connection with bright sources such as lasers and arc welders must commonly be protected from damaging light levels by the use of optical limiters 1.  One approach to optical limiting makes use of materials whose optical transmittance decreases at high light levels 2-5.  For most protective applications, the response must be rapid and the saturation threshold low; a lower threshold provides a greater safety margin. Studies of the optical properties of C60 have shown that the absorption cross-section of the photoexcited triplet state is greater than that of the ground state 6, suggesting that it may have a nonlinear optical response of the sort useful for optical limiting. Here we report measurements of the optical response of solutions of C60 and C70 in methylene chloride and toluene, using 8-ns pulses of 532-nm-wavelength laser light. We observed optical limiting behaviour in all cases, with saturation thresholds equal to or lower than those reported for other optical-limiting materials currently in use.
RP TUTT, LW (corresponding author), HUGHES RES LABS,MALIBU,CA 90265, USA.
NR 8
TC 859
Z9 910
U1 0
U2 125
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 225
EP 226
DI 10.1038/356225a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RADFORD, SE
   DOBSON, CM
   EVANS, PA
AF RADFORD, SE
   DOBSON, CM
   EVANS, PA
TI THE FOLDING OF HEN LYSOZYME INVOLVES PARTIALLY STRUCTURED INTERMEDIATES AND MULTIPLE PATHWAYS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear magnetic-resonance; egg-white lysozyme; ribonuclease-a; alpha-lactalbumin; circular-dichroism; protein; nmr; exchange; kinetics
AB Analysis of the folding of hen lysozyme shows that the protein does not become organized in a single cooperative event but that different parts of the structure become stabilized with very different kinetics. In particular, in most molecules the alpha-helical domain folds faster than the beta-sheet domain. Furthermore, different populations of molecules fold by kinetically distinct pathways. Thus, folding is not a simple sequential assembly process but involves parallel alternative pathways, some of which may involve substantial reorganization steps.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, INORGAN CHEM LAB, OXFORD OX1 3QR, ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAMBRIDGE CTR MOLEC RECOGNIT, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QW, ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT BIOCHEM, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QW, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP RADFORD, SE (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD, OXFORD CTR MOLEC SCI, S PARKS RD, OXFORD OX1 3QR, ENGLAND.
NR 45
TC 758
Z9 790
U1 0
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 302
EP 307
DI 10.1038/358302a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400055
PM 1641003
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BORDER, WA
   NOBLE, NA
   YAMAMOTO, T
   HARPER, JR
   YAMAGUCHI, Y
   PIERSCHBACHER, MD
   RUOSLAHTI, E
AF BORDER, WA
   NOBLE, NA
   YAMAMOTO, T
   HARPER, JR
   YAMAGUCHI, Y
   PIERSCHBACHER, MD
   RUOSLAHTI, E
TI NATURAL INHIBITOR OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA PROTECTS AGAINST SCARRING IN EXPERIMENTAL KIDNEY-DISEASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental glomerulonephritis; extracellular-matrix; rat glomerulus; fibronectin
AB THE central pathological feature of human kidney disease that leads to kidney failure is the accumulation of extracellular matrix in glomeruli. Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) underlies the accumulation of pathological matrix in experimental glomerulonephritis1. Administration of an antibody raised against TGF-beta to glomerulonephritic rats suppresses glomerular matrix production and prevents matrix accumulation in the injured glomeruli2. One of the matrix components induced by TGF-beta, the proteoglycan decorin, can bind TGF-beta and neutralize its biological activity3, so decorin may be a natural regulator of TGF-beta (refs 3, 4). We tested whether decorin could antagonize the action of TGF-beta in vivo using the experimental glomerulonephritis model1. We report here that administration of decorin inhibits the increased production of extracellular matrix and attenuates manifestations of disease, confirming our hypothesis. On the basis of our results, decorin may eventually prove to be clinically useful in diseases associated with overproduction of TGF-beta.
C1 TELIOS PHARMACEUT INC,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121.
   LA JOLLA CANC RES FDN,CANC RES CTR,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
RP BORDER, WA (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH,SCH MED,DIV NEPHROL,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84132, USA.
NR 16
TC 974
Z9 1066
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 361
EP 364
DI 10.1038/360361a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000057
PM 1280332
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LITTLER, E
   STUART, AD
   CHEE, MS
AF LITTLER, E
   STUART, AD
   CHEE, MS
TI HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS UL97 OPEN READING FRAME ENCODES A PROTEIN THAT PHOSPHORYLATES THE ANTIVIRAL NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG GANCICLOVIR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID herpes-simplex virus; epstein-barr virus; thymidine kinase; identification; herpesvirus
AB HUMAN cytomegalovirus(HCMV, a betaherpes virus) is the cause of serious disease in immunologically compromised individuals, including those with acquired immunodeficiency syndome 1. One of the compounds used in the chemotherapy of HCMV infections is the nucleoside analogue 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)-guanine (ganciclovir). The mechanism of action of this drug is dependent on the formation of the nucleoside triphosphate, which is a strong inhibitor of the viral DNA polymerase 2-4. Thymidine kinase, which is encoded by many of the herpesviruses, catalyses the initial phosphorylation of ganciclovir. But there is no evidence for the coding of this enzyme by HCMV 2,5,6, and DNA sequence analysis of the HCMV genome has shown that there is no open reading frame characteristic of a herpesvirus thymidine kinase 7. Here we present biochemical and immunological evidence that the HCMV UL97 open reading frame codes for a protein capable of phosphorylating ganciclovir. This protein seems to be responsible for the selectivity of ganciclovir and will be useful tool in the understanding and refinement of the antiviral activity of new selective anti-HCMV compounds.
C1 MRC, MOLEC BIOL LAB, CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH, ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP LITTLER, E (corresponding author), WELLCOME RES LABS, DEPT MOLEC SCI, LANGLEY COURT, BECKENHAM BR3 3BS, KENT, ENGLAND.
NR 18
TC 335
Z9 405
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 160
EP 162
DI 10.1038/358160a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300055
PM 1319559
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EAVES, L
AF EAVES, L
TI LOOKING INSIDE QUANTUM DOTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP EAVES, L (corresponding author), UNIV NOTTINGHAM,DEPT PHYS,NOTTINGHAM NG7 2RD,ENGLAND.
NR 4
TC 5
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 540
EP 540
DI 10.1038/357540a0
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200025
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GLIMCHER, PW
   SPARKS, DL
AF GLIMCHER, PW
   SPARKS, DL
TI MOVEMENT SELECTION IN ADVANCE OF ACTION IN THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eye-movements; behaving monkey; discrimination; neurons
AB THE primate superior colliculus contains a map of saccadic eye movements 1,2. Saccades are high-velocity eye movements to selected targets in the visual field, but little is known about the neural mechanisms responsible for target selection or the related problem of choosing a particular movement from the oculomotor repertoire. Two classes of neurons have been described in the superior colliculus which show bursts of activity before the saccade: discrete bursters display a vigorous pre-saccadic burst and prelude bursters 3 show low-frequency activity as a prelude to burst onset. We have designed experiments to test whether prelude activity is related to saccade selection. Our tasks use a cue to specify which of two physically identical visual stimuli is the goal of an impending saccade. This cue is spatially and temporally isolated from the potential targets as well as from visual cues signalling movement initiation. Our results show that prelude activity occurs shortly after information is available for correct saccade selection and, more importantly, the activity is predictive of saccade choice. The results thus suggest that the superior colliculus participates in the process of saccade selection.
RP GLIMCHER, PW (corresponding author), UNIV PENN,DEPT PSYCHOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA.
NR 13
TC 241
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 542
EP 545
DI 10.1038/355542a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600057
PM 1741032
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GORLICH, D
   HARTMANN, E
   PREHN, S
   RAPOPORT, TA
AF GORLICH, D
   HARTMANN, E
   PREHN, S
   RAPOPORT, TA
TI A PROTEIN OF THE ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM INVOLVED EARLY IN POLYPEPTIDE TRANSLOCATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal recognition particle; outer-membrane protein; nascent preprolactin; secretory protein; sequence receptor; import; srp; photocrosslinking; identification; component
AB To identify components of the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum involved in the translocation of secretory proteins, crosslinking and reconstitution methods were combined. A multispanning abundant membrane glycoprotein was found which is in proximity to nascent chains early in translocation. In reconstituted proteoliposomes, this protein is stimulatory or required for the translocation of secretory proteins.
C1 MAX DELBRUCK CTR MOLEC MED, ROBERT ROSSLE STR 10, O-1115 BERLIN, GERMANY.
   HUMBOLDT UNIV, INST BIOCHEM, O-1040 BERLIN, GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Humboldt University of Berlin
NR 31
TC 275
Z9 315
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 47
EP 52
DI 10.1038/357047a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900052
PM 1315422
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LISBERGER, SG
   SEJNOWSKI, TJ
AF LISBERGER, SG
   SEJNOWSKI, TJ
TI MOTOR LEARNING IN A RECURRENT NETWORK MODEL BASED ON THE VESTIBULOOCULAR REFLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electro-physiological observations; term adaptive-changes; flocculus; monkeys; integration; adaptation; plasticity; pathways; neurons
AB MOST models of neural networks have assumed that neurons process information on a timescale of milliseconds and that the long-term modification of synaptic strengths underlies learning and memory1.  But neurons also have cellular mechanisms that operate on a timescale of tens or hundreds of milliseconds, such as a gradual rise in firing rate in response to injection of constant current2 or a rapid rise followed by a slower adaptation3.  These dynamic properties of neuronal responses are mediated by ion channels that are subject to modulation4.  We demonstrate here how a neural network with recurrent feedback connections can convert long-term modulation of neural responses that occur over these intermediate timescales into changes in the amplitude of the steady output from the system. This general principle may be relevant to many feedback systems in the brain. Here it is applied to the vestibulo-ocular reflex, whose amplitude is subject to long-term adaptive modification by visual inputs5. The model reconciles apparently contradictory data on the neural locus of the cellular mechanisms that mediate this simple form of learning and memory.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,GRAD PROGRAM NEUROSCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SALK INST BIOL SCI,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP LISBERGER, SG (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,WM KECK FDN,CTR INTEGRAT NEUROSCI,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 16
TC 108
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 159
EP 161
DI 10.1038/360159a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200059
PM 1436091
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SAWIN, KE
   LEGUELLEC, K
   PHILIPPE, M
   MITCHISON, TJ
AF SAWIN, KE
   LEGUELLEC, K
   PHILIPPE, M
   MITCHISON, TJ
TI MITOTIC SPINDLE ORGANIZATION BY A PLUS-END-DIRECTED MICROTUBULE MOTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinesin-like protein; chromosome segregation; drosophila; invitro; gene; extracts; flux; identification; motility; encodes
AB INTRACELLULAR microtubule motor proteins1,2 may direct the motile properties and/or morphogenesis of the mitotic spindle (reviewed in ref. 3). The recent identification of kinesin-like proteins important for mitosis or meiosis4-9 indicates that kinesin-related proteins may play a universal role in eukaryotic cell division, but the precise function of such proteins in mitosis remains unknown. Here we use an in vitro assay for spindle assembly, derived from Xenopus egg extracts10,11, to investigate the role of Eg5, a kinesin-like protein in Xenopus eggs12. Eg5 is localized along spindle microtubules, and particularly enriched near spindle poles. Immunodepletion of Eg5 from egg extracts markedly reduces the extent of spindle formation in extracts, as does direct addition of anti-Eg5 antibodies. We also demonstrate that Eg5 is a plus-end-directed microtubule motor in vitro. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for the dynamic self-organization of spindle poles in mitosis.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV RENNES 1,CNRS,URA 256,DEPT BIOL & GENET DEV,F-35042 RENNES,FRANCE.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Universite de Rennes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP SAWIN, KE (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 38
TC 579
Z9 695
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 540
EP 543
DI 10.1038/359540a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900061
PM 1406972
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIEBERT, PD
   LARRICK, JW
AF SIEBERT, PD
   LARRICK, JW
TI COMPETITIVE PCR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase chain-reaction; messenger-rna; gene-expression; actin gene; cell-line; quantitation; amplification; sequences; dna
C1 PALO ALTO INST MOLEC MED,MT VIEW,CA 94043.
RP SIEBERT, PD (corresponding author), CLONTECH LABS INC,4030 FABIAN WAY,PALO ALTO,CA 94303, USA.
NR 20
TC 666
Z9 706
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 557
EP 558
DI 10.1038/359557a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900067
PM 1383831
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOSLOWSKY, DJ
   GORINGER, HU
   MORALES, TH
   STUART, K
AF KOSLOWSKY, DJ
   GORINGER, HU
   MORALES, TH
   STUART, K
TI INVITRO GUIDE RNA MESSENGER-RNA CHIMERA FORMATION IN TRYPANOSOMA-BRUCEI RNA EDITING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ligase; dna
AB THE post-transcriptional processing of various mitochondrial transcripts in kinetoplastids, kRNA editing, adds and removes uridines, producing mature messenger RNAs 1,2. This editing seems to be directed by 'guide' RNAs (gRNAs) which are complementary to portions of the mature message 3. The editing mechanism has been proposed to entail transesterification 4,5. Detection of chimaeric gRNA-mRNA molecules, intermediates predicted by transesterification, support this model 4. We report here the in vitro formation of such chimaeras where endogenous gRNAs are covalently linked to added synthetic mRNA. Addition of gel-purified gRNAs to the standard reaction mix increases chimaera formation. This increase is not observed when the gRNA 3'-hydroxyl group is chemically modified, identifying this terminal hydroxyl as the reactive group. These results provide the first experimental evidence for an in vitro RNA editing event and support the involvement of transesterification as a chemical mechanism.
RP KOSLOWSKY, DJ (corresponding author), SEATTLE BIOMED RES INST,4 NICKERSON ST,SEATTLE,WA 98109, USA.
NR 13
TC 55
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 807
EP 809
DI 10.1038/356807a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600055
PM 1374163
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUCK, M
   CANNON, W
AF BUCK, M
   CANNON, W
TI SPECIFIC BINDING OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SIGMA-54 TO PROMOTER DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; rna-polymerase; protein ntrc; activation; initiation; mechanism; enhancers; invivo; genes
AB A CENTRAL event in transcription is the assembly on DNA of specific complexes near the initiation sites for RNA synthesis. Activation of transcription by one class of enhancer-binding proteins requires an RNA polymerase holoenzyme1 containing the specialized transcription factor, sigma-54 (sigma-54). We report here that sigma-54 alone specifically binds to promoter DNA and is responsible for many of the close contacts between RNA polymerase holoenzyme and promoter DNA, a property proposed for the major sigma-70 protein family. Binding of simga-54 to promoter DNA is not equivalent to that of holoenzyme suggesting that there is a constraint on sigma-54 conformation when bound with core RNA polymerase. Footprints indicate sigma-54 is at the leading edge of DNA-bound holoenzyme. Like the holoenzyme1-4, sigma-54-binding to promoter DNA does not result in DNA strand separation. Instead the specific DNA-binding activity of sigma-54 assists assembly of a closed promoter complex. This complex can be isomerized to the open (DNA melted) complex by activator protein5,6, but promoter-bound sigma-54 alone cannot be induced to melt DNA. The pathway leading to productive transcription is similar to that proposed for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II systems.
RP BUCK, M (corresponding author), UNIV SUSSEX,AFRC,NITROGEN FIXAT LAB,BRIGHTON BN1 9RQ,E SUSSEX,ENGLAND.
NR 22
TC 136
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 422
EP 424
DI 10.1038/358422a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300058
PM 1641025
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LYNE, AG
   SMITH, FG
   PRITCHARD, RS
AF LYNE, AG
   SMITH, FG
   PRITCHARD, RS
TI SPIN-UP AND RECOVERY IN THE 1989 GLITCH OF THE CRAB PULSAR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE rotation of the Crab pulsar, as measured by pulsed radio and optical emission, has been monitored almost continuously since its discovery in 1968. A steady decrease in the rotation rate has been interrupted at intervals of about five years by glitches: discontinuous increases in rotation speed followed by partial recovery in the form of an exponential return to a new slowdown rate on a timescale of about 20 days. The recovery is usually interpreted as the re-establishment of stable differential rotation between the neutron star crust and part of its superfluid interior. Here we describe the largest glitch so far recorded in the Crab pulsar1. It occurred in 1989 while observations were being made, and the recovery was followed in unprecedented detail. The spin-up itself was also partly resolved in time, and the whole event, glitch plus recovery, is now seen to include three distinct exponential components, with timescales of 1, 20 and 300 days. The physical interpretation of these distinct components is unclear. The 1989 glitch, like the 1975 one2, caused a permanent increase in the slowdown rate, of a magnitude that is difficult to reconcile with current neutron star models.
RP LYNE, AG (corresponding author), UNIV MANCHESTER,NUFFIELD RADIO ASTRON LABS,JODRELL BANK,MACCLESFIELD SK11 9DL,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND.
NR 9
TC 64
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 706
EP 707
DI 10.1038/359706a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OSIPCHUK, Y
   CAHALAN, M
AF OSIPCHUK, Y
   CAHALAN, M
TI CELL-TO-CELL SPREAD OF CALCIUM SIGNALS MEDIATED BY ATP RECEPTORS IN MAST-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanical stimulation; g-proteins; secretion; ca-2+; oscillations; ionophores; glutamate; granules; membrane; waves
AB RAT basophilic leukaemia cells, like mast cells from which they are derived, have surface Fc-epsilon receptors that trigger secretion of inflammatory mediators when crosslinked. Both GTP-binding proteins and a rise in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) are implicated in the secretory mechanism1-5. Here we use a video-imaging technique to report that transient rises in [Ca2+]i initiated in an individual cell can spread from cell to cell in a wave-like pattern by means of a secreted intermediate, in the absence of gap-junctional communication. We find that the leukaemia cells, peritoneal mast cells and mucosal mast cells have cell-surface P2-type purinergic receptors that can trigger similar [Ca2+]i transients. We provide evidence that ATP is rapidly released, and that it can amplify [Ca2+]i signals and initial secretory responses during antigen-stimulation of rat basophilic leukaemia cells.
RP OSIPCHUK, Y (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,IRVINE,CA 92717, USA.
NR 29
TC 342
Z9 360
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 241
EP 244
DI 10.1038/359241a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400063
PM 1388246
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ANNAKA, M
   TANAKA, T
AF ANNAKA, M
   TANAKA, T
TI MULTIPLE PHASES OF POLYMER GELS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB SYNTHETIC polymer gels are known to exist in two phases, swollen and collapsed 1,2. Volume transitions may occur between the phases either continuously or discontinuously. We report here that more than two phases can be found in gels consisting of copolymers of randomly distributed positively and negatively charged groups. In these gels, polymer segments interact with each other through attractive or repulsive electrostatic interactions and through hydrogen bonding. It is the combination of these forces that seems to result in the existence of several phases. Each phase is characterized by a distinct degree of swelling, with abrupt jumps between them. The number of phases depends on the proportions of positively and negatively charged monomers, and decreases from a maximum of seven to just one for pure cationic or anionic gel compositions. The existence of these phases presumably reflects the ability of macromolecular systems to adopt different stable conformations in response to changes in environmental conditions.
C1 MIT,CTR MAT SCI & ENGN,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MITSUBISHI KASEI CORP,YOKOHAMA,JAPAN.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP ANNAKA, M (corresponding author), MIT,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 14
TC 304
Z9 336
U1 0
U2 80
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 430
EP 432
DI 10.1038/355430a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000063
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GAINES, SD
   BERTNESS, MD
AF GAINES, SD
   BERTNESS, MD
TI DISPERSAL OF JUVENILES AND VARIABLE RECRUITMENT IN SESSILE MARINE SPECIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intertidal barnacle; semibalanus-balanoides; settlement-patterns; larvae; community; transport; density; time
AB MARINE species commonly have broadly dispersing juveniles called larvae. Their return to the adult populations is highly variable1-3, often generating large fluctuations in population size4-6, yet the causes of the variation are poorly understood. Historically, attention has been focused on the roles of variable reproductive output by adults and variable mortality during larval development7,8. The limited success of these factors as general explanations prompted a more recent focus on the influence of variable transport of the larvae9-13. Here we show that nearly a decade of settlement variation of the barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides (L.), closely matched predictions based solely on a transport hypothesis: differences in transport generate recruitment variation by determining whether larvae complete development near a favourable habitat. The irregular nature of coastlines, particularly the presence of bays and estuaries, generates substantial regional variation in coastal transport that may generate correspondingly large variation in recruitment to marine populations.
RP GAINES, SD (corresponding author), BROWN UNIV,PROGRAM ECOL & EVOLUT BIOL,BOX G-W,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912, USA.
NR 28
TC 298
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 579
EP 580
DI 10.1038/360579a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900082
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MITTLER, JE
   LENSKI, RE
AF MITTLER, JE
   LENSKI, RE
TI EXPERIMENTAL-EVIDENCE FOR AN ALTERNATIVE TO DIRECTED MUTATION IN THE BGL OPERON
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; mutants; insertion; selection; populations; hypothesis; evolution; sequence; origin
AB THE directed mutation hypothesis 1-6 suggests that some mutations occur more often when selectively advantageous than when neutral or disadvantageous, challenging the principle that the selective value of a mutation does not affect the rate of its occurrence 7-11. Mutations in the bgl operon of Escherichia coli have been reported to be a case of directed mutation 2.  E. coli K12 strain chi-342LD cannot grow on salicin but derivatives with two mutations in the bgl operon, an excision of IS150 (formally called IS103; ref. 12) from bglF and a point mutation or insertion in bglR 13-15, grow rapidly on this sugar. When chi-342LD is grown on a medium containing salicin, bglF excision mutants accumulate to a frequency of > 1%, even though these mutants are reportedly 2 unable to grow on salicin, and Sal+ double mutants subsequently attain a high frequency. Comparable accumulations of excision mutants and Sal+ double mutants are not observed in the absence of salicin. As salicin is not mutagenic, it has been suggested that excision mutations in bglF might serve only to create the potential for a secondary selectively advantageous mutation 2. We show here, however, that these double mutants can be accounted for by spontaneous mutation to intermediate genotypes in non-growing populations, coupled with slow growth of some of these intermediates on salicin, which enables their populations to reach a size where secondary mutations allowing rapid growth on salicin become common.
C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,CTR MICROBIAL ECOL,E LANSING,MI 48824.
C3 Michigan State University
RP MITTLER, JE (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT BIOL,IRVINE,CA 92717, USA.
NR 21
TC 42
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 446
EP 448
DI 10.1038/356446a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000068
PM 1557128
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEN, X
   GARLAND, CW
   HWA, T
   KARDAR, M
   KOKUFUTA, E
   LI, Y
   ORKISZ, M
   TANAKA, T
AF WEN, X
   GARLAND, CW
   HWA, T
   KARDAR, M
   KOKUFUTA, E
   LI, Y
   ORKISZ, M
   TANAKA, T
TI CRUMPLED AND COLLAPSED CONFORMATIONS IN GRAPHITE OXIDE MEMBRANES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID avoiding tethered membranes; statistical-mechanics; polymerized membranes; surfaces; transition; dynamics
AB MEMBRANES composed of bilayers of amphiphiles such as phospholipids generally exhibit two-dimensional liquid-like structure within the layers. When the constituent molecules of such a membrane are permanently cross-linked to each other, the membrane becomes less flexible, forming a two-dimensional solid. Solid membranes are expected to exhibit very different behaviour from their liquid counterparts 1-3, including transitions between a two-dimensional flat phase, a crumpled phase of fractal dimension 2.5 and a compact, three-dimensional phase. Experimental evidence for the crumpled phase has, however, been lacking. As this phase was not observed in computer simulations 4-6, it has been suggested that it may always be absent for self-avoiding (and therefore all real) membrane 4-6. To the contrary, we report here the experimental observation of the crumpled conformation in an aqueous suspension of graphite oxide membranes. Static light scattering measurements indicate the presence of membrane conformations with a fractal dimension of 2.54 +/- 0.05. As the intra-membrane affinity is enhanced by changing the composition of the solvent, the membranes collapse to a compact configuration.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   UNIV TSUKUBA,INST APPL BIOCHEM,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
C3 Harvard University; University of Tsukuba
RP WEN, X (corresponding author), MIT,CTR MAT SCI & ENGN,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 22
TC 172
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 426
EP 428
DI 10.1038/355426a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STEWART, CL
   KASPAR, P
   BRUNET, LJ
   BHATT, H
   GADI, I
   KONTGEN, F
   ABBONDANZO, SJ
AF STEWART, CL
   KASPAR, P
   BRUNET, LJ
   BHATT, H
   GADI, I
   KONTGEN, F
   ABBONDANZO, SJ
TI BLASTOCYST IMPLANTATION DEPENDS ON MATERNAL EXPRESSION OF LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colony-stimulating factor; embryonic stem-cells; preimplantation development; proto-oncogene; factor lif; murine; genes; csf-1; interleukin-6; cytokines
AB A CRITICAL point during mammalian pregnancy is the implantation of the blastocyst when the embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus. The autonomously developing preimplantation embryo then becomes dependent on the maternal environment for its continued development. Little is known about the regulation of implantation, except that a complex interaction between peptide and steroid hormones synchronizes the preparation of the uterus for implantation with the development of the embryo. Whether the implantation event is under maternal or embryonic control is also unclear (reviewed in refs 1, 2). We have previously shown that a cytokine, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is expressed in the uterine endometrial glands specifically on the fourth day of pregnancy3. This burst of expression is under maternal control and always precedes implantation of the blastocyst. Here we report that transient expression of LIF in mice is essential for implantation. Females lacking a functional LIF gene are fertile, but their blastocysts fail to implant and do not develop. The blastocysts, however, are viable and, when transferred to wild-type pseudopregnant recipients, they can implant and develop to term.
C1 INST MOLEC GENET, PRAGUE 6, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.
   ROCHE BIOMED LABS INC, RARITAN, NJ USA.
   F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE & CO LTD, PHARMACEUT RES, BASEL NEW TECHNOL, CH-4002 BASEL, SWITZERLAND.
C3 Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Roche Holding
RP STEWART, CL (corresponding author), ROCHE INST MOLEC BIOL, ROCHE RES CTR, DEPT CELL & DEV BIOL, 340 KINGSLAND ST, NUTLEY, NJ 07110 USA.
NR 31
TC 1767
Z9 2003
U1 2
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 76
EP 79
DI 10.1038/359076a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200058
PM 1522892
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAN, R
   BREITBURD, F
   MARCHE, PN
   ORTH, G
AF HAN, R
   BREITBURD, F
   MARCHE, PN
   ORTH, G
TI LINKAGE OF REGRESSION AND MALIGNANT CONVERSION OF RABBIT VIRAL PAPILLOMAS TO MHC CLASS-II GENES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; epidermodysplasia verruciformis; cervical dysplasia
AB HUMAN papillomaviruses associated with cutaneous 1 and anogenital 2 cancers induce intraepithelial precursor lesions which may regress spontaneously or progress into invasive carcinomas 3,4. Cell mediated immune responses are probably involved in regression of precancerous lesions 1,5-8 and the polymorphism of the genes responsible may thus have a key role in the variability of the host response. Skin warts and cancers induced in rabbits by Shope papillomavirus 9-12 provide a model to test this hypothesis. We analysed a restriction-fragment-length polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II genes 13,14 and T-cell receptor beta-chain genes 15 in infected domestic rabbits. We found a strong linkage between wart regression and a DR-alpha EcoRI fragment, and an increased relative risk of malignant transformation associated with a DQ-alpha PvuII fragment. This indicates a genetic control of wart evolution, involving genes in the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex.
C1 INST PASTEUR, INSERM, U190, UNITE PAPILLOMAVIRUS, 25 RUE DR ROUX, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   INST PASTEUR, CNRS, URA 359, UNITE IMMUNOCHIM ANALYT, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
NR 26
TC 129
Z9 132
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 66
EP 68
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200057
PM 1347151
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GRBIC, M
   ODE, PJ
   STRAND, MR
AF GRBIC, M
   ODE, PJ
   STRAND, MR
TI SIBLING RIVALRY AND BROOD SEX-RATIOS IN POLYEMBRYONIC WASPS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID copidosoma-floridanum hymenoptera; clutch size; encyrtidae
AB FEMALE-BIASED sex ratios are predicted under local mate competition where offspring of one or a few females mate in isolated subpopulations1. Haplodiploid sex determination allows parasitic wasps to bias their sex ratios by controlling fertilization2, but parental control is not solely responsible for the broods of polyembryonic wasps. The eggs of these parasites divide to form many offspring and often two larval morphs3,4. Precocious larvae die without pupating while reproductive larvae become adults. Copidosoma floridanum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) produces 1,000-1,400 offspring per host and most broods contain both sexes (mixed)5. Mixed broods are female-biased and wasps mate before dispersing, but these broods develop from the mother laying one male and one female egg and adult males probably obtain additional matings away from the host5,6. Thus, intersexual conflict may exist over the number of offspring to produce per host. Here we show that precocious larvae in mixed broods are predominantly female and that they bias the sex ratio by killing males.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT ENTOMOL, RUSSELL LABS 237, 1630 LINDEN DR, MADISON, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
NR 26
TC 102
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 254
EP 256
DI 10.1038/360254a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BECKER, H
   ALTHERR, R
AF BECKER, H
   ALTHERR, R
TI EVIDENCE FROM ULTRA-HIGH-PRESSURE MARBLES FOR RECYCLING OF SEDIMENTS INTO THE MANTLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID moldanubian zone; bohemian-massif; system cao-mgo-al2o3-sio2; peridotite massif; lower austria; clinopyroxene; coesite; morocco; thermobarometry; metamorphism
AB ROCKS of crustal origin metamorphosed at ultra-high pressures (P > 2.5 GPa) have been described from several orogenic belts1-5. In the western Alps, for example, ultra-high pressure rocks originally equilibrated at about 750-degrees-C and 3.5 GPa (ref. 1). During decompression, these rocks were cooled considerably and therefore did not pass through the granulite stability field. Here we describe ultra-high-pressure metasediments that have equilibrated at higher temperatures (> 1,100-degrees-C) and followed a different exhumation path. A calcsilicate marble from the Bohemian massif contains clinopyroxenes with potassium-rich feldspar exsolutions. Potassium contents in the original clinopyroxenes indicate crystallization at pressures above 3-4 GPa (refs 6, 7). The high peak pressures and temperatures inferred for this rock, and its association with high-temperature peridotites and high-pressure granulites, suggest that carbonate sediments were subducted into the upper mantle, equilibrated at mantle conditions and were then emplaced in the crust along with mantle rocks. Our observations thus support suggestions based on less direct evidence (such as mass-balance considerations in orogenic belts8, and ocean-island basalt geochemistry9,10) that a limited amount of sediment must be recycled into the mantle.
C1 UNIV KARLSRUHE,INST PETROG & GEOCHEM,W-7500 KARLSRUHE 1,GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
RP BECKER, H (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,GEOCHEM ABT,SAARSTR 23,W-6500 MAINZ,GERMANY.
NR 29
TC 106
Z9 119
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 745
EP 748
DI 10.1038/358745a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRAUSS, S
   MADEN, M
   HOLDER, N
   WILSON, SW
AF KRAUSS, S
   MADEN, M
   HOLDER, N
   WILSON, SW
TI ZEBRAFISH PAX[B] IS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF THE MIDBRAIN HINDBRAIN BOUNDARY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID developing excretory system; box-containing gene; int-1 protooncogene; fushi-tarazu; neural-tube; drosophila; expression; mutation; protein; wnt-1
AB AMONG the genes thought to be involved in patterning the nervous system are a family of developmentally regulated paired box-containing (Pax) genes. Mutations in some of these Pax genes lead to severe developmental abnormalities. Zebrafish pax[b] (pax[zf-b]) is a member of the Pax gene family that is expressed in the presumptive posterior midbrain from the end of gastrulation and, at later stages, in other localized regions of the developing embryo1. Here we show that injection of antibodies raised against the pax[b] protein causes a localized malformation at the mid-brain-hinbrain boundary. In situ hybridizations demonstrate that antibody injection causes downregulation of pax[b] transcripts in the posterior midbrain and alteration of wnt-1 and eng-2 expression in this area. The data demonstrate an involvement of pax[b] in the formation of the midbrain-hindbrain junction.
C1 UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,RANDALL INST,DEV BIOL RES CTR,DIV BIOMED SCI,LONDON WC2B 5RL,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; King's College London
NR 32
TC 124
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 87
EP 89
DI 10.1038/360087a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700063
PM 1436081
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DONALDSON, JG
   FINAZZI, D
   KLAUSNER, RD
AF DONALDSON, JG
   FINAZZI, D
   KLAUSNER, RD
TI BREFELDIN-A INHIBITS GOLGI MEMBRANE-CATALYZED EXCHANGE OF GUANINE-NUCLEOTIDE ONTO ARF PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adp-ribosylation factor; gtp-binding-protein; transport; apparatus; vesicles; cofactor; complex; cop
AB THE fungal metabolite brefeldin A is a powerful tool for investigating membrane traffic in eukaryotic cells1. The effects of brefeldin A on traffic are partly explained by its ability to prevent binding of cytosolic coat proteins onto membranes2-5. The non-clathrin coatomer complex6,7 binds reversibly to Golgi membranes in a GTP-controlled cycle8-10. The low-molecular-mass GTP-binding protein ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF), which also associates reversibly with Golgi membranes11,12, is required for coatomer binding13 and probably accounts for the control by guanine nucleotide of the coatomer-membrane interaction. Brefeldin A prevents the assembly of coatomer onto the membrane by inhibiting the GTP-dependent interaction of ARF with the Golgi membrane13, but the nature of this interaction has not been established. Here we demonstrate that Golgi membranes can specifically catalyse the exchange of GTP onto ARF and that brefeldin A prevents this function.
RP DONALDSON, JG (corresponding author), NICHHD, CELL BIOL & METAB BRANCH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
NR 26
TC 665
Z9 734
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 350
EP 352
DI 10.1038/360350a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000053
PM 1448151
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BARRETT, PJ
   ADAMS, CJ
   MCINTOSH, WC
   SWISHER, CC
   WILSON, GS
AF BARRETT, PJ
   ADAMS, CJ
   MCINTOSH, WC
   SWISHER, CC
   WILSON, GS
TI GEOCHRONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING ANTARCTIC DEGLACIATION 3 MILLION YEARS AGO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cenozoic glacial history; ross embayment
AB THE response of the Antarctic ice sheets to increased global temperatures is an important unresolved issue in the assessment of future climate change. In particular, considerable controversy exists as to whether the East Antarctic ice sheet suffered extensive deglaciation during the mid-Pliocene epoch (approximately 3 Myr ago), when temperatures were only slightly warmer than today. Although the ice sheet is widely assumed to have existed in something like its present form for the past 14 Myr (ref. 1), marine diatoms eroded from the Antarctic interior have been found in glacial till deposits high in the Transantarctic Mountains2,3, and have been biostratigraphically dated at approximately 3 Myr before present. This age has been disputed4 because it implies marine deposition in the Antarctic interior, and hence substantial deglaciation, at a time when other evidence has been marshalled for the persistence of cold, polar conditions4. Here we report K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages for a volcanic ash bed in diatom-bearing glaciomarine strata cored in Ferrar Fiord (East Antarctica) by the CIROS-2 drill-holes, which confirm the age of the diatoms at approximately 3 Myr, and hence also confirm the mid-Pliocene deglaciation.
C1 INST GEOL & NUCL SCI, LOWER HUTT, NEW ZEALAND.
   NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL, DEPT GEOSCI, SOCORRO, NM 87801 USA.
   INST HUMAN ORIGINS, CTR GEOCHRONOL, BERKELEY, CA 94709 USA.
C3 Earth Sciences New Zealand; GNS Science - New Zealand; New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology
RP BARRETT, PJ (corresponding author), VICTORIA UNIV WELLINGTON, RES SCH EARTH SCI, POB 600, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND.
NR 31
TC 116
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 816
EP 818
DI 10.1038/359816a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NIKONOWICZ, EP
   PARDI, A
AF NIKONOWICZ, EP
   PARDI, A
TI 3-DIMENSIONAL HETERONUCLEAR NMR-STUDIES OF RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal-rna; spectroscopy; proteins; assignment; oligoribonucleotide; interleukin-1-beta; resonances; sequence; c-13; dna
AB MULTIDIMENSIONAL heteronuclear NMR has revolutionized solution structure determinations of proteins 1-3.  But this technique has not been applied to nucleic acids because of difficulties in the synthesis of isotopically (C-13 and/or N-15) labeLled molecules. Here we report the application of three-dimensional heteronuclear NMR to the study of a uniformly C-13/N-15 or N-15-labelled RNA duplex of defined sequence. These experiments simplify resonance assignment and the analysis of proton-proton nuclear Overhauser effects 4 (and therefore distance information) in the molecule. Our results show that it is now possible to determine the structures of larger and more complex RNAs using multidimensional heteronuclear NMR.
RP NIKONOWICZ, EP (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 25
TC 105
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 184
EP 186
DI 10.1038/355184a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900066
PM 1370345
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SENDTNER, M
   SCHMALBRUCH, H
   STOCKLI, KA
   CARROLL, P
   KREUTZBERG, GW
   THOENEN, H
AF SENDTNER, M
   SCHMALBRUCH, H
   STOCKLI, KA
   CARROLL, P
   KREUTZBERG, GW
   THOENEN, H
TI CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR PREVENTS DEGENERATION OF MOTOR NEURONS IN MOUSE MUTANT PROGRESSIVE MOTOR NEURONOPATHY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; spinal-cord; factor cntf; expression; survival; rat; sequence; culture; cloning
AB CILIARY neurotrophic factor (CNTF) supports the survival of embryonic motor neurons in vitro1,2 and in vivo3, and prevents lesion-mediated degeneration of rat motor neurons during early post-natal stages4. Here we report that CNTF greatly reduces all the functional and morphological changes in pmn/pmn mice5, an autosomal recessive mutant leading to progressive caudo-cranial motor neuron degeneration. The first manifestations of progressive motor neuronopathy in homozygous pmn/pmn mice become apparent in the hind limbs at the end of the third post-natal week, and all the mice die up to 6 or 7 weeks after birth from respiratory paralysis. Treatment with CNTF prolongs survival and greatly improves motor function of these mice. Moreover, morphological manifestations, such as loss of motor axons in the phrenic nerve and degeneration of facial motor neurons, were greatly reduced by CNTF, although the treatment did not start until the first symptoms of the disease had already become apparent and substantial degenerative changes were already present. The protective and restorative effects of CNTF in this mouse mutant give new perspectives for the treatment of human degenerative motor neuron diseases with CNTF.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST PSYCHIAT,DEPT NEUROMORPHOL,W-8033 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
   UNIV COPENHAGEN,PANUM INST,INST NEUROPHYSIOL,DK-2200 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Copenhagen
RP SENDTNER, M (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST PSYCHIAT,DEPT NEUROCHEM,W-8033 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
NR 21
TC 546
Z9 585
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 502
EP 504
DI 10.1038/358502a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900049
PM 1641039
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ORING, LW
   FLEISCHER, RC
   REED, JM
   MARSDEN, KE
AF ORING, LW
   FLEISCHER, RC
   REED, JM
   MARSDEN, KE
TI CUCKOLDRY THROUGH STORED SPERM IN THE SEQUENTIALLY POLYANDROUS SPOTTED SANDPIPER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID copulation behavior; mating success; dna; birds; competition; paternity; fingerprints; storage
AB STUDIES of mating systems are often hindered by an inability to determine parentage unequivocally. DNA fingerprinting advanced the field by allowing determination of parentage1-3, especially when alternate mating tactics such as extra-pair fertilizations and parasitic egg-laying are used4-6. A very different, yet essentially unexplored, alternate mating tactic involves fertilization by the sperm of previous mates that is stored for long periods of time. Some birds have the potential to be fertilized by sperm stored in the oviduct for over a month7, but studies of long-term sperm storage among wild birds are limited. In the polyandrous spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularia), territorial females pair with, defend and lay clutches for several males in rapid succession. Here we report that males pairing early in the season cuckold their females' later mates by means of stored sperm. Thus, early-pairing males not only have greater confidence of paternity, but also increase their reproductive success by fertilizing a proportion of eggs laid for, and incubated by, their females' subsequent mates, in addition to those they incubate themselves.
C1 SMITHSONIAN INST,NATL ZOOL PK,GENET LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20008.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Zoological Park & Conservation Biology Institute
RP ORING, LW (corresponding author), UNIV NEVADA,ECOL EVOLUT & CONSERVAT BIOL PROGRAM,RENO,NV 89512, USA.
NR 29
TC 105
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 631
EP 633
DI 10.1038/359631a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MILLER, GH
   DE VERNAL, A
AF MILLER, GH
   DE VERNAL, A
TI WILL GREENHOUSE WARMING LEAD TO NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE ICE-SHEET GROWTH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-level; cycle; climate; volume; pollen
AB ALTHOUGH model simulations predict a higher mean global temperature by the middle of the next century in response to increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases 1, the response of the cryosphere to specific changes in latitudinal and seasonal temperature distribution is poorly constrained by modelling 2,3 or through instrumental measurements of recent variations in snow cover 4 and ice thickness 5,6. Here we examine the recent geological record (130 kyr to present) to obtain an independent assessment of ice-sheet response to climate change. The age and distribution of glacial sediments, coupled with marine and terrestrial proxy records of climate, support arguments that initial ice-sheet growth at the beginning of the last glacial cycle occurred at high northern latitudes (65-80-degrees-N) under climate conditions rather similar to present. In particular, the conditions most favourable for glacier inception are warm high-latitude oceans, low terrestrial summer temperature and elevated winter temperature. We find that the geological data support the idea that greenhouse warming, which is expected to be most pronounced in the Arctic and in the winter months, coupled with decreasing summer insolation 7 may lead to more snow deposition than melting at high northern latitudes 8 and thus to ice-sheet growth.
C1 UNIV QUEBEC, GEOTOP, MONTREAL H3C 3P8, QUEBEC, CANADA.
C3 University of Quebec; University of Quebec Montreal
RP MILLER, GH (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO, INSTAAR, CTR GEOCHRONOL RES, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
NR 44
TC 70
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 244
EP 246
DI 10.1038/355244a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400064
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STAVELEYSMITH, L
   MANCHESTER, RN
   KESTEVEN, MJ
   CAMPBELLWILSON, D
   CRAWFORD, DF
   TURTLE, AJ
   REYNOLDS, JE
   TZIOUMIS, AK
   KILLEEN, NEB
   JAUNCEY, DL
AF STAVELEYSMITH, L
   MANCHESTER, RN
   KESTEVEN, MJ
   CAMPBELLWILSON, D
   CRAWFORD, DF
   TURTLE, AJ
   REYNOLDS, JE
   TZIOUMIS, AK
   KILLEEN, NEB
   JAUNCEY, DL
TI BIRTH OF A RADIO SUPERNOVA REMNANT IN SUPERNOVA-1987A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID burst
AB FOLLOWING an initial radio outburst 1 which decayed on a timescale of a few weeks, supernova 1987A 2 was undetectable at radio wavelengths until recently. In mid-1990, 1,200 days after the explosion, radio emission was once again detected 3 with the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope and the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Our observations since then show that the source has increased in strength at all monitored frequencies between 843 MHz and 8.6 GHz, with considerable variations in spectral index. The extended radio emission is centred within 0.5 arcsec of the optical supernova, and probably lies within the [O III] ring imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. We interpret the emission as optically thin synchrotron emission from shock-accelerated electrons. This is the first time the birth of a nearby radio supernova remnant has been witnessed, and future observations will allow the structure of the remnant to be compared with the many other known radio remnants.
C1 UNIV SYDNEY,SCH PHYS,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Sydney
RP STAVELEYSMITH, L (corresponding author), CSIRO,AUSTRALIA TELESCOPE NATL FACIL,POB 76,EPPING,NSW 2121,AUSTRALIA.
NR 14
TC 82
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 147
EP 149
DI 10.1038/355147a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TYTGAT, J
   HESS, P
AF TYTGAT, J
   HESS, P
TI EVIDENCE FOR COOPERATIVE INTERACTIONS IN POTASSIUM CHANNEL GATING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-oocytes; shaker; drosophila; expression; cdna
AB CLONING and expression of voltage-activated potassium ionchannel complementary DNAs1-4 has confirmed that these channels are composed of four identical subunits5, each containing a voltage sensor. It has been generally accepted that the voltage sensors must reach a permissive state through one or more conformational ('gating') transitions before the channel can open6,7. To test whether each subunit gates independently, we have constructed cDNAs encoding four subunits on a single polypeptide chain, enabling us to specify the subunit stoichiometry. The gating of heterotetramers made up from combinations of subunits with different gating phenotypes strongly suggests that individual subunits gate cooperatively, rather than independently8. Nonindependent subunit gating is consistent with measurements of the kinetics of K+-channel gating currents9-13 and in line with the widespread subunit cooperativity observed in other multisubunit proteins14.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELLULAR & MOLEC PHYSIOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, PROGRAM NEUROSCI, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 26
TC 132
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 420
EP 423
DI 10.1038/359420a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400058
PM 1406954
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FENIMORE, EE
   EPSTEIN, RI
   HO, C
   KLEBESADEL, RW
   LAROS, J
AF FENIMORE, EE
   EPSTEIN, RI
   HO, C
   KLEBESADEL, RW
   LAROS, J
TI NECESSITY OF EVOLUTION IN COSMOLOGICAL GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB RESULTS from the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) 1 on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory show a relative deficiency of faint gamma-ray bursts without any detectable anisotropy. This gives strong support to suggestions that the bursts originate at cosmological distances 2, such that cosmic expansion reduces the detectability of faint (and therefore distant) sources relative to a uniformly filled euclidean space. But the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) observations of brighter bursts show no such deficiency, indicating that the bursts that it sees are at redshifts less than about one. The best-fit cosmological model based on PVO data (peak luminosity L0 = 2 x 10(50) erg s-1) with no evolution of the source population predicts, when extrapolated to the fainter sources, a factor of 40 more events than BATSE sees. Even the 3-sigma-limit from PVO (L0 = 9.1 X 10(51) erg s-1) is barely consistent with the BATSE result. Evolution of the cosmological gamma-ray burst sources with epoch therefore seems necessary if the PVO and BATSE data are to be reconciled. The required evolutionary trend is for fewer or fainter bursts at larger redshift.
RP FENIMORE, EE (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,MS D436,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA.
NR 13
TC 36
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 140
EP 141
DI 10.1038/357140a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YEDNOCK, TA
   CANNON, C
   FRITZ, LC
   SANCHEZMADRID, F
   STEINMAN, L
   KARIN, N
AF YEDNOCK, TA
   CANNON, C
   FRITZ, LC
   SANCHEZMADRID, F
   STEINMAN, L
   KARIN, N
TI PREVENTION OF EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS BY ANTIBODIES AGAINST ALPHA-4-BETA-1 INTEGRIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental allergic encephalomyelitis; central-nervous-system; adhesion molecules; homing receptors; cell-adhesion; lymphocyte-t; antigen; endothelium; binding; demyelination
AB EXPERIMENTAL autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory condition of the central nervous system with similarities to multiple sclerosis 1,2. In both diseases circulating leukocytes penetrate the blood-brain barrier and damage myelin, resulting in impaired nerve conduction and paralysis 3-5 . We sought to identify the adhesion receptors that mediate the attachment of circulating leukocytes to inflamed brain endothelium in EAE, because this interaction is the first step in leukocyte entry into the central nervous system. Using an in vitro adhesion assay on tissue sections, we found that lymphocytes and monocytes bound selectively to inflamed EAE brain vessels. Binding was inhibited by antibodies against the integrin molecule alpha-4-beta-1, but not by antibodies against numerous other adhesion receptors. When tested in vivo, anti-alpha-4 integrin effectively prevented the accumulation of leukocytes in the central nervous system and the development of EAE. Thus, therapies designed to interfere with alpha-4-beta-1 integrin may be useful in treating inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis.
C1 UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID,MADRID 34,SPAIN.
   STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Autonomous University of Madrid; Stanford University
RP YEDNOCK, TA (corresponding author), ATHENA NEUROSCI,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA, USA.
NR 30
TC 1547
Z9 1820
U1 0
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/356063a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200056
PM 1538783
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAPASSO, F
   SIRTORI, C
   FAIST, J
   SIVCO, DL
   CHU, SNG
   CHO, AY
AF CAPASSO, F
   SIRTORI, C
   FAIST, J
   SIVCO, DL
   CHU, SNG
   CHO, AY
TI OBSERVATION OF AN ELECTRONIC BOUND-STATE ABOVE A POTENTIAL WELL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum; barrier; band
AB SHORTLY after the birth of quantum mechanics, von Neumann and Wigner made the remarkable proposal1 that certain spatially oscillating attractive potentials could support bound states at energies above the potential barriers (that is, spatially confined states within the continuum) by means of diffractive interference. Because of their unusual geometry, such potentials were regarded as mathematical curiosities2,3, although more recently it has been suggested that they might be found in certain atomic and molecular systems4,5. Following the observation of discrete electronic states in ultra-thin semiconductor layered structures6,7 (for example, in quantum wells), Stillinger8 and Herrick9 proposed that super-lattices might be used to construct potentials supporting these 'positive energy' bound states. Here we report direct evidence of such states in semiconductor heterostructures grown by molecular-beam epitaxy10. Infrared absorption measurements reveal a narrow, isolated transition from a bound state within a quantum well to a bound state at an energy greater than the barrier height; this state is spatially localized by Bragg reflections.
RP CAPASSO, F (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 24
TC 293
Z9 308
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 565
EP 567
DI 10.1038/358565a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BARNES, JE
   HERNQUIST, L
AF BARNES, JE
   HERNQUIST, L
TI FORMATION OF DWARF GALAXIES IN TIDAL TAILS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID star formation; superantennae; universe; mergers
AB ZWICKY1 argued long ago that tidal forces can tear long tails of stars and gas from the bodies of interacting disk galaxies, and that this debris may include self-gravitating objects which could become small galaxies. Some recent observations revealing small clumps of stars and gas in tidal tails lend weight to this idea2-4. Here we report the results of numerical simulations of encounters between disk galaxies5, each modelled with a central bulge, an exponential disk and a spheroidal dark-matter halo. We find that dwarf systems form in material drawn out during the encounter; these objects can capture large amounts of moderately enriched gas, but retain little dark matter from their parents' haloes. They should therefore have lower mass-to-light ratios than galaxies formed directly by the collapse of primordial material.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,LICK OBSERV,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP BARNES, JE (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 17
TC 305
Z9 322
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 715
EP 717
DI 10.1038/360715a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200024
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RUDENSKY, AY
   PRESTONHURLBURT, P
   ALRAMADI, BK
   ROTHBARD, J
   JANEWAY, CA
AF RUDENSKY, AY
   PRESTONHURLBURT, P
   ALRAMADI, BK
   ROTHBARD, J
   JANEWAY, CA
TI TRUNCATION VARIANTS OF PEPTIDES ISOLATED FROM MHC CLASS-II MOLECULES SUGGEST SEQUENCE MOTIFS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-cell interaction; ia molecule; identification; antigen; self; immunoglobulin; protein; recognition; epitope; clones
AB T CELLS recognize foreign protein antigens in the form of peptide fragments bound tightly to the outer aspect of molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Most of the amino-acid differences that distinguish MHC allelic variants line the peptide-binding cleft, and different allelic forms of MHC molecules bind distinct peptides1,2. It has been demonstrated that peptide-binding to MHC class I involves anchor residues in certain positions and that antigenic peptides associated with MHC class I exhibit allele-specific structural motifs3. We have previously reported an analysis of MHC class II-associated peptide sequences4. Here we extend this analysis and show that certain amino-acid residues occur at particular positions in the sequence of peptides binding to a given MHC class II molecule. These sequence motifs require the amino terminus to be shifted one or two positions to obtain alignment; such shifts occur naturally for a single peptide sequence without qualitatively altering CD4 T-cell recognition.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP RUDENSKY, AY (corresponding author), IMMULOG PHARMACEUT CORP,PALO ALTO,CA 94304, USA.
NR 29
TC 247
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 429
EP 431
DI 10.1038/359429a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400061
PM 1328884
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JOE, EH
   ANGELIDES, K
AF JOE, EH
   ANGELIDES, K
TI CLUSTERING OF VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT SODIUM-CHANNELS ON AXONS DEPENDS ON SCHWANN-CELL CONTACT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat spinal-cord; freeze-fracture; myelin formation; basal lamina; peripheral-nerve; membrane; ranvier; differentiation; invitro; fibers
AB IN myelinated nerves, segregation of voltage-dependent sodium channels to nodes of Ranvier is crucial for saltatory conduction along axons 1-4. As sodium channels associate 5 and colocalize with ankyrin at nodes of Ranvier 6, one possibility is that sodium channels are recruited and immobilized at axonal sites which are specified by the subaxolemmal cytoskeleton, independent of glial cell contact 7-10. Alternatively, segregation of channels at distinct sites along the axon may depend on glial cell contact 11-14. To resolve this question, we have examined the distribution of sodium channels, ankyrin and spectrin in myelination-competent cocultures of sensory neurons and Schwann cells by immunofluorescence, using sodium channel-, ankyrin- and spectrin-specific antibodies. In the absence of Schwann cells, sodium channels, ankyrin and spectrin are homogeneously distributed on sensory axons. When Schwann cells are introduced into these cultures, the distribution of sodium channels dramatically changes so that channel clusters on axons are abundant, but ankyrin and spectrin remain homogeneously distributed. Addition of latex beads or Schwann cell membranes does not induce channel clustering. Our results suggest that segregation of sodium channels on axons is highly dependent on interactions with active Schwann cells and that continuing axon-glial interactions are necessary to organize and maintain channel distribution during differentiation of myelinated axons.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT BIOPHYS,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP JOE, EH (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS,1 BAYLOR PLAZA,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 33
TC 68
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 333
EP 335
DI 10.1038/356333a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400062
PM 1312680
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BERRY, M
   GROSVELD, F
   DILLON, N
AF BERRY, M
   GROSVELD, F
   DILLON, N
TI A SINGLE POINT MUTATION IS THE CAUSE OF THE GREEK FORM OF HEREDITARY PERSISTENCE OF FETAL HEMOGLOBIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-globin gene; erythroid-specific protein; distal ccaat box; transgenic mice; developmental expression; binding; hemoglobin; region; dna; breakpoint
AB IN normal humans the fetal stage-specific gamma-globin genes are silenced after birth and not expressed in the adult. Exceptions are seen in cases of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH). These are clinically important because the elevated levels of gamma-globin can alleviate beta-thalassaemia and sickle cell anaemia. One class of mutations is associated with point mutations in the promoter of the gamma-globin genes (non-deletion HPFH), whereas others seem to be caused by large deletions 3' to the gamma-globin genes1. To test whether the point mutation found in the Greek non-deletion HPFH2,3 (guanine to adenine at nucleotide position -117) is the cause of the raised gamma-globin levels in the adult stage and is not just a linked polymorphism, we engineered this mutation into a gamma-globin gene. When this gene was introduced into mice, the presence of the -117 mutation results in persistence of gamma-globin expression at a high level and a concomitant decrease in beta-globin expression in fetal and adult mice. We show that these changes correlate with the loss of binding of the transcription factor GATA1 to the gamma-globin promoter, suggesting that it may act as a negative regulator of the gamma-globin gene in adults.
RP BERRY, M (corresponding author), NATL INST MED RES,GENE STRUCT & EXPRESS LAB,RIDGEWAY,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 127
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 499
EP 502
DI 10.1038/358499a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900048
PM 1379347
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FUJITA, I
   TANAKA, K
   ITO, M
   CHENG, K
AF FUJITA, I
   TANAKA, K
   ITO, M
   CHENG, K
TI COLUMNS FOR VISUAL FEATURES OF OBJECTS IN MONKEY INFEROTEMPORAL CORTEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temporal cortex; macaque monkey; organization; neurons; vision
AB AT early stages of the mammalian visual cortex, neurons with similar stimulus selectivities are vertically arrayed through the thickness of the cortical sheet and clustered in patches or bands across the surface. This organization, referred to as a 'column', has been found with respect to one-dimensional stimulus parameters such as orientation of stimulus contours1, eye dominance of visual inputs1, and direction of stimulus motion2. It is unclear, however, whether information with extremely high dimensions, such as visual shape, is organized in a similar columnar fashion or in a different manner in the brain. Here we report that the anterior inferotemporal area of the monkey cortex, the final station of the visual cortical stream crucial for object recognition3-8, consists of columns, each containing cells responsive to similar visual features of objects.
C1 RIKEN INST PHYS & CHEM RES,INFORMAT SCI LAB,WAKO,SAITAMA 35101,JAPAN.
   RES DEV CORP JAPAN,PRECURSORY RES EMBRYON SCI & TECHNOL,WAKO,SAITAMA 35101,JAPAN.
C3 RIKEN; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP FUJITA, I (corresponding author), RIKEN INST PHYS & CHEM RES,FRONTIER RES PROGRAM,NEURAL INFORMAT PROC LAB,WAKO,SAITAMA 35101,JAPAN.
NR 22
TC 480
Z9 519
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 343
EP 346
DI 10.1038/360343a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000051
PM 1448150
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GALAN, JE
   PACE, J
   HAYMAN, MJ
AF GALAN, JE
   PACE, J
   HAYMAN, MJ
TI INVOLVEMENT OF THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR IN THE INVASION OF CULTURED-MAMMALIAN-CELLS BY SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; identification; infection; cloning
AB SALMONELLA infection continues to be a major world-wide health problem 1. One essential pathogenic feature common to all Salmonella is their ability to penetrate the cells of the intestinal epithelium which are normally non-phagocytic 2. The internalization of Salmonella into mammalian cells is thought to be a receptor-mediated phenomenon and the invasion of cultured epithelial cells depends on several Salmonella genes, but nothing is known about the host determinants participating in this interaction 3-6. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation follows stimulation of many cell-surface receptors to initiate signal transduction pathways that stimulate cellular responses 7. We report here that invasion of cultured Henle-407 cells by Salmonella typhimurium induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In contrast, an isogenic strain of S. typhimurium that is defective in invasion owing to a mutation in the invA gene is unable to induce such phosphorylation. Addition of EGF to cultured Henle-407 cells allowed the internalization of the invasion-defective S. typhimurium invA mutant although it did not cause the internalization of an adherent, but non-invasive, strain of Escherichia coli. This result indicates that stimulation of the EGF receptor is involved in the invasion of cultured Henle-407 cells by S. typhimurium.
RP GALAN, JE (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 19
TC 184
Z9 193
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 588
EP 589
DI 10.1038/357588a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200053
PM 1608468
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KELLY, A
   POWIS, SH
   KERR, LA
   MOCKRIDGE, I
   ELLIOTT, T
   BASTIN, J
   UCHANSKAZIEGLER, B
   ZIEGLER, A
   TROWSDALE, J
   TOWNSEND, A
AF KELLY, A
   POWIS, SH
   KERR, LA
   MOCKRIDGE, I
   ELLIOTT, T
   BASTIN, J
   UCHANSKAZIEGLER, B
   ZIEGLER, A
   TROWSDALE, J
   TOWNSEND, A
TI ASSEMBLY AND FUNCTION OF THE 2 ABC TRANSPORTER PROTEINS ENCODED IN THE HUMAN MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxic lymphocytes-t; class-ii region; hla-b antigens; monoclonal-antibody; influenza nucleoprotein; multidrug resistance; molecular analysis; cystic-fibrosis; heavy-chains; mhc
AB PRESENTATION Of Cytoplasmic antigens to class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells implied the existence of a specialized peptide transporter 1-3 (reviewed in ref. 4). For most class I heavy chains, association with peptides of the appropriate length is required for stable assembly with beta-2-microglobulin 5-11. Mutant cells RMA-S (ref. 12) and .174/T2 (refs 13, 14) neither assemble stable class I molecules nor present intracellular antigens, and we have suggested that they have lost a function required for the transport of short peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum 5-7. The genetic defect in .174 has been localized to a large deletion in the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex 6,15,16, within which two genes (RING4 and RING11) have been identified that code for 'ABC' (ATP-binding cassette) transporters 15,17-21. We report here that the protein products of these two genes assemble to form a complex. Defects in either protein result in the formation of unstable class I molecules and loss of presentation of intracellular antigens. The molecular defect in a new mutant, BM36.1, is shown to be in the ATP-binding domain of the RING11/PSF2 protein. This is in contrast to the mutant .134 (ref. 15), which lacks the RING4/PSF1 protein.
C1 JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOLEC MED,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
   FREE UNIV BERLIN,KLINIKUM RUDOLF VIRCHOW,INST EXPTL ONKOL & TRANSPLANTAT MED,W-1000 BERLIN 19,GERMANY.
C3 University of Oxford; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin
RP KELLY, A (corresponding author), IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,LINCOLNS INN FIELDS,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
NR 33
TC 409
Z9 441
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 641
EP 644
DI 10.1038/355641a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700057
PM 1538751
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRANZOSO, G
   BOURS, V
   PARK, S
   TOMITAYAMAGUCHI, M
   KELLY, K
   SIEBENLIST, U
AF FRANZOSO, G
   BOURS, V
   PARK, S
   TOMITAYAMAGUCHI, M
   KELLY, K
   SIEBENLIST, U
TI THE CANDIDATE ONCOPROTEIN BCL-3 IS AN ANTAGONIST OF P50/NF-KAPPA-B-MEDIATED INHIBITION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; dna-binding subunit; rel-associated pp40; cell-cycle control; human t-cells; p65 subunit; transcription; cloning; homology; protein
AB THE candidate oncogene bcl-3 was discovered as a translocation into the immunoglobulin alpha-locus in some cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemias1. The protein Bcl-3 contains seven so-called ankyrin repeats. Similar repeat motifs are found in a number of diverse regulatory proteins but the motifs of Bcl-3 are most closely related to those found in I-kappa-B proteins in which the ankyrin repeat domain is thought to be directly involved in inhibition of NF-kappa-B activity. No biological function has yet been described for Bcl-3, but it was noted recently2 that Bcl-3 interferes with DNA-binding of the p50 subunit of NF-kappa-B in vitro. Here we demonstrate that Bcl-3 can aid kappa-B site-dependent transcription in vivo by counteracting the inhibitory effects of p50/NF-kappa-B homodimers. Bcl-3 may therefore aid activation of select NF-kappa-B-regulated genes, including those of the human immunodeficiency virus.
C1 NIAID,IMMUNOREGULAT LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   NCI,PATHOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
NR 35
TC 298
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 339
EP 342
DI 10.1038/359339a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300063
PM 1406939
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SOLLNER, T
   RASSOW, J
   WIEDMANN, M
   SCHLOSSMANN, J
   KEIL, P
   NEUPERT, W
   PFANNER, N
AF SOLLNER, T
   RASSOW, J
   WIEDMANN, M
   SCHLOSSMANN, J
   KEIL, P
   NEUPERT, W
   PFANNER, N
TI MAPPING OF THE PROTEIN IMPORT MACHINERY IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL OUTER-MEMBRANE BY CROSS-LINKING OF TRANSLOCATION INTERMEDIATES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precursor proteins; receptor; identification; recognition; insertion; carrier; site
AB MITOCHONDRIA Contain a complex machinery for the import of nuclear-encoded proteins 1,2. Receptor proteins exposed on the outer membrane surface are required for the specific binding of precursor proteins to mitochondria, either by binding of cytosolic signal recognition factors or by direct recognition of the precursor polypeptides 1-5. Subsequently, the precursors are inserted into the outer membrane at the general insertion site GIP (general insertion protein) 6-10. Here we report the analysis of receptors and GIP by crosslinking of translocation intermediates and by coimmunoprecipitation. Surface-accumulated precursors were crosslinked to the receptors MOM19 and MOM72, suggesting a direct interaction of preproteins with surface receptors. We identified three novel mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, MOM7, MOM8, and MOM30 that, together with the previously identified MOM38, seem to form the GIP site and are present in the mitochondrial receptor com lex.
C1 UNIV MUNICH, INST PHYSIOL CHEM, GOETHESTR 33, W-8000 MUNICH 2, GERMANY.
   AKAD WISSENSCH DDR, ZENT INST MOLEK BIOL, O-1115 BERLIN, GERMANY.
C3 University of Munich
NR 24
TC 153
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 84
EP 87
DI 10.1038/355084a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800057
PM 1530986
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SELLECK, SB
   GONZALEZ, C
   GLOVER, DM
   WHITE, K
AF SELLECK, SB
   GONZALEZ, C
   GLOVER, DM
   WHITE, K
TI REGULATION OF THE G1-S TRANSITION IN POSTEMBRYONIC NEURONAL PRECURSORS BY AXON INGROWTH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila cyclin-a; optic-lobes; nervous-system; cell-division; melanogaster; patterns; neurogenesis
AB IN the newly cellularized Drosophila embryo, progress through the cell cycle is regulated at the G2-M transition 1,2. We have examined cell-cycle regulation later in Drosophila development, in a group of postembryonic neuronal precursors. The S-phase precursor cells, which generate photoreceptor target neurons (lamina neurons) in the central nervous system, are not present in the absence of photoreceptor innervation 3. Here we report that axons selectively approach G1-phase precursors. Without axon ingrowth, lamina precursors do not enter their final S phase and by several criteria, arrest in the preceding G1 phase. These findings provide evidence that at this stage in development the control of cell division can occur at the G1-S transition.
C1 UNIV DUNDEE,DEPT BIOCHEM,CANC RES CAMPAIGN LABS,CELL CYCLE GENET GRP,DUNDEE DD1 4HN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Dundee
RP SELLECK, SB (corresponding author), BRANDEIS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,WALTHAM,MA 02254, USA.
NR 16
TC 90
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 253
EP 255
DI 10.1038/355253a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400068
PM 1731221
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DERVAN, PB
AF DERVAN, PB
TI REAGENTS FOR THE SITE-SPECIFIC CLEAVAGE OF MEGABASE DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID triple-helix formation; recognition; motif
RP DERVAN, PB (corresponding author), CALTECH, DEPT CHEM & CHEM ENGN, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 20
TC 71
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 87
EP 88
DI 10.1038/359087a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200063
PM 1522894
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BENFENATI, F
   VALTORTA, F
   RUBENSTEIN, JL
   GORELICK, FS
   GREENGARD, P
   CZERNIK, AJ
AF BENFENATI, F
   VALTORTA, F
   RUBENSTEIN, JL
   GORELICK, FS
   GREENGARD, P
   CZERNIK, AJ
TI SYNAPTIC VESICLE-ASSOCIATED CA2+/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE-II IS A BINDING-PROTEIN FOR SYNAPSIN-I
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID postsynaptic density protein; brain; fragments; cleavage; release; assay
AB SYNAPSIN I is a synaptic vesicle-associated phosphoprotein that is involved in the modulation of neurotransmitter release1. Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, which phosphorylates two sites in the carboxy-terminal region of synapsin I, causes synapsin I to dissociate from synaptic vesicles2 and increases nerotransmitter release3,4. Conversely, the dephosphorylated form of synapsin I, but not the form phosphorylated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, inhibits neurotransmitter release4-6. The amino-terminal region of synapsin I interacts with membrane phospholipids, whereas the C-terminal region binds to a protein component of synaptic vesicles7,8. Here we demonstrate that the binding of the C-terminal region of synapsin I involves the regulatory domain of a synaptic vesicle-associated form of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Our results indicate that this form of the kinase functions both as a binding protein for synapsin I, and as an enzyme that phosphorylates synapsin I and promotes its dissociation from the vesicles.
C1 UNIV MILAN,CNR,CTR CYTOPHARMACOL,BRUNO CECCARELLI CTR,S RAFFAELE SCI INST,I-20122 MILAN,ITALY.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,MOLEC & CELLULAR NEUROSCI LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 University of Milan; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Rockefeller University
RP BENFENATI, F (corresponding author), UNIV MODENA,INST HUMAN PHYSIOL,VIA CAMPI 287,I-41100 MODENA,ITALY.
FU Telethon [112] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 256
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 417
EP 420
DI 10.1038/359417a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400057
PM 1328883
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STURMBAUER, C
   MEYER, A
AF STURMBAUER, C
   MEYER, A
TI GENETIC-DIVERGENCE, SPECIATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL STASIS IN A LINEAGE OF AFRICAN CICHLID FISHES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial-dna sequences; lake tanganyika; evolution
AB SINCE their discovery at the turn of the century1, the species assemblages of cichlid fishes in the East African Lakes Victoria, Malawi and Tanganyika have fascinated evolutionary biologists. Many models have attempted to account for the 'explosive' evolution of several hundred species within these lakes2-7. Here we report a case of surprisingly large genetic divergence among populations of the endemic Tropheus lineage of Lake Tanganyika. This lineage of six species contains twice as much genetic variation as the entire morphologically highly diverse cichlid assemblage of Lake Malawi and six times more variation than the Lake Victoria species flock. Although it is highly variable in coloration, this group of species and its closest relatives have not undergone appreciable morphological change. The observed geographic pattern of genetic variation suggests that major lake level fluctuations affected the distribution and speciation of this lineage of cichlid fishes.
RP STURMBAUER, C (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 30
TC 268
Z9 292
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 578
EP 581
DI 10.1038/358578a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900058
PM 1501712
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FOWLER, PW
   MANOLOPOULOS, DE
AF FOWLER, PW
   MANOLOPOULOS, DE
TI MAGIC NUMBERS AND STABLE STRUCTURES FOR FULLERENES, FULLERIDES AND FULLERENIUM IONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon clusters; c-60
AB MACROSCOPIC amounts of the two fullerenes C60 and C70 have been available for a year 1, and have already had an enormous impact on research in chemistry and physics. Experimentalists are now turning their attention to the higher fullerenes 2,3. Qualitative molecular-orbital theory predicts 4-6 stability for C(n) with n = 60, 70, (72), 76, 78, 84,..., of which all but C72 have now been produced by evaporation of graphite 1-3, and in general for infinite series of closed-shell neutral fullerenes for n = 60 + 6k (k not-equal 1), 70 + 30k, 84 + 36k (all k) 7-9. Recent experimental observations of endohedral LaC(n) metallofullerenes 10 have been rationalized in terms of 'magic numbers' for fulleride anions C(n)2-, for which special stability is predicted 11 at n = 74, 82, 88,...; but the exact extent of charge transfer in these complexes has yet to be determined. Here we present calculations of magic numbers in the fullerenium sequence C(n)2+ (n = 74, 80, (88), 92) and show that the electron count determines stability and the atom count determines structure in all three (neutral, anionic and cationic) series. Stable cations have two carbons more, and stable anions two carbons less, than the corresponding stable neutral cluster. We predict likely structures of the 'magic' cations.
C1 UNIV NOTTINGHAM,DEPT CHEM,NOTTINGHAM NG7 2RD,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Nottingham
RP FOWLER, PW (corresponding author), UNIV EXETER,DEPT CHEM,EXETER EX4 4RJ,DEVON,ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 71
Z9 73
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 428
EP 430
DI 10.1038/355428a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BIRKL, G
   KASSNER, S
   WALTHER, H
AF BIRKL, G
   KASSNER, S
   WALTHER, H
TI MULTIPLE-SHELL STRUCTURES OF LASER-COOLED MG-24(+) IONS IN A QUADRUPOLE STORAGE RING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase
AB THE possibility of creating ordered ion beams in high-energy storage rings 1,2 by means of electron and laser cooling has opened up a new era in accelerator physics. The enhanced luminosity and suppressed momentum spread in such systems create the highest possible phase-space density. The first experimental results were obtained by cooling Li-7+ beams to temperatures of a few kelvin or even to sub-kelvin temperatures 3,4, and the ordered structures have been studied theoretically 5-7 by methods of molecular dynamics. Predicted configurations for the lowest ion densities have been observed in low-energy quadrupole storage rings 8 and linear traps 9. Recently we showed that at slightly higher ion densities helical structures are obtained 10. Here we present a series of new experimental results on ordered ion structures in a quadrupole storage ring. In order of increasing ion number, a linear chain of ions, a zig-zag structure, helical structures and finally multiple concentric shells could be observed. The experimental results agree with molecular dynamics calculations.
RP BIRKL, G (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST QUANTUM OPT,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
NR 19
TC 263
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 310
EP 313
DI 10.1038/357310a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KANG, C
   ZHANG, XH
   RATLIFF, R
   MOYZIS, R
   RICH, A
AF KANG, C
   ZHANG, XH
   RATLIFF, R
   MOYZIS, R
   RICH, A
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF 4-STRANDED OXYTRICHA TELOMERIC DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polyinosinic acid; polyguanylic acid; fiber diffraction; 3' terminus; x-ray
AB The sequence d(GGGGTTTTGGGG) from the 3' over-hang of the Oxytricha telomere has been crystallized and its three-dimensional structure solved to 2.5 angstrom resolution. The oligonucleotide forms hairpins, two of which join to make a four-stranded helical structure with the loops containing four thymine residues at either end. The guanine residues are held together by cyclic hydrogen bonding and an ion is located in the centre. The four guanine residues in each segment have a glycosyl conformation that alternates between anti and syn. There are two four-stranded molecules in the asymmetric unit showing that the structure has some intrinsic flexibility.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB, CTR HUMAN GENOME STUDIES, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP KANG, C (corresponding author), MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 30
TC 553
Z9 594
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 126
EP 131
DI 10.1038/356126a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100049
PM 1545863
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI TYPES OF TAGS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 3
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 609
EP 610
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200065
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU INGLESE, J
   KOCH, WJ
   CARON, MG
   LEFKOWITZ, RJ
AF INGLESE, J
   KOCH, WJ
   CARON, MG
   LEFKOWITZ, RJ
TI ISOPRENYLATION IN REGULATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION BY G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma subunits contain; ras proteins; translocation; farnesyl; family; cells; acid; p21
AB RHODOPSIN kinase1 and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta-ARK)2 are related members of a serine/threonine kinase family that specifically initiate deactivation of G-protein-coupled receptors. After stimulus-mediated receptor activation, these cytoplasmic kinases translocate to the plasma membrane3,4. Here we show that the molecular basis for this event involves a class of unsaturated lipids called isoprenoids. Covalent modification in vivo of rhodopsin kinase by a 15-C (farnesyl) isoprenoid5 enables the kinase to anchor to photon-activated rhodopsin. Mutations that alter or eliminate the isoprenoid, fully disable light-specific Rhodopsin kinase translocation. Other receptor kinases (such as beta-ARK), which lack an intrinsic lipid, are activated6 on exposure to brain beta-gamma-subunits of the signal-transducing G proteins, the gamma-subunit of which bears a 20-C (geranylgeranyl) isoprenoid7,8.  Using chimaeric beta-ARKs that undergo isoprenylation in vitro, we demonstrate that membrane association and activation of these kinases can occur in the absence of beta-gamma. These results indicate that rhodopsin kinase (by means of an integral isoprenoid) and beta-ARK (through its association with beta-gamma) both rely on the function of isoprenyl moieties for their translocation and activity, illustrating distinct, though related, modes of biological regulation of receptor function.
C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOCHEM,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT CELL BIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710.
C3 Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; Duke University
NR 26
TC 277
Z9 296
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 147
EP 150
DI 10.1038/359147a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400052
PM 1522899
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVIS, M
   SUMMERS, FJ
   SCHLEGEL, D
AF DAVIS, M
   SUMMERS, FJ
   SCHLEGEL, D
TI LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE IN A UNIVERSE WITH MIXED HOT AND COLD DARK MATTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID statistics; evolution; neutrinos
AB A UNIVERSE whose density is dominated by cold dark matter (CDM) has been considered the standard model for large-scale structure formation1, but it has had difficulty in matching the relatively quiet velocity field of galaxies2 and the observed structure on very large scales3. By contrast, models with a mixture of CDM and hot dark matter (HDM) have more power on large scales4-9, and seem more able to fit the excess large-scale power seen in galaxy surveys3 and the microwave background fluctuations recently measured by COBE10,11. Using high-resolution numerical simulations, we examine the formation of structure in a mixed dark matter model containing 70% CDM and 30% HDM, the latter in the form of massive neutrinos. This model behaves like a CDM model in which the biasing factor (the relative magnitude of structure in the dark and visible components) varies from 2.5 on small scales to <1 on large scales, and can provide a consistent explanation of both the shape of the observed fluctuation spectrum and the difference in estimates of the cosmic density, OMEGA, on small and large scales.
RP DAVIS, M (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ASTRON,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 34
TC 248
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 393
EP 396
DI 10.1038/359393a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SWAFFIELD, JC
   BROMBERG, JF
   JOHNSTON, SA
AF SWAFFIELD, JC
   BROMBERG, JF
   JOHNSTON, SA
TI ALTERATIONS IN A YEAST PROTEIN RESEMBLING HIV TAT-BINDING PROTEIN RELIEVE REQUIREMENT FOR AN ACIDIC ACTIVATION DOMAIN IN GAL4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene-expression; transcription; enzymes; cells; cdna
AB THE acidic transcriptional activation motif functions in all eukaryotes 1-4, which suggests that it makes contact with some universal component of the transcriptional apparatus. Transcriptional activation by the yeast regulatory protein GAL4 requires an acidic region at its carboxyl terminus. Here we implement a selection scheme to determine whether GAL4 can still function when this C-terminal domain has been deleted. It can, when accompanied by a mutation in the SUG1 gene which is an essential gene in yeast. Analysis of mutant SUG1 in combination with various alleles of GAL4 indicates that SUG1 acts through a transcriptional pathway that depends on GAL4, but requires a region of GAL4 other than the C-terminal acidic activation domain. The predicted amino-acid sequence of SUG1 closely resembles that of two human proteins, TBP1 and MSS1, which modulate expression mediated by the human immunodeficiency virus tat gene.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MED,5323 HARRY HINES BLVD,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 19
TC 183
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 698
EP 700
DI 10.1038/357698a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000074
PM 1614516
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ATTREE, O
   OLIVOS, IM
   OKABE, I
   BAILEY, LC
   NELSON, DL
   LEWIS, RA
   MCINNES, RR
   NUSSBAUM, RL
AF ATTREE, O
   OLIVOS, IM
   OKABE, I
   BAILEY, LC
   NELSON, DL
   LEWIS, RA
   MCINNES, RR
   NUSSBAUM, RL
TI THE LOWE OCULOCEREBRORENAL SYNDROME GENE ENCODES A PROTEIN HIGHLY HOMOLOGOUS TO INOSITOL POLYPHOSPHATE-5-PHOSPHATASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xq24-q26; markers; brain
AB LOWE'S oculocerebrorenal syndrome1-3 (OCRL) is a human X-linked developmental disorder of unknown pathogenesis4-8 and has a pleiotropic phenotype affecting the lens, brain and kidneys. The OCRL locus has been mapped to Xq25-q26 by linkage9-11 and by finding de novo X; autosome translocations at Xq25-q26 in two unrelated females with OCRL12,13 . Here we use yeast artificial chromosomes with inserts that span the X chromosomal breakpoint from a female OCRL patient in order to isolate complementary DNAs for a gene that is interrupted by the translocation. We show that the transcript is absent in both female OCRL patients with X ;autosome translocations and that it is absent or abnormally sized in 9 of 13 unrelated male OCRL patients with no detectable genomic rearrangement. The open reading frame encodes a new protein with 71% similarity to human inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase. Our results suggest that OCRL may be an inborn error of inositol phosphate metabolism.
C1 UNIV PENN,SCH MED,DEPT HUMAN GENET,422 CURIE BLVD,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   HOSP SICK CHILDREN,TORONTO M5G 1X8,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,INST MOLEC GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pennsylvania; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
NR 32
TC 405
Z9 471
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 239
EP 242
DI 10.1038/358239a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700055
PM 1321346
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FULLE, M
AF FULLE, M
TI DUST FROM SHORT-PERIOD COMET P/SCHWASSMANN-WACHMANN-1 AND REPLENISHMENT OF THE INTERPLANETARY DUST CLOUD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 17 comets; spectrophotometry; emission
AB IF the current abundance of interplanetary dust is representative of its long-term value1, there must be a source of dust replenishing the approximately 10(7) g s-1 (mostly in the form of particles of 10(-4) to 1 g) destroyed by dissipative processes2. Short-period comets are the most likely such source3, but their dust production rate is uncertain. Coma spectrophotometry of several short-period comets excludes significant contributions of dust from them4,5, but observations by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite6 have suggested the opposite. Here I use a numerical model7 to analyse an optical image of the dust tail of comet P/Schwassman-Wachmann 1, which contains information about grains 5-mu-m to 2 cm in diameter, ejected from 900 to 30 days before perihelion. During the three years covered by the model, the mass loss rate reached an estimated (6+/-3)x 10(5) g s-1, for an assumed albedo9 of 0.1 at the observation phase angle of 4-degrees. This one short-period comet thus apparently provides approximately 6% of the mass required to balance the losses of the interplanetary dust cloud.
RP FULLE, M (corresponding author), OSSERV ASTRON TRIESTE,VIA TIEPOLO 11,I-34131 TRIESTE,ITALY.
NR 26
TC 57
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 42
EP 44
DI 10.1038/359042a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YOUNG, MP
AF YOUNG, MP
TI OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TOPOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PRIMATE CORTICAL VISUAL-SYSTEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhesus-monkey; cortex; connections; macaque; pathways; areas
AB THE primate cortical visual system is composed Of many structurally and functionally distinct areas 1-3, each receiving and sending about 10 projections from and to other cortical areas 1. The visual cortex is thus served by many cortico-cortical connections to form a network of considerable complexity. Thus the gross organization of this cortical processing system presents a formidable topological problem: although the spatial Position of the areas in the brain is reasonably well established, the gross 'processing architecture' defined by the connections, is less well understood. Here I report an optimization approach that gives both qualitative and quantitative insight into the connectional topology of the primate cortical visual system. This approach supports suggestions that the system is divided into a dorsal 'stream' and a ventral 'stream' with limited cross-talk, that these two streams reconverge in the region of the principal sulcus (area 46) and in the superior temporal polysensory areas, that the system is hierarchically organized, and that the majority of the connections are from 'nearest-neighbour' and 'next-door-but-one' areas.
RP YOUNG, MP (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,PHYSIOL LAB,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PT,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 347
Z9 397
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 152
EP 155
DI 10.1038/358152a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300052
PM 1614547
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SLOAN, LC
   WALKER, JCG
   MOORE, TC
   REA, DK
   ZACHOS, JC
AF SLOAN, LC
   WALKER, JCG
   MOORE, TC
   REA, DK
   ZACHOS, JC
TI POSSIBLE METHANE-INDUCED POLAR WARMING IN THE EARLY EOCENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratospheric clouds; climate; rates; ch4
AB RECONSTRUCTIONS of early Eocene climate depict a world in which the polar environments support mammals and reptiles, deciduous forests, warm oceans and rare frost conditions 1-5. At the same time, tropical sea surface temperatures are interpreted to have been the same as or slightly cooler than present values 6. The question of how to warm polar regions of Earth without noticeably warming the tropics remains unresolved; increased amounts of greenhouse gases would be expected to warm all latitudes equally 7. Oceanic heat transport has been postulated as a mechanism for heating high latitudes 8-10, but it is difficult to explain the dynamics that would achieve this 7,11. Here we consider estimates of Eocene wetland areas and suggest that the flux of methane, an important greenhouse gas, may have been substantially greater during the Eocene than at present. Elevated methane concentrations would have enhanced early Eocene global warming, and also might specifically have prevented severe winter cooling of polar regions because of the potential of atmospheric methane to promote the formation of optically thick, polar stratospheric ice clouds 12-14.
RP SLOAN, LC (corresponding author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA.
NR 31
TC 109
Z9 118
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 320
EP 322
DI 10.1038/357320a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200044
PM 11536496
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAWKINS, PT
   JACKSON, TR
   STEPHENS, LR
AF HAWKINS, PT
   JACKSON, TR
   STEPHENS, LR
TI PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH-FACTOR STIMULATES SYNTHESIS OF PTDLNS(3,4,5)P3 BY ACTIVATING A PTDLNS(4,5)P2 3-OH KINASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatidylinositol kinase; inositol; phosphorylation; binding; cells
AB ALTHOUGH the hormone-stimulated synthesis of 3-phosphorylated inositol lipids is known to form an intracellular signalling system 1-5, there is no consensus on the crucial receptor-regulated event in this pathway and it is still not clear which of the intermediates represent potential output signals. We show here that the key step in the synthesis of 3-phosphorylated inositol lipids in 3T3 cells stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor is the activation of a phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate (3)-hydroxy (PtdIns(4,5)P2 3-OH) kinase. A similar conclusion has been applied to explain the actions of formyl-Met-Leu-Phe on neutrophils 6, and it may be that receptors that couple through intrinsic tyrosine kinases or through G proteins stimulate the same step in 3-phosphorylated inositol lipid metabolism. The close parallel between these two mechanisms for the activation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 3-OH kinase and those described for the activation of another key signalling enzyme, phospholipase C (ref. 7), focuses attention on the product of the PtdIns(4,5)P, 3-OH kinase, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, as a possible new second messenger.
RP HAWKINS, PT (corresponding author), AFRC,INST ANIM PHYSIOL & GENET RES,DEPT BIOCHEM,CAMBRIDGE CB2 4AT,ENGLAND.
NR 20
TC 236
Z9 304
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 157
EP 159
DI 10.1038/358157a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300054
PM 1319558
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WIENANDS, J
   RETH, M
AF WIENANDS, J
   RETH, M
TI GLYCOSYL-PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE AS A MECHANISM FOR CELL-SURFACE EXPRESSION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN-D
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-killer cells; antigen receptor complex; linked membrane-protein; b-cells; molecular-components; igm; gene; glycoprotein; differ; lfa-3
AB THE B-cell antigen receptor of the IgM and IgD class is a multimeric complex consisting of the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin molecule and two other proteins, Ig-alpha and Ig-beta 1-8.  The Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins form a disulphide-linked alpha/beta heterodimer and are encoded by the mb-1 (refs 9, 10) and B29 genes 11,12, respectively 13,14.  Surface expression of the membrane-bound IgM molecule requires assembly with the alpha/beta heterodimer 1,3,4,8.  The IgD molecule, however, can be expressed on the cell surface in an alpha/beta-dependent and -independent forms 8,15. We show here that in the alpha/beta-independent form the IgD molecule is anchored in the plasma membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linker. In the presence of the alpha/beta heterodimer, most of the otherwise glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked IgD molecule is expressed on the cell surface as transmembrane proteins.
RP WIENANDS, J (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST IMMUNBIOL,STUBEWEG 51,W-7800 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
NR 29
TC 63
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 246
EP 248
DI 10.1038/356246a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400060
PM 1313152
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PHILLIPS, JA
   CLEGG, AW
AF PHILLIPS, JA
   CLEGG, AW
TI ELECTRON-DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS IN THE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR BUBBLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scintillations; turbulence
AB THE interstellar medium in our vicinity forms an elongated cavity of X-ray-emitting gas, extending up to 200 pc from the Sun1,2. The gas inside this local bubble is very hot (approximately 10(6) K) and tenuous (electron density n(e) almost-equal-to 0.005 cm-3), and is typical of material in the coronal phase of the interstellar medium, thought to occur when hot stars or supernovae blow out holes in cooler and denser interstellar gas. Little is known about turbulent density fluctuations in the coronal gas, but its physical state is important in understanding cosmic ray confinement and the energy balance of interstellar material, as well as the scattering of radio emission from compact sources3,4.  To probe turbulence in the local interstellar medium, we have made scintillation measurements at 50 MHz (6 m wavelength) of emission from the nearby pulsar 0950+08, which happens to lie near the edge of the local bubble. From the scintillation bandwidth we deduce the amplitude of the electron-density fluctuation spectrum in the coronal gas alone, and find it to be an order of magnitude lower than for any previously measured interstellar line of sight. We conclude that the interior of the bubble is relatively quiescent and that high levels of plasma turbulence-if they exist-must be localized to the cavity boundary.
C1 USN,RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20375.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake
RP PHILLIPS, JA (corresponding author), CALTECH,OWENS VALLEY RADIO OBSERV,105-24,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 21
TC 50
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 137
EP 139
DI 10.1038/360137a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SARMIENTO, JL
   SUNDQUIST, ET
AF SARMIENTO, JL
   SUNDQUIST, ET
TI REVISED BUDGET FOR THE OCEANIC UPTAKE OF ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON-DIOXIDE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-carbon; river; model
AB TRACER-CALIBRATED models of the total uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the world's oceans give estimates of about 2 gigatonnes carbon per year 1, significantly larger than a recent estimate 2 of 0.3-0.8 Gt C yr-1 for the synoptic air-to-sea CO2 influx. Although both estimates require that the global CO2 budget must be balanced by a large unknown terrestrial sink, the latter estimate implies a much larger terrestrial sink, and challenges the ocean model calculations on which previous CO2 budgets were based. The discrepancy is due in part to the net flux of carbon to the ocean by rivers and rain, which must be added to the synoptic air-to-sea CO2 flux to obtain the total oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Here we estimate the magnitude of this correction and of several other recently proposed adjustments to the synoptic air-sea CO2 exchange. These combined adjustments minimize the apparent inconsistency, and restore estimates of the terrestrial sink to values implied by the modelled oceanic uptake.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP SARMIENTO, JL (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,ATMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI PROGRAM,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 33
TC 296
Z9 322
U1 1
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 589
EP 593
DI 10.1038/356589a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PHILLIPS, JB
   BORLAND, SC
AF PHILLIPS, JB
   BORLAND, SC
TI BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE FOR USE OF A LIGHT-DEPENDENT MAGNETORECEPTION MECHANISM BY A VERTEBRATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic compass; migratory orientation; field detection; pigeons; cues
AB THE Earth's magnetic field provides an important source of directional information for terrestrial organisms1-5, but the sensory receptor or receptors responsible for magnetic field detection have yet to be identified. Theoretical models of the mechanism of magnetoreception have implicated specialized photoreceptors6,7. The proposed mechanisms would amplify the weak interaction of the geomagnetic field with a single electron spin to the level of photon detection, resulting in a modulation of the photoreceptor response to light. Although behavioural8,9 and neurophysiological10-12 studies have established a link between magnetic field sensitivity and the visual system, definitive evidence for the use of a light-dependent magnetoreception mechanism has been lacking. Here we show that magnetic compass orientation in a semiaquatic salamander is affected by the wavelength of light13, and that this wavelength-dependence is due to a direct effect of light on the underlying magnetoreception mechanism.
RP PHILLIPS, JB (corresponding author), INDIANA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405, USA.
NR 23
TC 186
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 142
EP 144
DI 10.1038/359142a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NABAVI, N
   FREEMAN, GJ
   GAULT, A
   GODFREY, D
   NADLER, LM
   GLIMCHER, LH
AF NABAVI, N
   FREEMAN, GJ
   GAULT, A
   GODFREY, D
   NADLER, LM
   GLIMCHER, LH
TI SIGNALING THROUGH THE MHC CLASS-II CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN IS REQUIRED FOR ANTIGEN PRESENTATION AND INDUCES B7 EXPRESSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell activation antigen-b7; t-cells; costimulatory signal; restricted antigen; molecules; receptor; translocation; interleukin-2; induction; provides
AB CLASS II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules function as antigen-presenting elements as well as signal transducers on B lymphocytes. We previously reported that a B lymphoma cell transfectant, 5C2, expressing genetically engineered I-A(k) molecules with truncated cytoplasmic domains was severely impaired in both antigen presentation and in anti-Ia-induced intracytoplasmic signalling1-5. These two functions could be restored by preculturing 5C2 cells with cyclic AMP analogues6,7. Here we demonstrate that impaired signal transduction by truncated class II molecules results in a deficiency in induction of the newly defined B-cell accessory molecule B7 (ref. 8), which can be reversed by restoration of B7 expression. These data imply that contact of the T-cell antigen receptor with MHC/antigen ligand results in signal transmission through the class II cytoplasmic domain. This signal, which can be mimicked by dibutyryl cAMP, induces expression of B7, resulting in effective antigen presentation. The fact that crosslinking of surface class II MHC also induces B7 expression on normal resting human B cells9 supports this contention.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   ROCHE RES CTR,DEPT IMMUNOPHARMACOL,NUTLEY,NJ 07110.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV TUMOR BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
NR 20
TC 340
Z9 377
U1 1
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 266
EP 268
DI 10.1038/360266a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000054
PM 1279442
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEESMILLER, JP
   HELFMAN, DM
   SCHROER, TA
AF LEESMILLER, JP
   HELFMAN, DM
   SCHROER, TA
TI A VERTEBRATE ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN IS A COMPONENT OF A MULTISUBUNIT COMPLEX INVOLVED IN MICROTUBULE-BASED VESICLE MOTILITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytoplasmic dynein; muscle actin; sequence; flagella; dna
AB ACTIN is a cytoskeletal protein which is highly conserved across eukaryotic phyla. Actin filaments, in association with a family of myosin motor proteins, are required for cellular motile processes as diverse as vesicle transport, cell locomotion and cytokinesis1,2. Many organisms have several closely related actin isoforms3,4. In addition to conventional actins, yeasts contain actin-related proteins that are essential for viability5,6. We show here that vertebrates also contain an actin-related protein (actin-RPV). Actin-RPV is a major component of the dynactin complex, an activator of dynein-driven vesicle movement7,8, indicating that unlike conventional actins which work in conjunction with myosin motors, actin-RPV may be involved in cytoplasmic movements via a microtubule-based system.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP LEESMILLER, JP (corresponding author), COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724, USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM044589] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 166
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 244
EP 246
DI 10.1038/359244a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400064
PM 1528266
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OESTERHELD, M
   SALA, OE
   MCNAUGHTON, SJ
AF OESTERHELD, M
   SALA, OE
   MCNAUGHTON, SJ
TI EFFECT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ON HERBIVORE-CARRYING CAPACITY AT A REGIONAL SCALE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID community structure; ecosystem; rainfall; biomass
AB ALL significant properties of the herbivore trophic level, including biomass, consumption and productivity, are significantly correlated with primary productivity across a broad range of terrestrial ecosystems 1,2.  Here we show that livestock biomass in South American agricultural ecosystems across a 25-fold gradient of primary productivity exhibited a relationship with a slope essentially identical to unmanaged ecosystems, but with a substantially greater y-intercept. Therefore the biomass of herbivores supported per unit of primary productivity is about an order of magnitude greater in agricultural than in natural ecosystems, for a given level of primary production. We also present evidence of an increase in livestock body size with primary productivity, a pattern previously characterized in natural ecosystems 3.  To our knowledge this is the first quantitative documentation at a regional scale of the impact of animal husbandry practices, such as herding, stock selection and veterinary care, on the biomass and size-structure of livestock herds compared with native herbivores.
C1 SYRACUSE UNIV,BIOL RES LABS,SYRACUSE,NY 13244.
C3 Syracuse University
RP OESTERHELD, M (corresponding author), UNIV BUENOS AIRES,FAC AGRON,DEPT ECOL,AV SAN MARTIN 4453,RA-1417 BUENOS AIRES,ARGENTINA.
NR 21
TC 181
Z9 209
U1 2
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 234
EP 236
DI 10.1038/356234a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400055
PM 1552941
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FAWCETT, J
   HOLNESS, CLL
   NEEDHAM, LA
   TURLEY, H
   GATTER, KC
   MASON, DY
   SIMMONS, DL
AF FAWCETT, J
   HOLNESS, CLL
   NEEDHAM, LA
   TURLEY, H
   GATTER, KC
   MASON, DY
   SIMMONS, DL
TI MOLECULAR-CLONING OF ICAM-3, A 3RD LIGAND FOR LFA-1, CONSTITUTIVELY EXPRESSED ON RESTING LEUKOCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adhesion ligand; sites; immunoglobulin; receptor
AB THE co-ordinated function of effector and accessory cells in the immune system is assisted by adhesion molecules on the cell surface that stabilize interactions between different cell types1. Leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is expressed on the surface of all white blood cells2 and is a receptor for intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) 1 and 2 (ref. 3) which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily4-6. The interaction of LFA-1 with ICAMs 1 and 2 provides essential accessory adhesion signals in many immune interactions, including those between T and B lymphocytes7 and cytotoxic T cells and their targets8,9. In addition, both ICAMs are expressed at low levels on resting vascular endothelium10; ICAM-1 is strongly upregulated by cytokine stimulation and plays a key role in the arrest of leukocytes in blood vessels at sites of inflammation and injury. Recent work has indicated that resting leukocytes express a third ligand, ICAM-3, for LFA-1 (refs 11, 12). ICAM-3 is potentially the most important ligand for LFA-1 in the initiation of the immune response because the expression of ICAM-1 on resting leukocytes is low. We report the expression cloning of a complementary DNA, pICAM-3, encoding a protein constitutively expressed on all leukocytes, which binds LFA-1. ICAM-3 is closely related to ICAM-1, consists of five immunoglobulin domains, and binds LFA-1 through its two N-terminal domains.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,INST MOLEC MED,IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND LABS,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
   BRITISH BIOTECHNOL,OXFORD OX4 5LY,ENGLAND.
   JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,NUFFIELD DEPT PATHOL,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; Cancer Research UK; University of Oxford
NR 26
TC 328
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 481
EP 484
DI 10.1038/360481a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700065
PM 1448173
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YOUNG, JR
   DIDYMUS, JM
   BOWN, PR
   PRINS, B
   MANN, S
AF YOUNG, JR
   DIDYMUS, JM
   BOWN, PR
   PRINS, B
   MANN, S
TI CRYSTAL ASSEMBLY AND PHYLOGENETIC EVOLUTION IN HETEROCOCCOLITHS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alga emiliania-huxleyi
AB COCCOLITHS, the calcite plates formed by unicellular phytoplanktonic algae (coccolithophores, phylum Prymnesiophyta) 1, are produced in enormous quantities and probably constitute the largest single carbonate sink in oceanic biogeochemical cycles. They are major sediment formers, are of great value to geologists as biostratigraphic indicators and have been extensively studied as models for biomineralization 2,3. We have applied the understanding of coccolith biomineralization to the fossil record 4 and present evidence from electron and optical microscopy that there has been a conserved mechanism of crystal nucleation throughout the 230 million year history of coccolithophores. This fundamental feature of coccolith growth, which we term the V/R model, involves the assembly of a ring of single crystals with alternating orientations, radial (R) and vertical (V), and provides a powerful tool for tracing phylogenies, identifying homologous structures and rationalizing the higher taxonomy of the group. The living coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi, seemed anomalous because only R crystals had been observed; transmission electron microscopy of proto-coccolith rings, however, revealed relict V crystals which are overgrown by preferential development of R units in complete coccoliths. A speculative model based on a plicated macromolecular template is presented as a possible explanation for the conserved nucleation process.
C1 UNIV BATH, SCH CHEM, BATH BA2 7AY, AVON, ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL, DEPT GEOL SCI, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
   SHELL INT PETR EXPLORAT, 2501 AN THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS.
C3 University of Bath; University of London; University College London; Royal Dutch Shell
RP YOUNG, JR (corresponding author), NAT HIST MUSEUM, DEPT PALAEONTOL, CROMWELL RD, LONDON SW7 5BD, ENGLAND.
NR 23
TC 190
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 516
EP 518
DI 10.1038/356516a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SMITH, ML
   BRUHN, JN
   ANDERSON, JB
AF SMITH, ML
   BRUHN, JN
   ANDERSON, JB
TI THE FUNGUS ARMILLARIA-BULBOSA IS AMONG THE LARGEST AND OLDEST LIVING ORGANISMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mellea; identification; forests; dna
AB ASEXUALLY reproducing organisms occur in a variety of taxa in all biological kingdoms 1 and distinguishing asexually propagated genotypes is essential for the understanding of their population biology. Among the higher fungi, however, the clonal 'individual' is especially difficult to define 2 because most of the fungal thallus consists of a network of anastamosing hyphae embedded in the substratum. Whether fruit-bodies, the most recognizable part of a fungus, are produced by a single supporting mycelium can only be determined by establishing direct physiological continuity or genetic identity. We report a means by which individual fungi can be unambiguously identified within local populations and identify an individual of Armillaria bulbosa that occupies a minimum of 15 hectares, weighs in excess of 10,000 kg, and has remained genetically stable for more than 1,500 years.
C1 MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & WOOD PROD,HOUGHTON,MI 49931.
C3 Michigan Technological University
RP SMITH, ML (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO,CTR PLANT BIOTECHNOL,DEPT BOT,MISSISSAUGA L5L 1C6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
NR 30
TC 470
Z9 541
U1 1
U2 89
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 428
EP 431
DI 10.1038/356428a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FOX, RC
   YOUZWYSHYN, GP
   KRAUSE, DW
AF FOX, RC
   YOUZWYSHYN, GP
   KRAUSE, DW
TI POST-JURASSIC MAMMAL-LIKE REPTILE FROM THE PALEOCENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MAMMAL-LIKE reptiles of the Order Therapsida document the emergence of mammals from more primitive synapsids1 and are of unique zoological and palaeontological interest on that account2. Therapsids, first appearing in the Early Permian3, were thought to become extinct in the Middle Jurassic4,5, soon after the Late Triassic origin of mammals6. Here, however, we report the discovery of a therapsid from the late Palaeocene, 100 million years younger7 than the youngest previous occurrence of the order. This discovery nearly doubles the stratigraphic range of therapsids and furnishes their first record from the Cenozoic. The documenting fossils, an incomplete dentary containing three teeth, and four isolated teeth from other, conspecific individuals (Fig. 1), are from the Paskapoo Formation, at Cochrane, Alberta, Canada, from beds yielding a diverse mammalian fauna of early Tiffanian age8. These specimens are catalogued in the collections of the University of Alberta Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology (UALVP) and provide the basis for a new taxon, as named and described below. Class Reptilia Subclass Synapsida Order Therapsida Suborder Cynodontia Chronoperatidae fam. nov. Type genus Chronoperates gen. nov.                                 Chronoperates paradoxus gen. et sp. nov.
C1 UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT ZOOL,EDMONTON T6G 2E9,ALBERTA,CANADA.
   SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ANAT SCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
C3 University of Alberta; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP FOX, RC (corresponding author), UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT GEOL,VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL LAB,EDMONTON T6G 2E9,ALBERTA,CANADA.
NR 23
TC 16
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 233
EP 235
DI 10.1038/358233a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700053
PM 1630490
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HERRERO, I
   MIRASPORTUGAL, MT
   SANCHEZPRIETO, J
AF HERRERO, I
   MIRASPORTUGAL, MT
   SANCHEZPRIETO, J
TI POSITIVE FEEDBACK OF GLUTAMATE EXOCYTOSIS BY METABOTROPIC PRESYNAPTIC RECEPTOR STIMULATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-c; isolated nerve-terminals; long-term potentiation; rat cerebrocortical synaptosm; amino-acid receptors; direct activation; dentate gyrus; release; ca-2+; 4-aminopyridine
AB GLUTAMATE is important in several forms of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation, and in neuronal cell degeneration1,2. Glutamate activates several types of receptors, including a metabotropic receptor that is sensitive to trans-1-amino-cyclo-penthyl-1,3-dicarboxylate, coupled to G protein(s) and linked to inositol phospholipid metabolism3-6. The activation of the metabotropic receptor in neurons generates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which causes the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and diacylglycerol, which activates protein kinase C7-9. In nerve terminals, the activation of presynaptic protein kinase C with phorbol esters enhances glutamate release10. But the presynaptic receptor involved in this protein kinase C-mediated increase in the release of glutamate has not yet been identified. Here we demonstrate the presence of a presynaptic glutamate receptor of the metabotropic type that mediates an enhancement of glutamate exocytosis in cerebrocortical nerve terminals. Interestingly, this potentiation of glutamate release is observed only in the presence of arachidonic acid, which may reflect that this positive feedback control of glutamate exocytosis operates in concert with other pre- or postsynaptic events of the glutamatergic neurotransmission that generate arachidonic acid. This presynaptic glutamate receptor may have a physiological role in the maintenance of long-term potentiation where there is an increase in glutamate release mediated by postsynaptically generated arachidonic acid11.
C1 UNIV COMPLUTENSE MADRID, FAC VET, DEPT BIOQUIM, E-28040 MADRID, SPAIN.
C3 Complutense University of Madrid
NR 34
TC 356
Z9 385
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 163
EP 166
DI 10.1038/360163a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200061
PM 1359425
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU POOLE, PH
   SCIORTINO, F
   ESSMANN, U
   STANLEY, HE
AF POOLE, PH
   SCIORTINO, F
   ESSMANN, U
   STANLEY, HE
TI PHASE-BEHAVIOR OF METASTABLE WATER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supercooled water; molecular-dynamics; negative-pressure; heat-capacity; liquid water; ice; density; compressibility; temperature; transition
AB THE metastable extension of the phase diagram of liquid water exhibits rich features that manifest themselves in the equilibrium properties of water. For example, the density maximum at 4-degrees-C and the minimum in the isothermal compressibility at 46-degrees-C are thought to reflect the presence of singularities in the behaviour of thermodynamic quantities occurring in the supercooled region The 'stability-limit conjecture'3-5 suggests that these thermodynamic anomalies arise from a single limit of mechanical stability (spinodal line), originating at the liquid-gas critical point, which determines the limit of both superheating at high temperatures and supercooling at low temperatures. Here we present a comprehensive series of molecular dynamics simulations which suggest that, instead, the supercooling anomalies are caused by a newly identified critical point, above which the two metastable amorphous phases of ice (previously shown to be separated by a line of first-order transitions6,7) become indistinguishable. The two amorphous ice phases are thus incorporated into our understanding of the liquid state, providing a more complete picture of the metastable and stable behaviour of water.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Boston University
RP POOLE, PH (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 34
TC 1736
Z9 1821
U1 8
U2 390
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 324
EP 328
DI 10.1038/360324a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAYLOR, AN
   ROWANROBINSON, M
AF TAYLOR, AN
   ROWANROBINSON, M
TI THE SPECTRUM OF COSMOLOGICAL DENSITY-FLUCTUATIONS AND NATURE OF DARK MATTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large-scale structure; iras galaxy; inflationary universe; redshift survey; velocity; fields
AB COSIMIC structure is thought to have arisen by the gravitational amplification of small density fluctuations in the early Universe. The evolution of fluctuations with specified magnitude and spectrum is controlled by a few fundamental parameters: the cosmic density OMEGA, the cosmological constant LAMBDA, and the relative contributions of radiation and of dark and visible matter to the density of the Universe. Maps and statistical descriptions of the large-scale distribution of galaxies, from the QDOT IRAS redshift survey1-7, along with the COBE measurements of the microwave background fluctuations8,9 have recently transformed our understanding of large-scale structure, for which the growth of fluctuations is linear and well understood. These two sets of data effectively determine the density fluctuation spectrum in the present Universe on scales from 10 to 1,000 Mpc. Here we examine an array of structure formation models, and show that most are ruled out by the COBE and QDOT observations. We find only one completely satisfactory model, in which the Universe has density OMEGA = 1, with 69% in the form of cold dark matter, 30% provided by hot dark matter in the form of a stable neutrino with mass 7.5 eV, and 1% baryonic. Certain 'grand unified theories'10,11 may provide a physical basis for such hybrid models. A Hubble constant of 50 km s-1 Mpc-1 is preferred to one of 100.
RP TAYLOR, AN (corresponding author), QUEEN MARY & WESTFIELD COLL,SCH MATH SCI,MILE END RD,LONDON E1 4NS,ENGLAND.
NR 38
TC 161
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 396
EP 399
DI 10.1038/359396a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCKENNA, R
   XIA, D
   WILLINGMANN, P
   ILAG, LL
   KRISHNASWAMY, S
   ROSSMANN, MG
   OLSON, NH
   BAKER, TS
   INCARDONA, NL
AF MCKENNA, R
   XIA, D
   WILLINGMANN, P
   ILAG, LL
   KRISHNASWAMY, S
   ROSSMANN, MG
   OLSON, NH
   BAKER, TS
   INCARDONA, NL
TI ATOMIC-STRUCTURE OF SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA BACTERIOPHAGE-PHI-X174 AND ITS FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-wall lipopolysaccharide; tobacco mosaic-virus; bushy stunt virus; nucleotide-sequence; crystal-structure; 2.8-a resolution; antiviral agents; protein; phi-x174; eclipse
AB The mechanism of DNA ejection, viral assembly and evolution are related to the structure of bacteriophage PHI-X174. The F protein forms a T = 1 capsid whose major folding motif is the eight-stranded antiparallel-beta-barrel found in many other icosahedral viruses. Groups of 5 G proteins form 12 dominating spikes that enclose a hydrophilic channel containing some diffuse electron density. Each G protein is a tight-beta-barrel with its strands running radially outwards and with a topology similar to that of the F protein. The 12 'pilot' H proteins per virion may be partially located in the putative ion channel. The small, basic J protein is associated with the DNA and is situated in an interior cleft of the F protein. Tentatively, there are three regions of partially ordered DNA structure, accounting for about 12% of the total genome.
C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907.
   UNIV TENNESSEE CTR HLTH SCI,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,MEMPHIS,TN 38163.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM033050] Funding Source: Medline
NR 67
TC 210
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 137
EP 143
DI 10.1038/355137a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900049
PM 1370343
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NORBY, RJ
   GUNDERSON, CA
   WULLSCHLEGER, SD
   ONEILL, EG
   MCCRACKEN, MK
AF NORBY, RJ
   GUNDERSON, CA
   WULLSCHLEGER, SD
   ONEILL, EG
   MCCRACKEN, MK
TI PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPENSATORY RESPONSES OF YELLOW-POPLAR TREES IN ELEVATED CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB INCREASED forest growth in response to globally rising CO2 concentrations could provide an additional sink for the excess carbon added to the atmosphere from fossil fuels 1,2. The response of trees to increased CO2, however, can be expected to be modified by the interactions of other environmental resources and stresses, higher-order ecological interactions and internal feedbacks inherent in the growth of large, perennial organisms 3,4. To test whether short-term stimulation of tree growth by elevated CO2 can be sustained without inputs from other environmental resources, we grew yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) saplings for most of three growing seasons with continuous exposure to ambient or elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Despite a sustained increase in leaf-level photosynthesis and lower rates of foliar respiration in CO2-enriched trees, whole-plant carbon storage did not increase. The absence of a significant growth response is explained by changes in carbon allocation patterns, specifically a relative decrease in leaf production and an increase in fine root production. Although these compensatory responses reduced the potential increase in carbon storage in increased CO2 concentrations, they also favour the efficient use of resources over the longer term.
RP NORBY, RJ (corresponding author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, DIV ENVIRONM SCI, POB 2008, OAK RIDGE, TN 37831 USA.
NR 9
TC 288
Z9 297
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6376
BP 322
EP 324
DI 10.1038/357322a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HW132
UT WOS:A1992HW13200045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, GJ
   PORTA, C
   CHEN, ZG
   BAKER, TS
   JOHNSON, JE
AF WANG, GJ
   PORTA, C
   CHEN, ZG
   BAKER, TS
   JOHNSON, JE
TI IDENTIFICATION OF A FAB INTERACTION FOOTPRINT SITE ON AN ICOSAHEDRAL VIRUS BY CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cryo-electron microscopy; 3-dimensional structure; neutralization; reconstruction; resolution; poliovirus; specimens; rotavirus; 3.0-a
AB BIOLOGICAL processes frequently require the formation of multiprotein or nucleoprotein complexes. Some of these complexes have been produced in homogeneous form, crystallized, and analysed at high resolution by X-ray crystallography (for example, see refs 1-3). Most, however, are too large or too unstable to crystallize. Individual components of such complexes can often be purified and analysed by crystallography. Here we report how the coordinated application of cryoelectron microscopy, three-dimensional image reconstruction, and X-ray crystallography provides a powerful approach to study large, unstable macromolecular complexes. Three-dimensional reconstructions of native cowpea mosaic virus (CMPV) and a complex of CPMV saturated with a Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody against the virus have been determined at 23 angstrom resolution from low-irradiation images of unstained, frozen-hydrated samples. Despite the nominal resolution of the complex, the physical footprint of the Fab on the capsid surface and the orientation and position of the Fab have been determined to within a few angstroms by fitting atomic models of CPMV 4 and Fab (Kol) 5 to reconstructed density maps.
C1 PURDUE UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, W LAFAYETTE, IN 47907 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM033050] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 88
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 275
EP 278
DI 10.1038/355275a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400076
PM 1731227
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KONDO, T
   YOSHIDA, K
   NAKAGAWA, A
   KAWAI, T
   TAMURA, H
   GOTO, T
AF KONDO, T
   YOSHIDA, K
   NAKAGAWA, A
   KAWAI, T
   TAMURA, H
   GOTO, T
TI STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BLUE-COLOR DEVELOPMENT IN FLOWER PETALS FROM COMMELINA-COMMUNIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anthocyanins; stacking; purple; flavone; pigment
AB FLOWER colours, from red through purple to blue, are mostly from anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid1-5. Although there are many colours, only a few anthocyanidins, chromophores of the pigments, have been found. The colour of the pigments is stable in plants for a few days to one month but the extracted anthocyanins are, nevertheless, unstable and quickly lose colour by hydration in a neutral aqueous solution1-5. In 1915 Willstatter proposed that flower-colours vary because anthocyanins change their colour with the pH6. Shibata and Shibata questioned the theory because most plant cell sap was weakly acidic or neutral. Their alternative, based on metal-complex theory7 was refuted by Everest8. In 1958 Hayashi isolated in crystal form a blue pigment9, commelinin, a metal-complex anthocyanin (named metalloanthocyanin)10,11, from the blue petals of Commelina communis. But the existence of a blue-coloured magnesium complex was denied by Bayer et al.12. We obtained the same blue pigment as intact commelinin by reconstruction from its components13. We also prepared Cd-commelinin in which the complexation metal Mg2+ was replaced with Cd2+. We report here the X-ray crystal structure of a real anthocyanin and a sugar-containing flavonoid, using Cd-commelinin. The blue flower-colour development and the stability of the colour can be explained by metal complexation of anthocyanin and intermolecular hydrophobic association.
C1 SUGIYAMA JOGAKUEN UNIV, SCH LIFE STUDIES,CHIKUSA KU, NAGOYA 464, JAPAN.
   NATL LAB HIGH ENERGY PHYS, PHOTON FACTORY, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
   NAGOYA UNIV, FAC AGR,ORGAN CHEM LAB,CHIKUSA KU, NAGOYA 46401, JAPAN.
C3 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK); Nagoya University
RP KONDO, T (corresponding author), NAGOYA UNIV, CTR CHEM INSTRUMENT, CHIKUSA KU, NAGOYA 46401, JAPAN.
NR 29
TC 216
Z9 246
U1 2
U2 90
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 515
EP 518
DI 10.1038/358515a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHANG, YQ
   TANAKA, T
   SHIBAYAMA, M
AF ZHANG, YQ
   TANAKA, T
   SHIBAYAMA, M
TI SUPER-ABSORBENCY AND PHASE-TRANSITION OF GELS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SALT-SOLUTIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ionic gels
AB IONIC gels with the ability to absorb many times their dry weight of water have found widespread use as absorbents in medical, chemical and agricultural applications1. The dramatic swelling power of these super-absorbent gels results from both the electrostatic repulsion between the charges on the polymer chains, and the osmotic pressure of the counter-ions2.  In salt solutions such as saline, urine or blood, however, excess Na+ and Cl- ions screen the polymer charges and eliminate the osmotic imbalance, effectively changing the properties of the material to that of a non-ionic gel3:  this greatly diminishes the swelling power, and hence the utility of these materials under physiological conditions. Here we report the development of a system combining a non-ionic gel with ionized surfactants, which shows super-absorbent behaviour even in the presence of salt. In water, the hydrophobic gel facilitates the formation of spherical surfactant micelles, which mimic the charged sites of an ionic gel. As the salt concentration is increased, the micelles become rod-like, maintaining the electrostatic repulsion along the polymer chains and thereby preserving the swelling power of the gel.
C1 MIT,CTR MAT SCI & ENGN,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP ZHANG, YQ (corresponding author), MIT,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 9
TC 105
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 142
EP 144
DI 10.1038/360142a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOMAS, DA
   EVANS, DL
   FINCH, JT
   CARRELL, RW
AF LOMAS, DA
   EVANS, DL
   FINCH, JT
   CARRELL, RW
TI THE MECHANISM OF Z-ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN ACCUMULATION IN THE LIVER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-1-antitrypsin; purification; deficiency; damage; plasma
AB MOST northern Europeans have only the normal M form of the plasma protease inhibitor alpha-1-antitrypsin, but some 4% are heterozygotes for the Z deficiency variant 1. For reasons that have not been well-understood, the Z mutation results in a blockage in the final stage of processing of antitrypsin in the liver 2 such that in the Z homozygote only 15% of the protein is secreted into the plasma.The 85% of the alpha-1-antitrypsin that is not secreted accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocyte; much of it is degraded but the remainder aggregates to form insoluble intracellular inclusions. These inclusions are associated with hepatocellular damage, and 10% of newborn Z homozygotes develop liver disease which often leads to a fatal childhood cirrhosis. Here we demonstrate the molecular pathology underlying this accumulation and describe how the Z mutation in antitrypsin results in a unique molecular interaction between the reactive centre loop of one molecule and the gap in the A-sheet of another. This loop-sheet polymerization of Z antitrypsin occurs spontaneously at 37-degrees-C and is completely blocked by the insertion of a specific peptide into the A-sheet of the antitrypsin molecule. Z antitrypsin polymerized in vitro has identical properties and ultrastructure to the inclusions isolated from hepatocytes of a Z homozygote. The concentration and temperature dependence of this loop-sheet polymerization has implications for the management of the liver disease of the newborn Z homozygote.
C1 MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP LOMAS, DA (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT HAEMATOL,CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 15
TC 897
Z9 993
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 605
EP 607
DI 10.1038/357605a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200059
PM 1608473
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAURENCE, J
   HODTSEV, AS
   POSNETT, DN
AF LAURENCE, J
   HODTSEV, AS
   POSNETT, DN
TI SUPERANTIGEN IMPLICATED IN DEPENDENCE OF HIV-1 REPLICATION IN T-CELLS ON TCR V-BETA EXPRESSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular analysis; clonal anergy; lymphocytes-t; enterotoxin-b; infection; induction; mice
AB IN the pathogenesis of AIDS it is not yet understood whether the small fraction of CD4+ T cells (approximately 1%) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are randomly targeted or not. Here we present evidence that human CD4 T-cell lines expressing selected T-cell antigen receptor V-beta gene products can all be infected in vitro with HIV-1, but give markedly different titres of HIV-1 virion production. For example, V-beta-12 T-cell lines from several unrelated donors reproducibly yielded up to 100-fold more gag gene product (p24gag antigen) than V-beta-6.7a lines. This is consistent with a superantigen effect, because the V-beta selectivity was observed with several divergent HIV-1 isolates, was dependent on antigen-presenting cells and on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II but was not MHC class II-restricted. The in vivo significance of these findings is supported by the preferential stimulation of V-beta-12+ T cells by freshly obtained irradiated antigen-presenting cells from some HIV-1-seropositive but not HIV-1-negative donors. Moreover, cells from patients positive for viral antigen (gp120) were enriched in the V-beta-12 subpopulation. V-beta-12+ T cells were not deleted in AIDS patients, however, raising the possibility that a variety of mechanisms contribute to T-cell depletion. Our results indicate that a superantigen targets a subpopulation of CD4+ cells for viral replication.
C1 CORNELL UNIV,MED CTR,COLL MED,DEPT MED,1300 YORK AVE,BOX 56,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Cornell University
NR 28
TC 165
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 255
EP 259
DI 10.1038/358255a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700060
PM 1630494
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JOSHI, HC
   PALACIOS, MJ
   MCNAMARA, L
   CLEVELAND, DW
AF JOSHI, HC
   PALACIOS, MJ
   MCNAMARA, L
   CLEVELAND, DW
TI GAMMA-TUBULIN IS A CENTROSOMAL PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR CELL CYCLE-DEPENDENT MICROTUBULE NUCLEATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lysed mammalian-cells; hamster ovary cells; alpha-tubulin; aspergillus-nidulans; mitotic centers; initiation; spindle; identification; filaments; antibody
AB Gamma-TUBULIN is a newly identified member of the tubulin family whose sequence is highly conserved from yeast to man. This minor microtubule protein is localized to the microtuble organizing centres 1-3 and a mutation in the gene encoding it produces a microtubuleless mitotic arrest in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans 4,5. Here we investigate the in vivo function of gamma-tubulin in mammalian cells using a synthetic peptide to generate a polyclonal antibody that binds to a highly conserved segment of gamma-tubulin. After microinjection into cultured mammalian cells, immunofluorescence localization revealed that this antibody binds to native centrosomes at all phases of the cell cycle. In the presence of the gamma-tubulin antibody, microtubules fail to regrow into cytoplasmic arrays after depolymerization induced by nocodazole or cold. Furthermore, cells injected immediately before or during mitosis fail to assemble a functional spindle. Thus in vivo gamma-tubulin is required for microtubule nucleation throughout the mammalian cell cycle.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP JOSHI, HC (corresponding author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & CELL BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA.
NR 25
TC 431
Z9 458
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 80
EP 83
DI 10.1038/356080a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200062
PM 1538786
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JAY, PY
   ELSON, EL
AF JAY, PY
   ELSON, EL
TI SURFACE PARTICLE-TRANSPORT MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF MYOSIN-II IN DICTYOSTELIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heavy-chain; actin; cells; discoideum; flow; lamellipodia; generation; receptors; amebae
AB CELLULAR locomotion Could be driven by the rearward transport of membrane-bound particles observed on motile fibroblasts 1, keratinocytes 2 and neuronal growth cones 3. A force propelling free surface particles backwards could move the cell forwards if the particles were anchored to a rigid substratum. During capping, myosin II ('double-headed' myosin) draws crosslinked membrane proteins to the rear of a cell. The mhcA- mutant of the amoebal stage of the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum, in which the myosin II gene has been deleted 4, cannot cap surface particles but can crawl along the substratum 5,6. Thus, the mechanism driving capping is not essential for locomotion. We show here that the null mutant is capable of a different type of active rearward transport, independent of myosin II and distinct from capping. The transported particles on mhcA- cells follow parallel paths. In the wild-type Ax2 strain, myosin II causes particles to converge towards a focal point and significantly increases the velocity of transport behind the leading edge of the cell.
RP JAY, PY (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOPHYS,ST LOUIS,MO 63110, USA.
NR 18
TC 53
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 438
EP 440
DI 10.1038/356438a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000065
PM 1557126
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REEVE, HK
AF REEVE, HK
TI QUEEN ACTIVATION OF LAZY WORKERS IN COLONIES OF THE EUSOCIAL NAKED MOLE-RAT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polistes-fuscatus; hymenoptera; vespidae; wasps
AB EVOLUTIONARY ConfliCtS of interest are expected to arise in genetically diverse social groups 1. In eusocial insect societies, a potential conflict exists between the queen and her workers over how active the workers should be 2-5, and evidence exists that queen aggression increases activity levels of her lazier workers 2,3. Here I provide evidence that queen aggression (shoving) in laboratory colonies of the eusocial mammal, the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), is a convergently evolved manifestation of queen-worker conflict over worker activity. Queen-initiated shoves activate inherently lazy workers, which tend to be larger and/or less related to the queen than are infrequently shoved, industrious workers. In addition, queen removal selectively depresses the activity of workers that are larger and less related to her. Finally, queen shoving and worker inactivity are pronounced when colonies are satiated but not when colonies are hungry, indicating that the underlying 'work-conflict' is highly context specific.
C1 CORNELL UNIV,NEUROBIOL & BEHAV SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853.
C3 Cornell University
NR 15
TC 146
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 90
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 147
EP 149
DI 10.1038/358147a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300050
PM 1614546
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FOULKES, NS
   MELLSTROM, B
   BENUSIGLIO, E
   SASSONECORSI, P
AF FOULKES, NS
   MELLSTROM, B
   BENUSIGLIO, E
   SASSONECORSI, P
TI DEVELOPMENTAL SWITCH OF CREM - FUNCTION DURING SPERMATOGENESIS - FROM ANTAGONIST TO ACTIVATOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; cyclic-amp; mouse; expression; gene
AB MAMMALIAN spermatogenesis consists of a series of complex developmental processes controlled by the pituitary-hypothalamic axis 1. This flow of biochemical information is directly regulated by the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathway 2. We have previously described the CREM (cyclic AMP-responsive element modulator) gene which generates, by cell-specific splicing, alternative antagonists of the cAMP transcriptional response 3. Here we report the expression of a novel CREM isoform (CREM-tau) in adult testis. CREM-tau differs from the previously characterized CREM antagonists by the coordinate insertion of two glutamine-rich domains that confer transcriptional activation function. During spermatogenesis there was an abrupt switch in CREM expression. In premeiotic germ cells CREM is expressed at low amounts in the antagonist form. Subsequently, from the pachytene spermatocyte stage onwards, a splicing event generates exclusively the CREM-tau activator, which accumulates in extremely high amounts. This splicing-dependent reversal in CREM function represents an important example of developmental modulation in gene expression.
C1 FAC MED STRASBOURG, INST CHIM BIOL,CNRS,GENET MOLEC EUCARYOTES LAB, INSERM,U184, F-67085 STRASBOURG, FRANCE.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 20
TC 457
Z9 483
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 80
EP 84
DI 10.1038/355080a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800056
PM 1370576
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YERETZIAN, C
   HANSEN, K
   DIEDERICH, F
   WHETTEN, RL
AF YERETZIAN, C
   HANSEN, K
   DIEDERICH, F
   WHETTEN, RL
TI COALESCENCE REACTIONS OF FULLERENES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c60; carbon; c-60; molecules; c70; buckminsterfullerene; form; c-70
AB THE production of fullerene molecules typically involves extreme high-temperature conditions (electric arcs1, flames2 or resistive heating3), and the reactive processes involved are poorly understood. Once separated4,5, these molecules can undergo several important reactions, including formation of charge-transfer6,7 and adduct8,9 compounds, and the encapsulation of atoms10-12. Here we present evidence for coalescence reactions between fullerene molecules: mass spectrometric measurements on hot, dense vapours of small fullerenes (C60 and C70) reveal the formation of stable higher fullerenes which are multiples of the initial masses. The heat of coalescence is released through emission of small, even-numbered fragments which, in a very dense vapour, are efficiently captured by other coalesced fullerenes. These findings have implications for the mechanisms of fullerene formation and growth, and may open the way to new synthetic routes to selected higher fullerenes and encapsulation compounds.
C1 NIELS BOHR INST,DK-4000 ROSKILDE,DENMARK.
   SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,ORGAN CHEM LAB,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP YERETZIAN, C (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024, USA.
NR 28
TC 248
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 44
EP 47
DI 10.1038/359044a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GILBERT, CD
   WIESEL, TN
AF GILBERT, CD
   WIESEL, TN
TI RECEPTIVE-FIELD DYNAMICS IN ADULT PRIMARY VISUAL-CORTEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID somatosensory cortex; digit amputation; striate cortex; nerve injury; reorganization; cat; organization; connections; lesions; responses
AB THE adult brain has a remarkable ability to adjust to changes in sensory input. Removal of afferent input to the somatosensory, auditory, motor or visual cortex results in a marked change of cortical topography 1-10. Changes in sensory activity can, over a period of months, alter receptive field size and cortical topography 11. Here we remove visual input by focal binocular retinal lesions and record from the same cortical sites before and within minutes after making the lesion and find immediate striking increases in receptive field size for cortical cells with receptive fields near the edge of the retinal scotoma. After a few months even the cortical areas that were initially silenced by the lesion recover visual activity, representing retinotopic loci surrounding the lesion. At the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which provides the visual input to the striate cortex, a large silent region remains. Furthermore, anatomical studies show that the spread of geniculocortical afferents is insufficient to account for the cortical recovery. The results indicate that the topographic reorganization within the cortex was largely due to synaptic changes intrinsic to the cortex, perhaps through the plexus of long-range horizontal connections.
RP GILBERT, CD (corresponding author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV,1230 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA.
NR 32
TC 675
Z9 728
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 150
EP 152
DI 10.1038/356150a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100058
PM 1545866
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SETTLEMAN, J
   ALBRIGHT, CF
   FOSTER, LC
   WEINBERG, RA
AF SETTLEMAN, J
   ALBRIGHT, CF
   FOSTER, LC
   WEINBERG, RA
TI ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GTPASE ACTIVATORS FOR RHO AND RAS FAMILIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; tyrosine kinases; binding proteins; phosphorylation; identification; purification; ras-p21; product; gene; site
AB THE ras-related low-molecular-mass GTPases participate in signal transduction involving a variety of cellular functions, including cell-cycle progression, cellular differentiation, cytoskeletal organization, protein transport and secretion1-2. The cycling of these proteins between GTP-bound and GDP-bound states is partially controlled by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which stimulate the intrinsic GTP-hydrolysing activity of specific GTPases1-6. The ras GTPase-activating protein (Ras-GAP) forms a complex with a second protein, p190 (M(r) 190,000), in growth-factor stimulated and tyrosine-kinase transformed cells7,8. At its carboxy-terminal end, p190 contains a region that is conserved in the breakpoint cluster region, n-chimaerin, and Rho-GAP9. Each of these three proteins exhibits GAP activity for at least one member of the rho family of small GTPases10. We have tested recombinant p190 protein for GAP activity on GTPases of the ras, rho and rab families, and show here that p190 can function as a GAP specifically for members of the rho family. Consequently, the formation of a complex between Ras-GAP and p190 in growth-factor stimulated cells may allow the coupling of signalling pathways that involve ras and rho GTPases.
C1 MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP SETTLEMAN, J (corresponding author), MIT,WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,9 CAMBRIDGE CTR,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142, USA.
NR 30
TC 305
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 153
EP 154
DI 10.1038/359153a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400054
PM 1522900
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IRWIN, MJ
   HUDSON, KR
   FRASER, JD
   GASCOIGNE, NRJ
AF IRWIN, MJ
   HUDSON, KR
   FRASER, JD
   GASCOIGNE, NRJ
TI ENTEROTOXIN RESIDUES DETERMINING T-CELL RECEPTOR V-BETA BINDING-SPECIFICITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID staphylococcal-enterotoxin; stimulation; superantigens; molecule; chain
AB SUPERANTIGENS such as the staphylococcal enterotoxins bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and activate T cells through a specific interaction between the Vbeta region of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the toxin1-4. The TCR beta-chain alone is sufficient to produce the interaction with the enterotoxin-class II complex5. Identification of the regions of enterotoxins that interact with TCR has so far proved equivocal because of difficulties in distinguishing between direct effects on T-cell recognition and indirect effects resulting from alteration of binding to class II. For example, amino-terminal truncations of SEB abrogated T-cell stimulation whereas carboxy-terminal truncation of SEA stopped its mitogenic activity10,11. The most comprehensive study to date, accounting for both enterotoxin binding to class II and enterotoxin interactions with the TCR, identified two functionally important regions for SEB binding to TCR12. Although the amino-acid sequences of staphylococcal enterotoxins A and E are 82% identical6, they activate T cells bearing different Vbeta elements. We have assayed the binding of cells coated with these enterotoxins to soluble secreted TCR beta-chain protein and find that Vbeta3 binds enterotoxin A but not E, whereas Vbeta11 binds enterotoxin but not A. To map the amino-acid residues responsible for these different binding specificities, we prepared a series of hybrids between the two staphylococcal enterotoxins. We report that just two amino-acid residues near the carboxy terminus of the enterotoxins are responsible for the discrimination between these molecules by Vbeta3 and Vbeta11. The crystal structure of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (ref. 12) indicates that these form part of the outer rim of the site recognizing TCR.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT IMMUNOL, 10666 N TORREY PINES RD, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV AUCKLAND, DEPT MOLEC MED, AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of Auckland
NR 23
TC 79
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 841
EP 843
DI 10.1038/359841a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700067
PM 1436060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CALVERT, SE
   NIELSEN, B
   FONTUGNE, MR
AF CALVERT, SE
   NIELSEN, B
   FONTUGNE, MR
TI EVIDENCE FROM NITROGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTIVITY DURING FORMATION OF EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SAPROPELS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-15 natural abundance; deep-sea core; paleoclimatic record; organic-matter; north-atlantic; fractionation; ocean; geochemistry; sedimentary; particles
AB THE formation of horizons of organic-rich sediment (sapropels) in the eastern Mediterranean during the Holocene and Upper Pleistocene1 has been ascribed2 to enhanced preservation of organic carbon in bottom waters rendered anoxic by the restriction of deep-water renewal, either by lowered sea level during glacial maximum conditions3 or by the presence of low-salinity surface waters derived from increased runoff2,4. A second possibility is that the sapropels formed as a consequence of higher settling fluxes of organic matter caused by increased primary production connected with the increased runoff5,6. Here we report that in a sediment core from close to the mouth of the Nile, the sapropels have significantly lighter nitrogen isotope ratios (N-15/N-14) than the intercalated marl oozes. We adduce evidence that these large differences cannot be caused either by variable mixtures of marine and terrestrial organic matter having different isotopic compositions, or by differences in the extent and type of post-depositional alteration. The differences are consistent, however, with a higher utilization of dissolved nitrate during sapropel formation, implying that the sapropels were ultimately formed as a consequence of high plankton production, which led to high fluxes of organic Matter to the sea floor.
C1 CEA,CNRS,LAB MIXTE,CTR FAIBLES RADIOACT,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA
RP CALVERT, SE (corresponding author), UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT OCEANOG,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA.
NR 51
TC 215
Z9 239
U1 3
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 223
EP 225
DI 10.1038/359223a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WINDERICKX, J
   LINDSEY, DT
   SANOCKI, E
   TELLER, DY
   MOTULSKY, AG
   DEEB, SS
AF WINDERICKX, J
   LINDSEY, DT
   SANOCKI, E
   TELLER, DY
   MOTULSKY, AG
   DEEB, SS
TI POLYMORPHISM IN RED PHOTOPIGMENT UNDERLIES VARIATION IN COLOR MATCHING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-genetics; vision; pigments; cone
AB GENETIC variation of human senses within the normal range probably exists but usually cannot be investigated in detail for lack of appropriate methods. The study of subtle perceptual differences in red-green colour vision is feasible since both photopigment genotypes and psychophysical phenotypes can be assessed by sophisticated techniques. Red-green colour vision in humans is mediated by two different visual pigments: red (long-wavelength sensitive) and green (middle-wavelength sensitive). The apoproteins of these highly homologous photopigments are encoded by genes on the X chromosome 1. Colour matches of males with normal colour vision fall into two main groups that appear to be transmitted by X-linked inheritance 2-6. This difference in colour matching is likely to reflect small variations in the absorption maxima of visual pigments 7-11, suggesting the presence of two common variants of the red and/or green visual pigments that differ in spectral positioning 5,6. We report that a common single amino-acid polymorphism (62% Ser, 38% Ala) at residue 180 of the X-linked red visual pigment explains the finding of two major groups in the distribution of colour matching among males with normal colour vision.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MED,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT PSYCHOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT PHYSIOL BIOPHYS,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GENET,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
NR 20
TC 167
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6368
BP 431
EP 433
DI 10.1038/356431a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HL830
UT WOS:A1992HL83000062
PM 1557123
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROYDEN, CS
   BANKS, MS
   CROWELL, JA
AF ROYDEN, CS
   BANKS, MS
   CROWELL, JA
TI THE PERCEPTION OF HEADING DURING EYE-MOVEMENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical-flow; motion; image; direction
AB WHEN a person walks through a rigid environment while holding eyes and head fixed, the pattern of retinal motion flows radially away from a point, the focus of expansion (Fig. 1a)1,2. Under such conditions of translation, heading corresponds to the focus of expansion and people identify it readily3.  But when making an eye/head movement to track an object off to the side, retinal motion is no longer radial (Fig. 1b)4.  Heading perception in such situations has been modelled in two ways. Extra-retinal models monitor the velocity of rotational movements through proprioceptive or efference information from the extraocular and neck muscles and use that information to discount rotation effects5. Retinal-image models determine (and eliminate) rotational components from the retinal image alone6-12. These models have been tested13,14 by measuring heading perception under two conditions. First, observers judged heading while tracking a point on a simulated ground plane. Second, they fixated a stationary point and the How field simulated the effects of a tracking eye movement. Extra-retinal models5 predict poorer performance in the simulated condition because the eyes do not move. Retinal-image models6-12 predict no difference in performance because the two conditions produce identical patterns of retinal motion. Warren and Hannon13,14 observed similar performance and concluded that people do not require extra-retinal information to judge heading with eye/head movements present, but they used extremely slow tracking eye movements of 0.2-1.2 deg s-1; a moving observer frequently tracks objects at much higher rates (L. Stark, personal communication). Here we examine heading judgements at higher, more typical eye movement velocities and find that people require extra-retinal information about eye position15 to perceive heading accurately under many viewing conditions.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH OPTOMETRY,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PSYCHOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 16
TC 273
Z9 298
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 583
EP 587
DI 10.1038/360583a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900084
PM 1461280
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WULCZYN, FG
   NAUMANN, M
   SCHEIDEREIT, C
AF WULCZYN, FG
   NAUMANN, M
   SCHEIDEREIT, C
TI CANDIDATE PROTOONCOGENE BCL-3 ENCODES A SUBUNIT-SPECIFIC INHIBITOR OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NF-KAPPA-B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding protein; rel-associated pp40; c-rel; gene; cloning; dorsal; purification; drosophila; complex; motifs
AB THE NF-kappa-B subunits p50 and p65 and the product of the rel proto-oncogene are members Of a growing class of transcription factors with a unique DNA-binding and dimerization domain1-13. Nuclear transfer of each of these factors is controlled by cytoplasmic inhibitors, and regulated by specific stimuli. The inhibitors I-kappa-B-alpha and -beta and pp40 recognize either p65 or the c-rel protein14-16. We show here that the proto-oncogene bcl-3, believed to be involved in certain human B-cell leukaemias17, encodes a protein that functions as an I-kappa-B-like molecule for native NF-kappa-B but is specific for the p50 subunit. The ankyrin repeat domain of the bcl-3 product is shown to mediate complex formation with NF-kappa-B dimers by contacting the conserved dimerization domain of NF-kappa-B.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MOLEC GENET,OTTO WARBURG LAB,IHNESTR 73,W-1000 BERLIN 33,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 29
TC 222
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 597
EP 599
DI 10.1038/358597a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900064
PM 1501714
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RUGAR, D
   YANNONI, CS
   SIDLES, JA
AF RUGAR, D
   YANNONI, CS
   SIDLES, JA
TI MECHANICAL DETECTION OF MAGNETIC-RESONANCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic force microscope
AB CONVENTIONAL techniques for measuring magnetic resonance involve the detection of electromagnetic signals induced in a coil or microwave cavity by the collective precession of magnetic moments (from nuclei or electrons) excited by an alternating magnetic field. In a different approach1, isolated electron spins have been detected by scanning tunnelling microscopy, with the spin precession inducing a radiofrequency modulation in the tunnelling current. Here, we describe a new and extremely sensitive method of detection, the principles of which derive from magnetic force microscopy2-5 and a recent proposal6,7 by one of us (J.A.S.). We measure the small, oscillatory magnetic force (10(-14) N) acting on a paramagnetic sample (a few grains of diphenylpicrylhydrazil, weighing <30 ng) which has been excited into magnetic resonance in the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field. This force is detected by optically sensing the angstrom-scale vibration of a micromechanical cantilever on which the sample is mounted. The sensitivity of this technique to the spatial distribution of the spins suggests that mechanical detection of magnetic resonance has the potential for imaging microscopic samples in three dimensions. So far, we have achieved a spatial resolution of 19 mum in one dimension.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ORTHOPAED,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP RUGAR, D (corresponding author), IBM CORP,DIV RES,ALMADEN RES CTR,650 HARRY RD,SAN JOSE,CA 95120, USA.
NR 20
TC 321
Z9 366
U1 1
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 563
EP 566
DI 10.1038/360563a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900076
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MILANI, A
   NOBILI, AM
AF MILANI, A
   NOBILI, AM
TI AN EXAMPLE OF STABLE CHAOS IN THE SOLAR-SYSTEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID outer asteroid belt; behavior; pluto
AB MANY planets have been shown to have chaotic instabilities in their orbital motions, but the long-term significance of this is not fully understood 1. The eccentricity of Mercury, for example, changes by about 25% of its value over 40 times the Lyapunov time 2,3 (the e-folding time for divergence of nearby orbits), but the orbit of Pluto, in an integration lasting 50 Lyapunov times 4, shows no significant change. Here we show that the orbit of the near-Jupiter asteroid 522 Helga is chaotic, with an unusually short Lyapunov time of 6,900 yr. We integrate its motion, including perturbations from the outer giant planets, over a period 1,000 times longer than this, and find no significant instability. Chaos in the orbit of 522 Helga is caused by a 7:12 resonance with the orbit of Jupiter, but the size of the chaotic region in phase space is small; stability is ensured because the eccentricity and precession of the orbit are such that it avoids close encounters with Jupiter. Asteroid orbits with larger proper eccentricity would, we suggest, be genuinely unstable, consistent with the sparse asteroid population near Helga. Although Helga is the first clear-cut example of a stable chaotic orbit, we argue that 'stable chaos' may be a rather common feature of Solar System dynamics.
C1 OBSERV PARIS,GRP EUROPA DAEC,5 PL JULES JANSSEN,F-92195 MEUDON,FRANCE.
   UNIV PISA,DIPARTIMENTO MATEMAT,MECCAN SPAZIALE GRP,I-56127 PISA,ITALY.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; University of Pisa
NR 17
TC 135
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 569
EP 571
DI 10.1038/357569a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BURTON, KW
   ONIONS, RK
AF BURTON, KW
   ONIONS, RK
TI THE TIMING OF MINERAL GROWTH ACROSS A REGIONAL METAMORPHIC SEQUENCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID garnet; uncertainty; systematics; equilibria; dataset; paths
AB IF regional metamorphism occurs in response to crustal thickening, then low-grade rocks are likely to record earlier thermal conditions than will high-grade rocks in the same exhumed terrain 1-4. At Sulitjelma, North Norway, regional metamorphism during the Caledonian orogeny created a type sequence of progressive metamorphic zones 5-7. Garnet and coexisting minerals from the high-grade part of this terrain yield precise and concordant Sm-Nd, U-Pb and Rb-Sr ages which relate directly to the pressure-temperature conditions of mineral growth 8. Here we present pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) information for lower-grade rocks occurring at the garnet isograd. Taken together, these data provide a precise estimate of the timing of mineral equilibration across a prograde metamorphic terrain and indicate that 'peak' metamorphic conditions at the garnet isograd (at 458 +/- 20-degrees-C) were attained 8.3 +/- 3.0 Myr (DELTA-t, Sm-Nd) or 8.7 +/- 3.2 Myr (DELTA-t, U-Pb) before the 'peak' in the high-grade sample (at 544 +/- 16-degrees-C). These results clearly illustrate that the exhumed 'P-T array' recorded in such terrains cannot be used to deduce any single geotherm that existed during metamorphism.
RP BURTON, KW (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT EARTH SCI, DOWNING ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ, ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 41
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 235
EP 238
DI 10.1038/357235a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUANG, S
   TERSTAPPEN, LWMM
AF HUANG, S
   TERSTAPPEN, LWMM
TI RETRACTED: FORMATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC MICROENVIRONMENT AND HEMATOPOIETIC STEM-CELLS FROM SINGLE HUMAN BONE-MARROW STEM-CELLS (Retracted Article)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID hematopoietic progenitors; monoclonal-antibody; precursors; expression
AB HAEMATOPOIETIC stem cells are a population of cells capable both of self renewal and of differentiation into a variety of haematopoietic lineages1-4. Enrichment techniques of human haematopoietic stem cells have used the expression of CD34, present on bone marrow progenitor cells5-7. But most CD34+ bone marrow cells are committed to their lineage, and more recent efforts have focused on the precise characterization of the pluripotent subset of CD34+ cells8-17. Here we report the characterization of two distinct subsets of pluripotent stem cells from human fetal bone marrow, a CD34+, HLA-DR+, CD38- subset that can differentiate into all haematopoietic lineages, and a distinct more primitive subset, that is CD34+, HLA-DR-, CD38-, that can differentiate into haematopoietic precursors and stromal cells capable of supporting the differentiation of these precursors. These data represent, to our knowledge, the first identification of a single cell capable of reconstituting the haematopoietic cells and their associated bone marrow microenvironment.
C1 BECTON DICKINSON IMMUNOCYTOMETRY SYST, 2350 QUME DR, SAN JOSE, CA 95131 USA.
C3 Becton Dickinson
RP TERSTAPPEN, LWMM (corresponding author), BECTON DICKINSON IMMUNOCYTOMETRY SYST, 2350 QUME DR, SAN JOSE, CA 95131 USA.
NR 17
TC 220
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 745
EP 749
DI 10.1038/360745a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200035
PM 1281519
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUIRINK, J
   HIGH, S
   WOOD, H
   GINER, A
   TOLLERVEY, D
   DOBBERSTEIN, B
AF LUIRINK, J
   HIGH, S
   WOOD, H
   GINER, A
   TOLLERVEY, D
   DOBBERSTEIN, B
TI SIGNAL-SEQUENCE RECOGNITION BY AN ESCHERICHIA-COLI RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 4.5s rna; nascent preprolactin; particle; proteins; membrane; translocation; polypeptide; insertion; domain; er
AB HYDROPHOBIC signal-sequences direct the transfer of secretory proteins across the inner membrane of prokaryotes and the endoplasmic reticulum membranes of eukaryotes1. In mammalian cells, signal-sequences are recognized by the 54K protein (M(r) 54,000) of the signal recognition particle (SRP)2,3 which is believed to hold the nascent chain in a translocation-competent conformation until it contacts the endoplasmic reticulum membrane4. The SRP consists of a 7S RNA and six different polypeptides. The 7S RNA and the 54K signal-sequence-binding protein (SRP54) of mammalian SRP exhibit strong sequence similarity to the 4.5S RNA and P48 protein (Ffh) of Escherichia coli5-7 which form a ribonucleoprotein particle. Depletion of 4.5S RNA or overproduction of P48 causes the accumulation of the beta-lactamase precursor, although not of other secretory proteins8,9. Whether 4.5S RNA and P48 are part of an SRP-like complex with a role in protein export is controversial. Here we show that the P48/4.5S RNA ribonucleoprotein complex interacts specifically with the signal sequence of a nascent secretory protein and therefore is a signal recognition particle.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,W-6900 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 19
TC 163
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 741
EP 743
DI 10.1038/359741a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000060
PM 1279430
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ANDERSON, RY
AF ANDERSON, RY
TI POSSIBLE CONNECTION BETWEEN SURFACE WINDS, SOLAR-ACTIVITY AND THE EARTHS MAGNETIC-FIELD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID holocene; radiocarbon; record
AB RECORDS of C-14 in tree rings provide a proxy for changes in solar activity on timescales of decades to centuries 1-2.  Here I report an association between Maunder-type solar cycles recorded in tree rings and fluctuations in surface wind intensity on a roughly 200-year timescale over a period of about 2,000 years in the mid-Holocene. The wind record is preserved as changes in the thickness of varved sediments in Elk Lake, Minnesota, which contain a large aeolian component. Changes in cyclonic activity and tropospheric winds have been reported 3-5 to occur in this region a few days after strong coronal mass ejections (CMEs); increases of up to 7% in zonal flow have been reported 5 at an altitude of approximately 300 m after strong CMEs in winter. The implication of this association is that century-scale changes in surface winds over Minnesota were the long-term (Maunder-scale) counterpart of short-term (daily) changes in winds after CMEs. The weak magnetic field strength of the Earth at this time 6,7 might be relevant to a possible mechanism for the association.
RP ANDERSON, RY (corresponding author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT GEOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA.
NR 29
TC 66
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 51
EP 53
DI 10.1038/358051a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WALLACE, DWR
   WIRICK, CD
AF WALLACE, DWR
   WIRICK, CD
TI LARGE AIR SEA GAS FLUXES ASSOCIATED WITH BREAKING WAVES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID exchange; ocean; oxygen; water; interface; rates
AB THE exchange of gases between the ocean and the atmosphere exerts an important influence on the cycling and global budget of trace gases. Air-sea gas flux is normally parameterized as the product of a gas-transfer velocity and the air-sea concentration difference 1,2. Despite suggestions 3-8 that the parameterization might be inappropriate when air-bubble penetration occurs, this 'thin-film' model remains widely accepted 9 and is employed regularly in regional 10 and global-scale 11 models. Here we present a time series of near-surface dissolved O2 from November to March in coastal waters. The time series is punctuated by sudden large increases in dissolved O2 associated with surface wave activity. A numerical simulation including air injection by bubbles shows similar behaviour. If the observed O2 'events' reflect the air-sea O2 flux, our results imply that conventional parameterizations might seriously underestimate gas invasion of surface waters under storm conditions. Our study confirms that important questions remain concerning air-sea gas transfer at high wind speeds.
RP WALLACE, DWR (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DEPT APPL SCI, DIV OCEANOG & ATMOSPHER SCI, UPTON, NY 11973 USA.
NR 21
TC 95
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 694
EP 696
DI 10.1038/356694a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRUNGER, AT
AF BRUNGER, AT
TI FREE R-VALUE - A NOVEL STATISTICAL QUANTITY FOR ASSESSING THE ACCURACY OF CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; factor refinement; penicillopepsin; minimization; resolution; energy; 2.8-a
AB THE determination of macromolecular structure by crystallography involves fitting atomic models to the observed diffraction data 1. The traditional measure of the quality of this fit, and presumably the accuracy of the model, is the R value. Despite stereochemical restraints 2, it is possible to overfit or 'misfit' the diffraction data: an incorrect model can be refined to fairly good R values as several recent examples have shown 3. Here I propose a reliable and unbiased indicator of the accuracy of such models. By analogy with the cross-validation method 4,5 of testing statistical models I define a statistical quantity (R(T)free) that measures the agreement between observed and computed structure factor amplitudes for a 'test' set of reflections that is omitted in the modelling and refinement process. As examples show, there is a high correlation between R(T)free and the accuracy of the atomic model phases. This is useful because experimental phase information is usually inaccurate, incomplete or unavailable. I expect that R(T)free will provide a measure of the information content of recently proposed models of thermal motion and disorder 6-8, time-averaging 9 and bulk solvent 10.
C1 YALE UNIV, DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM, NEW HAVEN, CT 06511 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP BRUNGER, AT (corresponding author), YALE UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW HAVEN, CT 06511 USA.
NR 29
TC 3973
Z9 4257
U1 0
U2 102
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 472
EP 475
DI 10.1038/355472a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000078
PM 18481394
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LARKMAN, A
   HANNAY, T
   STRATFORD, K
   JACK, J
AF LARKMAN, A
   HANNAY, T
   STRATFORD, K
   JACK, J
TI PRESYNAPTIC RELEASE PROBABILITY INFLUENCES THE LOCUS OF LONG-TERM POTENTIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantal analysis; hippocampal slices; synaptic transmission; ltp; neurons
AB THE quantal hypothesis proposes that chemical synaptic transmission involves the probabilistic release of multimolecular packets of transmitter1. Analysis of the resulting trial-to-trial fluctuations in postsynaptic response can provide estimates both of the number of quanta released and of the size of their postsynaptic effect. This in turn permits the quantification of the relative contributions of pre- and postsynaptic factors to the strength of a given synapse. Quantal analysis of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus has proved difficult2-6 and has led to contradictory conclusions when applied to long-term potentiation7-14. Here we report the use of a combination of quantal analysis procedures to provide evidence that both pre- and postsynaptic changes can contribute substantially to the maintenance of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The initial setting of the presynaptic release mechanism seems to determine their relative importance.
RP LARKMAN, A (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,PHYSIOL LAB,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 196
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 70
EP 73
DI 10.1038/360070a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700057
PM 1331808
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MULLER, R
   AUFFRET, H
   ROUDIER, T
   VIGNEAU, J
   SIMON, GW
   FRANK, Z
   SHINE, RA
   TITLE, AM
AF MULLER, R
   AUFFRET, H
   ROUDIER, T
   VIGNEAU, J
   SIMON, GW
   FRANK, Z
   SHINE, RA
   TITLE, AM
TI EVOLUTION AND ADVECTION OF SOLAR MESOGRANULATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID convection; sun; granulation; surface; flux
AB GRANULAR structure on the Sun's surface, with a typical scale of 1-2 Mm, has been known since 1800, and one hundred years ago, with the first observations by spectroheliograph 1,2, a mesh-like bright network was found with a characteristic scale of 30 Mm (40"). This pattern was found, thirty years ago, to be coincident with dose-packed convective cells ('supergranulation') revealed by Doppler observations 3-5 to be nestling inside the bright network. More recently 6,7 an intermediate 'mesogranular' structure was found, with a characteristic scale of 3-10 Mm. We have obtained a three-hour sequence of observations at the Pic du Midi observatory which shows the evolution of mesogranules from appearance to disappearance with unprecedented clarity. We see that the supergranules, which are known to carry along (advect) the granules with their convective motion, also advect the mesogranules to their boundaries. This process controls the evolution and disappearance of mesogranules.
C1 OBSERV PIC DU MIDI,F-31400 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
   NATL SOLAR OBSERV,PHILLIPS LAB AFSC,SUNSPOT,NM 88349.
   LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RES LABS,PALO ALTO,CA 94304.
C3 National Solar Observatory; Lockheed Martin
RP MULLER, R (corresponding author), OBSERV PIC DU MIDI,F-65200 BAGNERES BIGORRE,FRANCE.
NR 23
TC 65
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 322
EP 325
DI 10.1038/356322a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LENOSKY, T
   GONZE, X
   TETER, M
   ELSER, V
AF LENOSKY, T
   GONZE, X
   TETER, M
   ELSER, V
TI ENERGETICS OF NEGATIVELY CURVED GRAPHITIC CARBON
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-60
AB BY analogy with the positively curved carbon networks that comprise the fullerenes 1-3, it has been suggested 4 that negative curvature might be possible in graphitic carbon sheets, giving rise to extended structures corresponding to periodic minimal surfaces 5 that divide space into two disjoint labyrinths. Whereas the positive curvature of fullerenes results from the presence of five-membered rings, negative curvature would derive from seven-membered rings. Here we present calculations of the cohesive energy and bulk moduli of two such hypothetical, negatively curved carbon networks. We find that both have a cohesive energy smaller than that of graphite but significantly greater than that of C60, even though the proportion of odd-membered rings is comparable. We therefore suggest that it is worth scrutinizing the insoluble residue generated in the carbon-arc preparation of fullerenes 6 for possible evidence of fragments of negatively curved graphitic carbon.
C1 CORNING INC,APPL PROC RES,CORNING,NY 14831.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Community College; Corning Inc
RP LENOSKY, T (corresponding author), CORNELL UNIV,ATOM & SOLID STATE PHYS LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA.
NR 14
TC 410
Z9 426
U1 2
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 333
EP 335
DI 10.1038/355333a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ANGEL, RJ
   CHOPELAS, A
   ROSS, NL
AF ANGEL, RJ
   CHOPELAS, A
   ROSS, NL
TI STABILITY OF HIGH-DENSITY CLINOENSTATITE AT UPPER-MANTLE PRESSURES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enstatite; pyroxenes
AB SILICATE pyroxenes are major components in mineralogical models of the Earth's upper mantle1,2, with the transformation of chain-silicate pyroxenes to denser garnet structures being a possible cause3 of the seismic discontinuity at 400 km depth that divides the upper mantle from the transition zone. At shallower depths assemblages containing two pyroxenes are stable: calcium and sodium components are accommodated in a diopside-jadeite solid solution3, while magnesium and iron form a second, calcium-poor pyroxene. In the absence of experimental data, orthoenstatite was long believed to be the stable polymorph of (Mg, Fe)-pyroxene over the entire upper mantle. More recently, however, petrological experiments4,5 at pressures and temperatures in excess of 8 GPa and 900-degrees-C have provided evidence for the transformation of Mg-orthopyroxene to a clinopyroxene phase. The thermodynamic and physical properties of this phase are completely unknown. Here we report the results of a high-pressure single-crystal diffraction study which confirm the stability of a high-clinopyroxene phase of MgSiO3 at high pressures, and allow an initial estimate to be made of the density changes associated with the transformation of the orthopyroxene component in the Earth's upper mantle.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,W-6500 MAINZ,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP ANGEL, RJ (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT GEOL SCI,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
NR 23
TC 196
Z9 214
U1 1
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 322
EP 324
DI 10.1038/358322a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LANE, EB
   RUGG, EL
   NAVSARIA, H
   LEIGH, IM
   HEAGERTY, AHM
   ISHIDAYAMAMOTO, A
   EADY, RAJ
AF LANE, EB
   RUGG, EL
   NAVSARIA, H
   LEIGH, IM
   HEAGERTY, AHM
   ISHIDAYAMAMOTO, A
   EADY, RAJ
TI A MUTATION IN THE CONSERVED HELIX TERMINATION PEPTIDE OF KERATIN-5 IN HEREDITARY SKIN BLISTERING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid-sequence; intermediate filaments; epidermolysis bullosa; expression; cells; epithelia; patterns; antibody; proteins; tumors
AB IN the hereditary blistering condition epidermolysis bullosa simplex, the skin blisters on trauma following rupture of epidermal basal cells. Clinical variations range from severely incapacitating, especially in early childhood, to mild forms that may not even present clinically. Dowling-Meara epidermolysis bullosa simplex is characterized by clusters of epidermal blisters and keratin clumping in the cytoplasm 1; recent reports describe potentially causal mutations in keratin 14 (refs 2, 3).  Here we describe a 'complementary' mutation at the other end of the other keratin expressed by these cells (K5, coexpressed with K14), a change from a Glu to a Gly in the helix termination peptide, detected by altered antibody binding and confirmed by sequencing using the polymerase chain reaction. The two conserved helix boundary peptides are predicted to be essential for filament assembly, and the requirement for two complementary (type I and type II) keratins is absolute. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex diseases demonstrate the function of the keratin cytoskeleton in resisting compaction stresses which otherwise lead to cell lysis.
C1 EXPTL DERMATOL LAB,LONDON E1 2BL,ENGLAND.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,SKIN TUMOUR LAB,LONDON E1 2BL,ENGLAND.
   N STAFFORDSHIRE ROYAL INFIRM,DEPT DERMATOL,STOKE ON TRENT ST4 7LN,ENGLAND.
   UNITED MED & DENT SCH GUYS & ST THOMAS HOSP,ST THOMAS HOSP,INST DERMATOL,DEPT CELL PATHOL,LONDON SE1 7EH,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; Queen Mary University London; Cancer Research UK; Keele University; University Hospital of North Staffordshire NHS Trust; University of London; King's College London; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
RP LANE, EB (corresponding author), UNIV DUNDEE,INST MED SCI,DEPT ANAT & PHYSIOL,CANC RES CAMPAIGN,CELL STRUCT RES GRP,DUNDEE DD1 4HN,SCOTLAND.
NR 29
TC 365
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 244
EP 246
DI 10.1038/356244a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400059
PM 1372711
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KELLER, CU
AF KELLER, CU
TI RESOLUTION OF MAGNETIC-FLUX TUBES ON THE SUN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quiet photosphere; facular points; size; fields; disk
AB MAGNETIC flux at the surface of the Sun is predominantly concentrated in discrete areas with kilogauss field strengths1. Except for sunspots, these areas are too small to have been resolved by conventional observations. These magnetic flux tubes are an essential part of the physics of the activity and heating of the outer atmosphere of the Sun and other late-type stars2, but although their average properties have been studied in considerable detail3,4, direct observations of them have been lacking because of turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere, which limits resolution to approximately 400 km. Using a newly developed technique of speckle interferometry5, we have obtained simultaneous direct observations of the white-light and magnetic field signature of flux tubes. Individual flux tubes are seen, with resolved diameters of approximately 200 km and continuum brightness contrast of at least +30%. Magnetic features larger than 300 km in size tend, however, to be darker than their surroundings.
RP KELLER, CU (corresponding author), SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,INST ASTRON,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 20
TC 115
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 307
EP 308
DI 10.1038/359307a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DIA, AN
   COHEN, AS
   ONIONS, RK
   SHACKLETON, NJ
AF DIA, AN
   COHEN, AS
   ONIONS, RK
   SHACKLETON, NJ
TI SEAWATER SR ISOTOPE VARIATION OVER THE PAST 300 KYR AND INFLUENCE OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CYCLES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strontium; stratigraphy; ocean; age
AB THE past 300,000 years have been characterized by glacial/interglacial fluctuations accompanied by glacio-eustatic changes in sea level and changes in continental erosion arising from varying low-latitude rainfall and river drainage. Here we use measurements of strontium isotopes in foraminifera and corals to place limits on variations in the Sr isotope composition of sea water in response to these changing inputs. We find small variations of about 20 p.p.m. in the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio, which for the foraminiferal record seem to follow a cycle close to the 100-kyr periodicity seen for a number of other climate-related phenomena. These are superimposed on a general increase in Sr-87/Sr-86 through the Cenozoic to the present. On short timescales these changes are likely to be controlled by variations in the global riverine Sr flux, and thus by weathering rates, rather than in the hydrothermal Sr flux at mid-ocean ridges. We show that transient variations over a 50-kyr timescale can be explained on the basis of the present-day global drainage system in conjunction with the perturbations expected to accompany climate changes over the past 300 kyr.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT EARTH SCI, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ, ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, GODWIN LAB, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3RS, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
NR 21
TC 109
Z9 121
U1 2
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6372
BP 786
EP 788
DI 10.1038/356786a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HR186
UT WOS:A1992HR18600047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NAGEL, G
   HWANG, TC
   NASTIUK, KL
   NAIRN, AC
   GADSBY, DC
AF NAGEL, G
   HWANG, TC
   NASTIUK, KL
   NAIRN, AC
   GADSBY, DC
TI THE PROTEIN KINASE-A-REGULATED CARDIAC CL- CHANNEL RESEMBLES THE CYSTIC-FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cftr chloride channel; autonomic regulation; myocytes; gene; expression; cells; phosphorylation; identification; adrenaline; acid
AB STIMULATION of beta-adrenoceptors in cardiac ventricular myocytes activates a strong chloride ion conductance1-5 as a result of phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)2,4. This Cl- conductance, which is time- and voltage-independent1-5, counters2,5 the tendency of the simultaneously enhanced Ca2+ channel current to prolong the ventricular action potential. Using inside-out giant patches6 excised from guinea-pig myocytes, we show here that phosphorylation by the PKA catalytic subunit plus Mg-ATP elicits discrete Cl- channel currents. In almost symmetrical Cl- solutions (approximately 150 mM), unitary current amplitude scales with membrane potential, and reverses sign near 0 mV, to yield a single channel conductance of approximately 12 pS. Opening of the phosphorylated channels requires hydrolysable nucleoside triphosphate, indicating that phosphorylation by PKA is necessary, but not sufficient, for channel activation. The properties of these PKA-regulated cardiac Cl- channels are very similar, if not identical, to those of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)7, the epithelial cell Cl- channel whose regulation is defective in patients with cystic fibrosis. The full cardiological impact of these Cl- channels and of their possible malfunction in patients with cystic fibrosis remains to be determined.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,CARDIAC MEMBRANE PHYSIOL LAB,1230 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,MOLEC & CELLULAR NEUROSCI LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University
NR 30
TC 165
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/360081a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700061
PM 1279437
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUXTON, J
   SHELBOURNE, P
   DAVIES, J
   JONES, C
   VANTONGEREN, T
   ASLANIDIS, C
   DEJONG, P
   JANSEN, G
   ANVRET, M
   RILEY, B
   WILLIAMSON, R
   JOHNSON, K
AF BUXTON, J
   SHELBOURNE, P
   DAVIES, J
   JONES, C
   VANTONGEREN, T
   ASLANIDIS, C
   DEJONG, P
   JANSEN, G
   ANVRET, M
   RILEY, B
   WILLIAMSON, R
   JOHNSON, K
TI DETECTION OF AN UNSTABLE FRAGMENT OF DNA SPECIFIC TO INDIVIDUALS WITH MYOTONIC-DYSTROPHY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosome-19; region; locus; gene; identification; linkage; markers; map; 19q
AB MYOTONIC dystrophy (DM) is the most common form of adult muscular dystrophy, with a prevalence of 2-14 per 100,000 individuals 1. The disease is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and sustained muscle contraction, often with a wide range of accompanying symptoms. The age at onset and severity of the disease show extreme variation, both within and between families. Despite its clinical variability, this dominant condition segregates as a single locus at chromosome 19q13.3 in every population studied 1. It is flanked by the tightly linked genetic markers ERCC1 proximally 2,3 and D19S51 distally 4,5; these define the DM critical region. We report the isolation of an expressed sequence from this region which detects a DNA fragment that is larger in affected individuals than in normal siblings or unaffected controls. The size of this fragment varies between affected siblings, and increases in size through generations in parallel with increasing severity of the disease. We postulate that this unstable DNA sequence is the molecular feature that underlies DM.
C1 CHARING CROSS & WESTMINSTER MED SCH,DEPT ANAT,FULHAM PALACE RD,LONDON W6 8RF,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CALIF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR HUMAN GENOME,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
   CATHOLIC UNIV NIJMEGEN,FAC MED SCI,DEPT CELL BIOL & HISTOL,6500 HB NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS.
   KAROLINSKA HOSP,DEPT CLIN GENET,S-10401 STOCKHOLM 60,SWEDEN.
   ST MARYS HOSP,IMPERIAL COLL,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC GENET,LONDON W2 1PG,ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; Radboud University Nijmegen; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Imperial College London
NR 27
TC 597
Z9 644
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 547
EP 548
DI 10.1038/355547a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600059
PM 1346924
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAIT, S
   JAHRLING, K
   JAUPART, C
AF TAIT, S
   JAHRLING, K
   JAUPART, C
TI THE PLANFORM OF COMPOSITIONAL CONVECTION AND CHIMNEY FORMATION IN A MUSHY LAYER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solidification; boundary; alloy
AB COMPOSITIONAL convection occurs when a liquid containing more than one chemical component undergoes fractional crystallization. Above a critical solidification rate, a solid-liquid mixed phase (or 'mush') develops which can exhibit spatial gradients of permeability and flow due to preferential dissolution and precipitation in the upwellings and downwellings respectively. A striking, but poorly understood, example is when upflow occurs in narrow, crystal-free, cylindrical channels or 'chimneys'. Such dynamic effects may occur in the Earth's core1, crustal magma reservoirs2, hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges3 and during the diagenesis of sedimentary rocks4. Using experiments designed to maximize the effects of dissolution and precipitation, we show that chimney formation can be related to a known planform of convection. Just above marginal stability, upwelling (and dissolution) occurs along the perimeters of hexagonal cells, with downwelling (and precipitation) at the centres, giving rise to a tessellated network of vertical, crystal-free channels. Subsequent focusing of the upflow at the nodes of the hexagons and recrystallization in the linear channels results in isolated chimneys at the nodal positions.
C1 INST PHYS GLOBE,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Cite
RP TAIT, S (corresponding author), UNIV PARIS 07,DYNAM SYST GEOL LAB,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 18
TC 99
Z9 104
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 406
EP 408
DI 10.1038/359406a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHOE, S
   BENNETT, MJ
   FUJII, G
   CURMI, PMG
   KANTARDJIEFF, KA
   COLLIER, RJ
   EISENBERG, D
AF CHOE, S
   BENNETT, MJ
   FUJII, G
   CURMI, PMG
   KANTARDJIEFF, KA
   COLLIER, RJ
   EISENBERG, D
TI THE CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF DIPHTHERIA-TOXIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aeruginosa exotoxin-a; tumor necrosis factor; amino-acid-sequence; pseudomonas-aeruginosa; receptor-binding; crystallographic refinement; nucleotide-binding; active-site; fragment; resolution
AB The crystal structure of the diphtheria toxin dimer at 2.5 angstrom resolution reveals a Y-shaped molecule of three domains. The catalytic domain, called fragment A, is of the alpha + beta-type. Fragment B actually consists of two domains. The transmembrane domain consists of nine alpha-helices, two pairs of which are unusually apolar and may participate in pH-triggered membrane insertion and translocation. The receptor-binding domain is a flattened beta-barrel with a jelly-roll-like topology. Three distinct functions of the toxin, each carried out by a separate structural domain, can be useful in designing chimaeric proteins, such as immunotoxins, in which the receptor-binding domain is substituted with antibodies to target other cell types.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, SHIPLEY INST MED, DEPT MICROBIOL & MOLEC GENET, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP CHOE, S (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, INST MOLEC BIOL, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA.
NR 50
TC 597
Z9 689
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 216
EP 222
DI 10.1038/357216a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500046
PM 1589020
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VESSAL, B
   GREAVES, GN
   MARTEN, PT
   CHADWICK, AV
   MOLE, R
   HOUDEWALTER, S
AF VESSAL, B
   GREAVES, GN
   MARTEN, PT
   CHADWICK, AV
   MOLE, R
   HOUDEWALTER, S
TI CATION MICROSEGREGATION AND IONIC MOBILITY IN MIXED ALKALI GLASSES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics simulation; silica
AB MUCH is known about short-range (< 5 angstrom) structural order in oxide glasses from experimental probes of local structure such as X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) 1, but over the medium range (5-20 angstrom) their structures are poorly understood. Computer simulations based on measured parameters for local atomic environments, however, can provide structural models on the nanometre scale, which enable dynamic properties such as ionic transport to be considered. Here we describe a molecular dynamics simulation of the effects of mixed alkali cations on the structure of binary silicate glasses. It is well known that the ionic conductivity of alkali glasses falls markedly when more than one alkali is present 2. We demonstrate that the alkalis segregate from the silicate network over distances of a few angstroms. Although ionic mobility is expected to be higher in these microsegregated regions than in the surrounding silicate network, we suggest that stochastic mixing of alkalis nevertheless impedes the hopping process of a given alkali ion. This is manifest as an increase in the average activation energy for hopping and results in a lowering of the total ionic conductivity.
C1 SERC,DARESBURY LAB,WARRINGTON WA4 4AD,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND.
   UNIV KENT,CHEM LAB,CANTERBURY CT2 7NH,KENT,ENGLAND.
   UNIV ROCHESTER,INST OPT,ROCHESTER,NY 14627.
C3 STFC Daresbury Laboratory; University of Kent; University of Rochester
RP VESSAL, B (corresponding author), UNIV KEELE,DEPT CHEM,KEELE ST5 5BG,STAFFS,ENGLAND.
NR 19
TC 147
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 504
EP 506
DI 10.1038/356504a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DICKEY, JO
   MARCUS, SL
   HIDE, R
AF DICKEY, JO
   MARCUS, SL
   HIDE, R
TI GLOBAL PROPAGATION OF INTERANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC ANGULAR-MOMENTUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a climate fluctuation that recurs on a 2-7-yr timescale, is associated with persistent large-scale fluctuations in the dynamical behaviour of the global atmosphere-ocean system 1. Here we present a study of the latitudinal redistribution of angular momentum within the atmosphere from 1976 to 1991. We observe slow, global-scale coherent poleward propagation of atmospheric angular-momentum fluctuations on interannual timescales. These originate in equatorial regions, where they lead the main  atmospheric anomalies of the ENSO cycle by nearly two years; they penetrate to latitudes higher than 60-degrees in both hemispheres, where they lag behind the ENSO cycle by about four years. We can also distinguish the bimodality of the ENSO phenomenon, with a low-frequency component centred at a period close to 4.2 years and a high-frequency component centred near 2.4 years. Each of the two components has a distinct latitudinal propagation pattern. In the period studied, strong El Nino and related La Nina climatic events occur when these components add constructively.
C1 CLARENDON LAB OBSERV,ROBERT HOOKE INST,METEOROL OFF UNIT,OXFORD OX1 3PU,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
RP DICKEY, JO (corresponding author), JET PROP LAB,SPACE GEODET SCI & APPLICAT GRP,4800 OAK GROVE DR,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA.
NR 18
TC 82
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6378
BP 484
EP 488
DI 10.1038/357484a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HY052
UT WOS:A1992HY05200058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZAMORE, PD
   PATTON, JG
   GREEN, MR
AF ZAMORE, PD
   PATTON, JG
   GREEN, MR
TI CLONING AND DOMAIN-STRUCTURE OF THE MAMMALIAN SPLICING FACTOR U2AF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear ribonucleoprotein-particles; drosophila-melanogaster; snrnp binding; 70k protein; rna; gene; purification; expression; introns; identification
AB A complementary DNA clone encoding the large subunit of the essential mammalian pre-messenger RNA splicing component U2 snRNP auxiliary factor (U2AF65) has been isolated and expressed in vitro. It contains two functional domains: a sequence-specific RNA-binding region composed of three ribonucleoprotein-consensus sequence domains, and an arginine/serine-rich motif necessary for splicing but not for binding to pre-mRNA.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, MOLEC & CELLULAR PHYSIOL LAB, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, MED CTR, PROGRAM MOLEC MED, WORCESTER, MA 01605 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP ZAMORE, PD (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 39
TC 515
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 609
EP 614
DI 10.1038/355609a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700043
PM 1538748
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KEYSE, SM
   EMSLIE, EA
AF KEYSE, SM
   EMSLIE, EA
TI OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HEAT-SHOCK INDUCE A HUMAN GENE ENCODING A PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal transduction; ionizing-radiation; hydrogen-peroxide; escherichia-coli; skin fibroblasts; positive control; heme oxygenase; activation; cells; purification
AB REACTIVE oxygen species have been implicated both in the ageing process and in degenerative diseases, including arthritis and cancer1,2. Bacteria adapt to the lethal effects of oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide by inducing the expression of protective stress genes3,4 . Analogous responses have been identified in human cells. For example, haem oxygenase is a major stress protein in human cells treated with oxidants5, and reactive oxygen intermediates activate NF-kappaB, a transcriptional regulator of genes involved in inflammatory and acute-phase responses6. We report here the isolation and characterization of a novel complementary DNA (CL100) corresponding to a messenger RNA that is highly inducible by oxidative stress and heat shock in human skin cells. The cDNA contains an open reading frame specifying a protein of M(r) 39.3K with the structural features of a non-receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase7 and which has significant amino-acid sequence similarity to a Tyr/Ser-protein phosphatase encoded by the late gene H1 of vaccinia virus8. The purified protein encoded by the CL100 open reading frame expressed in bacteria has intrinsic phosphatase activity. Given the relationship between the levels of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation, receptor activity, cellular proliferation and cell-cycle control, the induction of this gene may play an important regulatory role in the human cellular response to environmental stress.
RP KEYSE, SM (corresponding author), UNIV EDINBURGH,IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,DEPT BIOCHEM,MOLEC PHARMACOL UNIT,HUGH ROBSON BLDG,EDINBURGH EH8 9XD,SCOTLAND.
FU Cancer Research UK [12053] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 597
Z9 649
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 644
EP 647
DI 10.1038/359644a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400060
PM 1406996
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ASPER, VL
   DEUSER, WG
   KNAUER, GA
   LOHRENZ, SE
AF ASPER, VL
   DEUSER, WG
   KNAUER, GA
   LOHRENZ, SE
TI RAPID COUPLING OF SINKING PARTICLE FLUXES BETWEEN SURFACE AND DEEP OCEAN WATERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sargasso sea; sediment traps; temporal variations; northeast pacific; panama basin; marine snow; carbon; atlantic; matter; resuspension
AB SETTLING particles are thought to be responsible for much of the transport of mass and energy from the upper ocean to the sea floor. Photosynthetic production by phytoplankton is a major source of these particles, either as phytoplankton biomass sinks directly 1 or as it is transformed into rapidly sinking forms such as aggregates 2,3 and zooplankton faeces 4. Because a variety of processes may act on sinking matter, however, it is not known to what extent fluxes of organic matter to the deep sea are coupled to processes at the ocean surface. Some studies have provided evidence for direct coupling 2, 5-7, but transformation processes and advection exist which have the potential to modify the transmission of surface signals to the deep sea 8-11. If these mechanisms overwhelm surface production signals, seasonal and annual variations in deep-sea geochemistry and biology would be controlled largely by lateral processes associated with ocean circulation rather than by surface processes. Here we report direct measurements of seasonal variations in upper-ocean primary production concurrent with particle fluxes measured at several depths ranging from the upper to the deep ocean in the Atlantic. We find that the productivity signal can be transferred rapidly to the deep sea by settling particles, yielding close temporal coupling between the surface and deep oceans.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT CHEM,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP ASPER, VL (corresponding author), UNIV SO MISSISSIPPI,CTR MARINE SCI,JOHN C STENNIS SPACE CTR,BAY ST LOUIS,MS 39529, USA.
NR 33
TC 132
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 670
EP 672
DI 10.1038/357670a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000063
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DESMET, J
   DEMAEYER, M
   HAZES, B
   LASTERS, I
AF DESMET, J
   DEMAEYER, M
   HAZES, B
   LASTERS, I
TI THE DEAD-END ELIMINATION THEOREM AND ITS USE IN PROTEIN SIDE-CHAIN POSITIONING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conformation
AB THE prediction of a protein's tertiary structure is still a considerable problem because the huge amount of possible conformational space' makes it computationally difficult. With regard to side-chain modelling, a solution has been attempted by the grouping of side-chain conformations into representative sets of rotamers 2-5. Nonetheless, an exhaustive combinatorial search is still limited to carefully identified packing units 5,6 containing a limited number of residues. For larger systems other strategies had to be developed, such as the Monte Carlo Procedure 6,7 and the genetic algorithm and clustering approach 8. Here we present a theorem, referred to as the 'dead-end elimination' theorem, which imposes a suitable condition to identify rotamers that cannot be members of the global minimum energy conformation. Application of this theorem effectively controls the computational explosion of the rotamer combinatorial problem, thereby allowing the determination of the global minimum energy conformation of a large collection of side chains.
C1 CORVAS INT NV,B-9000 GHENT,BELGIUM.
   UNIV GRONINGEN,BIOSON RES INST,DEPT CHEM,9747 AG GRONINGEN,NETHERLANDS.
C3 University of Groningen
RP DESMET, J (corresponding author), KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN,INTERDISCIPLINARY RES CTR,CAMPUS KORTRIJK,B-8500 KORTRIJK,BELGIUM.
NR 12
TC 568
Z9 710
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 539
EP 542
DI 10.1038/356539a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100065
PM 21488406
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JOHNSON, C
   HENSHAW, J
   MCINNES, G
AF JOHNSON, C
   HENSHAW, J
   MCINNES, G
TI IMPACT OF AIRCRAFT AND SURFACE EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN-OXIDES ON TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AND GLOBAL WARMING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate; model
AB ACTUAL and potential increases in aircraft traffic are causing concern about the effects of aircraft exhaust emission on atmospheric chemistry. Model results 1-3 and measurements 4-6 in the Northern Hemisphere have shown that growth in surface emissions of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons leads to increases in concentration of tropospheric ozone. Tropospheric ozone is toxic to plants, humans and other organisms, and it is a greenhouse gas 7-9. The radiative forcing of surface temperature is most sensitive to changes in tropospheric ozone at a height of approximately 12 km (ref. 8), where aircraft emissions of nitrogen oxides are at a maximum and where the model sensitivity of ozone to nitrogen oxide emissions is enhanced. Our model results show that the radiative forcing of surface temperature is about thirty times more sensitive to aircraft emissions of nitrogen oxides than to surface emissions. We also find that the impact on global warming of increases in tropospheric ozone caused by increases in surface emissions of nitrogen oxides has previously been overestimated by a factor of five 1,10, owing to an error in the calculation of the ozone budget.
C1 WARREN SPRING LAB,DIV AIR POLLUT,STEVENAGE SG1 2BX,HERTS,ENGLAND.
RP JOHNSON, C (corresponding author), AEA ENVIRONM & ENERGY,HARWELL LAB,MODELLING & ASSESSMENTS GRP,DIDCOT OX11 0RA,OXON,ENGLAND.
NR 26
TC 101
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 69
EP 71
DI 10.1038/355069a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HILSENRATH, E
   CEBULA, RP
   JACKMAN, CH
AF HILSENRATH, E
   CEBULA, RP
   JACKMAN, CH
TI OZONE DEPLETION IN THE UPPER-STRATOSPHERE ESTIMATED FROM SATELLITE AND SPACE-SHUTTLE DATA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model
AB WHEN the possibility of anthropogenic ozone depletion was first identified, it was thought that it would occur primarily in the upper stratosphere, at altitudes near 42 km. It is now recognized that ozone losses due to heterogeneous reactions involving chlorine and bromine 1 are greatest in the lower stratosphere, near 20 km (ref. 2), and this is the main cause of ozone depletion over polar latitudes 3.  Despite satellite observation of the upper stratosphere for nearly a decade 4, the question of possible ozone depletion in this region has remained unresolved because of instrument degradation and incomplete monitoring 5. Recent observations of ozone concentrations in the upper stratosphere have been made with the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) spectrometer carried by the Space Shuttle. Here we combine the SSBUV data for October 1989 with measurements made in October 1980 by the similar SBUV instrument on NASA's Nimbus-7 satellite, to show that the ozone concentration near 45 km has decreased during this period by about 7 +/- 2%. The trend is consistent with the predictions of a two-dimensional photochemical model. Although this contribution to total column ozone depletion is small, the changes may have implications for the radiative properties of the upper atmosphere.
C1 HUGHES STX CORP,LANHAM,MD 20706.
RP HILSENRATH, E (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA.
NR 16
TC 15
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 131
EP 133
DI 10.1038/358131a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAKENAKA, N
   UEDA, A
   MAEDA, Y
AF TAKENAKA, N
   UEDA, A
   MAEDA, Y
TI ACCELERATION OF THE RATE OF NITRITE OXIDATION BY FREEZING IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrous-acid; atmosphere; sulfate; nitrate
AB WHEN a dilute ionic solution freezes, differences in the partitioning of ions in the aqueous and ice phases can generate electric potentials which may influence electrochemical reactions1-3. Pitter and co-workers4,5 have studied the influence of freezing on the endothermic oxidation of sulphide to sulphate in growing ice crystals inside a cloud chamber. Here we report that the oxidation of nitrite by dissolved oxygen to form nitrate, which is a very slow process in solution, is accelerated markedly when it takes place in a solution undergoing freezing. At pH 4.5 and a temperature of 25-degrees-C, the rate is increased by a factor of about 10(5) for a freezing rate of 0.2 g solution per minute; the reaction rate increases as the freezing rate increases. Although the mechanism of this acceleration is not yet clear, we are able to eliminate the possibilities of thermochemical, photochemical and simple electrochemical reactions, and of catalysis on the ice surface. Processes of this sort may be important for chemical reactions taking place in freezing cloud and fog droplets in the atmosphere.
RP TAKENAKA, N (corresponding author), UNIV OSAKA PREFECTURE,COLL ENGN,1-1 GAKUEN CHO,SAKAI 593,JAPAN.
NR 15
TC 147
Z9 162
U1 3
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6389
BP 736
EP 738
DI 10.1038/358736a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JK699
UT WOS:A1992JK69900045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MURATA, N
   ISHIZAKINISHIZAWA, Q
   HIGASHI, S
   HAYASHI, H
   TASAKA, Y
   NISHIDA, I
AF MURATA, N
   ISHIZAKINISHIZAWA, Q
   HIGASHI, S
   HAYASHI, H
   TASAKA, Y
   NISHIDA, I
TI GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ALTERATION IN THE CHILLING SENSITIVITY OF PLANTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; resistant plants; chloroplasts; squash; phosphatidylglycerols
AB THE chilling sensitivity of plants is closely correlated with the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in the phosphatidylglycerol of chloroplast membranes 1-5. Plants with a high proportion of cis-unsaturated fatty acids, such as spinach and Arabidopsis thaliana, are resistant to chilling, whereas species like squash with only a small proportion are not. The chloroplast enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase seems to be important for determining the level of phosphatidylglycerol fatty acid unsaturation 6-9. Here we report that the level of fatty acid unsaturation of phosphatidylglycerol and the degree of chilling sensitivity of Nicotiana tabacum var. Samsum (tobacco) can be manipulated by transformation with complementary DNAs for glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases from squash and Arabidopsis. The genetic manipulation of fatty acid unsaturation is known to alter the chilling sensitivity of prokaryotes 10, and we have now demonstrated that it can also do so in higher plants.
C1 KIRIN BREWERY CO LTD,CENT LABS KEY TECHNOL,SHIOYA,TOCHIGI 32914,JAPAN.
C3 Kirin Brewery Company Limited
RP MURATA, N (corresponding author), NATL INST BASIC BIOL,OKAZAKI,AICHI 444,JAPAN.
NR 18
TC 349
Z9 423
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 710
EP 713
DI 10.1038/356710a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VIDALE, JE
   BENZ, HM
AF VIDALE, JE
   BENZ, HM
TI A SHARP AND FLAT SECTION OF THE CORE MANTLE BOUNDARY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID velocity-structure; thermal state; earth; iron
AB THE transition zone between the Earth's core and mantle plays an important role as a boundary layer for mantle and core convection1. This zone conducts a large amount of heat from the core to the mantle, and contains at least one thermal boundary layer2,3; the proximity of reactive silicates and molten iron leads to the possibility of zones of intermediate composition4. Here we investigate one region of the core-mantle boundary using seismic waves that are converted from shear to compressional waves by reflection at the boundary. The use of this phase (known as ScP), the large number of receiving stations, and the large aperture of our array all provide higher resolution than has previously been possible5-7. For the 350-km-long section of the core-mantle boundary under the northeast Pacific sampled by the reflections, the local boundary topography has an amplitude of less than 500 m, no sharp radial gradients exist in the 400 km above the boundary, and the mantle-to-core transition occurs over less than 1 km. The simplicity of the structure near and above the core-mantle boundary argues against chemical heterogeneity at the base of the mantle in this location.
RP VIDALE, JE (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,SEISMOL BRANCH,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA.
NR 21
TC 62
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 627
EP 629
DI 10.1038/359627a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GUNDERSEN, JK
   JORGENSEN, BB
   LARSEN, E
   JANNASCH, HW
AF GUNDERSEN, JK
   JORGENSEN, BB
   LARSEN, E
   JANNASCH, HW
TI MATS OF GIANT SULFUR BACTERIA ON DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS DUE TO FLUCTUATING HYDROTHERMAL FLOW
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guaymas basin; beggiatoa sp; vent site; microgradients; sulfur; growth
AB FILAMENTOUS sulphide-oxidizing bacteria, Beggiatoa spp., commonly grow as submillimetre-thin white films on anoxic marine sediments. Unusually thick mats (> 1 cm) of giant Beggiatoa filaments, 41-120 mum wide and 2-10 mm long, were observed at 2,000 m water depth in the hydrothermal vent fields of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California1-4. We investigated how such dense communities of the largest known bacteria overcome severe diffusion limitation of their substrate supply, and what advantage they may have by developing such large cell sizes. Oxygen, sulphide, pH and temperature were therefore measured in Beggiatoa mats directly on the sea floor. We report here the discovery of small-scale hydrothermal fluid circulations around patches of the bacteria, causing a pulsatory seawater flow into the mats and thereby enhancing the supply of oxygen and sulphide to the bacteria.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MARINE MICROBIOL,W-2800 BREMEN 33,GERMANY.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT BIOL,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   AARHUS UNIV,INST BIOL SCI,DEPT ZOOPHYSIOL,DK-8000 AARHUS,DENMARK.
C3 Max Planck Society; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Aarhus University
RP GUNDERSEN, JK (corresponding author), AARHUS UNIV,INST BIOL SCI,DEPT MICROBIAL ECOL,DK-8000 AARHUS,DENMARK.
NR 22
TC 92
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 454
EP 456
DI 10.1038/360454a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FOWLER, GJS
   VISSCHERS, RW
   GRIEF, GG
   VANGRONDELLE, R
   HUNTER, CN
AF FOWLER, GJS
   VISSCHERS, RW
   GRIEF, GG
   VANGRONDELLE, R
   HUNTER, CN
TI GENETICALLY MODIFIED PHOTOSYNTHETIC ANTENNA COMPLEXES WITH BLUESHIFTED ABSORBENCY BANDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhodopseudomonas-sphaeroides; energy-transfer
AB LIGHT energy for photosynthesis is collected by the antenna system, creating an excited state which migrates energetically 'downhill'. To achieve efficient migration of energy the antenna is populated with a series of pigments absorbing at progressively redshifted wavelengths. This variety in absorbing species in vivo has been created in a biosynthetically economical fashion by modulating the absorbance behaviour of one kind of (bacterio) chlorophyll molecule. This modulation is poorly understood but has been ascribed to pigment-pigment and pigment-protein interactions. We have examined the relationship between aromatic residues in antenna polypeptides and pigment absorption, by studying the effects of site-directed mutagenesis on a bacterial antenna complex. A clear correlation was observed between the absorbance of bacteriochlorophyll a and the presence of two tyrosine residues, alpha-Tyr44 and alpha-Tyr45, in the alpha-subunit of the peripheral light-harvesting complex of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a purple photosynthetic bacterium that provides a well characterized system for site-specific mutagenesis 1-3. By constructing single (alpha-Tyr44, alpha-Tyr45 --> PheTyr) and then double (alpha-Tyr44, alpha-Tyr45 --> PheLeu) site-specific mutants, the absorbance of bacteriochlorophyll was blueshifted by 11 and 24 nm at 77 K, respectively. The results suggest that there is a close approach of tyrosine residues to bacteriochlorophyll, and that this proximity may promote redshifts in vivo.
C1 FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,1081 HV AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP FOWLER, GJS (corresponding author), UNIV SHEFFIELD,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & BIOTECHNOL,KREBS INST,WESTERN BANK,SHEFFIELD S10 2UH,ENGLAND.
NR 14
TC 241
Z9 258
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 848
EP 850
DI 10.1038/355848a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600063
PM 1538765
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUSTELO, XR
   LEDBETTER, JA
   BARBACID, M
AF BUSTELO, XR
   LEDBETTER, JA
   BARBACID, M
TI PRODUCT OF VAV PROTOONCOGENE DEFINES A NEW CLASS OF TYROSINE PROTEIN-KINASE SUBSTRATES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence
AB SEVERAL proteins implicated in the regulation of cellular responses to mitogenic stimuli contain a common non-catalytic domain, SH2 (for src-homologous domain 2), that mediates their interaction with activated tyrosine protein kinases. Here we report that p95vav, a proto-oncogene product specifically expressed in cells of the haematopoietic system, contains an SH2 domain and is a substrate for tyrosine protein kinases. Exposure of quiescent NIH3T3 cells ectopically expressing p95vav to either epidermal or platelet-derived growth factors induces the rapid phosphorylation of this protein on tyrosine residues. Activation of the receptors for these growth factors by their cognate ligand results in their association with p95vav, a process mediated by its SH2 domain. In T cells, co-activation of the T-cell receptor and the accessory CD4 cell-surface protein also results in the phosphorylation of the endogenous p95vav protein in tyrosine residues. Phosphorylation of p95vav is rapid, transient and precedes the appearance of most other phosphotyrosine-containing proteins. In addition to the SH2 domain, p95vav contains structural motifs not found in other tyrosine kinase substrates. One such motif is a helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper-like domain which shares some sequence similarity with these motifs in the Myc and Max proteins. Deletion of the helix-loop-helix-like motif causes oncogenic activation of p95vav. These results indicate that p95vav is a new type of signal transduction molecule and suggest a possible role for this protein in the transduction of tyrosine phosphorylation signalling into transcriptional events.
C1 BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, POB 4000, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA.
   BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST, DEPT MOLEC SCI, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA.
C3 Bristol-Myers Squibb; Bristol-Myers Squibb
NR 21
TC 302
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 68
EP 71
DI 10.1038/356068a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200058
PM 1311423
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AWGULEWITSCH, A
   JACOBS, D
AF AWGULEWITSCH, A
   JACOBS, D
TI DEFORMED AUTOREGULATORY ELEMENT FROM DROSOPHILA FUNCTIONS IN A CONSERVED MANNER IN TRANSGENIC MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; differential expression; homeotic genes; hindbrain; organization; hox-1.4; domains; murine; region; hox
AB THE striking similarities in the structure, organization and anterior-posterior expression patterns between the murine Hox gene system and the Drosophila homeotic gene complexes1,2, called HOM-C (ref. 3), may point to highly conserved mechanisms for specifying positional identities (reviewed in ref. 4). Strong support for this concept lies in the observation of conserved colinearity between the genomic order of the Hox/HOM genes and their unique successive expression domains along the anterior-posterior axes of both mouse and fly embryos1,2. These unique and precise expression patterns appear to be facilitated by multiple cis-regulatory elements (reviewed in ref. 5). One of the few elements characterized in detail is the autoregulatory enhancer of the homeotic gene Deformed (Dfd)6-9, which supports expression in subregions of posterior head segments of Drosophila embryos7. Here we present evidence that this enhancer is capable of conferring reporter gene expression to a discrete subregion of the hindbrain in transgenic mouse embryos. Remarkably, this anterior-posterior subregion lies within the common anterior expression domain of the Dfd cognate Hox genes in the postotic hindbrain10,11. Our results indicate that the Dfd autoregulatory enhancer is part of a highly conserved mechanism for establishing region-specific gene expression along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo.
RP AWGULEWITSCH, A (corresponding author), MED UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,171 ASHLEY AVE,CHARLESTON,SC 29425, USA.
NR 33
TC 71
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6384
BP 341
EP 344
DI 10.1038/358341a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JE684
UT WOS:A1992JE68400067
PM 1353608
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOLLAND, KN
   BRILL, RW
   CHANG, RKC
   SIBERT, JR
   FOURNIER, DA
AF HOLLAND, KN
   BRILL, RW
   CHANG, RKC
   SIBERT, JR
   FOURNIER, DA
TI PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION IN BIGEYE TUNA (THUNNUS-OBESUS)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fish; movements
AB TUNA are unique among teleost fishes in being thermoconserving. Vascular counter-current heat exchangers maintain body temperatures above ambient water temperature, thereby improving locomotor muscle efficiency, especially at burst speeds and when pursuing prey below the thermocline1-6. Because tuna also occasionally swim rapidly in warm surface waters, it has been hypothesized that tuna thermoregulate to accommodate changing activity levels or ambient temperatures7. But previous field experiments have been unable to demonstrate definitively short-latency, mammalian-type physiological thermoregulation8,9. Here we show using telemetered data that free-ranging bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) can rapidly alter whole-body thermal conductivity by two orders of magnitude. The heat exchangers are disengaged to allow rapid warming as the tuna ascend from cold water into warmer surface waters, and are reactivated to conserve heat when they return into the depths. Combining physiological and behavioural thermoregulation expands the foraging space of bigeye tuna into otherwise prohibitively cold, deep water.
C1 NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,HONOLULU LAB,HONOLULU,HI 96822.
   OTTER RES LTD,NANAIMO,BC,CANADA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP HOLLAND, KN (corresponding author), HAWAII INST MARINE BIOL,POB 1346,COCONUT ISL,KANEOHE,HI 96744, USA.
NR 21
TC 208
Z9 246
U1 3
U2 65
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 410
EP 412
DI 10.1038/358410a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300054
PM 1641023
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOCK, LC
   GRIFFIN, LC
   LATHAM, JA
   VERMAAS, EH
   TOOLE, JJ
AF BOCK, LC
   GRIFFIN, LC
   LATHAM, JA
   VERMAAS, EH
   TOOLE, JJ
TI SELECTION OF SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA MOLECULES THAT BIND AND INHIBIT HUMAN THROMBIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human alpha-thrombin; protein; rna; sequences; invitro; ligands; genome
AB APTAMERS 1 are double-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA molecules that bind specific molecular targets. Large randomly generated populations can be enriched in aptamers by in vitro selection and polymerase chain reaction 1-11. But so far single-stranded DNA has not been investigated for aptamer properties, nor has a target protein been considered that does not interact physiologically with nucleic acid. Here we describe the isolation of single-stranded DNA aptamers to the protease thrombin of the blood coagulation cascade and report binding affinities in the range 25-200 nM. Sequence data from 32 thrombin aptamers, selected from a pool of DNA containing 60 nucleotides of random sequence, displayed a highly conserved 14-17-base region. Several of these aptamers at nanomolar concentrations inhibited thrombin-catalysed fibrin-clot formation in vitro using either purified fibrinogen or human plasma.
C1 GILEAD SCI INC,346 LAKESIDE DR,FOSTER CITY,CA 94404.
C3 Gilead Sciences
NR 15
TC 2224
Z9 2816
U1 9
U2 1315
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 564
EP 566
DI 10.1038/355564a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600065
PM 1741036
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEGROOT, MJH
   LAMERS, HJGLM
AF DEGROOT, MJH
   LAMERS, HJGLM
TI OBSERVATION OF GRADUAL BRIGHTENING OF P-CYGNI DUE TO STELLAR EVOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stars
AB WITH the exception of supernova outbursts, or changes in the pulsational periods of Cepheid variables arising from their changing internal structure, the evolution of stars is generally much too slow to have been detected during the era of modern astronomy. A few stars, such as the red supergiants rho-Cas and RW Cep, have shown spectral changes on a timescale of decades which have been attributed to evolutionary effects 1, but these changes are mostly erratic and the evolutionary interpretation is uncertain. Here we report an analysis of modern and historical (back to about AD 1700) photometric measurements of the star P Cygni. We find a steady change of apparent brightness, and argue that it is due to evolution of the star. The change is about twice as fast as standard models predict, but the difference may be due to mis-estimation of the star's mass or inadequate treatment of atmospheric expansion in the stellar models.
C1 SRON,SPACE RES LAB,3584 CA UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
   ASTRON INST,3584 CA UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
RP DEGROOT, MJH (corresponding author), ARMAGH OBSERV,COLL HILL,ARMAGH BT61 9DG,NORTH IRELAND.
NR 15
TC 32
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 422
EP 423
DI 10.1038/355422a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAASS, C
   SCHLOSSMACHER, MG
   HUNG, AY
   VIGOPELFREY, C
   MELLON, A
   OSTASZEWSKI, BL
   LIEBERBURG, I
   KOO, EH
   SCHENK, D
   TEPLOW, DB
   SELKOE, DJ
AF HAASS, C
   SCHLOSSMACHER, MG
   HUNG, AY
   VIGOPELFREY, C
   MELLON, A
   OSTASZEWSKI, BL
   LIEBERBURG, I
   KOO, EH
   SCHENK, D
   TEPLOW, DB
   SELKOE, DJ
TI AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDE IS PRODUCED BY CULTURED-CELLS DURING NORMAL METABOLISM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimers-disease; precursor protein; identification; localization; tissue; brain
AB ALZHEIMER's disease is characterized by the extracellular deposition in the brain and its blood vessels of insoluble aggregates of the amyloid beta-peptide (A-beta), a fragment, of about 40 amino acids in length, of the integral membrane protein beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP)1. The mechanism of extracellular accumulation of A-beta in brain is unknown and no simple in vitro or in vivo model systems that produce extracellular A-beta have been described. We report here the unexpected identification of the 4K (M(r) 4,000) A-beta and a truncated form of A-beta (approximately 3K) in media from cultures of primary cells and untransfected and beta-APP-transfected cell lines grown under normal conditions. These peptides were immunoprecipitated readily from culture medium by A-beta-specific antibodies and their identities confirmed by sequencing. The concept that pathological processes are responsible for the production of A-beta must now be reassessed in light of the observation that A-beta is produced in soluble form in vitro and in vivo2 during normal cellular metabolism. Further, these findings provide the basis for using simple cell culture systems to identify drugs that block the formation or release of A-beta, the primary protein constituent of the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,PROGRAM NEUROSCI,BOSTON,MA 02155.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,CTR NEUROL DIS,DEPT MED NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02155.
   ATHENA NEUROSCI INC,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94090.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP HAASS, C (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02155, USA.
NR 20
TC 1786
Z9 2085
U1 0
U2 141
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 322
EP 325
DI 10.1038/359322a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300057
PM 1383826
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARAIS, DJD
   STRAUSS, H
   SUMMONS, RE
   HAYES, JM
AF MARAIS, DJD
   STRAUSS, H
   SUMMONS, RE
   HAYES, JM
TI CARBON ISOTOPE EVIDENCE FOR THE STEPWISE OXIDATION OF THE PROTEROZOIC ENVIRONMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central australia; amadeus basin; record; oceans; evaporite; paleosol; deposits; dioxide; sulfate; oxygen
AB The oxidation of the Earth's crust and the increase in atmospheric oxygen early in Earth history have been linked to the accumulation of reduced carbon in sedimentary rocks. Trends in the carbon isotope composition of sedimentary organic carbon and carbonate show that during the Proterozoic aeon (2.5-0.54 Gyr ago) the organic carbon reservoir grew in size, relative to the carbonate reservoir. This increase, and the concomitant release of oxidizing power in the environment, occurred mostly during episodes of global rifting and orogeny.
C1 RUHR UNIV BOCHUM, INST GEOL, W-4630 BOCHUM 1, GERMANY.
   BUR MINERAL RESOURCES, CANBERRA, ACT 2605, AUSTRALIA.
   INDIANA UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, BIOGEOCHEM LABS, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA.
   INDIANA UNIV, DEPT CHEM, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP MARAIS, DJD (corresponding author), NASA, AMES RES CTR, MOFFETT FIELD, CA 94035 USA.
NR 59
TC 350
Z9 381
U1 12
U2 347
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 605
EP 609
DI 10.1038/359605a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400046
PM 11536507
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUFKIN, T
   MARK, M
   HART, CP
   DOLLE, P
   LEMEUR, M
   CHAMBON, P
AF LUFKIN, T
   MARK, M
   HART, CP
   DOLLE, P
   LEMEUR, M
   CHAMBON, P
TI HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATION OF THE OCCIPITAL BONES OF THE SKULL BY ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF A HOMEOBOX GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertebral column; drosophila; disruption; defects; hox-1.1; mice
AB MURINE Hox genes have been postulated to play a role in patterning of the embryonic body plan1-3. Gene disruption studies have suggested that for a given Hox complex, patterning of cell identity along the antero-posterior axis is directed by the more 'posterior' (having a more posterior rostral boundary of expression) Hox proteins expressed in a given cell4-6. This supports the 'posterior prevalence' model2, which also predicts that ectopic expression of a given Hox gene would result in altered structure only in regions anterior to its normal domain of expression. To test this model further, we have expressed the Hox-4.2 gene more rostrally than its normal mesoderm anterior boundary of expression, which is at the level of the first cervical somites. This ectopic expression results in a homeotic transformation of the occipital bones towards a more posterior phenotype into structures that resemble cervical vertebrae, whereas it has no effect in regions that normally express Hox-4.2. These results are similar to the homeotic posteriorization phenomenon generated in Drosophila by ectopic expression of genes of the homeotic complex HOM-C (refs 7-10; reviewed in ref. 3).
C1 FAC MED STRASBOURG,INST CHIM BIOL,CNRS,GENET MOLEC EUCARYOTES LAB,INSERM,U184,F-67085 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 31
TC 255
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 835
EP 841
DI 10.1038/359835a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700066
PM 1359423
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHIBUYA, H
   IRIE, K
   NINOMIYATSUJI, J
   GOEBL, M
   TANIGUCHI, T
   MATSUMOTO, K
AF SHIBUYA, H
   IRIE, K
   NINOMIYATSUJI, J
   GOEBL, M
   TANIGUCHI, T
   MATSUMOTO, K
TI NEW HUMAN GENE ENCODING A POSITIVE MODULATOR OF HIV TAT-MEDIATED TRANSACTIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long terminal repeat; cell leukemia-virus; expression system; trans-activation; promoter; protein; region; cdna; sequences; versatile
AB THE human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protein Tat is a potent activator of virus gene expression 1,2. Tat functions through a sequence known as TAR, located immediately downstream of the transcription start site in the long terminal repeat 3-5. Several observations suggest that cellular factors cooperate with Tat in the overall transactivating process. We have isolated a human complementary DNA from the new gene MSS1, which may encode such a cellular factor, by transcomplementation of a yeast sgv1- mutant. The MSS1 protein shares 42% sequence identity with the human TBP-1 protein, which binds Tat in vitro and suppresses Tat-mediated transactivation in vivo (ref. 6). We report here that the levels of HIV activation by Tat correlate with endogenous levels of MSS1 messenger RNA. Furthermore, we provide evidence that expression of MSS1 enhances the Tat-mediated transactivation. Our results suggest that MSS1 has a key role in activation of HIV genes regulated by Tat.
C1 NAGOYA UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,CHIKUSA KU,NAGOYA 46401,JAPAN.
   INDIANA UNIV,SCH MED,WALTHER ONCOL CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202.
   OSAKA UNIV,INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 Nagoya University; Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; Walther Cancer Foundation; University of Osaka
NR 20
TC 168
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 700
EP 702
DI 10.1038/357700a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000075
PM 1377363
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SALSER, SJ
   KENYON, C
AF SALSER, SJ
   KENYON, C
TI ACTIVATION OF A C-ELEGANS ANTENNAPEDIA HOMOLOG IN MIGRATING CELLS CONTROLS THEIR DIRECTION OF MIGRATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; transgenic mice; gene; expression; homeobox; nematode
AB ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR patterning in insects, vertebrates and nematodes involves members of conserved Antennapedia-class homeobox gene clusters (HOM-C) that are thought to give specific body regions their identities 1-5. The effects of these genes on region-specific body structures have been described extensively, particularly in Drosophila, but little is known about how HOM-C genes affect the behaviours of cells that migrate into their domains of function. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the Antennapedia-like HOM-C gene mab-5 not only specifies postembryonic fates of cells in a posterior body region, but also influences the migration of mesodermal and neural cells that move through this region 5-7. Here we show that as one neuroblast migrates into this posterior region, it switches on mab-5 gene expression; mab-5 then acts as a developmental switch to control the migratory behaviour of the neuroblast descendants. HOM-C genes can therefore not only direct region-specific patterns of cell division and differentiation, but can also act within migrating cells to programme region-specific migratory behaviour.
RP SALSER, SJ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 27
TC 153
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 255
EP 258
DI 10.1038/355255a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400069
PM 1346230
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PERERA, FP
   HEMMINKI, K
   GRYZBOWSKA, E
   MOTYKIEWICZ, G
   MICHALSKA, J
   SANTELLA, RM
   YOUNG, TL
   DICKEY, C
   BRANDTRAUF, P
   DEVIVO, I
   BLANER, W
   TSAI, WY
   CHORAZY, M
AF PERERA, FP
   HEMMINKI, K
   GRYZBOWSKA, E
   MOTYKIEWICZ, G
   MICHALSKA, J
   SANTELLA, RM
   YOUNG, TL
   DICKEY, C
   BRANDTRAUF, P
   DEVIVO, I
   BLANER, W
   TSAI, WY
   CHORAZY, M
TI MOLECULAR AND GENETIC-DAMAGE IN HUMANS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTION IN POLAND
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lung-cancer; dna adducts; binding
AB EXTREME environmental pollution such as that found in the highly industrialized Silesian region of Poland has been associated with increased risk of cancer and adverse reproductive outcomes1,2. Among the most prevalent carcinogenic and mutagenic air pollutants in Silesia are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which are largely produced by industrial and residential combustion of coal1. Molecular epidemiology aims to prevent disease by using biological markers to identify risks well before clinicai onset to allow effective intervention3-7. Here, we use a battery of biological markers to measure molecular and genetic damage in peripheral blood samples from residents of Silesia and from persons living in a rural, less polluted area of Poland. The results show that their exposure to environmental pollution is associated with significant increases in carcinogen-DNA adducts (PAH-DNA and aromatic adducts), in sister chromatid exchange including high-frequency cells, and in chromosomal aberrations as well as a doubling in the frequency of ras oncogene overexpression. We found that aromatic adducts on DNA were significantly correlated with chromosomal mutation, providing us with a molecular link between environmental exposure and a genetic alteration relevant to cancer and reproductive risk.
C1 KAROLINSKA INST,CNT,S-14152 HUDDINGE,SWEDEN.
   INST ONCOL,DEPT TUMOR BIOL,PL-44100 GLIWICE,POLAND.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,INST HUMAN NUTR,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DIV BIOSTAT,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP PERERA, FP (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,60 HAVEN AVE,B1-109,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA.
NR 23
TC 258
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 256
EP 258
DI 10.1038/360256a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000050
PM 1436106
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PRATHER, MJ
AF PRATHER, MJ
TI MORE RAPID POLAR OZONE DEPLETION THROUGH THE REACTION OF HOCL WITH HCL ON POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antarctic spring vortex; chlorine nitrate; heterogeneous chemistry; hydrogen-chloride; nitric-acid; n2o5; surfaces; ice; temperatures; coefficients
AB THE direct reaction of HOCl with HCl, known to occur in liquid water 1 and on glass surfaces 2, has now been measured on surfaces similar to polar stratospheric clouds 3,4 and is shown here to play a critical part in polar ozone loss. Two keys to understanding the chemistry of the Antarctic ozone hole 5-7 are, one, the recognition that reactions on polar stratospheric clouds transform HCl into more reactive species denoted by ClO(x) (refs 8-12) and, two, the discovery of the ClO-dimer (Cl2O2) mechanism that rapidly catalyses destruction of O3 (refs 13-15). Observations of high levels of OClO and ClO in the springtime Antarctic stratosphere 16-19 confirm that most of the available chlorine is in the form of ClO(x) (refs 20, 21). But current photochemical models 22,23 have difficulty converting HCl to ClO(x) rapidly enough in early spring to account fully for the observations 5-7,20,21. Here I show, using a chemical model, that the direct reaction of HOCl with HCl provides the missing mechanism. As alternative sources of nitrogen-containing oxidants, such as N2O5 and ClONO2, have been converted in the late autumn to inactive HNO3 by known reactions on the sulphate-layer aerosols 24-27, the reaction of HOCl with HCl on polar stratospheric clouds becomes the most important pathway for releasing that stratospheric chlorine which goes into polar night as HCl.
RP PRATHER, MJ (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD INST SPACE STUDIES,NEW YORK,NY 10025, USA.
NR 44
TC 75
Z9 78
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 534
EP 537
DI 10.1038/355534a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MALGAROLI, A
   TSIEN, RW
AF MALGAROLI, A
   TSIEN, RW
TI GLUTAMATE-INDUCED LONG-TERM POTENTIATION OF THE FREQUENCY OF MINIATURE SYNAPTIC CURRENTS IN CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein kinase-c; frog neuromuscular-junction; excitatory amino-acids; central nervous-system; presynaptic enhancement; transmitter release; quantal analysis; rat hippocampus; perforant path; transmission
AB Glutamate application at synapses between hippocampal neurons in culture produces long-term potentiation of the frequency of spontaneous miniature synaptic currents, together with long-term potentiation of evoked synaptic currents. The mini frequency potentiation is initiated postsynaptically and requires activity of NMDA receptors. Although the frequency of unitary quantal responses increases strongly, their amplitude remains little changed with potentiation. Tests of postsynaptic responsiveness rule out recruitment of latent glutamate receptor clusters. Thus, postsynaptic induction can lead to enhancement of presynaptic transmitter release. The sustained potentiation of mini frequency is expressed even in the absence of Ca2+ entry into presynaptic terminals.
C1 STANFORD UNIV, MED CTR, BECKMAN CTR, DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR PHYSIOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
NR 55
TC 347
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 134
EP 139
DI 10.1038/357134a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200049
PM 1349728
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, YC
   FROST, BJ
AF WANG, YC
   FROST, BJ
TI TIME TO COLLISION IS SIGNALED BY NEURONS IN THE NUCLEUS ROTUNDUS OF PIGEONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motion; fly
AB THROUGHOUT the animal kingdom, the sight of a rapidly approaching object usually signals danger and elicits an escape response 1-6.  Gibson 7 suggested that the symmetrical expansion of an object's image (looming) is the critical variable determining that the object is on a collision course with the observer. Similarly, large expanding flow-fields like those produced by locomotion may precipitate manoeuvres such as turning or landing 8,9.  From such observations it has been shown that the optic flow parameter, tau, which specifies time to contact with the approaching object best fits the behavioural data 10,11.  We describe a subpopulation of neurons in the nucleus rotundus of the pigeon brain that respond selectively to objects moving on a collision course towards the bird. These neurons give their maximum response at a constant time before contact occurs, even when the size of the stimulus or its velocity is varied widely. We propose that these neurons are signalling the time to collision of approaching objects.
C1 QUEENS UNIV,DEPT PHYSIOL,KINGSTON K7L 3N6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   QUEENS UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,KINGSTON K7L 3N6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 Queens University - Canada; Queens University - Canada
NR 16
TC 240
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 236
EP 238
DI 10.1038/356236a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400056
PM 1552942
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HE, XM
   CARTER, DC
AF HE, XM
   CARTER, DC
TI ATOMIC-STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF HUMAN SERUM-ALBUMIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid sequence; drug-binding-sites; alpha-fetoprotein; macromolecular crystallography; nucleotide-sequence; messenger-rna; variants; gene; populations; expression
AB The three-dimensional structure of human serum albumin has been determined crystallographically to a resolution of 2.8 angstrom. It comprises three homologous domains that assemble to form a heart-shaped molecule. Each domain is a product of two subdomains that possess common structural motifs. The principal regions of ligand binding to human serum albumin are located in hydrophobic cavities in subdomains IIA and IIIA, which exhibit similar chemistry. The structure explains numerous physical phenomena and should provide insight into future pharmacokinetic and genetically engineered therapeutic applications of serum albumin.
C1 NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,SPACE SCI LAB,ES76 BIOPHYS,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
NR 48
TC 3576
Z9 3959
U1 4
U2 599
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6383
BP 209
EP 215
DI 10.1038/358209a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JD587
UT WOS:A1992JD58700045
PM 1630489
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANWINCKEL, H
   MATHIS, JS
   WAELKENS, C
AF VANWINCKEL, H
   MATHIS, JS
   WAELKENS, C
TI EVIDENCE FROM ZINC ABUNDANCES FOR DUST FRACTIONATION IN CHEMICALLY PECULIAR STARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hr-4049; sulfur
AB A SMALL number of intrinsically luminous, low-mass stars have recently been shown to have an extremely peculiar elemental abundance pattern. Their photospheric carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur abundances are within an order of magnitude of solar values, but all other normally abundant metals are present in only trace amounts; in two stars, iron is deficient by nearly five orders of magnitude. Two possible explanations are that the low iron content is primordial, implying a very great age, whereas the CNO and S abundances have been acquired during evolution, or that the CNO and S abundances reflect the initial stellar composition and the low iron content is the result of chemical separation by dust formation. The latter hypothesis arises mainly because the abundance pattern of these stars is similar to that of interstellar gas 1, in which fractionation to dust plays an important part, but it is not easily understood bow a process that must occur in the circumstellar envelope can so strikingly affect the photospheric abundances. Here we report the detection of appreciable amounts of zinc in the star HD52961, and argue that, because zinc will condense into dust only at rather low temperatures, its detection in near normal amounts is convincing evidence for the fractionation hypothesis.
C1 EUROPEAN SO OBSERV, SANTIAGO 19, CHILE.
   MAX PLANCK INST RADIOASTRON, W-5300 BONN 1, GERMANY.
   WASHBURN OBSERV, MADISON, WI 53706 USA.
C3 European Southern Observatory; Max Planck Society
RP VANWINCKEL, H (corresponding author), KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, INST STERRENKUNDE, CELESTIJINENLAAN 200 B, B-3001 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
NR 17
TC 78
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 500
EP 501
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORAN, SB
   BUESSELER, KO
AF MORAN, SB
   BUESSELER, KO
TI SHORT RESIDENCE TIME OF COLLOIDS IN THE UPPER OCEAN ESTIMATED FROM U-238 TH-234 DISEQUILIBRIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dissolved organic-carbon; thorium isotopes; north pacific; sea-water; seawater; aluminum; removal; flux
AB RECENT observations of abundant, nonliving, submicrometre particles in the upper ocean1-3 and new measurements of 'dissolved' organic carbon4-7 have fuelled speculation concerning the role of colloidal matter in ocean chemistry and biology. Colloids may act as reactive intermediates in the marine geochemistry of trace metals8-12, and a biologically labile pool of colloidal matter would affect models of ocean carbon cycling13-16. Here we report the use of naturally occurring Th-234 as an in situ tracer to estimate the residence time of colloidal matter in the surface waters near Bermuda. The Th-234 activity of colloidal matter (size range 10,000 nominal molecular weight to 0.2-mu-m) is similar to that of small particles (0.2-53-mu-m). Modelling of our results indicates a mean residence time of colloidal Th-234 with respect to aggregation into small particles of 10 days, which is roughly the same as for small-particle Th-234, yet a factor of approximately 6 less than for the dissolved pool. These results suggest that, more generally, macromolecular colloidal matter has a short residence time and hence a rapid turnover rate in the upper open ocean.
RP MORAN, SB (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
NR 34
TC 109
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 221
EP 223
DI 10.1038/359221a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COHEN, RE
AF COHEN, RE
TI ORIGIN OF FERROELECTRICITY IN PEROVSKITE OXIDES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tricritical-point; batio3
AB FERROELECTRIC materials are characterized by a switchable Macroscopic polarization. Most technologically important ferroelectrics are oxides with a perovskite structure. The origin of their ferroelectric behaviour is unclear, however, and there is incomplete understanding of why similar, but chemically different, perovskites should display very different ferroelectric behaviour. The great sensitivity of ferroelectrics to chemistry, defects, electrical boundary conditions and pressure arises from a delicate balance between long-range Coulomb forces (which favour the ferroelectric state) and short-range repulsions (which favour the nonpolar cubic structure). To model the transition accurately, total-energy techniques are required which incorporate the effects of charge distortion and covalency. Here I report results of electronic-structure calculations on two classic examples of ferroelectric perovskites, BaTiO3 and PbTiO3, and demonstrate that hybridization between the titanium 3d states and the oxygen 2p states is essential for ferroelectricity. The different ferroelectric phase behaviour of the two materials is also clear:  in PbTiO3, the lead and oxygen states hybridize, leading to a large strain that stabilizes the tetragonal phase whereas in BaTiO3 the interaction between barium and oxygen is completely ionic, favouring a rhombohedral structure.
RP COHEN, RE (corresponding author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,GEOPHYS LAB,5251 BROAD BRANCH RD NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20015, USA.
NR 19
TC 2875
Z9 3188
U1 32
U2 1791
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6382
BP 136
EP 138
DI 10.1038/358136a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JC583
UT WOS:A1992JC58300046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DICKSON, B
   SPRENGER, F
   MORRISON, D
   HAFEN, E
AF DICKSON, B
   SPRENGER, F
   MORRISON, D
   HAFEN, E
TI RAF FUNCTIONS DOWNSTREAM OF RAS1 IN THE SEVENLESS SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor tyrosine kinase; drosophila-melanogaster; putative receptor; cell fate; protein; gene; eye; torso; requirement; activation
AB SPECIFICATION of the R7 cell fate in the developing Drosophila eye requires activation of the Sevenless (Sev) receptor tyrosine kinase, located on the surface of the R7 precursor cell, by its interaction with the Boss protein, expressed on the surface of the neighbouring R8 cell1-3. Four genes that participate in the intracellular transmission of this signal have so far been identified and molecularly characterized: Ras1, Sos, Gap1 and sina (refs 4-8). The Drosophila homologue of the mammalian Raf-1 serine/threonine kinase, which has been implicated in signal transduction pathways activated by many receptor tyrosine kinases (reviewed in refs 9 and 10), is encoded by the raf locus (also known as l(1)polehole11, Draf-1 12 or Draf13).  Here we show that the Drosophila Raf serine/threonine kinase also plays a crucial role in the R7 pathway: the response to Sev activity is dependent on raf function, and a constitutively activated Raf protein can induce R7 cell development in the absence of sev function. We also present genetic evidence suggesting that Raf acts downstream of Ras1 and upstream of Sina in this signal transduction cascade.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST ENTWICKLUNGSBIOL,GENET ABT,W-7400 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
   NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,ABL BASIC RES PROGRAM,FREDERICK,MD 21702.
C3 Max Planck Society; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP DICKSON, B (corresponding author), UNIV ZURICH,INST ZOOL,WINTERTHORERSTR 190,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 29
TC 291
Z9 321
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6404
BP 600
EP 603
DI 10.1038/360600a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KB959
UT WOS:A1992KB95900090
PM 1461284
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAKAHASHI, N
AF TAKAHASHI, N
TI EVIDENCE FOR MELT SEGREGATION TOWARDS FRACTURES IN THE HOROMAN MANTLE PERIDOTITE COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spreading centers; rock; flow
AB MELT segregation from a solid matrix in the upper mantle is the first step in the formation of magmas. The mechanisms of melt segregation proposed so far have been based on two different physical models: the percolation of interstitial melt driven by a density difference between melt and matrix, associated with compaction and deformation of the matrix1; or the suction of interstitial melt into fractures from a surrounding porous matrix2-4. Although the latter process was originally invoked to explain the occurrence of dunite and pyroxenite-gabbro dykes with zones depleted in melt component on both sides2,5-7, most of these zones are discordant, small in scale and clearly formed by reaction between peridotite and basaltic melt8. I have suggested9 that thick, concordant dunite zones in the most depleted peridotite layers of the Horoman peridotite complex formed by suction of partial melt towards fractures later filled by dunite. Here I report a detailed mineralogical variation across the dunite which, when set in its geological and petrographic context, provides clearer evidence for melt segregation by dynamic forcing3, rather than passive percolation. This mechanism of melt segregation may play an important role in the formation of primary magmas with low production rate and large geochemical variability.
RP TAKAHASHI, N (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO,FAC SCI,INST GEOG,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
NR 26
TC 95
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/359052a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SUCHETA, A
   ACKRELL, BAC
   COCHRAN, B
   ARMSTRONG, FA
AF SUCHETA, A
   ACKRELL, BAC
   COCHRAN, B
   ARMSTRONG, FA
TI DIODE-LIKE BEHAVIOR OF A MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON-TRANSPORT ENZYME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID succinate-dehydrogenase
AB IN mitochondria, electrons derived from the oxidation of succinate by the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme succinate-ubiquinone oxido-reductase are transferred directly to the quinone pool. Here we provide evidence that the soluble form of this enzyme (succinate dehydrogenase) behaves as a diode that essentially allows electron flow in one direction only. The gating effect is observed when electrons are exchanged rapidly and directly between fully active succinate dehydrogenase and a graphite electrode. Turnover is therefore measured under conditions of continuously variable electrochemical potential. The otherwise rapid and efficient reduction of fumarate (the reverse reaction) is severely retarded as the driving force (overpotential) is increased. Such behaviour can arise if a rate-limiting chemical step like substrate binding or product release depends on the oxidation state of a redox group on the enzyme. The observation provides, for a biological electron-transport system, a simple demonstration of directionality that is enforced by kinetics as opposed to that which is assumed from thermodynamics.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,DIV MOLEC BIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   VET ADM MED CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94121.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
RP SUCHETA, A (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT CHEM,IRVINE,CA 92717, USA.
NR 10
TC 180
Z9 187
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 361
EP 362
DI 10.1038/356361a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400072
PM 1549182
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAISCH, B
   SCHMITT, JHMM
   FABIAN, AC
AF HAISCH, B
   SCHMITT, JHMM
   FABIAN, AC
TI DISAPPEARANCE OF CORONAL X-RAY-EMISSION IN STARS WITH COOL DENSE WINDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h-r diagram; outer atmospheres; mass-loss; stellar coronae; dividing line; giant stars; rosat
AB THE Einstein observatory survey of cosmic X-ray sources a decade ago showed that coronae were common among diverse types of star, and were in many cases more energetic than the Sun's corona. Such coronae seemed, however, to disappear abruptly across a 'dividing line' in the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram describing the evolution of intermediate-mass stars towards the red giant phase1-5. Here we use results from the Rosat all-sky survey, which increases by an order of magnitude the number of X-ray stars, to show that the dividing line is not an artefact of poor sampling. Optical and ultraviolet observations show that the dividing line in the H-R diagram coincides approximately with the onset of cool, massive stellar winds6-15, but we show that these winds are not sufficiently dense for simple X-ray absorption to be the cause of the disappearance of coronal emission. We conclude, therefore, that the dividing line represents a true evolutionary transition in these stars, at which the hot coronae are replaced by cool winds.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERRESTR PHYS,GARCHING,GERMANY.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST ASTRON,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Cambridge
RP HAISCH, B (corresponding author), LOCKHEED SOLAR & ASTROPHYS LAB,DIV 91-30,BLDG 252,3251 HANOVER ST,PALO ALTO,CA 94304, USA.
NR 26
TC 43
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 239
EP 241
DI 10.1038/360239a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SECKMEYER, G
   MCKENZIE, RL
AF SECKMEYER, G
   MCKENZIE, RL
TI INCREASED ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION IN NEW-ZEALAND (45-DEGREES-S) RELATIVE TO GERMANY (48-DEGREES-N)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectral irradiance; ozone
AB RECENT analyses of global ozone measurements have confirmed that ozone reductions are not confined to the Antarctic, but now extend to mid-latitudes in both hemispheres1,2. Ozone reductions lead to increases in biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation3, and such increases have been observed in Antarctica1,4 and Australia5. Little is known, however, about hemispheric differences in ultraviolet intensities. Here we use a combination of spectral measurements made in Germany and New Zealand with the same spectroradiometer, together with model calculations, to show that in the New Zealand summer of 1990-1991 biologically weighted ultraviolet irradiances were nearly a factor of two greater than those in the summer at similar northern latitudes in Germany. These differences are larger than expected3,6, and are due mainly to decreased stratospheric ozone over New Zealand and increased levels of tropospheric ozone over Germany.
C1 DSIR,PHYS SCI,CENT OTAGO,NEW ZEALAND.
RP SECKMEYER, G (corresponding author), GESELL STRAHLEN & UMWELTFORSCH MBH,INST BIOCHEM PFLANZENPATHOL,INGLOSTADTER LANDSTR 1,W-8042 NEUHERBERG,GERMANY.
NR 20
TC 129
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 135
EP 137
DI 10.1038/359135a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FORTINI, ME
   SIMON, MA
   RUBIN, GM
AF FORTINI, ME
   SIMON, MA
   RUBIN, GM
TI SIGNALING BY THE SEVENLESS PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE IS MIMICKED BY RAS1 ACTIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID developing drosophila eye; elegans vulvar induction; cell fate; gene; melanogaster; receptor; expression; encodes; sequence; domain
AB CELL-FATE specification of R7 photoreceptors in the developing Drosophila eye depends on an inductive signal from neighbouring R8 cells. Mutations in three genes, sevenless (sev), bride-of-sevenless (boss) and seven-in-absentia (sina) cause the R7 precursor to become a non-neural cone cell 1-3. The sev gene encodes a receptor protein tyrosine kinase (Sev) localized on the R7 surface, activated by a boss-encoded ligand presented by R8 (refs 4-6). The sina gene encodes a nuclear factor required in R7 (ref. 3). Reduction in the dosage of the Ras1 gene impairs Sev-mediated signalling, suggesting that activation of Ras1 may be an important consequence of Sev activation 7. We report here that Ras1 activation may account for all of the signalling action of Sev; an activated Ras1Val12 protein rescues the normal R7 precursor from transformation into a cone cell in sev and boss null mutants and induces the formation of supernumerary R7 cells. Similar activation of the Drosophila Ras2 protein does not produce these effects, demonstrating Ras protein specificity.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 31
TC 288
Z9 305
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6360
BP 559
EP 561
DI 10.1038/355559a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HC526
UT WOS:A1992HC52600063
PM 1311054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WATSON, RA
   DELACRUZ, CMG
   DAVIES, RD
   LASENBY, AN
   REBOLO, R
   BECKMAN, JE
   HANCOCK, S
AF WATSON, RA
   DELACRUZ, CMG
   DAVIES, RD
   LASENBY, AN
   REBOLO, R
   BECKMAN, JE
   HANCOCK, S
TI ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND-RADIATION AT INTERMEDIATE ANGULAR SCALES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radio-continuum emission; cosmological constant; fluctuations; constraints; galaxy; universe; models
AB Galaxy formation by gravitational instability implies the presence of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background. New observations at 10.45 and 14.9 GHz from the Observatorio del Teide in Tenerife on angular scales of several degrees reveal structure of galactic origin at the lower frequency, while at the upper frequency the magnitude of fluctuations of cosmological origin must be less than 1.8 x 10(-5) on a scale of 5-degrees. This strongly constrains models of galaxy formation, and is compatible with the recently announced discovery by the COBE satellite of fluctuations on larger angular scales.
C1 INST ASTROFIS CANARIAS, E-38071 LA LAGUNA, SPAIN.
   MULLARD RADIO ASTRON OBSERV, CAVENDISH LAB, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE, ENGLAND.
C3 Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias; University of Cambridge
RP WATSON, RA (corresponding author), UNIV MANCHESTER, NUFFIELD RADIO ASTRON LABS, JODRELL BANK, MACCLESFIELD SK11 9D1, ENGLAND.
NR 51
TC 53
Z9 54
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 660
EP 665
DI 10.1038/357660a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHANNON, C
AF SHANNON, C
TI WORKING IN THE CHEMICAL-INDUSTRY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Many companies are looking beyond the academic records of applicants these days, and are searching for potential managers. A few of those taken on can look forward to truly international careers.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 705
EP 706
DI 10.1038/357705a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000078
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MAKI, H
   SEKIGUCHI, M
AF MAKI, H
   SEKIGUCHI, M
TI MUTT PROTEIN SPECIFICALLY HYDROLYZES A POTENT MUTAGENIC SUBSTRATE FOR DNA-SYNTHESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; polymerase subunit; molecular-cloning; fidelity; mutator; purification; replication; site
AB ERRORS in the replication of DNA are a major source of spontaneous mutations, and a number of cellular functions are involved in correction of these errors to keep the frequency of spontaneous mutations very low 1. We report here a novel mechanism which prevents replicational errors by degrading a potent mutagenic substrate for DNA synthesis. This error-avoiding process is catalysed by a protein encoded by the mutT gene of Escherichia coli, mutations of which increase the occurrence of A . T --> C . G transversions 100 to 10,000 times the level of the wild type 2. Spontaneous oxidation of dGTP forms 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-dGTP (8-oxodGTP), which is inserted opposite dA and dC residues of template DNA with almost equal efficiency, and the MutT protein specifically degrades 8-oxodGTP to the monophosphate. This indicates that elimination from the nucleotide pool of the oxidized form of guanine nucleotide is important for the high fidelity of DNA synthesis.
RP MAKI, H (corresponding author), KYUSHU UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,FUKUOKA 812,JAPAN.
NR 19
TC 862
Z9 934
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 273
EP 275
DI 10.1038/355273a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400075
PM 1309939
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NOWAK, MA
   SIGMUND, K
AF NOWAK, MA
   SIGMUND, K
TI TIT-FOR-TAT IN HETEROGENEOUS POPULATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prisoners-dilemma game; evolution; cooperation
AB THE 'iterated prisoner's dilemma' is now the orthodox paradigm for the evolution of cooperation among selfish individuals. This viewpoint is strongly supported by Axelrod's computer tournaments, where 'tit for tat' (TFT) finished first 1. This has stimulated interest in the role of reciprocity in biological societies 1-8. Most theoretical investigations, however, assumed homogeneous populations (the setting for evolutionarily stable strategies 9,10) and programs immune to errors. Here we try to come closer to the biological situation by following a program 6 that takes stochasticities into account and investigates representative samples. We find that a small fraction of TFT players is essential for the emergence of reciprocation in a heterogeneous population, but only paves the way for a more generous strategy. TFT is the pivot, rather than the aim, of an evolution towards cooperation.
C1 UNIV VIENNA, INST MATH, A-1090 VIENNA, AUSTRIA.
C3 University of Vienna
RP NOWAK, MA (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD, DEPT ZOOL, S PARKS RD, OXFORD OX1 3PS, ENGLAND.
NR 18
TC 760
Z9 844
U1 1
U2 110
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 250
EP 253
DI 10.1038/355250a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400067
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STRIEGL, RG
   MCCONNAUGHEY, TA
   THORSTENSON, DC
   WEEKS, EP
   WOODWARD, JC
AF STRIEGL, RG
   MCCONNAUGHEY, TA
   THORSTENSON, DC
   WEEKS, EP
   WOODWARD, JC
TI CONSUMPTION OF ATMOSPHERIC METHANE BY DESERT SOILS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperate forest soils; nitrous-oxide; trends; field
AB ATMOSPHERIC concentrations of methane, a greenhouse gas, are increasing at a rate of about 1% yr-1 (refs 1-4). Oxidation by methylotrophic bacteria in soil is the largest terrestrial sink for atmospheric CH4, and is estimated to consume about 30 x 10(12) g CH4 yr-1 (refs 4-6). Spatial and temporal variability in the rate of soil CH4 consumption are incompletely understood 6-19, as are the apparent inhibitory 12,13,18 or enhancing 20 effects of changes in land use. Dry deserts, which constitute 20% of total land surface, are not currently included in global soil uptake estimates. Here we describe measurements of the rate of uptake of atmospheric CH4 by undisturbed desert soils. We observed rates as great as 4.38 mg CH4 m-2 day-1; 50% of the measured rates were between 0.24 and 0.92 mg CH4 m-2 d-1. Uptake of CH4 by desert soil is enhanced by rainfall after an initial soil-drainage period-opposite to the response of temperate forest soils 12. Methane is consumed to a depth of about 2 m, allowing for deep removal of atmospheric CH4 if near-surface conditions are unfavourable for consumption. On the basis of an annual average CH4 consumption rate of 0.66 Mg CH4 m-2 d-1, we estimate that the global CH4 sink term needs to be increased by about 7 x 10(12) g yr-1 to account for the contribution of desert soils.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP STRIEGL, RG (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 413,DENVER,CO 80225, USA.
NR 26
TC 204
Z9 242
U1 1
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 145
EP 147
DI 10.1038/357145a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SENDTNER, M
   HOLTMANN, B
   KOLBECK, R
   THOENEN, H
   BARDE, YA
AF SENDTNER, M
   HOLTMANN, B
   KOLBECK, R
   THOENEN, H
   BARDE, YA
TI BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR PREVENTS THE DEATH OF MOTONEURONS IN NEWBORN RATS AFTER NERVE-SECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spinal-cord motoneurons; growth-factor; messenger-rna; expression; survival; ngf; neurons; axotomy; cntf; bdnf
AB MOTONEURONS innervating the skeletal musculature were among the first neurons shown to require the presence of their target cells to develop appropriately1,2. But the characterization of molecules allowing motoneuron survival has been difficult. Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents the death of motoneurons3-6, but its gene is not expressed during development7. Although the presence of a neurotrophin receptor on developing motoneurons8-10 has suggested a role for neurotrophins, none could be shown to promote motoneuron survival in vitro3. We report here that brain-derived neurotrophic factor can prevent the death of axotomized motoneurons in newborn rats, suggesting a role for this neurotrophin for motoneuron survival in vivo.
RP SENDTNER, M (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST PSYCHIAT,DEPT NEUROCHEM & NEUROBIOCHEM,W-8033 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
NR 23
TC 695
Z9 740
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 757
EP 759
DI 10.1038/360757a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200039
PM 1465147
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MANDEL, MA
   GUSTAFSONBROWN, C
   SAVIDGE, B
   YANOFSKY, MF
AF MANDEL, MA
   GUSTAFSONBROWN, C
   SAVIDGE, B
   YANOFSKY, MF
TI MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ARABIDOPSIS FLORAL HOMEOTIC GENE APETALA1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flower development; antirrhinum-majus; transcription factors; linkage map; yeast; thaliana; srf
AB THE first step in flower development is the transition of an inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem. Each floral meristem differentiates into a flower consisting of four organ types that occupy precisely defined positions within four concentric whorls. Genetic studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus have identified early-acting genes that determine the identity of the floral meristem, and late-acting genes that determine floral organ identity1-5. In Arabidopsis, at least two genes, APETALA1 and LEAFY, are required for the transition of an inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem1. We have cloned the APETALA1 gene and here we show that it encodes a putative transcription factor that contains a MADS-domain2. APETALA1 RNA is uniformly expressed in young flower primordia, and later becomes localized to sepals and petals. Our results suggest that APETALA1 acts locally to specify the identity of the floral meristem, and to determine sepal and petal development.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,CTR MOLEC GENET,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 23
TC 981
Z9 1148
U1 9
U2 162
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 273
EP 277
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000057
PM 1359429
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EDWARDS, D
   DAVIES, KL
   AXE, L
AF EDWARDS, D
   DAVIES, KL
   AXE, L
TI A VASCULAR CONDUCTING STRAND IN THE EARLY LAND PLANT COOKSONIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE late Silurian-early Devonian genus Cooksonia, characterized by smooth isotomously branching axes and solitary, terminal sporangia 1, has long been regarded as the archetypal vascular plant because of its age and simplicity of organization. The discovery of stomata, sterome 2 and thick-walled spores 1,3 in Cooksonia pertoni and C. hemisphaerica confirmed its land-plant status, but tracheids have never been demonstrated in attached axes 4. Here we report on tubes with differentially thickened walls typical of tracheary elements found in the central region of axes of Lower Devonian unequivocal C. pertoni, vindicating Lang's belief that Cooksonia was a vascular plant 1.
RP EDWARDS, D (corresponding author), UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,DEPT GEOL,POB 914,CARDIFF CF1 3YE,WALES.
NR 13
TC 122
Z9 140
U1 1
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 683
EP 685
DI 10.1038/357683a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000068
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VUKMANOVIC, S
   GRANDEA, AG
   FAAS, SJ
   KNOWLES, BB
   BEVAN, MJ
AF VUKMANOVIC, S
   GRANDEA, AG
   FAAS, SJ
   KNOWLES, BB
   BEVAN, MJ
TI POSITIVE SELECTION OF LYMPHOCYTES-T INDUCED BY INTRATHYMIC INJECTION OF A THYMIC EPITHELIAL-CELL LINE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptide binding; viral peptides; antigen; mhc; self; recognition; repertoire; thymocytes; molecules; mutations
AB T LYMPHOCYTES recognize antigens as peptide fragments associated with molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells'. In the thymus, T cells bearing alphabeta receptors that react with the MHC molecules expressed by radioresistant stromal elements are positively selected for maturation2-5. In (A x B --> A) bone marrow chimaeras, T cells restricted to the MHC-A haplotype are positively selected, whereas MHC-B-reactive thymocytes are not. We investigated whether the introduction of particular thymic stromal elements bearing MHC-B molecules could alter the fate of B-reactive T cells in these (A x B --> A) chimaeras. Thymic epithelial cell (TEC) lines expressing H-2b were introduced by intrathymic injection into (H-2b/s --> H2s) bone marrow chimaeras and we measured their ability to generate H-2b-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). We report here that one TEC line, 427.1, was able positively to select CTLs specific for influenza and vesicular stomatitis virus antigens in association with class I H-2b molecules. In addition, line 427.1 can process cytoplasmic proteins for presentation to H-2K(b)- and H-2D(b)-restricted CTLs. Thus, a TEC line capable of normal class I MHC antigen processing and presentation in vitro can induce positive selection after intrathymic injection.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   WISTAR INST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; The Wistar Institute; University of Pennsylvania
RP VUKMANOVIC, S (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT IMMUNOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI019335] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 105
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 729
EP 732
DI 10.1038/359729a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000056
PM 1331804
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PAULMICHL, M
   LI, Y
   WICKMAN, K
   ACKERMAN, M
   PERALTA, E
   CLAPHAM, D
AF PAULMICHL, M
   LI, Y
   WICKMAN, K
   ACKERMAN, M
   PERALTA, E
   CLAPHAM, D
TI NEW MAMMALIAN CHLORIDE CHANNEL IDENTIFIED BY EXPRESSION CLONING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID canine kidney-cells; cystic-fibrosis; xenopus oocytes; ion channels; conductance; membrane; proteins; disease; volume
AB ION channels selectively permeable to chloride ions regulate cell functions as diverse as excitability and control of cell volume 1-5. Using expression cloning techniques, a complementary DNA from an epithelial cell line has been isolated, sequenced and its putative structure examined by site-directed mutagenesis. This cDNA, encoding a 235-amino-acid protein, gave rise to a chloride-selective outward current when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The expressed, outwardly rectifying chloride current was calcium-insensitive and was blocked by nucleotides applied to the cell surface. Mutation of a putative nucleotide-binding site resulted in loss of nucleotide block but incurred dependence on extracellular calcium concentration. The unusual sequence of this putative channel protein suggests a new class of ion channels not related to other previously cloned chloride channels 6-11.
C1 MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,DEPT PHARMACOL,ROCHESTER,MN 55905.
   HARVARD UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Mayo Clinic; Harvard University
NR 30
TC 337
Z9 357
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6366
BP 238
EP 241
DI 10.1038/356238a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HJ944
UT WOS:A1992HJ94400057
PM 1313151
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GEER, R
   STOEBE, T
   HUANG, CC
   PINDAK, R
   GOODBY, JW
   CHENG, M
   HO, JT
   HUI, SW
AF GEER, R
   STOEBE, T
   HUANG, CC
   PINDAK, R
   GOODBY, JW
   CHENG, M
   HO, JT
   HUI, SW
TI LIQUID-HEXATIC PHASE-TRANSITIONS IN SINGLE MOLECULAR LAYERS OF LIQUID-CRYSTAL FILMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-observation
AB THEORIES of Melting in two dimensions 1-3 predict that it may have a very different character from the three-dimensional transition. In particular, Halperin and Nelson 2 proposed that an intermediate hexatic phase, with long-range orientational but not positional order, might intervene between the two-dimensional solid and liquid. Hexatic order has since been identified in three-dimensional liquid-crystal phases 4.  Several liquid-crystal compounds that exhibit a hexatic mesophase can form free-standing films ranging from two to thousands of molecular layers in thickness, permitting experimental investigation of theories of melting in two dimensions, free from the effects of a substrate. We have previously studied transitions between liquid, hexatic and crystalline phases in films of n-heptyl-4'-n-pentyloxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate (75OBC), and for films thicker than four layers we observed separate liquid-hexatic transitions for surface and inner layers 5, revealed by heat-capacity measurements. Here we report that improvements to our measurement technique allow us to identify these transitions in individual molecular layers, even in films just three layers thick. We also observe a single liquid-hexatic transition in a two-layer film. These films therefore provide model systems for the study of truly two-dimensional phase transitions.
C1 ROSWELL PK CANC INST,DEPT BIOPHYS,BUFFALO,NY 14263.
   AT&T BELL LABS,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974.
   SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,BUFFALO,NY 14260.
   UNIV HULL,SCH CHEM,HULL HU6 7RX,N HUMBERSIDE,ENGLAND.
C3 Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; AT&T; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; University of Hull
RP GEER, R (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH PHYS & ASTRON,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA.
NR 14
TC 55
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 152
EP 154
DI 10.1038/355152a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROSS, KG
AF ROSS, KG
TI STRONG SELECTION ON A GENE THAT INFLUENCES REPRODUCTIVE COMPETITION IN A SOCIAL INSECT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solenopsis-invicta hymenoptera; imported fire ant; queen number; formicidae; populations; colony; wasp
AB COMPETITION among nestmate females for reproductive opportunities is a fundamental property of insect societies, the outcome of which defines the form of colony social organization and the nature of subsequent social evolution 1-3. Several factors influencing the outcome of competition among potential reproductives have been identified in eusocial Hymenoptera, including age 4, size 5-7 and degree of ovary or exocrine gland development 7-10. In no case is the genetic basis of traits associated with success in these social contests understood, although there is a heritable component to their expression in laying worker honey bees 11. I report here the existence of a single mendelian factor that strongly influences success in reproductive competition in multiple-queen societies of an ant, and I also propose a mechanism by which variation is maintained at this gene despite the presence of strong directional selection.
RP ROSS, KG (corresponding author), UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT ENTOMOL, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA.
NR 29
TC 55
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 347
EP 349
DI 10.1038/355347a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100066
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HE, Y
   MUIRHEAD, C
   BRADSHAW, A
   ABELL, JS
   SCHANK, C
   GEIBEL, G
   STEGLICH, F
AF HE, Y
   MUIRHEAD, C
   BRADSHAW, A
   ABELL, JS
   SCHANK, C
   GEIBEL, G
   STEGLICH, F
TI COHERENCE OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING WAVE-FUNCTION BETWEEN THE HEAVY-FERMION SUPERCONDUCTOR UPD2AL3 AND NIOBIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB HEAVY-fermion superconductors (in which the charge carriers have an effective mass approximately 100 times the free electron mass) have been the subject of intense study during the past decade 1, in part because of the suggestion that some of these materials may exhibit non-conventional pairing mechanisms 2. Here we report a demonstration of quantum coherence of the superconducting wavefunction between the conventional superconductor niobium and the recently discovered 3 heavy-fermion superconductor UPd2Al3, which is a potential candidate for a non-conventional pairing mechanism 4. The experimental method is similar to our earlier work on high-T(c) materials 5,6: we use a small pointed rod of UPd2Al3 to bridge the gap in an almost closed niobium ring. We observe persistent currents in the composite ring, and trapped flux, which is in discrete quantum states separated by the flux quantum h/2e. Although the observation of phase coherence between UPd2Al3 and niobium may not constrain the nature of the pairing in UPd2Al3, we also observe Josephson-like current-voltage characteristics at the junction, but with very small products of critical current and normal-state resistance. If other possible causes can be eliminated, these small I(c)R(n) values may point to a small tunnelling probability between the two superconductors, and hence to unconventional pairing in UPd2Al3.
C1 UNIV BIRMINGHAM,SCH MET & MAT,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
   TH DARMSTADT,INST FESTKORPERPHYS,SFB 252,W-6100 DARMSTADT,GERMANY.
C3 University of Birmingham; Technical University of Darmstadt
RP HE, Y (corresponding author), UNIV BIRMINGHAM,SCH PHYS & SPACE RES,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
NR 13
TC 14
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6375
BP 227
EP 229
DI 10.1038/357227a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HV195
UT WOS:A1992HV19500049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU POWELL, SM
   ZILZ, N
   BEAZERBARCLAY, Y
   BRYAN, TM
   HAMILTON, SR
   THIBODEAU, SN
   VOGELSTEIN, B
   KINZLER, KW
AF POWELL, SM
   ZILZ, N
   BEAZERBARCLAY, Y
   BRYAN, TM
   HAMILTON, SR
   THIBODEAU, SN
   VOGELSTEIN, B
   KINZLER, KW
TI APC MUTATIONS OCCUR EARLY DURING COLORECTAL TUMORIGENESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genes; identification; chromosome-5q21; cancers; locus; fap
AB HUMAN tumorigenesis is associated with the accumulation of mutations both in oncogenes and in tumour suppressor genes1-3. But in no common adult cancer have the mutations that are critical in the early stages of the tumorigenic process been defined. We have attempted to determine if mutations of the APC gene play such a role in human colorectal tumours, which evolve from small benign tumours (adenomas) to larger malignant tumours (carcinomas) over the course of several decades. Here we report that sequence analysis of 41 colorectal tumours revealed that the majority of colorectal carcinomas (60%) and adenomas (63%) contained a mutated APC gene. Furthermore, the APC gene met two criteria of importance for tumour initiation. First, mutations of this gene were found in the earliest tumours that could be analysed, including adenomas as small as 0.5 cm in diameter. Second, the frequency of such mutations remained constant as tumours progressed from benign to malignant stages. These data provide strong evidence that mutations of the APC gene play a major role in the early development of colorectal neoplasms.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS ONCOL CTR,424 N BOND ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21231.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,DEPT LAB MED,ROCHESTER,MN 55905.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Mayo Clinic
NR 22
TC 1653
Z9 1918
U1 0
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6392
BP 235
EP 237
DI 10.1038/359235a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JN944
UT WOS:A1992JN94400061
PM 1528264
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, JX
   BEST, PM
AF WANG, JX
   BEST, PM
TI INACTIVATION OF THE SARCOPLASMIC-RETICULUM CALCIUM-CHANNEL BY PROTEIN-KINASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID purified ryanodine receptor; rabbit skeletal-muscle; release channel; ca-2+ channels; fibers; phosphorylation; sarcoballs; expression; system
AB THE ryanodine receptor protein of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes is a calcium ion channel which allows movement of calcium from the SR lumen into the cytoplasm during muscle activation1-5. Gating of this channel is modulated by a number of physiologically important substances including calcium. Interestingly, calcium has both activating and inactivating effects which are concentration- and tissue-specific. In skeletal muscle, calcium-dependent inactivation of calcium release occurs at concentrations reached physiologically, suggesting that calcium may modulate the release process by a negative feedback mechanism6-9. To determine the cellular mechanism responsible for calcium-dependent inactivation, we have investigated the ability of protein phosphorylation to affect single channel gating behaviour using the patch clamp technique. Here we demonstrate that the ryanodine receptor protein/calcium release channel of skeletal muscle SR is inactivated under conditions permissive for protein phosphorylation. This inactivation is reversed by the application of phosphatase and prevented by a peptide inhibitor specific for calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. The results provide evidence for an endogenous protein kinase which is closely associated with the ryanodine receptor protein and regulates channel gating.
C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,524 BURRILL HALL,407 S GOODWIN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,SCH MED,URBANA,IL 61801.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
NR 23
TC 120
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 739
EP 741
DI 10.1038/359739a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000059
PM 1331805
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DENG, FL
   MACDOUGALL, JD
AF DENG, FL
   MACDOUGALL, JD
TI PROTEROZOIC DEPLETION OF THE LITHOSPHERE RECORDED IN MANTLE XENOLITHS FROM INNER-MONGOLIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strontium; china
AB MANTLE xenoliths entrained in alkali basalt provide direct samples from a cross-section of the lithosphere. In most cases, the chemistry and isotope systematics of these objects have suggested a complex history of chemical change by processes such as metasomatism and partial melting (see, for example, ref. 1). Here, however, we present evidence from a suite of xenoliths from alkali basalts in the Chinese province of Inner Mongolia, suggesting that the lithosphere in this region has remained stable and closed to chemical modification since experiencing partial melting in the Proterozoic. Clinopyroxene separates from these xenoliths yield an approximate isochron in the Nd-143/Nd-144 versus Sm-147/Nd-144 diagram, suggesting an episode of depletion approximately 1.6 Gyr ago. Although other explanations for this correlation, such as mixing, cannot be ruled out definitively, further evidence for the long-term undisturbed nature of the lithosphere in this region comes from neodymium model ages of the clinopyroxenes. In particular, one highly depleted sample with very high Sm-147/Nd-144 provides a model age of 1.6 Gyr, consistent with the isochron result.
RP DENG, FL (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 8
TC 42
Z9 54
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 333
EP 336
DI 10.1038/360333a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VOYKSNER, RD
AF VOYKSNER, RD
TI ELECTROSPRAY LC/MS - CAN IT BE USED TO DETERMINE LOWER MOLECULAR-WEIGHT MOLECULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass-spectrometry; atmospheric-pressure; ion-source; ionization; evaporation
RP VOYKSNER, RD (corresponding author), RES TRIANGLE INST,POB 12194,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA.
NR 21
TC 22
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 86
EP 87
DI 10.1038/356086a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200064
PM 1538788
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SANDVIG, K
   GARRED, O
   PRYDZ, K
   KOZLOV, JV
   HANSEN, SH
   VANDEURS, B
AF SANDVIG, K
   GARRED, O
   PRYDZ, K
   KOZLOV, JV
   HANSEN, SH
   VANDEURS, B
TI RETROGRADE TRANSPORT OF ENDOCYTOSED SHIGA TOXIN TO THE ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID internalized ricin; pseudomonas exotoxin; shigella toxin; golgi network; cells; sequence; protein
AB SHIGA toxin and some other protein toxins that act on targets in the cytosol have previously been shown to enter the trans-Golgi network1-9. Transport by this route may be necessary for translocation of the toxin to the cytosol and for intoxication5-9, but it is not known whether the enzymatically active part of the toxins actually enters the cytosol from the trans-Golgi network. It has been suggested that such toxins are transported in a retrograde manner to the endoplasmic reticulum and that translocation occurs in this organelle10, but retrograde transport of endocytosed material beyond the trans-Golgi network has never been demonstrated. Here we show that in butyric acid-treated A431 cells endocytosed Shiga toxin is not only transported to the trans-Golgi network, but also to all Golgi stacks, to the endoplasmic reticulum and to the nuclear envelope. Furthermore, butyric acid sensitizes the cells to Shiga toxin, which is consistent with the possibility that retrograde transport is required for translocation of the toxin to the cytosol.
C1 WA ENGELHARDT MOLEC BIOL INST, MOSCOW 117984, USSR.
   UNIV COPENHAGEN, PANUM INST, DEPT ANAT, STRUCT CELL BIOL UNIT, DK-2200 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS; University of Copenhagen
RP SANDVIG, K (corresponding author), NORWEGIAN RADIUM HOSP, INST CANC RES, N-0310 OSLO 3, NORWAY.
NR 18
TC 389
Z9 437
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 510
EP 512
DI 10.1038/358510a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900052
PM 1641040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FOOR, F
   PARENT, SA
   MORIN, N
   DAHL, AM
   RAMADAN, N
   CHREBET, G
   BOSTIAN, KA
   NIELSEN, JB
AF FOOR, F
   PARENT, SA
   MORIN, N
   DAHL, AM
   RAMADAN, N
   CHREBET, G
   BOSTIAN, KA
   NIELSEN, JB
TI CALCINEURIN MEDIATES INHIBITION BY FK506 AND CYCLOSPORINE OF RECOVERY FROM ALPHA-FACTOR ARREST IN YEAST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cyclophilin; gene; protein; cdna
AB THE structurally unrelated immunosuppressants FK506 and cyclosporin A (CsA) act similarly, inhibiting a Ca2+-dependent signal required for interleukin-2 transcription and T-cell activation1. Each drug binds to its cytosolic receptor, FKBP-12 and cyclophilin, respectively, and the drug-receptor complexes inhibit the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin2-4. In yeast, calcineurin has been implicated in recovery from alpha-mating factor arrest5,6. Here we show that FK506 bound to yeast FKBP-12 appears to form a complex with yeast calcineurin. Moreover, recovery from mating factor arrest is highly sensitive to FK506 or CsA, and this sensitivity requires the presence of FKBP-12 or cyclophilin, respectively. These results define a key physiological target of an FK506- and CsA-sensitive signal pathway in yeast, suggest a high degree of mechanistic conservation with mammalian cells, and indicate that further examination of the yeast system should provide insight into the same process in T cells.
C1 MERCK RES LABS,POB 2000,BLDG R80Y-2A97,RAHWAY,NJ 07065.
C3 Merck & Company
NR 14
TC 203
Z9 218
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 682
EP 684
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200059
PM 1281518
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAO, Y
   ANDERSON, RF
   BROECKER, WS
   TRUMBORE, SE
   HOFMANN, HJ
   WOLFLI, W
AF LAO, Y
   ANDERSON, RF
   BROECKER, WS
   TRUMBORE, SE
   HOFMANN, HJ
   WOLFLI, W
TI INCREASED PRODUCTION OF COSMOGENIC BE-10 DURING THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific-ocean; pa-231; th-230; ice; deposition; removal
AB BERYLLIUM-10 (half-life 1.5 Myr) is produced by spallation of nitrogen and oxygen atoms by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere. Its production rate is proportional to the flux of cosmic rays, which is modulated by solar activity and the strength of the Earth's magnetic field 1,2. Weakening of the magnetic field allows more cosmic rays to impinge on the Earth's atmosphere, thereby increasing Be-10 production. Here we report that the ocean-wide average accumulation rate of Be-10 in Pacific sediments, which reflects the global average production rate of Be-10 (ref. 3), was at least 25% greater during the height of the most recent ice age (approximately 24,000-16,000 yr ago) than during the Holocene (the past 10,000 yr). The higher production rate of Be-10 records the lower intensity of the geomagnetic field during that period and is consistent with the hypothesis developed to explain the younger C-14 ages of fossil corals compared with ages obtained by U-Th dating 4. These results also point to a more general need to consider variations in production rate in geochronological studies using other cosmogenic nuclides.
C1 ETH HONGGERBERG,INST MITTELENERGIEPHYS,CH-8095 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP LAO, Y (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 28
TC 40
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 576
EP 578
DI 10.1038/357576a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FREW, RD
   HUNTER, KA
AF FREW, RD
   HUNTER, KA
TI INFLUENCE OF SOUTHERN-OCEAN WATERS ON THE CADMIUM PHOSPHATE PROPERTIES OF THE GLOBAL OCEAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric carbon-dioxide; circulation; iron
AB MEASUREMENTS of the cadmium content of marine CaCO3 deposits, such as aragonitic corals1 and foraminiferal shells2,3, have been used to trace past ocean circulation2 and as an indicator of labile nutrient concentrations4.  In particular, studies of foraminiferal cadmium have provided insight into the oceanic processes controlling atmospheric CO2 concentration in glacial times5,6. The use of Cd/Ca ratios in CaCO3 as a labile nutrient indicator is made possible by a relationship between seawater cadmium and phosphate content that is remarkably uniform throughout the present ocean (Fig.1).  In deep waters of the open ocean, [Cd] at a given value of [PO43-] is consistent within about +/- 7% ; However, there is a unusual kink in the relationship at [PO43-] almost-equal-to 1.3 mumol kg-1 whose cause is not known but which has been suggested2 to result from a slightly deeper regeneration cycle for Cd relative to PO43-.  Points to the right of the kink correspond mainly to intermediate and deep waters of the North Pacific, whereas low PO43- concentrations to the left of the kink represent mainly Atlantic and upper-ocean waters4.  Waters of the Southern Ocean have a strong influence on the composition of the global ocean but few Cd-PO43- measurements are available for this region. Here we present recent data for Cd and PO43- in Southern Ocean waters, which suggest that the kink is created by the input of Cd-depleted Subantarctic waters into the intermediate waters of the global ocean.
RP FREW, RD (corresponding author), UNIV OTAGO,DEPT CHEM,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND.
NR 14
TC 83
Z9 87
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6400
BP 144
EP 146
DI 10.1038/360144a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JX752
UT WOS:A1992JX75200054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GOODFRIEND, GA
AF GOODFRIEND, GA
TI RAPID RACEMIZATION OF ASPARTIC-ACID IN MOLLUSK SHELLS AND POTENTIAL FOR DATING OVER RECENT CENTURIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID land snails; radiocarbon; calibration; carbonate
AB DATING of deposits and materials less than 350 years old is hindered by the very poor time resolution of the radiocarbon method over this period 1,2. Fluctuations in atmospheric C-14 levels result in the existence of several possible calendric ages for any given radiocarbon age for terrestrial samples. In the marine record, these fluctuations are dampened. However, only a small change in marine radiocarbon ages occurs over this period (from AD 1700 to 1950, radiocarbon ages become only 100 yr younger 2). Consequently, age resolution is poor. Furthermore, there is an uncertainty in the amount of the correction for the reservoir effect, the apparent radiocarbon age of modern marine carbon (typically approximately 400 yr), which reflects the average residence time of carbon in the oceans. Amino-acid racemization/epimerization analysis has been used primarily for dating samples older than the limit of radiocarbon dating (40,000-50,000 yr BP) 3,4. Here I show that aspartic acid (Asp) in mollusc shells has racemized particularly rapidly over the past few centuries. Analyses done on land snails from deposits in the Negev Desert, eolianites in Madeira, cave deposits in Jamaica and from museum collections indicate racemization rates of 2-5% per century. Asp racemization thus provides a means of dating recent faunal assemblages of molluscs and other biogenic carbonates, as well as recent terrestrial, fluvial and marine sedimentary sequences that contain molluscs.
C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON, GEOPHYS LAB, WASHINGTON, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP GOODFRIEND, GA (corresponding author), WEIZMANN INST SCI, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENERGY RES, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL.
NR 24
TC 90
Z9 95
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 399
EP 401
DI 10.1038/357399a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOUDELKA, GB
   CARLSON, P
AF KOUDELKA, GB
   CARLSON, P
TI DNA TWISTING AND THE EFFECTS OF NONCONTACTED BASES ON AFFINITY OF 434 OPERATOR FOR 434 REPRESSOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID torsional rigidity; dependence; recognition; resolution; phage-434
AB THE bacteriophage 434 repressor regulates gene expression by binding with differing affinities to the six operator sites on the phage chromosome 1,2. The symmetrically arrayed outer eight base pairs (four in each half-site) of these 14-base-pair operators are highly conserved but the middle four bases are divergent 3. Although these four base pairs are not in contact with repressor 4,5, operators with A.T or T.A base pairs at these positions bind repressor more strongly than those bearing C.G or G.C 5, suggestiong that these bases are important for the repressor's ability to discriminate between operators. There is evidence that the central base pairs influence operator function by constraining the twisting and/or bending of DNA 5-7. Here we show that there is a relationship between the intrinsic twist of an operator, as determined by the sequence of its central bases, and its affinity for repressor; an operator with a lower affinity is undertwisted relative to an operator with higher affinity. In complex with repressor, the twist of both high- and low-affinity operators is the same. These results indicate that the intrinsic twist of DNA and its twisting flexibility both affect the affinity of 434 operator for repressor.
RP KOUDELKA, GB (corresponding author), SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT BIOL SCI,COOKE HALL,N CAMPUS,BUFFALO,NY 14260, USA.
NR 22
TC 78
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 89
EP 91
DI 10.1038/355089a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800059
PM 1731202
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KUMAR, KNP
   KEIZER, K
   BURGGRAAF, AJ
   OKUBO, T
   NAGAMOTO, H
   MOROOKA, S
AF KUMAR, KNP
   KEIZER, K
   BURGGRAAF, AJ
   OKUBO, T
   NAGAMOTO, H
   MOROOKA, S
TI DENSIFICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED TITANIA ASSISTED BY A PHASE-TRANSFORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB NANOPHASE materials, characterized by an ultrafine grain size, have stimulated much interest in recent years 1-11 by virtue of their unusual mechanical, electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Nanophase ceramics are of particular interest because they are more ductile at elevated temperatures than are coarse-grained ceramics 11-an important property for the fabrication of ceramic components. Preparing materials that are both dense and fine-grained, however, has proved difficult: the high sintering temperatures generally required to obtain high densities can also lead to exaggerated grain growth, resulting in coarse-grained, nonuniform materials. Sintering at lower temperatures gives a much finer grain size, but does not in general result in high-density materials. We show here that dense nanostructured titania, with density >99% of the theoretical maximum and an average grain size of less than 60 nm, can be prepared by sintering a titanium oxide sol-gel near the anatase-rutile phase transformation temperature (about 600-degrees-C). The increased mobility of the atoms during the phase transformation enhances the sintering rate at lower temperatures, suggesting that this method could be used more generally to produce nanophase materials with near theoretical densities.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,FAC ENGN,ENGN RES INST,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   KYUSHU UNIV,FAC ENGN,DEPT CHEM SCI & TECHNOL,FUKUOKA 812,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo; Kyushu University
RP KUMAR, KNP (corresponding author), UNIV TWENTE,FAC CHEM TECHNOL,INORGAN CHEM MAT SCI & CATALYSIS LAB,7500 AE ENSCHEDE,NETHERLANDS.
NR 16
TC 341
Z9 358
U1 1
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 48
EP 51
DI 10.1038/358048a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRUZIK, JP
   MANIATIS, T
AF BRUZIK, JP
   MANIATIS, T
TI SPLICED LEADER RNAS FROM LOWER EUKARYOTES ARE TRANSSPLICED IN MAMMALIAN-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear ribonucleoprotein-particles; pre-messenger-rna; 2'-ome rna; c-elegans; invitro; sequences; u2; oligonucleotides; identification; precursors
AB EXON sequences present on separate RNA molecules can be joined by trans-splicing in trypanosomatids, Euglena, and in the nematode and trematode worms1-3. Trans-splicing involves an interaction between a 5' splice site present in a spliced leader RNA and a 3' splice site located near the 5' end of pre-messenger RNAs. In vitro trans-splicing of artificial mammalian pre-mRNAs has been reported, but the efficiency of splicing appears to depend on sequence complementarity between the two substrates4-7. There has been speculation that some natural pre-mRNAs can be trans-spliced in mammalian cells in vivo8,9, but alternative interpretations have not been ruled out. Here we show that spliced leader RNAs can be accurately trans-spliced in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro. Both nematode and mammalian 3' splice sites can function as acceptors for trans-splicing in vivo. These results reveal functional conservation in the splicing machinery between lower eukaryotes and mammals, and they directly demonstrate the potential for trans-splicing in mammalian cells.
RP BRUZIK, JP (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,7 DIVIN AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 36
TC 67
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 692
EP 695
DI 10.1038/360692a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200063
PM 1465136
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BLATTER, EE
   EBRIGHT, YW
   EBRIGHT, RH
AF BLATTER, EE
   EBRIGHT, YW
   EBRIGHT, RH
TI IDENTIFICATION OF AN AMINO ACID-BASE CONTACT IN THE GCN4-DNA COMPLEX BY BROMOURACIL-MEDIATED PHOTO-CROSS-LINKING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lac repressor protein; gene-control regions; leucine zipper; dna-binding; gel-electrophoresis; activator protein; operator dna; recognition; site; bromodeoxyuridine
AB THE bZIP DNA-binding proteins are characterized by a 50-amino-acid DNA binding and dimerization motif, consisting of a highly basic DNA-binding region ('b') followed by a leucine zipper dimerization region ('ZIP')1. The best characterized bZIP DNA-binding protein is GCN4, a yeast transcriptional activator2-6. GCN4 binds to a 9-base-pair two-fold-symmetric DNA site, 5'-A-4T-3G-2A-1C0T+1C+2A+3T+4-3' (refs 7-10). A detailed model known as the 'induced helical fork' model has been proposed for the structure of the GCN4-DNA complex4.  Using a site-specific bromouracil-mediated photocrosslinking method, we show here that the alanine at position 238 of GCN4 contacts, or is close to, the thymine 5-methyl of A.T at position +3 of the DNA site in the GCN4-DNA complex. Our results strongly support the induced helical fork model4.  Our site-specific bromouracil-mediated photocrosslinking method requires no prior information regarding the structure of the protein or the structure of the protein-DNA complex and should be generalizable to DNA-binding proteins that interact with the DNA major groove11,12.
C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08855.
   RUTGERS STATE UNIV,WAKSMAN INST,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08855.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
NR 30
TC 81
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6396
BP 650
EP 652
DI 10.1038/359650a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JT824
UT WOS:A1992JT82400062
PM 1406998
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SLATER, AFG
   CERAMI, A
AF SLATER, AFG
   CERAMI, A
TI INHIBITION BY CHLOROQUINE OF A NOVEL HEME POLYMERASE ENZYME-ACTIVITY IN MALARIA TROPHOZOITES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parasite plasmodium-falciparum; ferriprotoporphyrin-ix; antimalarial activity; mechanism; hemozoin; pigment; ph
AB THE incidence of human malaria has increased during the past 20 years; 270 million people are now estimated to be infected with the parasite 1. An important contribution to this increase has been the appearance of malaria organisms resistant to quinoline-containing antimalarials such as chloroquine and quinine 2. These drugs accumulate in the acid food vacuoles of the intraerythrocytic-stage malaria parasite 3-5, although the mechanism of their specific toxicity in this organelle is uncertain. The primary function of the food vacuole is the proteolysis of ingested red cell haemoglobin 6,7 to provide the growing parasite with essential amino acids. Haemoglobin breakdown in the food vacuole releases haem, which if soluble can damage biological membranes 8 and inhibit a variety of enzymes 9-10. Rather than degrading or excreting the haem, the parasite has evolved a novel pathway for its detoxification by incorporating it into an insoluble crystalline material called haemozoin or malaria pigment 11. These crystals form in the food vacuole of the parasite concomitant with haemoglobin degradation, where they remain until the infected red cell bursts. The structure of haemozoin comprises a polymer of haems linked between the central ferric ion of one haem and a carboxylate side-group oxygen of another 12. This structure does not form spontaneously from either free haem or haemoglobin under physiological conditions 12-14, and the biochemistry of its formation is unclear. Here we report the identification and characterization of a haem polymerase enzyme activity from extracts of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites, and show that this enzyme is inhibited by quinoline-containing drugs such as chloroquine and quinine. This provides a possible explanation for the highly stage-specific anti-malarial properties of these drugs.
RP SLATER, AFG (corresponding author), PICOWER INST MED RES, 350 COMMUNITY DR, MANHASSET, NY 11030 USA.
NR 28
TC 548
Z9 616
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 167
EP 169
DI 10.1038/355167a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900060
PM 1729651
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EHLERINGER, JR
   MOONEY, HA
   RUNDEL, PW
   EVANS, RD
   PALMA, B
   DELATORRE, J
AF EHLERINGER, JR
   MOONEY, HA
   RUNDEL, PW
   EVANS, RD
   PALMA, B
   DELATORRE, J
TI LACK OF NITROGEN CYCLING IN THE ATACAMA DESERT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MESQUITE (Prosopis) trees growing in the rainless region of the Atacama Desert produce leaves that abscise and accumulate on a concrete-like carbonate surface, often attaining litter depths of 45 cm. The virtual lack of surface moisture inhibits leaf decomposition, and prevents cycling of nitrogen, the mineral most often limiting plant growth. Leaves in the midpoint of a litter profile were aged to pre-bomb dates (older than 1950) and had both high nitrogen concentrations and a carbon to nitrogen ratio comparable to that of live leaves. The thick carbonate layer prevents root growth into the litter. Prosopis appear to persist by having roots that fix nitrogen in moist subsurface layers and by extracting water and other nutrients from ground water, allowing plants to persist in an ecosystem in which there is no nitrogen cycling.
C1 STANFORD UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, BIOMED & ENVIRONM SCI LAB, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA.
   PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA VALPARAISO, INST BIOL, VALPARAISO, CHILE.
   UNIV ARTURO PRAT, CTR ESTUDIOS DESIERTO, IQUIQUE, CHILE.
C3 Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso; Universidad Arturo Prat
RP EHLERINGER, JR (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH, DEPT BIOL, STABLE ISOTOPE RATIO FACIL ENVIRONM RES, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA.
NR 13
TC 23
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 316
EP 318
DI 10.1038/359316a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOWNDES, NF
   MCINERNY, CJ
   JOHNSON, AL
   FANTES, PA
   JOHNSTON, LH
AF LOWNDES, NF
   MCINERNY, CJ
   JOHNSON, AL
   FANTES, PA
   JOHNSTON, LH
TI CONTROL OF DNA-SYNTHESIS GENES IN FISSION YEAST BY THE CELL-CYCLE GENE CDC10+
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID schizosaccharomyces-pombe; division cycle; ho gene; transcription; commitment; regulators; mitosis; protein
AB IN the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cell-cycle control over DNA synthesis occurs partly through the coordinate expression in late G1 phase of many, if not all, of the genes required for DNA synthesis 1-3. A cis-acting hexamer element ACGCGT (an MluI restriction site) is responsible for coordinating transcriptional regulation of these genes at the G1/S phase boundary 1,4 and we have identified a binding activity, DSC1, that recognizes these sequences in a cell-cycle-dependent manner 1. In the distantly related fission yeast 5 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, only one of the known DNA synthesis genes, cdc22+, which encodes a subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, is periodically expressed in late G1 (ref. 6). The promoter region of cdc22+ has two MluI sites and five related sequences, suggesting that similar controls over DNA synthesis genes could occur in fission yeast. We report here a binding activity in fission yeast that is very similar to DSC1 in budding yeast. We also show that the fission yeast cdc10+ gene product, which is required for Start and entry into S phase 7,8, is a component of this binding activity.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,YEAST GENET LAB,RIDGEWAY,MILL HILL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,INST CELL & MOLEC BIOL,EDINBURGH EH9,SCOTLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of Edinburgh
NR 20
TC 212
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 449
EP 453
DI 10.1038/355449a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000070
PM 1734281
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PRENTICE, IC
   GUIOT, J
   HARRISON, SP
AF PRENTICE, IC
   GUIOT, J
   HARRISON, SP
TI MEDITERRANEAN VEGETATION, LAKE LEVELS AND PALEOCLIMATE AT THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pleistocene; surface; age
AB THE apparent conflict between pollen evidence for widespread Artemisia steppe1-6 (implying semi-arid conditions) and geomorphological evidence for high lake levels4,7-11 has produced controversy about the ice-age palaeoclimate of the Mediterranean region. Here we use a water-balance model12 (to predict catchment runoff ) and a biome model13 (to predict vegetation type) to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment around Lake Ioannina-a type locality for the northern Mediterranean region. We show that both sets of evidence are compatible with a summer-dry, winter-wet regime with seasonal temperature anomalies similar to those predicted by atmospheric model simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum14-18. The drying effect of the cold North Atlantic Ocean may have been counteracted in winter by increased storm frequency under a southward-shifted jet stream, as shown by several atmospheric models16-18.
C1 CNRS,UA 1152,BOT HIST & PALYNOL LAB,F-13397 MARSEILLE 13,FRANCE.
   UNIV UPPSALA,DEPT EARTH SCI,S-75122 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Uppsala University
RP PRENTICE, IC (corresponding author), UNIV LUND,DEPT PLANT ECOL,OSTRA VALLGATAN 14,S-22361 LUND,SWEDEN.
NR 24
TC 161
Z9 166
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6405
BP 658
EP 660
DI 10.1038/360658a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KD082
UT WOS:A1992KD08200049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OLIVER, SG
   VANDERAART, QJM
   AGOSTONI-CARBONE, ML
   AIGLE, M
   ALBERGHINA, L
   ALEXANDRAKI, D
   ANTOINE, G
   ANWAR, R
   BALLESTA, JPG
   BENIT, P
   BERBEN, G
   BERGANTINO, E
   BITEAU, N
   BOLLE, PA
   BOLOTINFUKUHARA, M
   BROWN, A
   BROWN, AJP
   BUHLER, JM
   CARCANO, C
   CARIGNANI, G
   CEDERBERG, H
   CHANET, R
   CONTRERAS, R
   CROUZET, M
   DAIGNANFORNIER, B
   DEFOOR, E
   DELGADO, M
   DEMOLDER, J
   DOIRA, C
   DUBOIS, E
   DUJON, B
   DUSTERHOFT, A
   ERDMANN, D
   ESTEBAN, M
   FABRE, F
   FAIRHEAD, C
   FAYE, G
   FELDMANN, H
   FIERS, W
   FRANCINGUESGAILLARD, MC
   FRANCO, L
   FRONTALI, L
   FUKUHARA, H
   FULLER, LJ
   GALLAND, P
   GENT, ME
   GIGOT, D
   GILLIQUET, V
   GLANSDORFF, N
   GOFFEAU, A
   GRENSON, M
   GRISANTI, P
   GRIVELL, LA
   DEHAAN, M
   HAASEMANN, M
   HATAT, D
   HOENICKA, J
   HEGEMANN, J
   HERBERT, CJ
   HILGER, F
   HOHMANN, S
   HOLLENBERG, CP
   HUSE, K
   IBORRA, F
   INDGE, KJ
   ISONO, K
   JACQ, C
   JACQUET, M
   JAMES, CM
   JAUNIAUX, JC
   JIA, Y
   JIMENEZ, A
   KELLY, A
   KLEINHANS, U
   KREISL, P
   LANFRANCHI, G
   LEWIS, C
   VANDERLINDEN, CG
   LUCCHINI, G
   LUTZENKIRCHEN, K
   MAAT, MJ
   MALLET, L
   MANNHAUPT, G
   MARTEGANI, E
   MATHIEU, A
   MAURER, CTC
   MCCONNELL, D
   MCKEE, RA
   MESSENGUY, F
   MEWES, HW
   MOLEMANS, F
   MONTAGUE, MA
   FALCONI, MM
   NAVAS, L
   NEWLON, CS
   NOONE, D
   PALLIER, C
   PANZERI, L
   PEARSON, BM
   PEREA, J
   PHILIPPSEN, P
   PIERARD, A
   PLANTA, RJ
   PLEVANI, P
   POETSCH, B
   POHL, F
   PURNELLE, B
   RAD, MR
   RASMUSSEN, SW
   RAYNAL, A
   REMACHA, M
   RICHTERICH, P
   ROBERTS, AB
   RODRIGUEZ, F
   SANZ, E
   SCHAAFFGERSTENSCHLAGER, I
   SCHERENS, B
   SCHWEITZER, B
   SHU, Y
   SKALA, J
   SLONIMSKI, PP
   SOR, F
   SOUSTELLE, C
   SPIEGELBERG, R
   STATEVA, LI
   STEENSMA, HY
   STEINER, S
   THIERRY, A
   THIREOS, G
   TZERMIA, M
   URRESTARAZU, LA
   VALLE, G
   VETTER, I
   VANVLIETREEDIJK, JC
   VOET, M
   VOLCKAERT, G
   VREKEN, P
   WANG, H
   WARMINGTON, JR
   VON WETTSTEIN, D
   WICKSTEED, BL
   WILSON, C
   WURST, H
   XU, G
   YOSHIKAWA, A
   ZIMMERMANN, FK
   SGOUROS, JG
AF OLIVER, SG
   VANDERAART, QJM
   AGOSTONI-CARBONE, ML
   AIGLE, M
   ALBERGHINA, L
   ALEXANDRAKI, D
   ANTOINE, G
   ANWAR, R
   BALLESTA, JPG
   BENIT, P
   BERBEN, G
   BERGANTINO, E
   BITEAU, N
   BOLLE, PA
   BOLOTINFUKUHARA, M
   BROWN, A
   BROWN, AJP
   BUHLER, JM
   CARCANO, C
   CARIGNANI, G
   CEDERBERG, H
   CHANET, R
   CONTRERAS, R
   CROUZET, M
   DAIGNANFORNIER, B
   DEFOOR, E
   DELGADO, M
   DEMOLDER, J
   DOIRA, C
   DUBOIS, E
   DUJON, B
   DUSTERHOFT, A
   ERDMANN, D
   ESTEBAN, M
   FABRE, F
   FAIRHEAD, C
   FAYE, G
   FELDMANN, H
   FIERS, W
   FRANCINGUESGAILLARD, MC
   FRANCO, L
   FRONTALI, L
   FUKUHARA, H
   FULLER, LJ
   GALLAND, P
   GENT, ME
   GIGOT, D
   GILLIQUET, V
   GLANSDORFF, N
   GOFFEAU, A
   GRENSON, M
   GRISANTI, P
   GRIVELL, LA
   DEHAAN, M
   HAASEMANN, M
   HATAT, D
   HOENICKA, J
   HEGEMANN, J
   HERBERT, CJ
   HILGER, F
   HOHMANN, S
   HOLLENBERG, CP
   HUSE, K
   IBORRA, F
   INDGE, KJ
   ISONO, K
   JACQ, C
   JACQUET, M
   JAMES, CM
   JAUNIAUX, JC
   JIA, Y
   JIMENEZ, A
   KELLY, A
   KLEINHANS, U
   KREISL, P
   LANFRANCHI, G
   LEWIS, C
   VANDERLINDEN, CG
   LUCCHINI, G
   LUTZENKIRCHEN, K
   MAAT, MJ
   MALLET, L
   MANNHAUPT, G
   MARTEGANI, E
   MATHIEU, A
   MAURER, CTC
   MCCONNELL, D
   MCKEE, RA
   MESSENGUY, F
   MEWES, HW
   MOLEMANS, F
   MONTAGUE, MA
   FALCONI, MM
   NAVAS, L
   NEWLON, CS
   NOONE, D
   PALLIER, C
   PANZERI, L
   PEARSON, BM
   PEREA, J
   PHILIPPSEN, P
   PIERARD, A
   PLANTA, RJ
   PLEVANI, P
   POETSCH, B
   POHL, F
   PURNELLE, B
   RAD, MR
   RASMUSSEN, SW
   RAYNAL, A
   REMACHA, M
   RICHTERICH, P
   ROBERTS, AB
   RODRIGUEZ, F
   SANZ, E
   SCHAAFFGERSTENSCHLAGER, I
   SCHERENS, B
   SCHWEITZER, B
   SHU, Y
   SKALA, J
   SLONIMSKI, PP
   SOR, F
   SOUSTELLE, C
   SPIEGELBERG, R
   STATEVA, LI
   STEENSMA, HY
   STEINER, S
   THIERRY, A
   THIREOS, G
   TZERMIA, M
   URRESTARAZU, LA
   VALLE, G
   VETTER, I
   VANVLIETREEDIJK, JC
   VOET, M
   VOLCKAERT, G
   VREKEN, P
   WANG, H
   WARMINGTON, JR
   VON WETTSTEIN, D
   WICKSTEED, BL
   WILSON, C
   WURST, H
   XU, G
   YOSHIKAWA, A
   ZIMMERMANN, FK
   SGOUROS, JG
TI THE COMPLETE DNA-SEQUENCE OF YEAST CHROMOSOME-III
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alternation gel-electrophoresis; transfer-rna genes; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; transposable element; nucleotide-sequence; recombination; expression; fragment; cloning; vectors
AB The entire DNA sequence of chromosome III of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been determined. This is the first complete sequence analysis of an entire chromosome from any organism. The 315-kilobase sequence reveals 182 open reading frames for proteins longer than 100 amino acids, of which 37 correspond to known genes and 29 more show some similarity to sequences in databases. Of 55 new open reading frames analysed by gene disruption, three are essential genes; of 42 non-essential genes that were tested, 14 show some discernible effect on phenotype and the remaining 28 have no overt function.
C1 LEIDEN UNIV, DEPT CELL BIOL GENET, NL-2300 RA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV MILAN, DIPARTIMENTO GENET & BIOL MICROORGANISMI, I-20122 MILAN, ITALY.
   LBMS, F-33000 BORDEAUX, FRANCE.
   UNIV MILAN, DIPARTIMENTO FISIOL & BIOCHIM, I-20122 MILAN, ITALY.
   INST MOLEC BIOL & BIOTECHNOL, GR-71110 IRAKLION, GREECE.
   CTR UNIV ORSAY, INST CURIE, F-91405 ORSAY, FRANCE.
   CTR BIOL MOLEC, E-28049 MADRID, SPAIN.
   FAC SCI AGRON ETAT GEMBLOUX, B-5030 GEMBLOUX, BELGIUM.
   DIPARTIMENTO CHIM BIOL, I-35100 PADUA, ITALY.
   UNIV PARIS 11, INST GENET & MICROBIOL, F-91405 ORSAY, FRANCE.
   UNIV ABERDEEN, DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL, ABERDEEN AB9 1FX, SCOTLAND.
   CENS, SERV BIOCHIM, F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   INST MICROBIOL, W-6100 DARMSTADT, GERMANY.
   LAB MOLEC BIOL, B-9000 GHENT, BELGIUM.
   KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, GENTECHNOL LAB, B-3001 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   LA CRUZ DEL CAMPO SA, E-41080 SEVILLE, SPAIN.
   CTR ENSEIGNEMENT & RECH IND ALIMENTAIRES & CHIM, COOVI, RES INST, B-1070 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   INST PASTEUR, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   UNIV GIESSEN, INST MIKROBIOL & MOLEK BIOL, W-6300 GIESSEN, GERMANY.
   UNIV MUNICH, INST PHYSIOL CHEM, W-8000 MUNICH 2, GERMANY.
   UNIV ROME, DEPT CELL & DEV BIOL, I-00185 ROME, ITALY.
   INST FOOD RES, NORWICH NR4 7UA, NORFOLK, ENGLAND.
   CATHOLIC UNIV LOUVAIN, UNITE BIOCHIM PHYSIOL, B-1348 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   UNIV LIBRE BRUXELLES, CELL PHYSIOL & YEAST GENET LAB, B-1050 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM, MOLEC BIOL SECT, 1098 SM AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   MARTINSRIED INST PROT SEQUENCES, W-8033 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
   ECOLE NORM SUPER, F-75231 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
   CNRS, CTR GENET MOLEC, F-91190 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   UNIV DUSSELDORF, INST MIKROBIOL, W-4000 DUSSELDORF 1, GERMANY.
   KOBE UNIV, DEPT BIOL, KOBE 657, JAPAN.
   UNIV DUBLIN TRINITY COLL, DEPT GENET, DUBLIN 2, IRELAND.
   FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL, 1081 HV AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY, NEW JERSEY MED SCH, DEPT MICROBIOL & MOLEC GENET, NEWARK, NJ 07103 USA.
   UNIV CONSTANCE, FAK BIOL, W-7750 CONSTANCE, GERMANY.
   CARLSBERG LAB, DK-2500 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.
   COMMISS EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, B-1049 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; University of Milan; University of Milan; Universite Paris Saclay; UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; University of Liege; Universite Paris Saclay; University of Aberdeen; CEA; KU Leuven; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Justus Liebig University Giessen; University of Munich; Sapienza University Rome; University of East Anglia; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Quadram Institute; Universite Catholique Louvain; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; University of Amsterdam; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Kobe University; Trinity College Dublin; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; University of Konstanz
RP OLIVER, SG (corresponding author), UNIV MANCHESTER, INST SCI & TECHNOL, MANCHESTER BIOTECHNOL CTR, MANCHESTER M60 1QD, LANCS, ENGLAND.
NR 51
TC 754
Z9 984
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 38
EP 46
DI 10.1038/357038a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900051
PM 1574125
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHANG, YS
   TANIMOTO, T
AF ZHANG, YS
   TANIMOTO, T
TI RIDGES, HOTSPOTS AND THEIR INTERACTION AS OBSERVED IN SEISMIC VELOCITY MAPS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-ocean ridges; mantle heterogeneity; plate volcanism; flood basalts; inversion; convection; model; dynamics; beneath; motions
AB A new global S-wave velocity model reveals that although mid-ocean ridges and hotspots are both underlain by low-velocity anomalies in the mantle, these have distinctly different structures. This implies that there are differences between the upwelling mechanisms under ridges and under hot-spots. The velocity model also shows that there may be interactions between ridges and hotspots near Afar and St Helena.
C1 CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,252-21,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
NR 34
TC 170
Z9 179
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 45
EP 49
DI 10.1038/355045a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VIONNET, N
   STOFFEL, M
   TAKEDA, J
   YASUDA, K
   BELL, GI
   ZOUALI, H
   LESAGE, S
   VELHO, G
   IRIS, F
   PASSA, P
   FROGUEL, P
   COHEN, D
AF VIONNET, N
   STOFFEL, M
   TAKEDA, J
   YASUDA, K
   BELL, GI
   ZOUALI, H
   LESAGE, S
   VELHO, G
   IRIS, F
   PASSA, P
   FROGUEL, P
   COHEN, D
TI NONSENSE MUTATION IN THE GLUCOKINASE GENE CAUSES EARLY-ONSET NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna; polymorphisms; polymerase
AB MATURITY-ONSET diabetes of the young (MODY) is a form of non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) which is characterized by an early age at onset and an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance 1. Except for these features, the clinical characteristics of patients with MODY are similar to those with the more common late-onset form(s) of NIDDM. Previously 2 we observed tight linkage between DNA polymorphisms in the glucokinase gene on the short arm of chromosome 7 and NIDDM in a cohort of sixteen French families having MODY. Glucokinase is an enzyme that catalyses the formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and may be involved in the regulation of insulin secretion and integration of hepatic intermediary metabolism 3. Because the glucokinase gene was a candidate for the site of the genetic lesion in these families, we scanned this gene for mutations. Here we report the identification of a nonsense mutation in the gene encoding glucokinase and its linkage with early-onset diabetes in one family. To our knowledge, this result is the first evidence implicating a mutation in a gene involved in glucose metabolism in the pathogenesis of NIDDM.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOCHEM,5841 S MARYLAND AVE,MC1028,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   HOP ST LOUIS,SERV ENDOCRINOL,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
   CTR ETUD POLYMORPHISME HUMAIN,F-91000 EVRY,FRANCE.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & MED,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   GENETHON,F-91000 EVRY,FRANCE.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago; Universite Paris Cite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Saint-Louis - APHP; University of Chicago
NR 12
TC 586
Z9 645
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 721
EP 722
DI 10.1038/356721a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600064
PM 1570017
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BASU, TN
   GUTMANN, DH
   FLETCHER, JA
   GLOVER, TW
   COLLINS, FS
   DOWNWARD, J
AF BASU, TN
   GUTMANN, DH
   FLETCHER, JA
   GLOVER, TW
   COLLINS, FS
   DOWNWARD, J
TI ABERRANT REGULATION OF RAS PROTEINS IN MALIGNANT-TUMOR CELLS FROM TYPE-1 NEUROFIBROMATOSIS PATIENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; mutations; gap; transformation; deletions; sequence; receptor; encodes; locus
AB DEFECTS in the NF1 gene have been implicated in the inherited disorder neurofibromatosis type 1, which is characterized by several developmental abnormalities including an increased frequency of benign and malignant tumours of neural crest origin (neurofibromas and neurofibrosarcomas respectively) 1. The NF1 gene encodes a ubiquitous protein homologous to p120GAP, the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for the products of the ras protooncogenes 2-6. When expressed in non-mammalian systems, the region of the NF1 gene homologous to p120GAP produces a protein with GAP-like activity 7-9. Here we present evidence that the ras proteins in malignant tumour cell lines from patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis are in a constitutively activated state, as judged by the guanine nucleotide bound to them, and are necessary for cellular proliferation. These cells contain p21ras and p120GAP that are both functionally wild type, but barely any functional NF1 protein. Our results show that the NF1 protein is normally essential for correct negative regulation of ras proteins in the cell, even in the presence of normal p120GAP, and they support the hypothesis that NF1 is a tumour-suppressor gene whose product acts upstream of ras.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,SIGNAL TRANSDUCT LAB,LINCOLNS INN FIELDS,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT HUMAN GENET,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 Cancer Research UK; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
NR 22
TC 602
Z9 658
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 713
EP 715
DI 10.1038/356713a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600061
PM 1570015
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ERNST, RE
   BARAGAR, WRA
AF ERNST, RE
   BARAGAR, WRA
TI EVIDENCE FROM MAGNETIC FABRIC FOR THE FLOW PATTERN OF MAGMA IN THE MACKENZIE GIANT RADIATING DYKE SWARM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basalts; rocks; anisotropy; canada; dikes
AB CONTINENTAL flood basalts, and their associated swarms of mafic dykes, are thought to result from melting in mantle plumes 1-3 , but the processes by which the resulting magma makes its way from mantle to crust remain obscure. Here we use magnetic anisotropy measurements to reconstruct the pattern of magma flow in the Proterozoic Mackenzie dyke swarm. Our results indicate that magma was injected vertically within 500 km of the focal point of the dyke swarm, and then travelled horizontally at all further distances out to at least 2,100 km. The sharp transition from vertical to horizontal flow at between 500 and 600 km may correspond to the outer boundary of melt generation in the mantle plume believed to be responsible for the Mackenzie igneous events.
C1 GEOL SURVEY CANADA, OTTAWA K1A 0E8, ONTARIO, CANADA.
C3 Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada
RP ERNST, RE (corresponding author), UNIV OTTAWA, OTTAWA CARLETON GEOSCI CTR, DEPT GEOL, OTTAWA K1N 6N5, ONTARIO, CANADA.
NR 28
TC 312
Z9 340
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 511
EP 513
DI 10.1038/356511a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PODSIADLOWSKI, P
   PRICE, NM
AF PODSIADLOWSKI, P
   PRICE, NM
TI STAR FORMATION AND THE ORIGIN OF STELLAR MASSES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular clouds; clusters; binary
AB SIGNIFICANT progress has been made in recent years in the imaging of star-forming regions and in the theoretical modelling Of the process of star formation1, but the physical process that determines the mass spectrum of stars remains unclear. Here we propose a model in which the protostar phase ends when the protostar embedded in a condensing core of molecular gas interacts with another protostar or star, and is ejected from its core. Such interactions must be important if stars preferentially form in dense but ultimately unbound protoclusters. In a simple model in which protostars accrete at a constant rate, the final distribution of stellar masses asymptotically approaches a simple universal distribution which is very similar to the observed mass function of stars. The general form of the mass function in this model is determined by a competition between accretion and collision rates, which provides a qualitative explanation for the differences in star formation in different environments (such as the galactic disk, globular clusters and the galactic halo).
RP PODSIADLOWSKI, P (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, INST ASTRON, MADINGLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA, ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 11
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 305
EP 307
DI 10.1038/359305a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LANGENHORST, F
   DEUTSCH, A
   STOFFLER, D
   HORNEMANN, U
AF LANGENHORST, F
   DEUTSCH, A
   STOFFLER, D
   HORNEMANN, U
TI EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SHOCK METAMORPHISM OF SINGLE-CRYSTAL QUARTZ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vredefort structure; fluid inclusions; south-africa; impact; origin; deformation; basement
AB FEATURES characteristic of shock metamorphism in target rocks are the main diagnostic tool for recognizing impact phenomena on the Earth and other planetary bodies 1-4, and experimentally calibrated shock effects in silicate minerals have been important in elucidating the pressure histories of these rocks. Except for a few preliminary results for experimentally shocked pre-heated quartzites 5,6, all available calibration data are based on experiments performed with the targets at room temperature 7-11, Observations at Vredefort 12,13 and at the Sudbury impact structure 14-16 indicate, however, that considerable shock stresses occur in deep-seated crustal rocks which are at elevated temperatures during large cratering events. High-temperature shock metamorphism must also have been of great importance in the collision history of meteorite parent bodies in the early Solar System. Here we report the results of shock experiments on single-crystal quartz heated to 630-degrees-C, which show that the physical properties of shocked quartz (refractive indices, lattice parameters, amorphization, type and frequency of planar deformation features) depend strongly on the pre-shock temperature. We conclude that existing shock-wave barometers 1,8,9,11 cannot be applied to high-temperature target rocks, and that new barometers independent of pre-shock temperature will be required to understand the shock pressure history of terrestrial and planetary impact formations.
C1 ERNST MACH INST,W-7858 WEIL AM RHEIN,GERMANY.
RP LANGENHORST, F (corresponding author), INST PLANETOL,WILHELM KLEMM STR 10,W-4400 MUNSTER,GERMANY.
NR 27
TC 42
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6369
BP 507
EP 509
DI 10.1038/356507a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HN231
UT WOS:A1992HN23100052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IIDAKA, T
   SUETSUGU, D
AF IIDAKA, T
   SUETSUGU, D
TI SEISMOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR METASTABLE OLIVINE INSIDE A SUBDUCTING SLAB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kanto-tokai district; descending lithosphere; phase-transformations; velocity structure; spinel transition; high-pressure; mantle; beneath; earthquakes; japan
AB THE nature and location of the olivine-spinel phase transition inside subducting slabs differ greatly from the situation in the surrounding mantle, due to the different temperature distribution inside the slabs. Two models have been proposed for this phase transition: one in which the location of the phase boundary between olivine and modified (beta-phase) spinel is determined by equilibrium thermodynamics 1, and the other including a metastable olivine phase which persists to a depth of approximately 550 km (ref. 2). The location of the olivine-spinel transition in the slab may be relevant to the generation of deep earthquakes 3-5, and to the buoyancy forces driving subduction 6. Here we use travel-time residuals from deep earthquakes recorded by the dense seismograph network in Japan to investigate the configuration of the olivine-spinel phase boundary inside the subducting Pacific plate. Theoretical travel-time residuals for the equilibrium model do not fit the observed residuals, whereas those for the metastable model do, implying the presence of metastable olivine inside the subducting slab.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,FAC SCI,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY PHYS,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP IIDAKA, T (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO,EARTHQUAKE RES INST,YAYOI 1-1-1,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
NR 20
TC 96
Z9 108
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6370
BP 593
EP 595
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HP031
UT WOS:A1992HP03100045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STEINER, JP
   DAWSON, TM
   FOTUHI, M
   GLATT, CE
   SNOWMAN, AM
   COHEN, N
   SNYDER, SH
AF STEINER, JP
   DAWSON, TM
   FOTUHI, M
   GLATT, CE
   SNOWMAN, AM
   COHEN, N
   SNYDER, SH
TI HIGH BRAIN DENSITIES OF THE IMMUNOPHILIN FKBP COLOCALIZED WITH CALCINEURIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cis-trans isomerase; a-binding-protein; t-cell activation; cyclophilin-cyclosporine-a; peptidyl-prolyl isomerase; immunosuppressant fk506; fk506-binding protein; signal transduction; molecular-cloning; b-50 gap-43
AB THE immunophilins cyclophilin and FK506 binding protein (FKBP) are small, predominantly soluble proteins that bind the immunosuppressant drugs cyclosporin A and FK506, respectively, with high affinity, and which seem to mediate their pharmacological actions1,2. The Ca2+-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin, binds the cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes, indicating that calcineurin might mediate the actions of these drugs3. A physiological role for the immunophilins in the nervous system is implied by a close homology between the structure of NINA A, a protein in the neural retina of Drosophila, and cyclophilin4,5, as well as by the high density of FKBP messenger RNA in brain tissue6. Here we report that the levels of FKBP and mRNA in rat brain are extraordinarily high and that their regional localization is virtually identical to that of calcineurin, indicating that there may be a physiological link between calcineurin and the immunophilins. We also show that at low concentrations FK506 and cyclosporin A enhance the phosphorylation of endogenous protein substrates in brain tissue and in intact PC12 cells, indicating that these drugs may inhibit phosphatase activity by interacting with the immunophilin-calcineurin complexes.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,725 N WOLFE ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BLOOD BANK,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PSYCHIAT & BEHAV SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
NR 31
TC 330
Z9 396
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 584
EP 587
DI 10.1038/358584a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900060
PM 1380130
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RODENBERGER, DC
   HEFLIN, JR
   GARITO, AF
AF RODENBERGER, DC
   HEFLIN, JR
   GARITO, AF
TI EXCITED-STATE ENHANCEMENT OF OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES IN LINEAR CONJUGATED MOLECULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chains
AB NONLINEAR optical phenomena form the basis for all-optical devices such as optically bistable switches and nonlinear directional couplers1. The suitability of a material for these device applications requires a large magnitude of the relevant nonlinear effect (in this case, the third-order optical susceptibility chi(3), which is related to the intensity-dependent refractive index) and a small signal attenuation arising from the linear optical absorption. Conjugated organic molecules and polymers are of particular interest in this context: the delocalized pi-electron systems of these materials give rise to relatively large values of chi(3), with extremely fast response times, in wavelength regimes where there is minimal background absorption. Previous theoretical studies2 suggested a new enhancement mechanism for the nonlinear optical processes in these materials through population of the electronic excited states. Here we show that by optically exciting a linear conjugated molecule at one wavelength into an electronic excited state for a sufficient length of time to perform the nonlinear optical measurement, the value of chi(3) can be enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude without increasing optical absorption at the probe wavelength.
RP RODENBERGER, DC (corresponding author), UNIV PENN,DEPT PHYS,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA.
NR 7
TC 128
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 309
EP 311
DI 10.1038/359309a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WALLACE, A
   SALUZ, H
AF WALLACE, A
   SALUZ, H
TI BEYOND SILVER STAINING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polyacrylamide gels; proteins; dna
RP WALLACE, A (corresponding author), IST RIC BIOL MOLEC,VIA PONTINA KM 30600,I-00040 POMEZIA,ITALY.
NR 17
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 608
EP 609
DI 10.1038/357608a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200064
PM 1608474
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SLAMASCHWOK, A
   OTTOLENGHI, M
   AVNIR, D
AF SLAMASCHWOK, A
   OTTOLENGHI, M
   AVNIR, D
TI LONG-LIVED PHOTOINDUCED CHARGE SEPARATION IN A REDOX SYSTEM TRAPPED IN A SOL-GEL GLASS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-transfer
AB A KEY feature in the mechanism of photosynthesis is the initial storage of a substantial fraction of the light energy in the form of a long-lived radical pair 1. In attempts to mimic this process in artificial systems 2-4, impressive progress has been made in increasing the efficiency of the charge-separation reaction between an excited photosensitizer and an appropriate electron acceptor, but prevention of the energy-wasting back-reaction to neutral species still constitutes a major challenge. The back-reaction limits the length of time during which charge separation (and thus energy storage) can be maintained. Here we report exceedingly long-lived (up to a few hours) photoinduced charge separation in an artificial photosynthetic system that does not require a secondary substrate to react with the charged species. Our system uses pyrene (Py*) as the photosensitized electron donor and N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium (methyl viologen, MV2+) as the electron acceptor, both immobilized in a porous sol-gel silica glass 5. The redox reaction is carried out by the mediation of a third mobile charge carrier in the intrapore space 6. The spatial separation between the donor and acceptor inhibits the back-reaction to produce the long lifetimes of the charge-separated air.
RP SLAMASCHWOK, A (corresponding author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,INST CHEM,IL-91904 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
NR 20
TC 115
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 240
EP 242
DI 10.1038/355240a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRULL, IS
   MAZZEO, JR
AF KRULL, IS
   MAZZEO, JR
TI CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS - THE PROMISE AND THE PRACTICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID micellar electrokinetic chromatography; optimization
C1 NORTHEASTERN UNIV,BARNETT INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Northeastern University
RP KRULL, IS (corresponding author), NORTHEASTERN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,341 MUGAR BLDG,360 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 28
TC 34
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 92
EP 94
DI 10.1038/357092a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900067
PM 1574129
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TASSABEHJI, M
   READ, AP
   NEWTON, VE
   HARRIS, R
   BALLING, R
   GRUSS, P
   STRACHAN, T
AF TASSABEHJI, M
   READ, AP
   NEWTON, VE
   HARRIS, R
   BALLING, R
   GRUSS, P
   STRACHAN, T
TI WAARDENBURG SYNDROME PATIENTS HAVE MUTATIONS IN THE HUMAN HOMOLOG OF THE PAX-3 PAIRED BOX GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conservation; domain; mouse
AB WAARDENBURG'S syndrome (WS) is an autosomal dominant combination of deafness and pigmentary disturbances, probably caused by defective function of the embryonic neural crest 1,2. We have mapped one gene for WS to the distal part of chromosome 2 (ref. 3). On the basis of their homologous chromosomal location, their close linkage to an alkaline phosphatase gene, and their related phenotype, we suggested that WS and the mouse mutant Splotch 4,5 might be homologous. Splotch is caused by mutation in the mouse Pax-3 gene 6,7. This gene is one of a family of eight Pax genes known in mice which are involved in regulating embryonic development; each contains a highly conserved transcription control sequence, the paired box 8. Here we show that some families with WS have mutations in the human homologue 9 of Pax-3. Mutations in a related gene, Pax-6, which, like Pax-3, has both a paired box and a paired-type homeobox sequence, cause the Small-eye mutation in mice 10 and aniridia in man 11. Thus mutations in the Pax genes are important causes of human developmental defects.
C1 UNIV MANCHESTER,ST MARYS HOSP,DEPT MED GENET,MANCHESTER M13 0JH,LANCS,ENGLAND.
   MAX PLANCK INST IMMUNBIOL,W-7800 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
   UNIV MANCHESTER,CTR AUDIOL,MANCHESTER M13 9PL,LANCS,ENGLAND.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM,W-3400 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 University of Manchester; Max Planck Society; University of Manchester; Max Planck Society
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 18
TC 600
Z9 638
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6361
BP 635
EP 636
DI 10.1038/355635a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HD547
UT WOS:A1992HD54700054
PM 1347148
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KINNY, PD
   DAWSON, JB
AF KINNY, PD
   DAWSON, JB
TI A MANTLE METASOMATIC INJECTION EVENT LINKED TO LATE CRETACEOUS KIMBERLITE MAGMATISM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID south-africa; marid xenoliths; trace-element; origin; bultfontein; amphibole; isotope
AB METASOMATISM of the lithospheric upper mantle by magmas and/or other fluids may induce significant changes in its chemical and mineralogical composition. It is not yet clear whether metasomatism takes place earlier than, concurrent with or subsequent to alkaline igneous activity and melt migration. Clues about the timing of metasomatism beneath the Kaapvaal craton in southern Africa are provided by metasomatized peridotites brought to the surface as xenoliths in young (80-95-Myr-old) group I kimberlites1,2: the question that arises is whether the metasomatic alterations of the xenoliths are related to the host kimberlites themselves or to earlier igneous events such as the group II kimberlite eruptions (120-150 Myr)1,2. Here we report a precise U-Pb age of 85 +/- 2 Myr for zircons in a veined and metasomatized harzburgite xenolith from Kimberley, which indicates that this particular style of metasomatism (MARID-related3) is concurrent with the migration of the kimberlite magma that hosts the xenolith. This temporal link supports previous isotopic evidence4 for a genetic link between the group I kimberlite magmatism and the accompanying metasomatism.
RP KINNY, PD (corresponding author), UNIV EDINBURGH,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,W MAINS RD,EDINBURGH EH9 3JW,SCOTLAND.
NR 28
TC 48
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 726
EP 728
DI 10.1038/360726a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200029
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARPER, CL
   JACOBSEN, SB
AF HARPER, CL
   JACOBSEN, SB
TI EVIDENCE FROM COUPLED SM-147 ND-143 AND SM-146 ND-142 SYSTEMATICS FOR VERY EARLY (4.5-GYR) DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EARTHS MANTLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nd isotopic evolution; 3.96 ga gneisses; sm-nd; west greenland; clastic metasediments; northwest-territory; detrital zircons; slave province; old; identification
AB THE volume of early Archaean crust that still survives today is very small (less than 1% of the present continental volume). This has been interpreted as indicating that crustal growth did not begin until about 4.0 Gyr ago, before which the silicate Earth remained well mixed and essentially undifferentiated. But the existence in some early Archaean rocks1-6 of inferred initial Nd-143/Nd-144 ratios higher than that of the bulk Earth suggests that by 3.8 Gyr ago the volume of the crust was as large as about 40% of the present value3,7,8. Given the apparently low rate of recycling in the Hadean era (that is, before 4 Gyr ago)7,8, consideration of Sm-147-Nd-143 systematics then suggests that primordial differentiation of the Earth may have begun approximately 4.5 Gyr ago. Here we present evidence for early differentiation, based on measurements of Nd-143/Nd-144 and Nd-142/Nd-144 ratios in a approximately 3.8-Gyr-old supracrustal rock from Isua, West Greenland. Coupled Sm-146, Sm-147-Nd-142, Nd-143 systematics suggest that fractionation of Sm/Nd took place 4.44-4.54 Gyr ago, owing to extraction of a light-rare-earth-element-enriched primordial crust.
RP HARPER, CL (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,HARVARD CTR ISOTOPE GEOCHEM,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 24
TC 155
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 24
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6406
BP 728
EP 732
DI 10.1038/360728a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KE472
UT WOS:A1992KE47200030
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAUX, C
   DEZUTTERDAMBUYANT, C
   SCHMITT, D
   BANCHEREAU, J
AF CAUX, C
   DEZUTTERDAMBUYANT, C
   SCHMITT, D
   BANCHEREAU, J
TI GM-CSF AND TNF-ALPHA COOPERATE IN THE GENERATION OF DENDRITIC LANGERHANS CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colony-stimulating factor; necrosis-factor-alpha; identification; proliferation; viability; blood
AB DENDRITIC cells comprise a system of highly efficient antigen-presenting cells which initiate immune responses such as the sensitization of T cells restricted by major histocompatibility complex molecules, the rejection of organ transplants and the formation of T-cell-dependent antibodies. Dendritic cells are found in many non-lymphoid tissues, such as skin (Langerhans cells) and mucosa, and they migrate after antigen capture through the afferent lymph or the bloodstream to lymphoid organs, where they efficiently present antigen to T cells1. Dendritic cells are difficult to isolate and, although they originate from bone marrow2,3 their site of maturation and the conditions that direct their growth and differentiation are still poorly characterized. Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) favours the outgrowth of dendritic cells from mouse peripheral blood4. Here we extend this finding to man and demonstrate that cooperation between GM-CSF and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is crucial for the generation of human dendritic/Langerhans cells from CD34+ haematopoietic progenitors. The availability of large numbers of these cells should now facilitate the understanding of their role in immunological regulation and disorder.
C1 HOP EDOUARD HERRIOT, INSERM, U346, F-69437 LYON 03, FRANCE.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); CHU Lyon
RP CAUX, C (corresponding author), SCHERING PLOUGH CORP, IMMUNOL RES LAB, 27 CHEMIN PEUPLIERS, BP 11, F-69571 DARDILLY, FRANCE.
NR 29
TC 1446
Z9 1554
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6401
BP 258
EP 261
DI 10.1038/360258a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JY960
UT WOS:A1992JY96000051
PM 1279441
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SONG, KN
   WANG, YQ
   SASSOON, D
AF SONG, KN
   WANG, YQ
   SASSOON, D
TI EXPRESSION OF HOX-7.1 IN MYOBLASTS INHIBITS TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INDUCES CELL-TRANSFORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox gene; growth-factor; embryogenesis; myogenin; family
AB THE terminal differentiation of myogenic cells initiates in the proximal portion of the limb bud whereas the distal region remains undifferentiated and proliferative1-3 . The apical ectodermal ridge maintains the progress zone in an undifferentiated state4 and induces proliferation of limb mesenchymal cells5. Hox-7.1, a homeobox-containing gene, is expressed throughout the limb bud when limb outgrowth begins, whereas transcripts are later restricted to distal limb mesenchyme6,7 which is the proposed site of positional specification2. Transplantation of proximal limb bud tissue into the distal portion of the limb results in a re-expression of Hox-7.1 in the transplanted mesenchyme8. Similar grafts result in a positional reassignment to distal structures9 as well as dedifferentiation of the grafted proximal tissue10. Because of the association of Hox-7.1 expression with proliferative and undifferentiated cells, we tested whether Hox-7.1 regulates differentiation by transfection of Hox-7.1 complementary DNA into determined myogenic cells which represent one mesenchymal lineage in the limb. Here we report that forced expression of Hox-7.1 blocks terminal differentiation and results in a corresponding decrease in steady-state levels of MyoD1. Consistent with the association of Hox-7.1 with proliferation, Hox-7.1-expressing cells also acquire a transformed phenotype. Forced expression of Hox-8.1, a related Hox-gene, does not affect terminal differentiation indicating that the effects of Hox-7.1 are specific.
RP SONG, KN (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, 80 E CONCORD ST, BOSTON, MA 02118 USA.
NR 21
TC 204
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 477
EP 481
DI 10.1038/360477a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700064
PM 1360150
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SOLOMON, PM
   RADFORD, SJE
   DOWNES, D
AF SOLOMON, PM
   RADFORD, SJE
   DOWNES, D
TI MOLECULAR GAS CONTENT OF THE PRIMEVAL GALAXY IRAS-10214+4724
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID star-formation; clouds; luminosity
AB THE faint IRAS source 10214 + 4724, identified 1 with a distant galaxy at redshift z = 2.286, is one of the most intrinsically luminous objects in the Universe, with L almost-equal-to 10(14) L. (where L. is the solar luminosity). The remarkable detection of emission from neutral CO (ref. 2) leads, by comparison with similar detections in nearby galaxies, to an estimate of 2-6 x 10(11) M. for the mass of neutral molecular hydrogen in this galaxy. This is 30-90 times less than the estimate given in ref. 2, but still comparable to the total mass (gas, dust and stars) of a large spiral galaxy. This gas mass is consistent with the dynamical mass of the galaxy inferred from the CO emission line-width. The CO line luminosity is twenty times larger than is seen in nearby (z < 0.3) ultra-luminous (L > 3 x 10(11) M.) galaxies 3-5. Although it is extremely gas-rich, with a higher CO luminosity than any other galaxy, the infrared to CO luminosity ratio of 10214 + 4724 is twice that of most infrared-luminous galaxies, and approximately 30 times higher than that of normal spirals. Its infrared colours and high infrared/CO luminosity ratio indicate that 10214 + 4724 is similar to nearby ultra-luminous galaxies 5 that are known to be merging. This galaxy is a primaeval molecular galaxy with the mass of a large spiral, but with most of the mass in molecular gas rather than stars.
C1 INST RADIO ASTRON MILLIMETR,F-38406 ST MARTIN DHERES,FRANCE.
RP SOLOMON, PM (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,ASTRON PROGRAM,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 17
TC 116
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 318
EP 319
DI 10.1038/356318a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAHL, J
   MOLDOWAN, JM
   MCCAFFREY, MA
   LIPTON, PA
AF DAHL, J
   MOLDOWAN, JM
   MCCAFFREY, MA
   LIPTON, PA
TI A NEW CLASS OF NATURAL-PRODUCTS REVEALED BY 3-BETA-ALKYL STERANES IN PETROLEUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID identification; hopanoids; series
AB THE polycyclic hydrocarbons steranes and hopanes are nearly ubiquitous in petroleum, and their relative resistance to degradation makes them useful as 'biomarkers' for assessing the maturity and history of the oil. Steranes represent the reduced form of sterols, which serve as membrane rigidifiers in eukaryotic organisms; similarly, hopanes derive from hopanols, which serve the same function in prokaryotes. We have identified several homologous series of steranes with alkyl side chains (C1 to C6) at the 3-beta-position. These compounds, when liberated from the polar fractions of the oils by deuterated Raney nickel desulphurization, give fragmentation mass spectra indicating that the 3-alkyl side chains of the precursor steroids contained several functional groups. 3-beta-pentyl steranes are anomalously abundant in many samples. These data suggest that the precursors represent a new class of steroids, alkylated at the C-3 position with a polyhydroxy n-alkane. These precursors may have been formed by the bacterial addition of a ribose sugar to DELTA-2-sterenes, diagenetic alteration products of steroids synthesized by eukaryotes, 3-alkyl steroids might substitute for hopanols (of prokaryotic origin) in bacterial membranes 1.
RP DAHL, J (corresponding author), CHEVRON OIL FIELD RES CO,POB 1627,RICHMOND,CA 94802, USA.
NR 22
TC 50
Z9 51
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 154
EP 157
DI 10.1038/355154a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GRAEBNER, JE
   JIN, S
   KAMMLOTT, GW
   HERB, JA
   GARDINIER, CF
AF GRAEBNER, JE
   JIN, S
   KAMMLOTT, GW
   HERB, JA
   GARDINIER, CF
TI LARGE ANISOTROPIC THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY IN SYNTHETIC DIAMOND FILMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB As high-power electronic devices are packed to progressively higher densities, synthetic diamond films are being considered as heat spreaders for the prevention of thermal damage (see ref. 1 for example). Although diamond single crystals are known to have the highest thermal conductivity for any material at room temperature (22 W cm-1 K-1 for diamond with natural isotopic abundance, compared with 4 W cm-1 K-1 for copper), the dependence of conductivity on the microstructure of polycrystalline diamond films is not understood. Using a newly developed laser technique2, we have measured thermal conductivity in the experimentally difficult direction perpendicular to the plane of the diamond film. Taken together with earlier in-plane measurements3, this gives a complete description of the local thermal conductivity, showing a significant gradient and anisotropy correlated with the inhomogeneous grain structure. Despite phonon scattering at lattice defects and grain boundaries, we find that the local conductivity near the top growth surface of a synthetic diamond film is, surprisingly, at least as high as that of gem-quality diamond single crystals.
C1 CRYSTALLUME INC,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
RP GRAEBNER, JE (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 16
TC 207
Z9 223
U1 4
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6394
BP 401
EP 403
DI 10.1038/359401a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JQ624
UT WOS:A1992JQ62400050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FOSTER, JW
   BRENNAN, FE
   HAMPIKIAN, GK
   GOODFELLOW, PN
   SINCLAIR, AH
   LOVELLBADGE, R
   SELWOOD, L
   RENFREE, MB
   COOPER, DW
   GRAVES, JAM
AF FOSTER, JW
   BRENNAN, FE
   HAMPIKIAN, GK
   GOODFELLOW, PN
   SINCLAIR, AH
   LOVELLBADGE, R
   SELWOOD, L
   RENFREE, MB
   COOPER, DW
   GRAVES, JAM
TI EVOLUTION OF SEX DETERMINATION AND THE Y-CHROMOSOME - SRY-RELATED SEQUENCES IN MARSUPIALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID determining region; determining gene; protein; encodes
AB IN mammals, testis determination is under the control of the testis-determining factor borne by the Y chromosome1,2. SRY, a gene cloned from the sex-determining region of the human Y chromosome, has been equated with the testis-determining factor in man3-5 and mouse6,7. We have used a human SRY probe to identify and clone related genes from the Y chromosome of two marsupial species. Comparisons of eutherian and metatherian Y-located SRY sequences suggest rapid evolution of these genes, especially outside the region encoding the DNA-binding HMG box. The SRY homologues, together with the mouse Ube1y homologues8, are the first genes to be identified on the marsupial Y chromosome.
C1 LA TROBE UNIV,DEPT GENET & HUMAN VARIAT,BUNDOORA,VIC 3083,AUSTRALIA.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,HUMAN MOLEC GENET LAB,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   NATL INST MED RES,MRC,EUKARYOT MOLEC GENET LAB,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   LA TROBE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,BUNDOORA,VIC 3083,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV MELBOURNE,DEPT ZOOL,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA.
   MACQUARIE UNIV,SCH BIOL SCI,N RYDE,NSW 2109,AUSTRALIA.
C3 La Trobe University; Cancer Research UK; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; La Trobe University; University of Melbourne; Macquarie University
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U117562207] Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 215
Z9 227
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 531
EP 533
DI 10.1038/359531a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900058
PM 1406969
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEGERSKI, R
   PETERSON, C
AF LEGERSKI, R
   PETERSON, C
TI EXPRESSION CLONING OF A HUMAN DNA-REPAIR GENE INVOLVED IN XERODERMA-PIGMENTOSUM GROUP-C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-efficiency transformation; molecular-cloning; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; nucleotide-sequence; excision repair; rad4 gene; cells; complementation; mutants; defect
AB XERODERMA pigmentosum (XP) is a rare human autosomal recessive disease characterized by solar sensitivity, high predisposition for developing cancers on areas exposed to sunlight, and, in some cases, neurological abnormalities1,2. XP cells are defective in DNA repair3, and complementation of this defect has been used to identify eight genetic groups (A-G and variant)4. We have developed a simple, highly efficient complementary DNA expression system for use in human cells5. Here we use this system to isolate a cDNA clone that restores the ultraviolet sensitivity and unscheduled DNA synthesis of XP-C cells to normal levels. The XP-C complementing clone XPCC encodes a highly hydrophilic protein which is composed of a predicted 823 amino acids and shares limited homology with the product of the yeast DNA repair gene RAD4. The XPCC transcript is undetectable by northern blotting in most XP-C cell lines examined.
RP LEGERSKI, R (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,DEPT MOLEC GENET,1515 HOLCOMBE BLVD,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 25
TC 212
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6390
BP 70
EP 73
DI 10.1038/359070a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JL662
UT WOS:A1992JL66200056
PM 1522891
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RAMASWAMY, V
   SCHWARZKOPF, MD
   SHINE, KP
AF RAMASWAMY, V
   SCHWARZKOPF, MD
   SHINE, KP
TI RADIATIVE FORCING OF CLIMATE FROM HALOCARBON-INDUCED GLOBAL STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LOSS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation model; dynamical response; antarctic ozone; carbon-dioxide; depletion; balance
AB OBSERVATIONS from satellite and ground-based instruments 1-3 indicate that between 1979 and 1990 there have been statistically significant losses of ozone in the lower stratosphere of the middle to high latitudes in both hemispheres. Here we determine the radiative forcing of the surface-troposphere system 4-6 due to the observed decadal ozone losses, and compare it with that due to the increased concentrations of the other main radiatively active gases (CO2, CH4, N2O and chlorofluorocarbons) over the same time period. Our results indicate that a significant negative radiative forcing results from ozone losses in middle to high latitudes, in contrast to the positive forcing at all latitudes caused by the CFCs and other gases. As the anthropogenic emissions of CFCs and other halocarbons are thought to be largely responsible for the observed ozone depletions 1, our results suggest that the net decadal contribution of CFCs to the greenhouse climate forcing is substantially less than previously estimated.
C1 NOAA,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08542.
   UNIV READING,DEPT METEOROL,READING RG6 2AU,ENGLAND.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Reading
RP RAMASWAMY, V (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,ATMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI PROGRAM,PRINCETON,NJ 08542, USA.
NR 27
TC 145
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 810
EP 812
DI 10.1038/355810a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JONES, KC
   SANDERS, G
   WILD, SR
   BURNETT, V
   JOHNSTON, AE
AF JONES, KC
   SANDERS, G
   WILD, SR
   BURNETT, V
   JOHNSTON, AE
TI EVIDENCE FOR A DECLINE OF PCBS AND PAHS IN RURAL VEGETATION AND AIR IN THE UNITED-KINGDOM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aromatic hydrocarbon content; polychlorinated-biphenyls; chlorinated hydrocarbons; agricultural soil; last century; accumulation; atmosphere; transport; foliage
AB RELIABLE data on persistent organic contaminants in the environment are needed to evaluate strategies to limit their dispersal. Long-term data are often not available, however, because the chemicals in question were not routinely analysed in the past. Although attempts have been made to assess temporal trends by analysis of environmental samples deposited in discrete or identifiable layers (in sediment or peat cores) 1-3, these media may be disturbed in situ or give poor temporal resolution, or the contaminants may be subject to post-depositional changes. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent and toxic 4-9 contaminants for which no long-term global ambient monitoring data exist. Plant foliage is a reliable monitor of ambient levels of vapour-phase compounds in air 10-16 and here we present an analysis of archived herbage samples (1965-89) which shows that air concentrations of lower chlorinated PCBs in rural England have decreased by up to a factor of 50 between 1965-69 and 1985-89. High-molecular-weight PCBs and PAHs have also decreased in concentration, but not to such a great extent.
C1 ROTHAMSTED EXPTL STN,HARPENDEN AL5 2JQ,HERTS,ENGLAND.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Rothamsted Research
RP JONES, KC (corresponding author), UNIV LANCASTER,INST ENVIRONM & BIOL SCI,LANCASTER LA1 4YQ,ENGLAND.
NR 29
TC 119
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 137
EP 140
DI 10.1038/356137a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GAO, F
   YUE, L
   WHITE, AT
   PAPPAS, PG
   BARCHUE, J
   HANSON, AP
   GREENE, BM
   SHARP, PM
   SHAW, GM
   HAHN, BH
AF GAO, F
   YUE, L
   WHITE, AT
   PAPPAS, PG
   BARCHUE, J
   HANSON, AP
   GREENE, BM
   SHARP, PM
   SHAW, GM
   HAHN, BH
TI HUMAN INFECTION BY GENETICALLY DIVERSE SIVSM-RELATED HIV-2 IN WEST AFRICA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-2; genomic divergence; sooty mangabey; monkeys; aids; variability; isolate
AB OUR understanding of the biology and origins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) derives from studies of cultured isolates from urban populations experiencing epidemic infection and disease1-8. To test the hypothesis that such isolates might represent only a subset of a larger, genetically more diverse group of viruses, we used nested polymerase chain reactions to characterize HIV-2 sequences in uncultured mononuclear blood cells of two healthy Liberian agricultural workers, from whom virus isolation was repeatedly unsuccessful, and from a culture-positive symptomatic urban dweller. Analysis of pol, env and long terminal repeat regions revealed the presence of three highly divergent HIV-2 strains, one of which (from one of the healthy subjects) was significantly more closely related to simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques (SIV(SM)/SIV(MAC)) than to any virus of human derivation. This subject also harboured multiply defective viral genotypes that resulted from hypermutation of G to A bases. Our results indicate that HIV-2, SIV(SM) and SIV(MAC) comprise a single, highly diverse group of lentiviruses which cannot be separated into distinct phylogenetic lineages according to species of origin.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DIV GEOG MED,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   UNIV ALABAMA,DIV INFECT DIS,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   LIBERIAN INST BIOMED RES,ROBERTSFIELD,LIBERIA.
   UNIV DUBLIN TRINITY COLL,DEPT GENET,DUBLIN 2,IRELAND.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; Trinity College Dublin
RP GAO, F (corresponding author), UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT MED,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294, USA.
NR 30
TC 358
Z9 508
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6386
BP 495
EP 499
DI 10.1038/358495a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JG739
UT WOS:A1992JG73900047
PM 1641038
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HILL, A
   WARD, S
   DEINO, A
   CURTIS, G
   DRAKE, R
AF HILL, A
   WARD, S
   DEINO, A
   CURTIS, G
   DRAKE, R
TI EARLIEST HOMO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fossil hominids; kenya; calibration; pliocene; turkana; baringo; region; east
AB THE origin of our own genus, Homo, has been tentatively correlated with worldwide climatic cooling documented at about 2.4 Myr (million years) (refs 1-5). It has also been conjectured that members of Homo made the first stone tools, currently dated at 2.6 - 2.4 Myr (refs 6-8). But fossil specimens clearly attributable to Homo before about 1.9 Myr have been lacking. In 1967 a fossil hominoid temporal bone (KNM-BC1) from the Chemeron Formation of Kenya was described as family Hominidae gen. et sp. indet. 9. Although a surface find, its provenance within site JM85 (BPRP site K002) was established and a stratigraphic section provided indicating the specimen's position 9. This evidence has been affirmed (see for example refs 10-12) but the exact age of the fossil was never determined, and the absence of suitable comparative hominid material has precluded a more definitive taxonomic assignment. Here we present 40Ar/39Ar age determinations on material from the hominid site indicating an age of 2.4 Myr. In addition, comparative studies allow us to assign KNM-BC1 to the genus Homo, making it the earliest securely known fossil of our own genus found so far.
C1 NORTHEASTERN OHIO UNIV, COLL MED, DEPT HUMAN ANAT, ROOTSTOWN, OH 44272 USA.
   INST HUMAN ORIGINS, CTR GEOCHRONOL, BERKELEY, CA 94709 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED)
RP HILL, A (corresponding author), YALE UNIV, DEPT ANTHROPOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA.
NR 38
TC 122
Z9 134
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 719
EP 722
DI 10.1038/355719a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400061
PM 1741057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STRYNADKA, NCJ
   ADACHI, H
   JENSEN, SE
   JOHNS, K
   SIELECKI, A
   BETZEL, C
   SUTOH, K
   JAMES, MNG
AF STRYNADKA, NCJ
   ADACHI, H
   JENSEN, SE
   JOHNS, K
   SIELECKI, A
   BETZEL, C
   SUTOH, K
   JAMES, MNG
TI MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE OF THE ACYL-ENZYME INTERMEDIATE IN BETA-LACTAM HYDROLYSIS AT 1.7 ANGSTROM RESOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-directed mutagenesis; bacillus-licheniformis 749/c; refined crystal-structure; mechanism; penicillin; catalysis; mutants; resistance; single; pc1
AB The X-ray crystal structure of the molecular complex of penicillin G with a deacylation-defective mutant of the RTEM-1 beta-lactamase from Escherichia coli shows how these antibiotics are recognized and destroyed. Penicillin G is covalently bound to Ser 70 O(gamma) as an acyl-enzyme intermediate. The deduced catalytic mechanism uses Ser 70 O(gamma) as the attacking nucleophile during acylation. Lys 73 N(zeta) acts as a general base in abstracting a proton from Ser 70 and transferring it to the thiazolidine ring nitrogen atom via Ser 130 O(gamma). Deacylation is accomplished by nucleophilic attack on the penicilloyl carbonyl carbon by a water molecule assisted by the general base, Glu 166.
C1 UNIV ALBERTA, DEPT BIOCHEM, MRC, PROT STRUCT & FUNCT GRP, EDMONTON T6G 2H7, ALBERTA, CANADA.
   DESY, EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB, W-2000 HAMBURG 52, GERMANY.
   UNIV ALBERTA, DEPT MICROBIOL, EDMONTON T6G 2E9, ALBERTA, CANADA.
   UNIV TOKYO, COLL ARTS & SCI, DEPT PURE & APPL SCI, MEGURO KU, TOKYO 153, JAPAN.
C3 University of Alberta; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); University of Alberta; University of Tokyo
NR 49
TC 565
Z9 615
U1 1
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 700
EP 705
DI 10.1038/359700a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000046
PM 1436034
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ARTALEJO, CR
   ROSSIE, S
   PERLMAN, RL
   FOX, AP
AF ARTALEJO, CR
   ROSSIE, S
   PERLMAN, RL
   FOX, AP
TI VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION MAY RECRUIT CA2+ CURRENT FACILITATION IN CHROMAFFIN CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cardiac calcium-channel; rabbit skeletal-muscle; protein kinase-c; okadaic acid; potent inhibitors; phosphatase-2a; receptor
AB BOVINE chromaffin cells have two components of whole-cell Ca2+ current: 'standard' Ca2+ currents that are activated by brief depolarizations, and 'facilitation' Ca2+ currents, which are normally quiescent but can be activated by large pre-depolarizations or by repetitive depolarizations to physiological potentials 1-5. The activation of protein kinase A can also stimulate Ca2+ current facilitation, indicating that phosphorylation can play a part in facilitation 6. Here we investigate the role of protein phosphorylation in the recruitment of facilitation Ca2+ currents by pre-pulses or repetitive depolarizations. We find that recruitment of facilitation by depolarization is a rapid first-order process which is suppressed by inhibitors of protein phosphorylation or by injection of phosphatase 2A into cells. Recruitment of facilitation Ca2+ current by voltage is normally reversible but phosphatase inhibitors render it irreversible. Our results indicate that recruitment of these Ca2+ currents by pre-pulses or repetitive depolarizations involves voltage-dependent phosphorylation of the facilitation Ca2+ channel or a closely associated regulatory protein. Voltage-dependent phosphorylation may therefore be a mechanism by which membrane potential can modulate ion channel activity.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT PHARMACOL & PHYSIOL SCI,947 E 58TH ST,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT PEDIAT,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,JOSEPH P KENNEDY JR MENTAL RETARDAT RES CTR,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID,FAC MED,DEPT FARMACOL,E-28029 MADRID,SPAIN.
   PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Autonomous University of Madrid; Purdue University System; Purdue University
NR 24
TC 128
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6381
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/358063a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JB341
UT WOS:A1992JB34100054
PM 1319555
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHWOB, E
   MARTIN, RP
AF SCHWOB, E
   MARTIN, RP
TI NEW YEAST ACTIN-LIKE GENE REQUIRED LATE IN THE CELL-CYCLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; sequence; disruption; tubulin; protein
AB ACTIN, a major cytoskeletal component of all eukaryotic cells, is one of the most highly conserved proteins. It is involved in various cellular processes such as motility, cytoplasmic streaming, chromosome segregation and cytokinesis 1,2.  The actin from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encoded by the essential ACT1 gene 3-5, is 89% identical to mouse cytoplasmic actin and is involved in the organization and polarized growth of the cell surface 6-8.  We report here the characterization of ACT2, a previously undescribed yeast split gene encoding a putative protein (391 amino acids, relative molecular mass (M(r)) 44,073) that is 47% identical to yeast actin. The requirement of the ACT2 gene for vegetative growth of yeast cells and the existence of related genes in other eukaryotes indicate an important and conserved role for these actin-like proteins. Superimposition of the Act2 polypeptide onto the three-dimensional structure 9,10 of known actins reveals that most of the divergence occurred in loops involved in actin polymerization, DNase I and myosin binding, leaving the core domain mainly unaffected. To our knowledge, the Act2 protein from S. cerevisiae is the first highly divergent actin molecule described. Structural and physiological data suggest that the Act2 protein might have an important role in cytoskeletal reorganization during the cell cycle.
C1 CNRS,INST BIOL MOLEC & CELLULAIRE,BIOCHIM LAB,15 RUE RENE DESCARTES,F-67084 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
   UNIV STRASBOURG 1,F-67084 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
NR 31
TC 120
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6356
BP 179
EP 182
DI 10.1038/355179a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY629
UT WOS:A1992GY62900064
PM 1729653
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GOTO, M
   RUBENSTEIN, M
   WEBER, J
   WOODS, K
   DRAYNA, D
AF GOTO, M
   RUBENSTEIN, M
   WEBER, J
   WOODS, K
   DRAYNA, D
TI GENETIC-LINKAGE OF WERNER SYNDROME TO 5 MARKERS ON CHROMOSOME-8
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna; polymorphisms; cells
AB WERNER'S syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease in which the affected individuals display symptoms of premature ageing 1-3. The substantial phenotypic overlap between WS and normal ageing indicates that these two conditions may have pathogenetic mechanisms in common 3-5. The WS mutation has pleiotropic effects, and patients and their cells show many differences compared with normals 5. Despite extensive study of the clinical and biochemical features of this disorder, the primary genetic defect remains unknown. We have undertaken a genetic linkage study in an effort to identify the locus of the primary defect 6. Here we report close genetic linkage of the WS mutation to a group of markers on chromosome 8.
C1 GENENTECH INC,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,460 POINT SAN BRUNO BLVD,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT SCI COMP,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   TOKYO METROPOLITAN OTSUKA HOSP,DEPT RHEUMATOL,TOKYO 170,JAPAN.
   MARSHFIELD FDN MED RES,MARSHFIELD,WI 54449.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech
NR 33
TC 189
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6362
BP 735
EP 738
DI 10.1038/355735a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HE604
UT WOS:A1992HE60400067
PM 1741060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YEAGER, CL
   ASHMUN, RA
   WILLIAMS, RK
   CARDELLICHIO, CB
   SHAPIRO, LH
   LOOK, AT
   HOLMES, KV
AF YEAGER, CL
   ASHMUN, RA
   WILLIAMS, RK
   CARDELLICHIO, CB
   SHAPIRO, LH
   LOOK, AT
   HOLMES, KV
TI HUMAN AMINOPEPTIDASE-N IS A RECEPTOR FOR HUMAN CORONAVIRUS-229E
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid sequence; endopeptidase 24.11 enkephalinase; membrane antigen gp150; neutral endopeptidase; molecular-cloning; leukemia antigen; gene; kidney; identification; expression
AB HUMAN coronaviruses (HCV) in two serogroups represented by HCV-229E and HCV-OC43 are an important cause of upper respiratory tract infections 1. Here we report that human aminopeptidase N, a cell-surface metalloprotease on intestinal, lung and kidney epithelial cells 2-5, is a receptor for human coronavirus strain HCV-229E, but not for HCV-OC43. A monoclonal antibody, RBS, blocked HCV-229E virus infection of human lung fibroblasts, immunoprecipitated aminopeptidase N and inhibited its enzymatic activity. HCV-229E-resistant murine fibroblasts became susceptible after transfection with complementary DNA encoding human aminopeptidase N. By contrast, infection of human cells with HCV-OC43 was not inhibited by antibody RBS and expression of aminopeptidase N did not enhance HCV-OC43 replication in mouse cells. A mutant aminopeptidase lacking the catalytic site of the enzyme did not bind HCV-229E or RBS and did not render murine cells susceptible to HCV-229E infection, suggesting that the virus-binding site may lie at or near the active site of the human aminopeptidase molecule.
C1 UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI, DEPT PATHOL, 4301 JONES BRIDGE RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA.
   ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT HEMATOL ONCOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA.
   ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT TUMOR CELL BIOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA.
   UNIV TENNESSEE, CTR HLTH SCI, COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, MEMPHIS, TN 38163 USA.
C3 Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences - USA; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
NR 30
TC 768
Z9 918
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 420
EP 422
DI 10.1038/357420a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200069
PM 1350662
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEGDE, RS
   GROSSMAN, SR
   LAIMINS, LA
   SIGLER, PB
AF HEGDE, RS
   GROSSMAN, SR
   LAIMINS, LA
   SIGLER, PB
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AT 1.7-ANGSTROM OF THE BOVINE PAPILLOMAVIRUS-1 E2 DNA-BINDING DOMAIN BOUND TO ITS DNA TARGET
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein structures; terminal domain; nucleic-acids; repressor; recognition; resolution; complex; operator; activation; e2-protein
AB The dominant transcriptional regulator of the papillomaviruses, E2, binds to its specific DNA target through a previously unobserved dimeric antiparallel beta-barrel. The DNA is severely but smoothly bent over the barrel by the interaction of successive major grooves with a pair of symmetrically disposed alpha-helices. The specific interface is an 'interwoven' network of interactions where the identifying base pairs of the target contact more than one amino-acid side chain and the discriminating amino acids interact with more than one base pair.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MOLEC GENET & CELL BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 Yale University; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP HEGDE, RS (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510, USA.
NR 40
TC 313
Z9 344
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 505
EP 512
DI 10.1038/359505a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900050
PM 1328886
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORI, H
   MASAKI, H
   YAMAKURA, T
   MISHINA, M
AF MORI, H
   MASAKI, H
   YAMAKURA, T
   MISHINA, M
TI IDENTIFICATION BY MUTAGENESIS OF A MG2+-BLOCK SITE OF THE NMDA RECEPTOR CHANNEL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methyl-d-aspartate; excitatory amino-acids; mouse central neurons; spinal-cord neurons; anticonvulsant mk-801; activated channels; cortical-neurons; responses; zinc; permeability
AB THE N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel is highly permeable to Ca2+ but is blocked by Mg2+ in a voltage-dependent manner1-4. These characteristics are essential for the NMDA receptor channel to mediate the induction of long-term potentiation of synaptic efficacy, a form of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity thought to underlie memory, learning and development5-8. Recent studies have revealed the molecular and functional diversity of the NMDA receptor channel subunits, which are classified into the epsilon and zeta families according to the amino-acid sequence homology9-12. Here we report that replacement by glutamine of asparagine 598 in putative transmembrane segment M2 of the zeta-1 subunit, strongly reduces the sensitivity of the heteromeric epsilon-2/zeta-1 NMDA receptor channel to Mg2+ block. The corresponding mutation of the epsilon-2 subunit has a similar effect. Furthermore, the heteromeric epsilon-2/zeta-1 NMDA receptor channel with the mutation on both subunits shows greatly reduced sensitivity to MK-801, a channel blocker of the NMDA receptor channel13,14, but is still susceptible to inhibition by Zn2+ 15,16. These findings suggest that the conserved asparagine residue in segment M2 constitutes a Mg2+-block site of the NMDA receptor channel, and that the MK-801 site overlaps the Mg2+ site.
C1 NIIGATA UNIV, BRAIN RES INST, DEPT NEUROPHARMACOL, ASAHIMACHI 1, NIIGATA 95021, JAPAN.
C3 Niigata University
NR 25
TC 221
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6388
BP 673
EP 675
DI 10.1038/358673a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JJ882
UT WOS:A1992JJ88200055
PM 1386653
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CONROY, GC
   PICKFORD, M
   SENUT, B
   VANCOUVERING, J
   MEIN, P
AF CONROY, GC
   PICKFORD, M
   SENUT, B
   VANCOUVERING, J
   MEIN, P
TI OTAVIPITHECUS-NAMIBIENSIS, 1ST MIOCENE HOMINOID FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID middle miocene; primate fossils; western kenya; east-africa; anthropoids; morphology; specimens; pakistan; pasalar; bearing
AB WE report here the discovery of a Miocene hominoid from Berg Aukas, Namibia, the first known from the African continent south of equatorial East Africa. This represents a major range extension of Miocene Hominoidea in Africa to latitude 20-degrees-S. The holotype, a right mandibular corpus preserving the crowns of the P4-M3, partial crown and root of the P3, partial root of the canine, alveoli for all four incisors, and partial alveolus for the left canine, was found during paleontological explorations of karst-fill breccias in the Otavi region of northern Namibia. The mandible has unique characteristics that differentiate it from other middle Miocene hominoids of Africa and Eurasia and represents the only fossil evidence documenting a pre-australopithecine stage of hominoid evolution in southern Africa. Faunal analyses indicate that the breccia block containing the specimen accumulated during the latter part of the middle Miocene, about 13 +/- 1 Myr. Fauna from other breccia blocks at Berg Aukas are of diverse ages, including the earlier part of the middle Miocene, the upper Miocene, Plio-Pleistocene and Holocene.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT ANTHROPOL, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   COLL FRANCE, CHAIRE PALEOANTHROPOL & PREHIST, F-75231 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
   MUSEUM NATL HIST NAT, INST PALEONTOL, F-75231 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
   MUSEUM NATL HIST NAT, ANTHROPOL LAB, F-75231 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
   AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST, MICROPALEONTOL PRESS, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA.
   UNIV LYON 1, CTR SCI TERRE, F-69622 VILLEURBANNE, FRANCE.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Universite PSL; College de France; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Universite Lyon 1
RP CONROY, GC (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL, BOX 8108, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
NR 52
TC 57
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6365
BP 144
EP 148
DI 10.1038/356144a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HH731
UT WOS:A1992HH73100056
PM 1545864
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVIDENKO, JM
   PERTSOV, AV
   SALOMONSZ, R
   BAXTER, W
   JALIFE, J
AF DAVIDENKO, JM
   PERTSOV, AV
   SALOMONSZ, R
   BAXTER, W
   JALIFE, J
TI STATIONARY AND DRIFTING SPIRAL WAVES OF EXCITATION IN ISOLATED CARDIAC-MUSCLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID excitable media; cellular automaton; tachycardia; myocardium; mechanism; vortex
AB EXCITABLE media can support spiral waves rotating around an organizing centre 1-7.  Spiral waves have been discovered in different types of autocatalytic chemical reactions 8,9 and in biological systems 10-12.  The so-called 're-entrant excitation' of myocardial cells 13, causing the most dangerous cardiac arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, could be the result of spiral waves 1,2.  Here we use a potentiometric dye 14,15 in combination with CCD (charge-coupled device) imaging technology 16,17 to demonstrate spiral waves in the heart muscle. The spirals were elongated and the rotation period, T(s), was about 180 ms (3-5 times faster than normal heart rate). In most episodes, the spiral was anchored to small arteries or bands of connective tissue, and gave rise to stationary rotations. In some cases, the core drifted away from its site of origin and dissipated at a tissue border. Drift was associated with a Doppler shift in the local excitation period, T, with T ahead of the core being about 20% shorter than T behind the core.
RP DAVIDENKO, JM (corresponding author), SUNY HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,750 E ADAMS ST,SYRACUSE,NY 13210, USA.
NR 27
TC 1082
Z9 1186
U1 2
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6358
BP 349
EP 351
DI 10.1038/355349a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HA591
UT WOS:A1992HA59100067
PM 1731248
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SUBRAMANIAN, K
   SWARUP, G
AF SUBRAMANIAN, K
   SWARUP, G
TI A CLUSTER OF PROTOGALAXIES AT REDSHIFT 3.4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-alpha absorption; neutral hydrogen; galaxy formation; disk galaxy; radio
AB USON et al.1 have detected the 21-cm hydrogen line at a redshift of z = 3.4, both in absorption against a radio galaxy, 0902 + 343, which is also at z = 3.4, and more interestingly in emission from a nearby region at the same redshift. They interpret the H I emission as arising from a Zeldovich 'pancake'2, a primordial supergalactic condensation of gas which has yet to fragment into protogalactic units. Pancake (or 'top-down') theories of galaxy formation have several well-known difficulties3,4, however, and 'bottom-up' theories, in which protogalactic units form first and only later aggregate into clusters, are currently more popular. We propose that the H I emission seen by Uson et al. may be emission from neutral hydrogen in a collection of protogalaxies, which are of the type needed to explain the damped Lyman-alpha absorption systems in quasar spectra5. For this explanation to work, more galaxies per unit mass must form in protocluster environments than in the field. The narrowness of the observed emission line implies that the protocluster is near gravitational turn-around, the moment at which it detaches itself from the general cosmic expansion and begins to collapse. The absorption line can arise from a gaseous halo rich in H I around the radio galaxy, or from other galaxies in the vicinity.
RP SUBRAMANIAN, K (corresponding author), TATA INST FUNDAMENTAL RES, NATL CTR RADIO ASTROPHYS, POONA UNIV CAMPUS, Pune 411007, INDIA.
NR 34
TC 7
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 512
EP 514
DI 10.1038/359512a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SPADA, G
   RICARD, Y
   SABADINI, R
AF SPADA, G
   RICARD, Y
   SABADINI, R
TI EXCITATION OF TRUE POLAR WANDER BY SUBDUCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle viscosity; dynamic earth; pleistocene
AB TRUE polar wander-the global motion of the mantle relative to the Earth's rotation axis-is known from the analysis of palaeomagnetic data, hotspot tracks and plate motions to have occurred at velocities of up to 0.5-degrees Myr-1 since the Late Cretaceous period1-4. We address here the longstanding question of how fast episodes of true polar wander (TPW) can be excited5, by analysing the impact of the distribution and activity of subduction zones on polar motion. Using nonlinear Liouville equations, which allow us to treat large excursions of the polar axis, we show that unrealistically fast TPW is excited by subduction episodes unless the lower mantle has a viscosity at least 10 times that of the upper mantle. This need for a viscosity increase with depth in the mantle reinforces the conclusions of previous studies on post-glacial rebound and geoid anomalies, theoretical creep laws and some preliminary results on TPW induced by density anomalies embedded in the mantle6-10. The lower viscosity in the upper mantle means that upper-mantle density anomalies are most effective in exciting TPW. Changes in the pattern of subduction through time may be responsible for both episodes of fast TPW and times of quiescence in polar motion.
C1 UNIV BOLOGNA, DIPARTIMENTO FIS, IST GEOFIS, I-40127 BOLOGNA, ITALY.
C3 University of Bologna
RP SPADA, G (corresponding author), ECOLE NORM SUPER, DEPT GEOL, F-75231 PARIS, FRANCE.
NR 25
TC 100
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6403
BP 452
EP 454
DI 10.1038/360452a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA KA797
UT WOS:A1992KA79700055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YEN, TJ
   LI, G
   SCHAAR, BT
   SZILAK, I
   CLEVELAND, DW
AF YEN, TJ
   LI, G
   SCHAAR, BT
   SZILAK, I
   CLEVELAND, DW
TI CENP-E IS A PUTATIVE KINETOCHORE MOTOR THAT ACCUMULATES JUST BEFORE MITOSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinesin heavy-chain; protein; sequence; gene; encodes; domains
AB THE mechanics of chromosome movement, mitotic spindle assembly and spindle elongation have long been central questions of cell biology1. After attachment in prometaphase of a microtubule from one pole, duplicated chromosome pairs travel towards the pole in a rapid but discontinuous motion2,3. This is followed by a slower congression towards the midplate as the chromosome pair orients with each kinetochore attached to the microtubules f rom the nearest pole. The pairs disjoin at anaphase and translocate to opposite poles and the interpolar distance increases. Here we identify CENP-E as a kinesin-like motor protein (M(r) 312,000) that accumulates in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. CENP-E associates with kinetochores during congression, relocates to the spindle midzone at anaphase, and is quantitatively discarded at the end of the cell division. CENP-E is likely to be one of the motors responsible for mammalian chromosome movement and/or spindle elongation.
C1 UNIV PENN,CELL BIOL GRAD GRP,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Johns Hopkins University
RP YEN, TJ (corresponding author), FOX CHASE CANC CTR,7701 BURHOLME AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111, USA.
NR 21
TC 370
Z9 424
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 536
EP 539
DI 10.1038/359536a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900060
PM 1406971
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VALLADAS, H
   CACHIER, H
   MAURICE, P
   DEQUIROS, FB
   CLOTTES, J
   VALDES, VC
   UZQUIANO, P
   ARNOLD, M
AF VALLADAS, H
   CACHIER, H
   MAURICE, P
   DEQUIROS, FB
   CLOTTES, J
   VALDES, VC
   UZQUIANO, P
   ARNOLD, M
TI DIRECT RADIOCARBON-DATES FOR PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS AT THE ALTAMIRA, EL-CASTILLO AND NIAUX CAVES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID accelerator; art
AB AMONG things that most strikingly distinguish modern humans from other hominids and the rest of the animal kingdom is the ability to represent things and events pictorially. Complex paintings of the type discovered in the Altamira, El Castillo, Niaux and Lascaux caves represent an important stepping stone in the cultural evolution of humankind. Until now dates were derived from style or dated remains left by prehistoric visitors and could be biased by prolonged occupation or visits unrelated to painting activity. Here we report the first radiocarbon dates for the charcoal used to draw stylistically similar bisons in these caves: 14,000 +/-400 yr BP in the Spanish caves of Altamira, 12,990 +/- 200 yr BP in El Castillo, and 12,890 +/- 160 yr BP for a bison of different style in the French Pyrenean cave of Niaux. Our results demonstrate the imprecise nature of stylistic dating and show that painting dates derived from remains of human activities should be used with caution.
C1 UNIV LEON,AREA PREHIST,E-24071 LEON,SPAIN.
   MINIST CULTURE & COMMUN,F-09000 FOIX,FRANCE.
   UNIV NACL EDUC DISTANCIA,E-28040 MADRID,SPAIN.
   UNIV MONTPELLIER 2,CNRS,UA 327,PALEOBOT LAB,F-34000 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE.
C3 Universidad de Leon; Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia (UNED); Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP VALLADAS, H (corresponding author), CNRS,CEA,LAB MIXTE,CTR FAIBLES RADIOACT,AVE TERRASE,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
NR 23
TC 114
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6373
BP 68
EP 70
DI 10.1038/357068a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HT229
UT WOS:A1992HT22900059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARTIN, JH
   FITZWATER, SE
AF MARTIN, JH
   FITZWATER, SE
TI DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON IN THE ATLANTIC, SOUTHERN AND PACIFIC OCEANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiocarbon; oxidation
AB THE amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in sea water is controversial 1,2. Using a high-temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) technique, Sugimura and Suzuki 3 reported that surface waters contained 2-4 times as much DOC as that measured previously using wet chemistry and ultraviolet oxidation techniques 4,5. They also observed a relationship between DOC content and apparent oxygen utilization suggesting that the consumption of DOC is responsible for oxygen depletion in the deep sea. How to reconcile the apparent differences between these techniques has not been clear. Here we provide independent confirmation of the findings of Sugimura and Suzuki. We collected surface and deep waters from the equatorial Pacific Ocean, the Drake passage and the Atlantic Ocean south of Iceland, and analysed their DOC content using the HTCO methodology 3. We found DOC concentrations 2-3 times higher than those measured previously. These results imply that the carbon content of the oceans has previously been underestimated by 10(12) (1,000 billion) tonnes, and that the new estimated total of 1,800 billion tonnes represents one of the largest carbon reservoirs on Earth 6. We found no evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship between DOC and apparent oxygen utilization.
RP MARTIN, JH (corresponding author), MOSS LANDING MARINE LABS,MOSS LANDING,CA 95039, USA.
NR 17
TC 67
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6371
BP 699
EP 700
DI 10.1038/356699a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HQ146
UT WOS:A1992HQ14600055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHRISTIE, DM
   DUNCAN, RA
   MCBIRNEY, AR
   RICHARDS, MA
   WHITE, WM
   HARPP, KS
   FOX, CG
AF CHRISTIE, DM
   DUNCAN, RA
   MCBIRNEY, AR
   RICHARDS, MA
   WHITE, WM
   HARPP, KS
   FOX, CG
TI DROWNED ISLANDS DOWNSTREAM FROM THE GALAPAGOS HOTSPOT IMPLY EXTENDED SPECIATION TIMES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plate motions; evolution; plumes
AB THE volcanic islands of the Galapagos archipelago are the most recent products of a long-lived mantle hotspot 1,2. Little is known, however, of the submarine Galapagos platform on which the islands are built, or of the Cocos and Carnegie submarine ridges produced by past motion of the Cocos and Nazca plates across the hotspot 3,4. In 1990 we surveyed selected areas around the Galapagos platform and as far east as 85-degrees 30' W on the Carnegie ridge, where we dredged abundant well-rounded basalt cobbles from a small seamount with a terraced summit region. Cobbles were also dredged from several other seamounts. We interpret these features, especially the presence of cobbles, as evidence for erosion near sea level and conclude that these seamounts were volcanic islands before subsiding to their present depths. Radiometric ages for these drowned islands range from 5 to 9 Myr, consistent with predicted plate motions. They indicate that the time available for speciation of Galapagos organisms is much longer than the age range of the existing islands.
C1 UNIV OREGON,DEPT GEOL,EUGENE,OR 97403.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   CORNELL UNIV,DEPT GEOL,ITHACA,NY 14853.
   NOAA,HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR,NEWPORT,OR 97365.
C3 University of Oregon; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Cornell University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP CHRISTIE, DM (corresponding author), OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEANOG,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA.
NR 16
TC 141
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6357
BP 246
EP 248
DI 10.1038/355246a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GZ694
UT WOS:A1992GZ69400065
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KELLY, PM
   WIGLEY, TML
AF KELLY, PM
   WIGLEY, TML
TI SOLAR-CYCLE LENGTH, GREENHOUSE FORCING AND GLOBAL CLIMATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variability
AB THE recent rise in global-mean surface air temperature is widely thought to be the result of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases1-3, but there are discrepancies between the predicted response of the atmosphere to this radiative forcing and the observed temperature changes1-5. Solar irradiance fluctuations have been proposed as a possible explanation for these discrepancies, and various solar properties (for example, radius6, smoothed sunspot number7 or cycle length8) have been suggested as proxies for solar irradiance variations in the absence of direct data. Here we model the effects of a combination of greenhouse and solar-cycle-length forcing and compare the results with observed temperatures. We find that this forcing combination can explain many features of the temperature record, although the results must be interpreted cautiously; even with optimized solar forcing, most of the recent warming trend is explained by greenhouse forcing.
RP KELLY, PM (corresponding author), UNIV E ANGLIA,CLIMAT RES UNIT,NORWICH NR4 7TJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
NR 17
TC 98
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6402
BP 328
EP 330
DI 10.1038/360328a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JZ630
UT WOS:A1992JZ63000045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOKAME, K
   FUKADA, Y
   YOSHIZAWA, T
   TAKAO, T
   SHIMONISHI, Y
AF KOKAME, K
   FUKADA, Y
   YOSHIZAWA, T
   TAKAO, T
   SHIMONISHI, Y
TI LIPID MODIFICATION AT THE N-TERMINUS OF PHOTORECEPTOR G-PROTEIN ALPHA-SUBUNIT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nh2-terminal blocking group; amino-acid-sequence; rod outer segments; myristic acid; beta-gamma; substrate-specificity; cdna sequence; transducin; myristoyltransferase; binding
AB MYRISTATE is a fatty acid (fourteen-carbon chain with no double bonds, C14:0) linked to the amino-terminal glycine of several proteins 1-7, including alpha-subunits of heterotrimeric (alpha/betagamma) G proteins8,9. We report here a novel modification at the N terminus of the alpha-subunit of the photoreceptor G protein transducin, Talpha, with heterogeneous fatty acids composed of laurate (C12:0), unsaturated C14:2 and C14:1 fatty acids, and a small amount (approximately 5%) of myristate. Both the GTPase activity of Talpha/Tbetagamma and the Tbetagamma-dependent ADP-ribosylation of Talpha catalysed by pertussis toxin were inhibited by the lauroylated and myristoylated N-terminal peptide of Talpha. The myristoylated peptide gave 50% inhibition at a 3.5 to approximately 4.5-fold lower concentration than the lauroylated peptide in each assay, indicating that the strength of the interaction between Talpha and Tbetagamma is altered by heterogeneous fatty acids linked to Talpha. This suggests that a looser subunit interaction in transducin which is due to an abundance of N-linked fatty acids other than myristate would favour the rapid turnover and catalysis essential for the visual excitation in photoreceptor cells.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT BIOPHYS,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN.
   UNIV ELECTROCOMMUN,DEPT APPL PHYS & CHEM,CHOFU,TOKYO 182,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,INST PROT RES,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University; University of Electro-Communications - Japan; University of Osaka
NR 29
TC 192
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6397
BP 749
EP 752
DI 10.1038/359749a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JU650
UT WOS:A1992JU65000063
PM 1436039
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHENEVERT, J
   CORRADO, K
   BENDER, A
   PRINGLE, J
   HERSKOWITZ, I
AF CHENEVERT, J
   CORRADO, K
   BENDER, A
   PRINGLE, J
   HERSKOWITZ, I
TI A YEAST GENE (BEM1) NECESSARY FOR CELL POLARIZATION WHOSE PRODUCT CONTAINS 2 SH3 DOMAINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; pheromone; sequence; protein; signal; fusion; virus
AB CELL polarization requires that a cellular axis or cell-surface site be chosen and that the cytoskeleton be organized with respect to it. Details of the link between the cytoskeleton and the chosen axis or site are not clear 1. Cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit cell polarization in two phases of their life cycle, during vegetative growth and during mating, which reflects responses to intracellular and extracellular signals, respectively. Here we describe the isolation of two mutants defective specifically in cell polarization in response to peptide mating pheromones. The mutants carry special alleles (denoted bem1-s) of the BEM1 gene required for cell polarization during vegetative growth 2,3. Unlike other bem1 mutants, the bem1-s mutants are normal for vegetative growth. Complete deletion of BEM1 leads to the defect in polarization of vegetative cells seen in bem1 mutants 2,3. The predicted sequence of the BEM1 protein (Bem1p) reveals two copies of a domain (denoted SH3) that is found in many proteins associated with the cortical cytoskeleton and which may mediate binding to actin or some other component of the cell cortex 4,5. The sequence of Bem1p and the properties of mutants defective in this protein indicate that it may link the cytoskeleton to morphogenetic determinants on the cell surface.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN, DEPT BIOL, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP CHENEVERT, J (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
NR 23
TC 190
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6364
BP 77
EP 79
DI 10.1038/356077a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HG602
UT WOS:A1992HG60200061
PM 1538785
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FINKELSTEIN, A
   KOSTRUB, CF
   LI, J
   CHAVEZ, DP
   WANG, BQ
   FANG, SM
   GREENBLATT, J
   BURTON, ZF
AF FINKELSTEIN, A
   KOSTRUB, CF
   LI, J
   CHAVEZ, DP
   WANG, BQ
   FANG, SM
   GREENBLATT, J
   BURTON, ZF
TI A CDNA-ENCODING RAP74, A GENERAL INITIATION-FACTOR FOR TRANSCRIPTION BY RNA POLYMERASE-II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID accurate initiation; proteins; binding; promoter
AB RAP30/74 (also known as TFIIF (refs 1, 2), beta-gamma (ref. 3) and FC (ref. 4)) is one of several general factors required for initiation by RNA polymerase II (reviewed in refs 5-7). The small RAP30 subunit of RAP30/74 binds directly to polymerase and appears structurally and functionally homologous to bacterial sigma factors in their RNA polymerase-binding region 8-10. RAP30/74 or recombinant RAP30 suppresses nonspecific binding of RNA polymerase II to DNA (refs 10, 11) and is required for RNA polymerase II to assemble stably into a preinitiation complex containing promoter DNA and the general factors TFIID, TFIIA and TFIIB (refs 2, 12, 13); both RAP30 and RAP74 are physical components of the preinitiation complex 2. A complementary DNA encoding human RAP30 has been isolated 8, and here we report the isolation of a cDNA encoding human RAP74. RAP30 and RAP74 produced in Escherichia coli can be used in place of natural human RAP30/74 to direct accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in vitro.
C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,E LANSING,MI 48824.
   MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,AGR EXPT STN,E LANSING,MI 48824.
   UNIV TORONTO,BANTING & BEST DEPT MED RES,TORONTO M5G 1L6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO M5G 1L6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 Michigan State University; Michigan State University; Michigan State University AgBioResearch; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
NR 28
TC 92
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 464
EP 467
DI 10.1038/355464a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000075
PM 1734284
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROBB, LJ
   DAVIS, DW
   KAMO, SL
   MEYER, FM
AF ROBB, LJ
   DAVIS, DW
   KAMO, SL
   MEYER, FM
TI AGES OF ALTERED GRANITES ADJOINING THE WITWATERSRAND BASIN WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF GOLD AND URANIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID u-pb ages; zircon; constraints; evolution; systems
AB ONE of the main problems in understanding the origin of the Witwatersrand Basin mineralization concerns the source of the prodigious concentrations of gold and uranium in the basin; another problem is the age and nature of the rocks in the source area. Recent data 1,2 indicate that the source area was largely 3,200-2,900 Myr old, becoming progressively younger as the basin evolved. Granites adjoining the basin are commonly overprinted by pervasive and vein-related hydrothermal alteration, which resulted in an enrichment of both gold and uranium 3,4. Here we report uranium-lead data demonstrating that these hydrothermally altered granites were intruded sporadically, both before and during the 360-Myr period 5 constraining Witwatersrand sediment deposition, and that hydrothermal alteration was associated with granitoid intrusion and subsequent cooling. Thus, 'fertilization' of the crust occurred during basin evolution, a feature that supports the idea 19 that gold and uranium mineralization occurred simultaneously with sediment deposition.
C1 ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM,JACK SATTERLEY GEOCHRONOL LAB,TORONTO M5S 2C6,ONTARIO,CANADA.
C3 Royal Ontario Museum
RP ROBB, LJ (corresponding author), UNIV WITWATERSRAND,DEPT GEOL,1 JAN SMUTS AVE,JOHANNESBURG 2050,SOUTH AFRICA.
NR 19
TC 66
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6380
BP 677
EP 680
DI 10.1038/357677a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JA430
UT WOS:A1992JA43000066
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WOOLF, CJ
   SHORTLAND, P
   COGGESHALL, RE
AF WOOLF, CJ
   SHORTLAND, P
   COGGESHALL, RE
TI PERIPHERAL-NERVE INJURY TRIGGERS CENTRAL SPROUTING OF MYELINATED AFFERENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-associated protein; lumbar spinal-cord; dorsal horn; somatotopic organization; substantia-gelatinosa; rat; neurons; skin; projections; transection
AB THE central terminals of primary afferent neurons are topographically highly ordered in the spinal cord 1. Peripheral receptor sensitivity is reflected by dorsal horn laminar location: low-threshold mechanoreceptors terminate in laminae III and IV (refs 2, 3) and high-threshold nociceptors in laminae I, II and V (refs 4, 5). Unmyelinated C fibres, most of which are nociceptors 6, terminate predominantly in lamina II (refs 5, 7). There is therefore an anatomical framework for the transfer of specific inputs to localized subsets of dorsal horn neurons. This specificity must contribute to the relationship between a low-intensity stimulus and an innocuous sensation and a noxious stimulus and pain. We now show that after peripheral nerve injury the central terminals of axotomized myelinated afferents, including the large A-beta fibres, sprout into lamina II. This structural reorganization in the adult central nervous system may contribute to the development of the pain mediated by A-fibres that can follow nerve lesions in humans 8,9.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,DEPT ANAT & NEUROSCI,GALVESTON,TX 77550.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston
RP WOOLF, CJ (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 913
Z9 1025
U1 1
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6355
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/355075a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA GY228
UT WOS:A1992GY22800054
PM 1370574
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADSEN, T
   SHINE, R
   LOMAN, J
   HAKANSSON, T
AF MADSEN, T
   SHINE, R
   LOMAN, J
   HAKANSSON, T
TI WHY DO FEMALE ADDERS COPULATE SO FREQUENTLY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insects; fitness
AB MALES of most animal species will enhance their reproductive success if they mate often and with many different partners, whereas promiscuous mating is unlikely to increase a female's reproductive success. Why then is multiple copulation by females so common 1-6? Many theoreticians have suggested that multiple copulations might enhance the viability of a female's offspring, either because of inadequate quantities of sperm from the first mating 1,7, additional nutrients derived from the seminal fluid 7,8 or some genetic advantage 9-14. Our field studies on Swedish adders provide the first empirical evidence that multiple copulations, with different partners each time, increase offspring viability. This advantage apparently results from more intense sperm competition in the female's reproductive tract, resulting in a higher proportion of her ova being fertilized by genetically superior males.
C1 UNIV SYDNEY, DEPT ZOOL, SYDNEY, NSW 2006, AUSTRALIA.
   LUND UNIV, DEPT ANIM ECOL, S-22362 LUND, SWEDEN.
   UNIV KENTUCKY, DEPT ANTHROPOL, LEXINGTON, KY 40506 USA.
C3 University of Sydney; Lund University; University of Kentucky
NR 21
TC 320
Z9 341
U1 2
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6359
BP 440
EP 441
DI 10.1038/355440a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HB530
UT WOS:A1992HB53000067
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAVANI, M
   BROOKSHAW, L
AF TAVANI, M
   BROOKSHAW, L
TI THE ORIGIN OF PLANETS ORBITING MILLISECOND PULSARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eclipsing binary; terzan-5; mass
AB AT least two Earth-sized planets have been discovered around the 6-ms pulsar PSR1257 + 12 (ref. 1), which, like millisecond pulsars in general, has probably been spun up by accretion of material from a companion star. In addition, two 'star-vaporizing' millisecond pulsars (SVPs), 1957 + 20 (ref. 2) and 1744-24A (refs 3, 4), show evidence of mass outflows from their low-mass companions, which are thought to be vaporized by pulsar radiation. Building on this, we suggest a model for the formation of planets around millisecond pulsars such as 1257 + 12, which no longer have stellar companions. We present detailed hydrodynamical models which suggest that planet formation can occur either in a low-mass X-ray binary progenitor to a progenitor of an SVP when the neutron star is accreting material driven off its companion by X-ray irradiation (refs 5, 6), or after a pulsar has formed and is vaporizing its companion 5,7-9. In both cases a circum-binary disk is created in which planets can form on a timescale of 10(5)-10(6) years 10 (which is short compared with the binary evolution timescales of the parent systems) and the planets can survive a second phase in which the companion star moves towards the pulsar and is completely vaporized 5.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ASTRON,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP TAVANI, M (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA.
NR 25
TC 26
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1992
VL 356
IS 6367
BP 320
EP 322
DI 10.1038/356320a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HK794
UT WOS:A1992HK79400056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MEYER, GA
   WELLS, SG
   BALLING, RC
   JULL, AJT
AF MEYER, GA
   WELLS, SG
   BALLING, RC
   JULL, AJT
TI RESPONSE OF ALLUVIAL SYSTEMS TO FIRE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northern hemisphere
AB PROJECTIONS of the ecological effects of global climate change often include increased frequency and/or intensity of forest fires in regions of warmer and drier climate 1-3. In addition to disturbing biological systems, widespread intense fires may influence the evolution of the physical landscape through greatly enhanced sediment transport 4. Debris-flow to flood-streamflow sedimentation events following the 1988 fires in the Yellowstone National Park area (Wyoming and Montana, USA) have allowed us to examine the geomorphological response to fire in a mountain environment. Abundant analogous deposits in older alluvial fan sequences bear witness to past fire-related sedimentation events in northwestern Yellowstone, and radiocarbon dating of these events yields a detailed chronology of fire-related sedimentation for the past 3,500 years. We find that alluvial fans aggrade during periods of frequent fire-related sedimentation events, and we interpret these periods as subject to drought or high climatic variability. During wetter periods, sediment is removed from alluvial fan storage and transported down axial streams, resulting in floodplain aggradation. The dominant alluvial activity is strongly modulated by climate, with fire acting as a drought-actuated catalyst for sediment transport.
C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT EARTH SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521.
   UNIV ARIZONA,NATL SCI FDN,ARIZONA ACCELERATOR FACIL ISOTOPE DATING,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   ARIZONA STATE UNIV,OFF CLIMATOL,TEMPE,AZ 85287.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of Arizona; National Science Foundation (NSF); Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP MEYER, GA (corresponding author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT GEOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA.
NR 29
TC 137
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6374
BP 147
EP 150
DI 10.1038/357147a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HU122
UT WOS:A1992HU12200054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORGAN, A
   BURGOYNE, RD
AF MORGAN, A
   BURGOYNE, RD
TI EXO1 AND EXO2 PROTEINS STIMULATE CALCIUM-DEPENDENT EXOCYTOSIS IN PERMEABILIZED ADRENAL CHROMAFFIN CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 14-3-3 protein; kinase-c; catecholamine secretion; vesicular transport; phorbol ester; mast-cells; calpactin; purification; phosphorylation; requirement
AB IN many cell types an increase in cytosolic calcium is the main signal for the exocytotic release of stored secretory components such as hormones and neurotransmitters. The site of action of calcium in exocytosis is not known, neither are the participating molecules 1,2. In the case of the intracellular membrane fusions that occur during transport through early stages of the secretory pathway, several cytosolic and peripheral membrane proteins are necessary 3-6. Permeabilized cells have been useful in understanding the requirements for calcium and nucleotides in regulated exocytosis 7,8 and under certain conditions there is leakage of soluble protein components and run-down of the exocytotic response 9-14. This system can be used to identify the soluble proteins involved in exocytosis, one candidate in chromaffin cells being annexin II (calpactin) 9. Here we use this assay to identify two other cytosolic protein factors that regulate exocytosis in permeabilized adrenal chromaffin cells, which we term Exo1 and Exo2. Exo1 from brain cytosol resolves on electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels as a group of polypeptides of relative molecular mass approximately 30,000 and shares sequence homology with the 14-3-3 family of proteins. The ability of Exol to reactivate exocytosis is potentiated by protein kinase C activation and therefore Exol may influence the protein kinase C-mediated control of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis.
RP MORGAN, A (corresponding author), UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT PHYSIOL,POB 147,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 33
TC 198
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 833
EP 836
DI 10.1038/355833a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600058
PM 1538762
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEATH, WR
   ALLISON, J
   HOFFMANN, MW
   SCHONRICH, G
   HAMMERLING, G
   ARNOLD, B
   MILLER, JFAP
AF HEATH, WR
   ALLISON, J
   HOFFMANN, MW
   SCHONRICH, G
   HAMMERLING, G
   ARNOLD, B
   MILLER, JFAP
TI AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES AS A CONSEQUENCE OF LOCALLY PRODUCED INTERLEUKIN-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor transgenic mice; virus-infection; t-cells; tolerance; molecules; mechanism; induction
AB DURING cell differentiation in the thymus, self-reactive T cells can be generated. The majority of these seem to be deleted after intrathymic encounter with the relevant autoantigen1. As all self antigens are unlikely to be present in the thymus, some autoreactive T cells may escape censorship. Here we study the fate of these cells using transgenic mice expressing the class I molecule H-2K(b) (K(b)) in the insulin-producing beta-cells of the pancreas2,3. These mice were crossed with mice transgenic for genes encoding a K(b)-specific T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)4 which could be detected using a clonotype-specific monoclonal antibody5. Although T cells expressing the highest level of transgenic TCR were deleted intrathymically in double-transgenic mice, K(b)-specific T cells were detected in the periphery. These cells caused the rejection of K(b)-expressing skin grafts, but ignored islet K(b) antigens even after priming. But when double-transgenic mice were crossed with transgenic mice expressing the lymphokine interleukin-2 in the pancreatic beta-cells6, there was a rapid onset of diabetes. These results indicate that autoreactive T cells that ignore self antigens may cause autoimmune diabetes when provided with exogenous 'help' in the form of interleukin-2.
C1 ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSP, WALTER & ELIZA HALL INST MED RES, PARKVILLE, VIC 3050, AUSTRALIA.
   GERMAN CANC RES CTR, INST IMMUNOL & GENET, W-6900 HEIDELBERG 1, GERMANY.
C3 Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
NR 14
TC 243
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 547
EP 549
DI 10.1038/359547a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900063
PM 1406974
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SMITH, DC
   SIMON, M
   ALLDREDGE, AL
   AZAM, F
AF SMITH, DC
   SIMON, M
   ALLDREDGE, AL
   AZAM, F
TI INTENSE HYDROLYTIC ENZYME-ACTIVITY ON MARINE AGGREGATES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RAPID PARTICLE DISSOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particulate organic-matter; attached bacteria; protein-synthesis; deep ocean; snow; flux; decomposition; dynamics
AB LARGE, rapidly sinking organic aggregates are an important component of the carbon flux from the ocean's surface to its depths. Marine snow, the main type of large (>0.5 mm) aggregate, is heavily colonized by bacteria in surface waters1, yet the carbon demand of the attached bacteria is so small that months to years are required to consume the aggregates' carbon2-5. This has led to the conclusion that marine aggregates are resistant to degradation by attached bacteria, and thus act as refractory carriers of carbon to the deep ocean. Here we report that aggregates play host to intense activities of hydrolytic enzymes (presumably due to cell surface bound and released enzymes of the attached bacteria), which render the aggregates soluble. Particulate amino acids were hydrolysed rapidly (turnover time 0.2-2.1 days), with very little of the hydrolysate being taken up by the attached bacteria. Our results support the hypothesis6,7 that such 'uncoupled' hydrolysis is a biochemical mechanism for large-scale transfer of organic matter from sinking particles to the dissolved phase, and may supply the slowly degradable dissolved organic matter for downward export postulated by recent models8-10.
C1 UNIV CONSTANCE,INST LIMNOL,W-7750 CONSTANCE,GERMANY.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT BIOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of Konstanz; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP SMITH, DC (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,DIV MARINE BIOL RES,0202,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 27
TC 872
Z9 967
U1 2
U2 145
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6391
BP 139
EP 142
DI 10.1038/359139a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JM494
UT WOS:A1992JM49400049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PETERSON, M
   MILLER, J
AF PETERSON, M
   MILLER, J
TI ANTIGEN PRESENTATION ENHANCED BY THE ALTERNATIVELY SPLICED INVARIANT CHAIN GENE-PRODUCT P41
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h-2-restricted t-cells; ii mhc molecules; b-cell; recognition; hybridomas; transport; peptide; binding; encodes; regions
AB DURING biosynthesis, class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex are associated with a nonpolymorphic protein called invariant chain, Ii, which facilitates folding of class II molecules and their exit from the endoplasmic reticulum 1-4, interferes with their association with peptide 5,6 and directs their post-Golgi transport (refs 7-9). If Ii blocks class II loading with endogenous antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum and/or directs class II molecules to the exogenous antigen-loading compartment, then the co-expression of Ii should enhance the ability of class II molecules to present exogenous antigens to T cells. But data supporting a role for Ii in class II-restricted antigen presentation are controversial 1,10-13. Here we show that Ii can facilitate exogenous antigen presentation for a subset of antigens. Although all known functions of li have been ascribed to the principal form of Ii, p31, we find that in most cases antigen presentation is facilitated only by the alternatively spliced, minor form of Ii, p41.
RP PETERSON, M (corresponding author), UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT MOLEC GENET & CELL BIOL, 920 E 58TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
NR 35
TC 124
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6379
BP 596
EP 598
DI 10.1038/357596a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HZ112
UT WOS:A1992HZ11200056
PM 1608470
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RICHMAN, AD
   PRICE, T
AF RICHMAN, AD
   PRICE, T
TI EVOLUTION OF ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN THE OLD-WORLD LEAF WARBLERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-sequences; trees
AB SYMPATRIC species that belong to the same ecological guild usually differ in their behaviour and morphology, and these differences are often interpreted as adaptations to having to make use of different resources. Evidence supporting this interpretation comes from association between ecology and morphology among species 1, in which an a priori functional relationship is reasonable. But one problem with such comparisons is that members of a guild may be closely related, so the more closely related species can share a greater similarity in their morphology and ecology simply as a result of the lingering legacy of a common ancestor 2-5. In principle, the importance of historical legacy can be evaluated from phylogenetic relationships and times since divergence for all species 2,6, but this is rarely possible because these data are not available. Here we use a phylogeny for eight sympatric species of warbler in the genus Phylloscopus, based on their mitochondrial DNA sequences, to remove the effects of historical legacy. Without these effects, we find strong support for adaptive interpretations of among-species variation in habitat selection, prey-size choice and feeding method. Ecological variation along any of these three niche axes is associated with predictable morphological variation. We also find evidence for historical legacy in that more closely related species are often more similar behaviourally and morphologically. This paradoxical result can be reconciled because the most closely related species tend to differ along only one niche axis, habitat choice. In contrast, the evolution of prey-size choice and feeding method occurred rapidly and early in the diversification of this group. Once a new ecological zone was occupied, subsequent morphological change along these niche axes was limited, accounting for the similarity of closely related species.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL O116,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 22
TC 200
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1992
VL 355
IS 6363
BP 817
EP 821
DI 10.1038/355817a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HF636
UT WOS:A1992HF63600053
PM 1586399
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CUNLIFFE, V
   SMITH, JC
AF CUNLIFFE, V
   SMITH, JC
TI ECTOPIC MESODERM FORMATION IN XENOPUS EMBRYOS CAUSED BY WIDESPREAD EXPRESSION OF A BRACHYURY HOMOLOG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early amphibian embryo; pattern; laevis; cells; transcription; organization; activation; protein; muscle; genes
AB THE Brachyury (T) gene is required cell-autonomously for mesoderm formation in the posterior of the mouse embryo1,2, and both its complementary DNA sequence and expression pattern3 closely resemble those of a Xenopus homologue (Xbra)4, suggesting that these genes have an evolutionarily conserved function in vertebrate development. Strong expression of Xbra messenger RNA is found in the ring of involuting mesoderm during Xenopus gastrulation 4, and the expression of Xbra is an immediate-early response of animal pole blastomeres to mesoderm-inducing factors4. To assess the role of Xbra in mesoderm formation, we increased its domain of expression in the embryo by microinjection of Xbra transcripts into the animal pole of Xenopus embryos at the one-cell stage. We show that expression of Xbra by cells of the early embryo is sufficient to direct their development into differentiated mesodermal tissues. At the molecular level this response shows a sharp threshold of sensitivity to the dose of Xbra RNA delivered, and we suggest that Xbra may act as a genetic switch initiating posterior mesodermal specification during embryogenesis.
RP CUNLIFFE, V (corresponding author), NATL INST MED RES, DEV BIOL LAB, RIDGEWAY, MILL HILL, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 220
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6385
BP 427
EP 430
DI 10.1038/358427a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JF853
UT WOS:A1992JF85300060
PM 1641026
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU APPENZELLER, C
   DAVIES, HC
AF APPENZELLER, C
   DAVIES, HC
TI STRUCTURE OF STRATOSPHERIC INTRUSIONS INTO THE TROPOSPHERE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropopause folds; water; instability; dynamics; fronts; model; waves
AB FLOW phenomena that link the stratosphere and the troposphere are a key component of mid-latitude weather systems1, and can influence substantially the distribution of atmospheric gases and aerosols2,3. Little is known, however, about the detailed structure of these features. Here we combine satellite measurements with data from a weather prediction model to show that fine-scale structure can be resolved in intrusions of stratospheric air into the troposphere. We observe intrusions that develop into elongated (about 2,000 km) and slender (about 200 km) streamers which break up into a train of vortex-like disturbances while the streamer's tip splits and/or rolls up. The appearance of these structures might influence the daily development of weather systems, and will induce local, irreversible isentropic mixing of stratospheric air with the troposphere, possibly accounting for a substantial portion of the net stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange.
RP APPENZELLER, C (corresponding author), SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,INST ATMOSPHER PHYS,HPP,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 29
TC 282
Z9 307
U1 1
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1992
VL 358
IS 6387
BP 570
EP 572
DI 10.1038/358570a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JH829
UT WOS:A1992JH82900054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PARESCE, F
   DEMARCHI, G
   FERRARO, FR
AF PARESCE, F
   DEMARCHI, G
   FERRARO, FR
TI POSSIBLE CATACLYSMIC VARIABLE IN THE CORE OF THE GLOBULAR-CLUSTER 47-TUCANAE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray sources; accretion disks; mass; binary; emission
AB SEVERAL globular clusters have low-luminosity X-ray sources at their cores1-3, of which X0021.8-7221 in 47 Tucanae (NGC104) is one of the brightest. The nature of these sources is a mystery, and attempts to detect optical counterparts have been frustrated by the overcrowding of stars in cluster cores. The resolution of ground-based observations is insufficient to pick out the faint blue objects that are likely to be the optical counterparts to the X-ray sources, but the Faint Object Camera (FOC) on the Hubble Space Telescope has proved effective in identifying blue objects in dense clusters such as 47 Tuc4. Thus encouraged to use the FOC to search for the optical counterpart to X0021.8-7221, we have discovered a faint, variable and very blue object located in the error circle5 for X0021.8-7221 from the Einstein satellite High-Resolution Imager. The object has the spectral characteristics of a cataclysmic variable, and the high inferred X-ray to optical brightness ratio suggests that it is a magnetic cataclysmic variable, one of the candidates that has been suggested as the X-ray source in globular clusters.
C1 OSSERVATORIO ASTRON BOLOGNA,I-40126 BOLOGNA,ITALY.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF)
RP PARESCE, F (corresponding author), SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,3700 SAN MARTIN DR,BALTIMORE,MD 21218, USA.
NR 28
TC 74
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1992
VL 360
IS 6399
BP 46
EP 48
DI 10.1038/360046a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JW717
UT WOS:A1992JW71700047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MITCHELL, PJ
   WILCOX, GD
AF MITCHELL, PJ
   WILCOX, GD
TI AN ELECTROCHEMICAL ROUTE TO PRE-SHAPED CERAMIC BODIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superlattices
AB A SIMPLE technique for producing complex ceramic structures would be valuable for technological applications involving these materials. We have developed a method for fabricating 'preshaped' ceramic bodies using an electrochemical cell to deposit a ceramic precursor material onto the cathode. The deposit may be readily detached from the electrode, while retaining its shape, before the final calcination process. Alternatively, it may be preferable to retain the material on the cathode throughout the subsequent processing steps. Whereas previous attempts to generate ceramics electrochemically resulted in the formation of powders 1,2 or thin adherent films 3-6, our technique offers a high degree of morphological control, can produce porous or compact structures, and can be readily extended to multilayer and composite materials. Definition of more complex structures becomes possible through shaping and masking of the electrodes. The application of this inherently simple technique to functional ceramics (for example, piezoelectrics, semiconductors and superconductors) should prove a promising area for future investigation.
C1 LOUGHBOROUGH UNIV TECHNOL,INST POLYMER TECHNOL & MAT ENGN,LOUGHBOROUGH LE11 3TU,LEICS,ENGLAND.
C3 Loughborough University
RP MITCHELL, PJ (corresponding author), LOUGHBOROUGH UNIV TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM,LOUGHBOROUGH LE11 3TU,LEICS,ENGLAND.
NR 6
TC 11
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1992
VL 357
IS 6377
BP 395
EP 397
DI 10.1038/357395a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA HX172
UT WOS:A1992HX17200059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAWLER, ME
   BROWNLEE, DE
AF LAWLER, ME
   BROWNLEE, DE
TI CHON AS A COMPONENT OF DUST FROM COMET HALLEY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID icy particles; p/halley; grains; vega-1
AB AN important discovery made by the 1986 spacecraft encounters with comet Halley was that of 'CHON particles', dust that is predominantly composed of the light elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen1-3. Using three sets of particle mass spectra that were critically selected for high dynamic range and a minimum of defects, we investigate here the relationship between CHON and silicate materials. We find that there are essentially no pure CHON particles in the 0.1-1 mum size range sampled; instead, essentially all Halley particles sampled by the mass spectrometers are a mixture of both CHON and silicate components. The earlier evidence for pure CHON particles1,4,5 came from mass spectra with low dynamic range, in which only the highest major-element peaks could be detected. Our data show that the CHON and silicate components are interdispersed at submicrometre scales, and there is evidence that sublimation of volatile organic material occurs, bringing many particles to a common proportion of CHON and silicate material.
RP LAWLER, ME (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ASTRON FM20,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 32
TC 64
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6398
BP 810
EP 812
DI 10.1038/359810a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JV777
UT WOS:A1992JV77700057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JACKS, T
   FAZELI, A
   SCHMITT, EM
   BRONSON, RT
   GOODELL, MA
   WEINBERG, RA
AF JACKS, T
   FAZELI, A
   SCHMITT, EM
   BRONSON, RT
   GOODELL, MA
   WEINBERG, RA
TI EFFECTS OF AN RB MUTATION IN THE MOUSE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoblastoma susceptibility gene; human prostate carcinoma; sv40-transformed cells; encoded protein; t-antigen; product; expression; tumors; cancer; phosphorylation
AB The retinoblastoma gene is mutated in several types of human cancer and is the best characterized of the tumour-suppressor genes. A mouse strain has been constructed in which one allele of Rb is disrupted. These heterozygous animals are not predisposed to retinoblastoma, but some display pituitary tumours arising from cells in which the wild-type Rb allele is absent. Embryos homozygous for the mutation die between days 14 and 15 of gestation, exhibiting neuronal cell death and defective erythropoiesis.
C1 MIT,WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02111.
   TUFTS UNIV,SCH VET MED,BOSTON,MA 02111.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Tufts University; Tufts University
RP JACKS, T (corresponding author), MIT,DEPT BIOL,CTR CANC RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 46
TC 1577
Z9 1791
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6393
BP 295
EP 300
DI 10.1038/359295a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JP503
UT WOS:A1992JP50300046
PM 1406933
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NISLOW, C
   LOMBILLO, VA
   KURIYAMA, R
   MCINTOSH, JR
AF NISLOW, C
   LOMBILLO, VA
   KURIYAMA, R
   MCINTOSH, JR
TI A PLUS-END-DIRECTED MOTOR ENZYME THAT MOVES ANTIPARALLEL MICROTUBULES INVITRO LOCALIZES TO THE INTERZONE OF MITOTIC SPINDLES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteins; kinesin; progression; sequence; cells
AB MITOSIS comprises a complex set of overlapping motile events, many of which involve microtubule-dependent motor enzymes1,2. Here we describe a new member of the kinesin superfamily. The protein was originally identified as a spindle antigen by the CHO1 monoclonal antibody3 and shown to be required for mitotic progression4,5. We have cloned the gene that encodes this antigen and found that its sequence contains a domain with strong sequence similarity to the motor domain of kinesin-like proteins. The product of this gene, expressed in bacteria, can cross-bridge antiparallel microtubules in vitro, and in the presence of Mg-ATP, microtubules slide over one another in a fashion reminiscent of microtubule movements during spindle elongation.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CELL BIOL & NEUROANAT,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP NISLOW, C (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,DEPT MOLEC CELLULAR & DEV BIOL,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 33
TC 319
Z9 353
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1992
VL 359
IS 6395
BP 543
EP 547
DI 10.1038/359543a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA JR859
UT WOS:A1992JR85900062
PM 1406973
DA 2026-03-10
ER

